Toxicity and larvicidal activity on Aedes aegypti of citronella essential oil submitted to enzymatic esterification / Toxicidade e atividade larvicida sobre Aedes aegypti de óleo essencial de citronella submetido à esterificação enzimática

Abstract The essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) has several biological activities, among them the insect repellent action. Some studies showed that cinnamic acid esters can be applied as natural pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the production of esters from citronella essential oil with cinnamic acid via enzymatic esterification. Besides, the essential oil toxicity before and after esterification against Artemia salina and larvicidal action on Aedes aegypti was investigated. Esters were produced using cinnamic acid as the acylating agent and citronella essential oil (3:1) in heptane and 15 wt% NS 88011 enzyme as biocatalysts, at 70 °C and 150 rpm. Conversion rates of citronellyl and geranyl cinnamates were 58.7 and 69.0% for NS 88011, respectively. For the toxicity to Artemia salina LC50 results of 5.29 μg mL-1 were obtained for the essential oil and 4.36 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with NS 88011. In the insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, was obtained LC50 of 111.84 μg mL-1 for the essential oil of citronella and 86.30 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with the enzyme NS 88011, indicating high toxicity of the esters. The results demonstrated that the evaluated samples present potential of application as bioinsecticide.

Resumo O óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) possui diversas atividades biológicas, entre elas a ação repelente a insetos. Alguns estudos mostraram que os ésteres do ácido cinâmico podem ser aplicados como pesticidas naturais, inseticidas e fungicidas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a produção de ésteres a partir do óleo essencial de citronela com ácido cinâmico via esterificação enzimática. Além disso, foi investigada a toxicidade do óleo essencial antes e após a esterificação contra Artemia salina e a ação larvicida sobre Aedes aegypti. Os ésteres foram produzidos utilizando ácido cinâmico como agente acilante e óleo essencial de citronela (3: 1) em heptano e 15% em peso da enzima NS 88011 como biocatalisadores, a 70 ° C e 150 rpm. As taxas de conversão de cinamatos de citronelil e geranil foram 58,7 e 69,0% para NS 88011, respectivamente. Para a toxicidade sobre Artemia salina foram obtidos CL50 de 5,29 μg mL-1 para o óleo essencial e 4,36 μg mL-1 para os óleos esterificados com NS 88011. Na atividade inseticida contra larvas de Aedes aegypti, obteve-se CL50 de 111,84 μg mL-1 para o óleo essencial de citronela e 86,30 μg mL-1 para os óleos esterificados com a enzima NS 88011, indicando alta toxicidade dos ésteres. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras avaliadas apresentam potencial de aplicação como bioinseticida.

Methyl anthranilate as pig repellent: effects on the feeding behavior and production performance

Preventing pigs such as wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from accessing the farm can be blocked by installing fences or repellent to make them feel reluctant to access the farm. Most wild pigs were captured to prevent crop damage and incidence of African swine fever (ASF). Still, there is a limit to capturing them due to the rapid population growth. A study was conducted using "To Nature" repellent with an active ingredient of Methyl anthranilate (MA) to assess the effectiveness of MA as a pig repellent and determine its effect on feeding behavior and production performance. A total of eight female pigs [(Landrace x Yorkshire) x Duroc] were randomly arranged and used in the experiment for five weeks. Each treatment was replicated four times, having one pig in every replication. The feeders' position with MA repellent was shifted weekly with a ratio of 0.25% and mixed with 10kg of feed. The number of approaches of pigs to the feeder was monitored daily using a full HD CCTV 5-megapixel camera. A significantly lower number of approaches, feed intake, and total time spent feeding in the feeding trough was recorded from the feeder with MA repellent mixed in the diet. Regression analysis revealed a positive relationship in the feeding behavior of pigs in the feeder mixed with MA repellent in the diet. Therefore, 0.25% MA repellent can be used as pig repellent without adverse effects on the production performance of growing pigs.

