Spatial and temporal distribution and bioinsecticides control of olive leaf moth in an olive orchard in Southwest of Paraná, Brazil / Distribuição espacial e temporal e controle com bioinseticidas da lagarta-da-oliveira em um pomar da região Sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil

We verified the spatial and temporal distribution of the olive leaf moth (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) in a new potential region for olive cultivation and evaluated the bioinsecticides effectiveness to control this pest. The experimental orchard composed by Koroneiki and Arbequina cultivars was planted in Pato Branco, Southwest region of Paraná, Brazil. In the field, larvae counts were performed weekly on 25 plants of each cultivar, for 12 months, to verify the spatial and temporal distribution. Furthermore, in laboratory conditions, second instar larvae of P. forficifera were fed with olive leaves treated with Azadirachta indica oil, Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, and the effectiveness in the larvae mortality was used to compare four bioinsecticides and control. The P. forficifera larvae occurred mainly during the three summer months, had a host preference for the 'Arbequina' (68.9% of total larvae) and occurred at random distribution patterns throughout the orchard. The A. indica oil and B. thuringiensis both caused almost 100% larvae mortality under laboratory conditions.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal da lagarta-da-oliveira (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) em uma nova região com potencial de cultivo de oliveira e avaliar a eficiência de controle desta praga com bioinseticidas. O pomar experimental com as cultivares Koroneiki e Arbequina foi implantado em Pato Branco, região Sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. No pomar foram realizadas contagens semanais de lagartas em 25 plantas de cada cultivar, durante 12 meses, para verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal. Além disso, em condições de laboratório, larvas de segundo instar foram submetidas à alimentação com folhas de oliveira tratadas com óleo de neem (Azadirachta indica), Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae e Beauveria bassiana, e a efetividade de mortalidade das larvas foi utilizada para comparação entre os quatro bioinseticidas e a testemunha. As lagartas de P. forficifera ocorreram concentradas durante os três meses de verão, tiveram preferência hospedeira pela cultivar Arbequina (68,9% do total de larvas registradas), e ocorreram em padrão de distribuição aleatório ao longo do pomar. A aplicação de óleo de neem (A. indica) ou de B. thuringiensis causaram quase 100% de mortalidade das larvas em condições de laboratório.

Molecular diversity and ecogeographic distribution of Algerian wild olives (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris)

Olive is one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean Basin, because of the olive oil economic value and its role in characterization of the rural landscape. The strong influence of climatic changes on the modern agriculture and the availability of a large source of genetic variability pose as crucial future challenges. Therefore, safeguarding olive genetic resources becomes fundamental, not only in cultivated forms in ex situ collections, but also in terms of wild trees in their natural habitat. In this study, 174 samples of oleaster collected in different parts of Algeria were analyzed by 16 nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs). The analysis showed a huge genetic variability in the oleaster, and the STRUCTURE and Principal Coordinate Analyses (PCoA) highlighted clusterization of genotypes according to their geographic origin and bioclimatic conditions. Genotypes adapted to harsh climatic conditions were identified, which could be useful to enrich the panel of olive genotypes for breeding purposes and preserve genetic diversity of this species from erosion risks.(AU)

A new species of the sharpshooter genus Hanshumba (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini) from the Mantiqueira mountain range, southeastern Brazil, associated with olive orchards

A new species of Hanshumba Young, 1977 is described and illustrated from the Mantiqueira mountain range (southeastern Brazil), municipalities of Wenceslau Braz (state of Minas Gerais) and São Bento do Sapucaí (state of São Paulo). The new taxon is associated with olive orchards and is considered a potential vector of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. This bacterium causes a serious disease known in Brazil as olive leaf desiccation syndrome. Hanshumba mariae sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other five known species of the genus by the following combination of features: (1) apical third of ventral margin of male pygofer with small inner process bearing setae; (2) male abdominal segment X (anal tube) without processes; (3) style with apex narrow, obtuse, not foot-shaped; (4) aedeagus with distinct dorsal lobe along basal two-thirds and with apical portion expanded, bearing dorsal projection; (5) paraphyses with distal pair of rami forceps-like, their basal halves divergent from each other, distal halves approximately parallel, apices acute; (6) female sternite VII with posterior margin shallowly emarginate, bearing slight median lobe; and (7) valvula II of ovipositor with approximately 15 low teeth. Both males and females of the new species are described in detail. A key to the six known species of the genus is provided.