Using citronella to protect bees (honeybee Apis mellifera L. ) from certain insecticides and their nano formulations / Uso da citronela para proteger as abelhas (Apis mellifera L. ) de certos inseticidas e suas nanoformulações

Experiments were performed investigating citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) as a repellent to honeybee Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Egypt, it was conducted in laboratory in the Department of Entomology and Pesticides Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, to check long-term survival of honeybee when exposed to different nano insecticides alone or combined with citronella at the same examination box for each. In this study, we used a modeling approach regarding survival data of caged worker bees under chronic exposure to four insecticides (Chloropyrophos, Nano-chloropyrophos Imidacloprid, Nano-Imidacloprid) each of them was supplemented in a box alone and in combination with citronella. Having three replicates and five concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). Laboratory bioassay of these insecticides showed that chloropyrophos and nano chloropyrophos were the most toxic at their high dose (500 ppm) with LT50 of 120.98 and 122.02 followed by 132.14 and 136.5 minutes for Imidacloprid and Nano-Imidacloprid, respectively. No consumption occurred by bees to mixed sugar syrup with insecticides in all treatments when citronella was added. These data highly recommended that adding citronella is very effective when nicotinoid pesticides are used to longevity honeybee life and keep bee safe.(AU)

Foram realizados experimentos para investigar a citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) como repelente de abelhas Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) no Egito, conduzidos no laboratório do Departamento de Entomologia e Ciência de Pesticidas, da Faculdade de Agricultura, da Universidade do Cairo, e verificar a sobrevivência a longo prazo das abelhas quando expostas a diferentes nanoinseticidas isoladamente ou combinados com citronela na mesma caixa de exame para cada um. Neste estudo, usamos uma abordagem de modelagem em relação aos dados de sobrevivência de abelhas operárias enjauladas sob exposição crônica a quatro inseticidas (clorpirifós, nanoclorpirifós, imidacloprida e nanoimidacloprida), e cada um deles foi suplementado em uma caixa e em combinação com citronela, tendo três repetições e cinco concentrações (100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 ppm). O bioensaio em laboratório desses inseticidas mostrou que clorpirifós e nanoclorpirifós foram os mais tóxicos em altas doses (500 ppm) com LT50 de 120,98 e 122,02, seguidos por 132,14 e 136,5 minutos para imidacloprida e nanoimidacloprida, respectivamente. Não houve consumo pelas abelhas do xarope de açúcar misto com inseticidas em todos os tratamentos quando a citronela foi adicionada. Esses dados recomendam a adição de citronela, sendo muito eficaz quando pesticidas nicotinoides são utilizados para longevidade das abelhas e para mantê-las seguras.(AU)

Evaluation of the antifeeding and insecticidal effects of a deltamethrin-impregnated collar on Lutzomyia longipalpis / Avaliação dos efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma coleira impregnada com deltametrina sobre Lutzomyia longipalpis

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a vector-transmitted zoonotic disease that can be prevented using topical insecticides. Deltamethrin-impregnated collars (DMC) are an efficient method applied to dogs to prevent CanL; however, few reports have analyzed the efficiency of these collars, especially in dogs that are frequently bathed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifeeding and insecticidal outcomes of a DMC used in dogs. DMCs were used on 12 mongrel dogs. Dogs were exposed to phlebotomine sand flies before the use of DMC and at 7, 21, 60, and 120 days after donning a DMC. Six dogs were bathed biweekly, and six were not bathed during the experiment. After exposure, sand flies were captured and classified as dead, alive, male, and engorged or non-engorged females to calculate the antifeeding and insecticidal effects. The use of a DMC showed insecticidal effects on male and female sand flies, with minimal effects in engorged females. The prevention of blood-feeding by sand flies were also observed. The insecticidal and antifeeding effects were better in bathed than in non-bathed dogs, showing that baths did not influence the effects and can be continued during control of CanL. Our results indicate that DMC can be used to control CanL but should be used combined with other control measures.

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença zoonótica transmitida por vetor e que pode ser prevenida através da utilização de inseticidas tópicos. Coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina (CID) são um método eficiente e aplicável em cães para prevenir a LVC; no entanto, poucos estudos analisaram a eficácia dessas coleiras, especialmente em cães que são frequentemente banhados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma CID usada em cães. Foram utilizadas coleiras impregnadas em 12 cães sem raça definida. Os cães foram expostos a flebótomos antes do uso da CID e aos 7, 21, 60 e 120 dias após a colocação das coleiras. Seis dos 12 cães receberam banhos a cada 15 dias e seis cães não foram banhados durante o período do experimento. Após a exposição, flebótomos eram capturados e classificados em mortos, vivos, machos, fêmeas ingurgitadas e fêmeas não ingurgitadas, para calcular os efeitos repelência e inseticida. A utilização da CID demonstrou efeito inseticida em febótomos machos e fêmeas, com mínimos efeitos em fêmeas ingurgitadas A prevenção do ingurgitamento por sangue dos flebótomos foi observado. Os efeitos inseticida e repelência foram melhores em cães submetidos a banho que naqueles que não foram banhados, demonstrando que banhos não influencia os efeitos da coleira e podem ser dados durante o controle da LVC. Nossos resultados indicam que a CID pode ser utilizada no controle da LVC mas deve utilização em conjunto com outras medidas de controle.

Evaluation of the antifeeding and insecticidal effects of a deltamethrin-impregnated collar on Lutzomyia longipalpis / Avaliação dos efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma coleira impregnada com deltametrina sobre Lutzomyia longipalpis

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a vector-transmitted zoonotic disease that can be prevented using topical insecticides. Deltamethrin-impregnated collars (DMC) are an efficient method applied to dogs to prevent CanL; however, few reports have analyzed the efficiency of these collars, especially in dogs that are frequently bathed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifeeding and insecticidal outcomes of a DMC used in dogs. DMCs were used on 12 mongrel dogs. Dogs were exposed to phlebotomine sand flies before the use of DMC and at 7, 21, 60, and 120 days after donning a DMC. Six dogs were bathed biweekly, and six were not bathed during the experiment. After exposure, sand flies were captured and classified as dead, alive, male, and engorged or non-engorged females to calculate the antifeeding and insecticidal effects. The use of a DMC showed insecticidal effects on male and female sand flies, with minimal effects in engorged females. The prevention of blood-feeding by sand flies were also observed. The insecticidal and antifeeding effects were better in bathed than in non-bathed dogs, showing that baths did not influence the effects and can be continued during control of CanL. Our results indicate that DMC can be used to control CanL but should be used combined with other control measures.(AU)

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença zoonótica transmitida por vetor e que pode ser prevenida através da utilização de inseticidas tópicos. Coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina (CID) são um método eficiente e aplicável em cães para prevenir a LVC; no entanto, poucos estudos analisaram a eficácia dessas coleiras, especialmente em cães que são frequentemente banhados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma CID usada em cães. Foram utilizadas coleiras impregnadas em 12 cães sem raça definida. Os cães foram expostos a flebótomos antes do uso da CID e aos 7, 21, 60 e 120 dias após a colocação das coleiras. Seis dos 12 cães receberam banhos a cada 15 dias e seis cães não foram banhados durante o período do experimento. Após a exposição, flebótomos eram capturados e classificados em mortos, vivos, machos, fêmeas ingurgitadas e fêmeas não ingurgitadas, para calcular os efeitos repelência e inseticida. A utilização da CID demonstrou efeito inseticida em febótomos machos e fêmeas, com mínimos efeitos em fêmeas ingurgitadas A prevenção do ingurgitamento por sangue dos flebótomos foi observado. Os efeitos inseticida e repelência foram melhores em cães submetidos a banho que naqueles que não foram banhados, demonstrando que banhos não influencia os efeitos da coleira e podem ser dados durante o controle da LVC. Nossos resultados indicam que a CID pode ser utilizada no controle da LVC mas deve utilização em conjunto com outras medidas de controle.(AU)

Repellent effects of andiroba and copaiba oils against Musca domestica (common house fly) and ecotoxicological effects on the environment

Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2 ). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers [...](AU)

Repellent effects of andiroba and copaiba oils against Musca domestica (common house fly) and ecotoxicological effects on the environment

Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2 ). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers [...]