Reproductive parameters and weight gain of roosters fed with waste oil from olive culture

Waste oil from olive oil extraction industry was used, instead of soybean oil, in heavy roosters diet in order to evaluate birds reproductive parameters. Atotal of forty roosters were housed individually in boxes with 1.2 m². Two experimental diets were used: control diet, based on corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil; and test diet, where soybean oil was totally replaced by waste oil. In order to verify weight gain and feed intake, animals were individually weighed weekly. Seven semen collections were performed with fifteen-day interval. Reproductive variables analyzed sperm volume, motility, concentration, and morphology. No statistical difference (p >0.05) was observed between treatments at the different collection periods for the variables sperm volume, motility, and concentration. There was a statistically significant difference between treatments for body weight in periods three (p =0.04), and seven (p=0.04). Statistical differences (p =0.01) were also observed between treatments for abnormal sperm morphology. Among collection periods, statistical difference was observed for motility (p =0.00), and sperm concentration (p =0.01). Total replacement of soybean oil by waste oil from olive oil extraction in young heavy roosters diets does not affect sperm volume, motility, and concentration; reduces defects in sperm tail, and promotes better weight gain control.(AU)

Milkyield of cows submitted to different levels of olive pomace in the diet

The cultivation of olive trees is expanding in Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul in order to meet the demand for olive oil, the main product of the industrialization of olives. However, from the extraction, there is a significant generation of waste. This residue has high moisture and an appropriate destination is necessary given its environmental and economic importance. The chemical composition of the residue is similar to other products used in animal feed, such as corn silage or sorghum, in relation to DM, CP and NDF, the differential being high levels of EE and ADL. In order to evaluate the replacement of corn silage by the extraction residue of olive oil (olive pomace), eight Holstein dairy cow, between 90 and 100 days of lactation,were used, making a double Latin square (4x4). Analyzes were made regarding animals, feed and milk product in order to verify the feasibility of the substitution. The inclusion of olive pomace, conserved as silage, to replace corn silage, in the diet of lactating cows up to 15% (dry basis) does not alter milk production, as well as its composition and feed efficiency.(AU)

Milkyield of cows submitted to different levels of olive pomace in the diet

The cultivation of olive trees is expanding in Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul in order to meet the demand for olive oil, the main product of the industrialization of olives. However, from the extraction, there is a significant generation of waste. This residue has high moisture and an appropriate destination is necessary given its environmental and economic importance. The chemical composition of the residue is similar to other products used in animal feed, such as corn silage or sorghum, in relation to DM, CP and NDF, the differential being high levels of EE and ADL. In order to evaluate the replacement of corn silage by the extraction residue of olive oil (olive pomace), eight Holstein dairy cow, between 90 and 100 days of lactation,were used, making a double Latin square (4x4). Analyzes were made regarding animals, feed and milk product in order to verify the feasibility of the substitution. The inclusion of olive pomace, conserved as silage, to replace corn silage, in the diet of lactating cows up to 15% (dry basis) does not alter milk production, as well as its composition and feed efficiency.

Evaluation of olive leaf extract as a growth promoter on the performance, blood biochemical parameters, and caecal microflora of broiler chickens

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of an alcoholic liquid olive leaf extract (OLE) obtained from fresh leaves on the growth performance, carcass weight, caecal microflora, and some plasma variables, such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in broiler chickens. A total of 375 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly divided into five treatments with five replicate pens (15 birds each) per treatment. The birds were fed either a basal diet with no supplement (control), with 75 (OLE75), 150 (OLE150), 300 (OLE300), and 600 (OLE600) mg kg−1 oleuropein, provided by 0.66, 1.33, 2.65, and 5.32 g kg−1 of the OLE. The dietary supplementation of OLE linearly increased daily body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and carcass weight and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). Although the OLE600 broilers had the highest daily FI among the treatments, there were significant increases in their BWG and improvements in FCR compared with the control, OLE75, and OLE150 birds. The carcass weights of OLE150, OLE300, and OLE600 birds were higher than those of the control group. The OLE600 diet increased the dressing percentage compared with the OLE75, OLE150, and OLE300 diets. The abdominal fat weight and the plasma HDL concentration of the control broilers were lower than those of all OLE birds. All doses of OLE supplementation decreased the caecal E. coli content. A growth-promoting effect is obtained from the dietary supplementation of 600 mg kg−1 oleuropein due to its beneficial effect on growth performance and caecal microflora populations of broilers.(AU)

Olive production in Northern Iran: physical and comparative advantages analysis

Olive is one of the strategic products of Guilan province, northern Iran. Hence, it is very important to determine the optimal production pattern of olive, given the resources scarcity and the assessment of physical and Comparative Advantage (CA). In this study, three physical advantage indices for olive production in Guilan province during 2008-2016 were investigated. Also, the CA, protection and competitiveness indicators of olive production at Guilan province for 2016-17 cultivation years were calculated using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Results showed that Guilan province had scale advantage in olive production. The highest degree of olive plantation concentration was on 2008 with scale advantage index of 2.49. Also, results of efficiency advantage showed that, except for 2008, olive production had efficiency advantage over all under study years at Guilan province. Results of Domestic Resource Costs (DRC) and Social Cost Benefit ratio (SCB) indicators for both traditional and commercial olive plantations revealed the CA of olive production in Guilan province. Also, the competitiveness indices values (UCd and UCx) for both traditional and commercial olive plantations were less than 1. So, the olive production systems in Guilan province had the ability to compete with domestic and international competitors.

A olivicultura é uma produção estratégica da província de Guilan, no Norte do Irã. Por isso, é muito importante determinar o padrão ótimo de produção olivícola, dada a escassez de recursos e a avaliação da vantagem física e comparativa. Neste estudo, foram investigados três índices de vantagem física para a produção olivícola na província de Guilan, durante o período de 2008 a 2016. Além disso, foram calculados os índices de vantagem comparativa, proteção e competitividade da produção olivícola, na província de Guilan, para os anos de agrícolas de 2016 e 2017, usando a Matriz de Análise de Políticas (PAM). Os resultados mostraram que a província de Guilan tinha vantagem de escala na produção olivícola. O maior grau de concentração de olival em 2008 com um índice de vantagem de escala de 2,49. Além disso, os resultados da vantagem de eficiência mostraram que, com exceção de 2008, a produção de azeitona teve vantagem de eficiência em todos os anos em estudo de Guilan. Os resultados dos índices dos Custos dos Recursos Internos (RDC) e do Rácio Custo Social (SCB) para os olivais tradicionais e comerciais revelaram a vantagem comparativa da produção olivícola na província de Guilan. Além disso, os valores de índices de competitividade (UCd e UCx) para olivais tradicionais e comerciais eram inferiores a 1. Assim, os sistemas de produção olivícola na província de Guilan tinham a capacidade de competir com concorrentes nacionais e internacionais.

Olive production in Northern Iran: physical and comparative advantages analysis

Olive is one of the strategic products of Guilan province, northern Iran. Hence, it is very important to determine the optimal production pattern of olive, given the resources scarcity and the assessment of physical and Comparative Advantage (CA). In this study, three physical advantage indices for olive production in Guilan province during 2008-2016 were investigated. Also, the CA, protection and competitiveness indicators of olive production at Guilan province for 2016-17 cultivation years were calculated using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Results showed that Guilan province had scale advantage in olive production. The highest degree of olive plantation concentration was on 2008 with scale advantage index of 2.49. Also, results of efficiency advantage showed that, except for 2008, olive production had efficiency advantage over all under study years at Guilan province. Results of Domestic Resource Costs (DRC) and Social Cost Benefit ratio (SCB) indicators for both traditional and commercial olive plantations revealed the CA of olive production in Guilan province. Also, the competitiveness indices values (UCd and UCx) for both traditional and commercial olive plantations were less than 1. So, the olive production systems in Guilan province had the ability to compete with domestic and international competitors.(AU)