Repellent action of Carapa guianensis and Caesalpinia ferrea for flies species of Calliphoridae family / Ação repelente de Carapa guianensis e Caesalpinia férrea para espécies de moscas da família Callip horidae

Myiases occur by the infestation of fly larvae in tissues of live vertebrate animals, resulting in economic loss. Phytotherapy is considered an important alternative in the control of insects, which may reduce the economic impacts . Carapa guianensis is a plant that has been studied as a repellent against mosquitoes and Caesalpinia ferrea is reported in tropical climates, and there are few studies about its repellent action. The present study was designed to evaluate the repellent action of s C. guianensis and C. ferrea plants on flies species of the Calliphoridae family. W.O.T. traps containing deteriorated bovine liver and herbs cream of at concentrations of 20 and 50% were used to catch the flies. It was reported that the creams containing C. ferrea at concentrations of 20 and 50% and C. guianensis at the concentration of 50% have repellent effect against species of Calliphoridae family.(AU)

Miíases ocorrem pela infestação de larvas de moscas em tecidos de animais vertebrados vivos, resultando em perdas econômicas. Fitoterapia é considerada uma alternativa importante no controle de insetos, o que pode reduzir os impactos econômicos. Carapa guianensis é uma planta que tem sido estudada como um repelente contra mosquitos e Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. é encontrada em climas tropicais, e há poucos estudos sobre sua ação repelente. O presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar a ação repelente das plantas C. guianensis e C. ferrea Mart. em espécies de moscas da família Calliphoridae. Armadilhas WOT contendo fígado bovino deteriorado e creme de ervas em concentrações de 20 e 50% foram usadas para capturar as moscas. Verificou-se que os cremes contendo C. ferrea Mart. em concentrações de 20 e 50%, e C. guianensis, na concentração de 50%, têm efeito repelente contra as espécies da família Calliphoridae.(AU)

Repellent activity of DEET against Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs submitted to different laboratory bioassays / Atividade repelente do DEET contra ninfas de Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) em bioensaio laboratorial

This study was developed to evaluate the repellent activity of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) against Amblyomma cajennense nymphs. Two repellent bioassays were compared and the effective concentration and repellent time were calculated. The fingertip test was accomplished to evaluate in vivo four concentrations of the compound (0.200; 0.100; 0.050 and 0.025 mg.cm potention -2) and the filter-paper bioassay to evaluate in vitro the two highest concentrations. The compound provided repellence higher than 90% in all concentrations and at least 95% repellency in the highest concentration over 5 hours. The effective concentration against 50% of tested nymphs (EC50) was 0.006 mg.cm potention -2 and the EC99 was 0.036 mg.cm potention -2. Those concentrations were lower than the ones obtained against other tick species, denoting the effectiveness of DEET against A. cajennense. The repellency time against 50% of the ticks (RT50) was 4.8 hours and the RT90 was 2.7 hours. Both bioassays were adequate to evaluate A. cajennense repellency and provided similar results; however the in vivo test is more appropriate to estimate the effective concentration and repellency time.(AU)

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a atividade repelente do N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) sobre ninfas de Amblyomma cajennense. Dois bioensaios para a avaliação de repelência foram comparados e cálculos da concentração eficaz e do tempo de repelência foram realizados. Foram empregados o bioensaio da ponta do dedo, para avaliação in vivo de quatro concentações do químico (0,200; 0,100; 0,050 e 0,025 mg.cm elevado a –2) e o bioensaio do papel filtro, para a avaliação in vitro das duas concentrações mais altas. O composto conferiu mais de 90% de repelência em todas as concentrações utilizadas e 95% de repelência por mais de cinco horas na maior concentração. A concentração do composto efetiva contra 50% das ninfas testadas (CE50) foi de 0,006 mg.cm elevado a –2 e a CE99 foi de 0,036 mg.cm elevado a –2. Estas concentrações são mais baixas do que as observadas em outras espécies de carrapatos, denotando a efetividade do princípio contra A. cajennense. O tempo de repelência de 50% dos carrapatos (TR50) foi de 4,8 horas e o TR90 de 2,7 horas. Os dois bioensaios avaliados permitiram a observação de percentuais de repelência igualmente altos e se mostraram adequados para tal avaliação, sendo que o teste in vivo é mais indicado para cálculo da concentração eficaz e da duração da repelência.(AU)