A olivicultura é uma produção estratégica da província de Guilan, no Norte do Irã. Por isso, é muito importante determinar o padrão ótimo de produção olivícola, dada a escassez de recursos e a avaliação da vantagem física e comparativa. Neste estudo, foram investigados três índices de vantagem física para a produção olivícola na província de Guilan, durante o período de 2008 a 2016. Além disso, foram calculados os índices de vantagem comparativa, proteção e competitividade da produção olivícola, na província de Guilan, para os anos de agrícolas de 2016 e 2017, usando a Matriz de Análise de Políticas (PAM). Os resultados mostraram que a província de Guilan tinha vantagem de escala na produção olivícola. O maior grau de concentração de olival em 2008 com um índice de vantagem de escala de 2,49. Além disso, os resultados da vantagem de eficiência mostraram que, com exceção de 2008, a produção de azeitona teve vantagem de eficiência em todos os anos em estudo de Guilan. Os resultados dos índices dos Custos dos Recursos Internos (RDC) e do Rácio Custo Social (SCB) para os olivais tradicionais e comerciais revelaram a vantagem comparativa da produção olivícola na província de Guilan. Além disso, os valores de índices de competitividade (UCd e UCx) para olivais tradicionais e comerciais eram inferiores a 1. Assim, os sistemas de produção olivícola na província de Guilan tinham a capacidade de competir com concorrentes nacionais e internacionais.(AU)

Fermentation times and feed additives improve the quality of olive bagasse silage / Aditivos alimentares e tempos de fermentação melhoram a qualidade de silagens de bagaço de azeitona

This research aimed to measure the microbiological, chemical composition profile and fermentative characteristics during storage of fresh olive bagasse, in natura and incorporated with corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the plots constituting the four main treatments (olive bagasse in natura or with added corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively), and the subplots allocated the three sampling times, which corresponded to time zero (at the ensilage moment) and 28 and 56 days of ensilage. The fermentative characteristics (dry matter content [DM], pH and ammoniacal nitrogen [NH3-N], microbiological profile (populations of filamentous fungi, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria and Clostridia) and chemical composition profile (mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein [CP], ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were determined. The corn grain and rice meal treatments, which demonstrated pH 4.08 and 3.96 at 28 days of fermentation, respectively, provided the best fermentation profile. After storage for 56 days, the samples with added soybean and rice meal reached the highest levels of CP (166.15 and 93.78 g kg-1 DM), respectively. Increasing the storage period reduced the pH of the obtained silages but increased the losses of DM, NH3-N and contributed to the losses of some nutrients. Rice meal and corn grain have been recommended to be used as additives in olive bagasse storage. However, the choice of additives studied is dependent on their commercial availability in each region.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar a composição bromatológica, perfil microbiológico e características fermentativas da silagem de bagaço de azeitona in natura e aditivada com farelos de milho, soja e arroz em diferentes tempos de amostragem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi completamente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo 4x3 com cinco repetições. Nas parcelas foram alocados os tratamentos principais, constituídos do bagaço de azeitona in natura ou adicionado com farelo de milho, soja e arroz, e nas subparcelas os tempos de amostragem, que correspondem ao tempo zero (momento da ensilagem) e aos 28 e 56 dias de fermentação. As características fermentativas foram estudadas pela determinação dos conteúdos de matéria seca (MS), pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Para determinação do perfil microbiológico foram estudadas as populações de fungos filamentosos, bactérias ácido láticas, enterobactérias e clostrídeos. Na avaliação do perfil bromatológico determinou-se os conteúdos de matéria mineral (MM), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. O uso dos farelos de milho e arroz proporcionou melhores características fermentativas as silagens, estes tratamentos apresentaram pH de 4,08 e 3,96 aos 28 dias de fermentação, respectivamente. Aos 56 dias de armazenamento os tratamentos adicionados com farelos de soja e arroz demonstraram os melhores níveis de PB (116,15 g/kg e 93,78 g/kg MS), respectivamente. O aumento do período de armazenamento reduziu os teores de pH das silagens obtidas, no entanto, aumentou as perdas de matéria seca, teores de nitrogênio amoniacal e contribuiu com perdas de alguns nutrientes. Os farelos de arroz e milho são recomendados para serem utilizados como aditivos na silagem de bagaço de azeitona, porém, a escolha dos aditivos estudados está condicionada a disponibilidade comercial de cada região.(AU)

Fermentation times and feed additives improve the quality of olive bagasse silage / Aditivos alimentares e tempos de fermentação melhoram a qualidade de silagens de bagaço de azeitona

This research aimed to measure the microbiological, chemical composition profile and fermentative characteristics during storage of fresh olive bagasse, in natura and incorporated with corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the plots constituting the four main treatments (olive bagasse in natura or with added corn, soybean and rice brans, respectively), and the subplots allocated the three sampling times, which corresponded to time zero (at the ensilage moment) and 28 and 56 days of ensilage. The fermentative characteristics (dry matter content [DM], pH and ammoniacal nitrogen [NH3-N], microbiological profile (populations of filamentous fungi, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria and Clostridia) and chemical composition profile (mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein [CP], ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were determined. The corn grain and rice meal treatments, which demonstrated pH 4.08 and 3.96 at 28 days of fermentation, respectively, provided the best fermentation profile. After storage for 56 days, the samples with added soybean and rice meal reached the highest levels of CP (166.15 and 93.78 g kg-1 DM), respectively. Increasing the storage period reduced the pH of the obtained silages but increased the losses of DM, NH3-N and contributed to the losses of some nutrients. Rice meal and corn grain have been recommended to be used as additives in olive bagasse storage. However, the choice of additives studied is dependent on their commercial availability in each region.

Objetivou-se estudar a composição bromatológica, perfil microbiológico e características fermentativas da silagem de bagaço de azeitona in natura e aditivada com farelos de milho, soja e arroz em diferentes tempos de amostragem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi completamente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo 4x3 com cinco repetições. Nas parcelas foram alocados os tratamentos principais, constituídos do bagaço de azeitona in natura ou adicionado com farelo de milho, soja e arroz, e nas subparcelas os tempos de amostragem, que correspondem ao tempo zero (momento da ensilagem) e aos 28 e 56 dias de fermentação. As características fermentativas foram estudadas pela determinação dos conteúdos de matéria seca (MS), pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Para determinação do perfil microbiológico foram estudadas as populações de fungos filamentosos, bactérias ácido láticas, enterobactérias e clostrídeos. Na avaliação do perfil bromatológico determinou-se os conteúdos de matéria mineral (MM), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. O uso dos farelos de milho e arroz proporcionou melhores características fermentativas as silagens, estes tratamentos apresentaram pH de 4,08 e 3,96 aos 28 dias de fermentação, respectivamente. Aos 56 dias de armazenamento os tratamentos adicionados com farelos de soja e arroz demonstraram os melhores níveis de PB (116,15 g/kg e 93,78 g/kg MS), respectivamente. O aumento do período de armazenamento reduziu os teores de pH das silagens obtidas, no entanto, aumentou as perdas de matéria seca, teores de nitrogênio amoniacal e contribuiu com perdas de alguns nutrientes. Os farelos de arroz e milho são recomendados para serem utilizados como aditivos na silagem de bagaço de azeitona, porém, a escolha dos aditivos estudados está condicionada a disponibilidade comercial de cada região.

Effects of hurdle technology on Monascus ruber growth in green table olives: a response surface methodology approach

An ascomycetes fungus was isolated from brine storage of green olives of the Arauco cultivar imported from Argentina and identified as Monascus ruber. The combined effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride (3.5-5.5%), sodium benzoate (0-0.1%), potassium sorbate (0-0.05%) and temperature (30-40 °C) were investigated on the growth of M. ruber in the brine of stored table olives using a response surface methodology. A full 24 factorial design with three central points was first used in order to screen for the important factors (significant and marginally significant factors) and then a Face-Centered Central Composite Design was applied. Both preservatives prevented fungal spoilage, but potassium sorbate was the most efficient to control the fungi growth. The combined use of these preservatives did not show a synergistic effect. The results showed that the use of these salts may not be sufficient to prevent fungal spoilage and the greatest fungal growth was recorded at 30 °C.(AU)

Prevention of rocuronium induced mast cell activation with prophylactic oleuropein rich diet in anesthetized rabbits

Purpose:The effect of a prophylactic oleuropein-rich diet before anesthesia accompanied by the widely-used steroid-based neuromuscular drug rocuronium on mast cell activation was investigated in the study.Methods:14 rabbits used in the study. The rabbits in the oleuropein group were given oleuropein-rich extract added to the animals water at doses of 20 mg/kg oleuropein for 15 days orally. After 15 days, all rabbits in the two groups were given general anesthesia with rocuronium of 1 mg/kg. After 1 day, animals were sacrificed and the liver tissue sections stained with H&E, toluidine blue and tryptase for immunohistochemical study.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between ALT, AST and albumin averages of the oleuropein and control groups (p> 0.05). The tryptase average of the control group was higher than the tryptase average of the oleuropein group and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.003). The T. blue average in the oleuropein group was higher than the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups (p=0.482).Conclusions:Rocuronium adverse effects, like hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis, may limit routine use of this substance. The use of oleuropein reduced the number of inflammatory cells and prevented degranulation.(AU)