Comportamento de genótipos de feijoeiro ao ataque de Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) / Behavior of bean genotypes to attack by Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Avaliou-se o comportamento de genótipos de feijoeiro sob infestação de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B em condições de campo, nas épocas de cultivo "da seca" e "das águas". Utilizaram-se os genótipos IAC-Tybatã, IAC-Una, FT-Nobre, Pérola, LP 98-122, LP 02-130, LP 01-38, LP 9979, BRS-Pontal, BRS-Requinte, BRS-Triunfo, BRS-Grafite, CV-48 e Z-28. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com 14 tratamentos e três repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente, contando-se o número de ovos e de ninfas de B. tabaci biótipo B em dez folíolos por parcela. Na safra "da seca" os genótipos menos ovipositados por B. tabaci biótipo B foram IAC-Una e LP 02-130 e os mais ovipositados foram os genótipos Z-28 e Pérola. As menores presenças de ninfas de mosca-branca foram observadas em LP 98-122 e FT-Nobre e as maiores em LP 01-38, Pérola e Z-28. Para a safra "das águas" os genótipos não diferiram entre si em relação ao ataque de B. tabaci biótipo B. Os fatores da produção apresentaram diferença estatística somente na safra das secas.

Bean genotypes were evaluated under the infestation of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B under field conditions in the dry and rainy season. The genotypes used were IAC-Tybatã, IAC-Una, FT-Nobre, Pérola, LP 98-122, LP 02-130, LP 01-38, LP 9979, BRSPontal, BRS-Requinte, BRS-Triunfo, BRS-Grafite, CV-48 and Z-28. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks with 14 treatments and 3 replications. The evaluations were made on a weekly basis by counting B. tabaci biotype B eggs and nymphs on 10 leaflets per plot. In the dry season the least oviposited genotypes by B. tabaci biotype B were IAC-Una and LP 02-130, while the most oviposited were Z-28 and Pérola. The least presence of nymphs of whitefly was observed on LP 98-122 and FT-Nobre, and the most on LP 01-38, Perola and Z-28. For the rainy season the genotypes did not differ in relation to the attack of B. tabaci biotype B. The yield factors presented a statistical difference only in the dry season.

Efeito do nim (Azadirachta indica) na mosca-das-frutas Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) e seu parasitoide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) / Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil on the fruit-fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ação do inseticida botânico nim em larvas de Ceratitis capitata, bem como no parasitismo destas larvas por Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. Para tanto, larvas de 3o ínstar de C. capitata foram mergulhadas por 30 segundos em soluções contendo as concentrações de 0,5%, 1% e 1,5% de um produto comercial à base de óleo de nim a 0,37% (3.686 ppm), além da testemunha mergulhada apenas em água destilada. Em seguida, as larvas foram expostas ao parasitismo de D. longicaudata por um período de 2 horas e 30 minutos. No experimento sem chance de escolha, para cada tratamento, uma única "unidade de parasitismo" foi pendurada no interior da gaiola. No experimento com livre escolha, as "unidades de parasitismo" foram penduradas no interior de uma mesma gaiola, de forma que os parasitoides tivessem livre acesso a todos os tratamentos. No experimento sem livre escolha, foi constatado que o aumento da concentração de nim diminuiu a atração das fêmeas, o número de fêmeas que efetuaram postura, o índice de parasitismo e a emergência dos parasitoides. No experimento com livre escolha, verificou-se que a emergência dos parasitoides e o índice de parasitismo também foram prejudicados nas maiores concentrações de nim. A ação isolada do nim, quando em contato com as larvas de 3o instar, não afetou a emergência de C. capitata.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the action of the botanic insecticide neem oil on larvae of Ceratitis capitata, as well as in the parasitism of these larvae by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. Third-instar larvae were immersed for 30 seconds in a neem solution, in concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of a commercial product composed of 0.37% (3.686 ppm) neem oil, while the controls were immersed only in distilled water. Soon afterwards the larvae were exposed to parasitism of D. longicaudata for 2 hours and 30 minutes. In the no-choice experiment, for every treatment, a single "parasitism unit" was hung inside the cage. In the experiment with free choice, "parasitism units" were hung inside another cage, so that the parasitoids had free access to all treatments. In the no-choice experiment, it was ascertained that the increase of the neem oil concentration decreased the attraction of the females, the number of females that lay, the parasitism rate and parasitoid emergency. In the experiment with free choice, it was ascertained that the emergence of parasitoids and parasitism rate were harmed at the larger neem oil concentrations. The isolated action of neem oil, when in contact with the third-instar larvae, did not affect the emergence of C. capitata.