Production of flavor compounds from olive mill waste by Rhizopus oryzae and Candida tropicalis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the production of flavor compounds from olive mill waste by microbial fermentation of Rhizopus oryzae and Candida tropicalis. Olive mill waste fermentations were performed in shake and bioreactor cultures. Production of flavor compounds from olive mill waste was followed by Gas ChromatographyMass spectrometry, Gas chromatography- olfactometry and Spectrum Sensory Analysis ®. As a result, 1.73-log and 3.23-log cfu/mL increases were observed in the microbial populations of R. oryzae and C. tropicalis during shake cultures, respectively. C. tropicalis can produce a higher concentration of d-limonene from olive mill waste than R. oryzae in shake cultures. The concentration of d-limonene was determined as 185.56 and 249.54 µg/kg in the fermented olive mill waste by R. oryzae and C. tropicalis in shake cultures respectively. In contrast, R. oryzae can produce a higher concentration of d-limonene (87.73 µg/kg) d-limonene than C. tropicalis (11.95 µg/kg) in bioreactor cultures. Based on sensory analysis, unripe olive, wet towel, sweet aromatic, fermented aromas were determined at high intensity in olive mill waste fermented with R. oryzae meanwhile olive mill waste fermented with C. tropicalis had only a high intensity of unripe olive and oily aroma.(AU)

Identification and validation of novel EST-SSR markers in olives

The olive (Olea europaea L.) is a leading oil crop in the Mediterranean area. Limited information on the inheritance of agronomic significant traits hinders progress in olive breeding programs, which encourages the development of markers linked to the traits. In this study, we report on the development of 46 olive simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, obtained from 577,025 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in developing olive fruits generated in the framework of the Slovenian national olive transcriptome project. Sequences were de novo assembled into 98,924 unigenes, which were then used as a source for microsatellites searching. We identified 923 unigenes that contained 984 SSRs among which dinucleotide SSRs (36 %) were the most abundant, followed by tri- (33 %) and hexa- (21 %) nucleotides. Microsatellite repeat motif GA (37 %) was the most common among dinucleotides, while microsatellite repeat motif GAA was the most abundant trinucleotide SSR motif (16 %). Gene ontology annotations could be assigned to 27 % of the unigenes. A hundred and ten expressed sequence tag-derived-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) with annotated genes were selected for primer designing and finally, 46 (42 %) polymorphic EST-SSRs were successfully amplified and used to validate genetic diversity among 24 olive varieties. The average number of alleles per locus, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content were 4.5, 0.649, 0.604 and 0.539, respectively. Twenty-seven EST-SSRs showed good diversity properties and were recommended for further olive genome investigation.

Standard area diagram set for olive leaf spot assessment / Escala diagramática para avaliação de repilo em oliveira

The establishment of olive (Olea europaea) orchards in Brazil is increasing due to their economic potential and benefits to human health. However, a number of limiting factors need to be overcome, such as Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) occurrence, for olives to reach their full potential. OLS, which is caused by Fusicladium oleaginum, results in defoliation and a reduction in fruit production. This study aimed to develop a standard area diagram set (SAD) for the assessment of OLS severity under humid subtropical climate conditions. The SAD was developed with six levels of severity (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) and OLS severity was validated by eight inexperienced raters. Using the SAD provided an increase in accuracy, precision and concordance, while also reducing the smallest difference detectable. The proposed SAD was adequate at estimating the OLS and could be a useful tool for use in epidemiological and phytopathometry studies, evaluation of control strategies and selection of resistant genotypes.

O cultivo da oliveira (Olea europaea) no Brasil é crescente devido seu potencial econômico e pelos benefícios que seus produtos oferecem à saúde humana, entretanto, alguns fatores limitantes precisam ser superados, como a ocorrência do repilo (OLS). O repilo, causado pelo fungo Fusicladium oleagineum, causa desfolha e redução da produção de azeitonas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma escala diagramática para auxiliar nas estimativas de severidade de repilo em oliveira em condição de clima subtropical úmido. A escala diagramática foi elaborada com 6 níveis (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15%) e validada por 8 avaliadores inexperientes. Com o uso da escala houve aumento na acurácia, precisão e concordância, também redução do menor valor de severidade detectável. A escala proposta foi adequada para estimar a severidade de repilo em oliveira, podendo ser utilizada para estudos epidemiológicos, avaliação de estratégias de controle e seleção de genótipos resistentes.

Standard area diagram set for olive leaf spot assessment / Escala diagramática para avaliação de repilo em oliveira

The establishment of olive (Olea europaea) orchards in Brazil is increasing due to their economic potential and benefits to human health. However, a number of limiting factors need to be overcome, such as Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) occurrence, for olives to reach their full potential. OLS, which is caused by Fusicladium oleaginum, results in defoliation and a reduction in fruit production. This study aimed to develop a standard area diagram set (SAD) for the assessment of OLS severity under humid subtropical climate conditions. The SAD was developed with six levels of severity (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) and OLS severity was validated by eight inexperienced raters. Using the SAD provided an increase in accuracy, precision and concordance, while also reducing the smallest difference detectable. The proposed SAD was adequate at estimating the OLS and could be a useful tool for use in epidemiological and phytopathometry studies, evaluation of control strategies and selection of resistant genotypes.(AU)

O cultivo da oliveira (Olea europaea) no Brasil é crescente devido seu potencial econômico e pelos benefícios que seus produtos oferecem à saúde humana, entretanto, alguns fatores limitantes precisam ser superados, como a ocorrência do repilo (OLS). O repilo, causado pelo fungo Fusicladium oleagineum, causa desfolha e redução da produção de azeitonas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma escala diagramática para auxiliar nas estimativas de severidade de repilo em oliveira em condição de clima subtropical úmido. A escala diagramática foi elaborada com 6 níveis (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15%) e validada por 8 avaliadores inexperientes. Com o uso da escala houve aumento na acurácia, precisão e concordância, também redução do menor valor de severidade detectável. A escala proposta foi adequada para estimar a severidade de repilo em oliveira, podendo ser utilizada para estudos epidemiológicos, avaliação de estratégias de controle e seleção de genótipos resistentes.(AU)

Identification and validation of novel EST-SSR markers in olives

The olive (Olea europaea L.) is a leading oil crop in the Mediterranean area. Limited information on the inheritance of agronomic significant traits hinders progress in olive breeding programs, which encourages the development of markers linked to the traits. In this study, we report on the development of 46 olive simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, obtained from 577,025 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in developing olive fruits generated in the framework of the Slovenian national olive transcriptome project. Sequences were de novo assembled into 98,924 unigenes, which were then used as a source for microsatellites searching. We identified 923 unigenes that contained 984 SSRs among which dinucleotide SSRs (36 %) were the most abundant, followed by tri- (33 %) and hexa- (21 %) nucleotides. Microsatellite repeat motif GA (37 %) was the most common among dinucleotides, while microsatellite repeat motif GAA was the most abundant trinucleotide SSR motif (16 %). Gene ontology annotations could be assigned to 27 % of the unigenes. A hundred and ten expressed sequence tag-derived-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) with annotated genes were selected for primer designing and finally, 46 (42 %) polymorphic EST-SSRs were successfully amplified and used to validate genetic diversity among 24 olive varieties. The average number of alleles per locus, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content were 4.5, 0.649, 0.604 and 0.539, respectively. Twenty-seven EST-SSRs showed good diversity properties and were recommended for further olive genome investigation.(AU)

Preliminary results of types of girdling at different period in olive trees / Resultados preliminares de tipos de anelamento em diferentes épocas em plantas de oliveira

O anelamento consiste na eliminação de uma pequena porção de córtex ao redor de um ramo pré-selecionado, sendo esta técnica empregada com sucesso em frutíferas, como abacateiro e citrus. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de épocas e tipos de anelamento em ramos de cultivares de oliveira no desenvolvimento vegetativo e na frutificação. O estudo foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental da Epamig localizada no município de Maria da Fé, MG. As atividades iniciaram-se em março de 2012, sendo utilizadas plantas de 7 anos de idade das cultivares Ascolano 315, Grappolo 541 e Maria da Fé. Foram avaliadas três épocas (março, abril e maio/12) e dois tipos de anelamento (10 e 15 mm) mais testemunha (sem anelamento). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições e uma planta por parcela. Após o anelamento, os ramos das plantas foram avaliados, tomando-se como variáveis o comprimento médio dos ramos (m), diâmetro do ramo próximo ao anelamento (mm), diâmetro da base do ramo (mm) e colheita dos frutos. Concluiu-se que a técnica de anelamento não influenciou no comprimento e diâmetro de ramos das três cultivares. A melhor época para realizar o anelamento em ramos de oliveira é março e maio. Os frutos colhidos foram influenciados positivamente pelo anelamento dos ramos.(AU)

Girdling consists of elimination of a small part of the cortex around a pre-selected branch, this technique being successfully applied in fruit trees. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of girdling period and types on branches of olive cultivars on their vegetative development and fructification. The study was conducted at the Epamig Experimental Farm, located in the municipality of Maria da Fé, MG, Brazil. Activities began in March 2012, with use of 7-year-old plants of the Ascolano 315, Grappolo 541 and Maria da Fé cultivars. Three periods were assessed (March, April and May/12) and two types of girdling (10 and 15 mm), plus the control (without girdling). A randomized block experimental design was used with a split plot, three replications and one plant per plot. After girdling, the branches of the plants were assessed, with mean branch length (m), branch diameter near the girdle (mm), diameter of the branch base (mm) and fruit harvest (kg) as variables. It was concluded that the girdling technique did not affect the length and diameter of the branches of the three cultivars. Superior results were found in olive tree branches girdling in March and May. The fruits collected were positively affected by girdling of the branches.(AU)

Performance of substrates in rooting capacity of olive tree cuttings / Desempenho de substratos na capacidade de enraizamento de estacas de oliveiras

Plant cutting is a widely used propagation method for olive trees. Its viability depends on the capacity for the adventitious root formation of each species. Nevertheless, it is necessary to study the different characteristics of this process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of substrates on the rooting of semi hardwood stem cuttings of ten olive tree cultivars. Middle sized branches were collected from mother plants located in the Germplasm Bank of EPAMIG in Maria da Fé, MG, Brazil, and cuttings were prepared of approximately 12 cm in length, with 4-6 internodes, maintaining four leaves in the apical region. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with tree replications and 20 cuttings per plot. The experiment was conducted in greenhouses, in rooting plant beds containing a perlite and sand substrate with controlled intermittent water mist. After installation of the experiment, treatment was carried out with copper oxychloride solution at 3% to prevent possible fungus attacks. Evaluations were performed 70 days after cutting of the varieties. There was variation in rooting of olive tree cultivar cuttings. Better performance of sand was observed in the production of cuttings of olive tree cultivars Alto DOuro, JB1 and Galega which were also the cultivars that stood out among the genotypes studied.

A estaquia é um método de propagação muito utilizado para a oliveira. Sua viabilidade depende da capacidade de formação de raízes adventícias de cada espécie. Contudo é necessário estudar as diferentes características desse processo. Objetivouse, no presente trabalho, avaliar a influência dos substratos no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de 10 cultivares de oliveira. Ramos medianos foram coletados de plantas matrizes localizadas no Banco de Germoplasma da EPAMIG, em Maria da Fé, MG, e preparadas as estacas com, aproximadamente, 12 cm de comprimento, com 4 a 6 internódios, mantendo na região apical quatro folhas. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 3 repetições e 20 estacas por parcela. O experimento foi conduzido em casas de vegetação, em canteiros de enraizamento contendo como substrato perlita e areia e nebulização intermitente controlada. Após a instalação do experimento, foi realizado tratamento com solução de oxicloreto de cobre a 3%, a fim de prevenir eventuais ataques de fungos. As avaliações foram realizadas 70 dias após a estaquia das variedades. Existe variação no enraizamento de estacas de cultivares de oliveira. Melhor desempenho da areia foi verificado na estaquia de cultivares de oliveira. Alto DOuro, JB1 e Galega que também foram as cultivares que mais se destacaram entre os genótipos estudados.