Structure and chemical nature of intercellular protuberances in Dennstaedtiaceae rhizomes (Polypodiopsida)

Intercellular protuberances (IPs) are projections on the cell surface and have been reported for families of ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. Data on the type, chemical composition, and distribution of these structures among vascular plants are still scarce. Here, we investigate the occurrence, distribution, type of IPs among species of eight Dennstaedtiaceae genera and verify the taxonomic significance of these protuberances in the family. Rhizomes of 23 species of Dennstaedtiaceae from field and herbaria collections were analyzed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Histochemical tests were performed to identify the main classes of IPs chemical compounds. Two types of IPs were observed in Dennstaedtiaceae species: strand and filament types. They were observed in the intercellular spaces of the parenchyma in the cortex and pith regions. Overall, protuberances are irregularly shaped, with angustate or spheroidal apices. Their polysaccharide nature and pectic constitution were confirmed by histochemical tests. Concerning Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon subsp. arachnoideum, IPs have confirmed phenolic composition. Evidence indicates that IPs in Dennstaedtiaceae originate from the fragmentation of the middle lamella and that they have a structural function as well as protection against pathogens. In lateral-line aerenchyma, the occurrence of filament-type IPs may be related to the larger intercellular spacing in the cortex region, providing greater mechanical resistance. We have expanded the data on the occurrence of IPs in the Dennstaedtiaceae, which appear to be notable characters for the family. Moreover, the data presented herein confirmed the polysaccharide and pectic nature of these structures. However, we were unable to find links between IPs and taxonomy and evolution of the Dennstaedtiaceae. On the other hand, different IPs types were identified between the clades Dennstaedtioideae (strand-type IPs) and Hypolepidoideae (filament-type IPs, with exceptions).(AU)

Chemical profile, anti 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxegenase inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome, callus and callus treated with elicitors / Perfil químico, anti-5-lipoxigenase e efeitos inibitórios da ciclooxegenase do rizoma de gengibre (Zingiber officinale), do calo e calos tratados com elicitores

The present study investigated the chemical profiles and evaluated the inhibitory effect against 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity for extracts of ginger rhizome, callus, and callus treated with the elicitors; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (100 and 200 mg/L). Oils and chloroform: methanol (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration in petroleum ether and CM (1:1, v/v), respectively. Chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Oil of the callus recorded higher 5-Lox inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 µg/mL) than the oil of rhizome (IC50168.34±15.64 µg/mL) and comparable to that of the positive control; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 µg/mL). The chemical profile of the callus oil contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (31.11%) and saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (28.56%). Elicitors modified the chemical profile of the callus and ameliorated the anti-5-Lox activity of CM extract of the callus. CM extracts of callus treated with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract and 50 mg/L salicylic acid significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the 5-Lox activity by 33.16%, 25.46% and 16%, respectively as compared to the CM extract of untreated callus. In conclusion, ginger callus could be considered as a valuable dietary supplement in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os perfis químicos e avaliar o efeito inibitório da atividade da 5-Lipoxigenase (5-Lox) em extratos de rizoma, calo e calo de gengibre tratados com os eliciadores; extrato de levedura (100, 300 e 500 mg / L), glicina (100, 200 e 300 mg / L) e ácido salicílico (100 e 200 mg / L). Extratos de óleos e clorofórmio: metanol (CM) foram preparados por maceração em éter e CM (1: 1, v / v), respectivamente. Os perfis químicos foram determinados por análise de cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC / MS). O óleo do calo registrou maior efeito inibitório de 5-Lox (IC50 58,33 ± 4,66 µg / mL) do que o óleo de rizoma (IC50168,34 ± 15,64 µg / mL) e comparável ao do controle positivo; Ácido nordi-hidroguaiarético (IC50 61,25 ± 1,02 µg / mL). O perfil químico do óleo de calo continha grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos, principalmente o ácido graxo insaturado ácido oleico (31,11%) e ácido graxo saturado palmítico (28,56%). Os elicitores modificaram o perfil químico do calo e melhoraram a atividade anti-5-Lox do extrato de CM do calo. Extratos de CM de calos tratados com 100 e 300 mg / L de extrato de levedura e 50 mg / L de ácido salicílico suprimiram significativamente (P ≤ 0,05) a atividade de 5-Lox em 33,16%, 25,46% e 16%, respectivamente, em comparação com o extrato de CM de calo não tratado. Em conclusão, o calo de gengibre pode ser considerado um suplemento dietético valioso no tratamento de vários distúrbios inflamatórios.

Vegetative propagation of hops (Humulus lupulus L. ): Historical approach and perspectives / Propagação vegetativa do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L. ): Abordagem histórica e perspectivas

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) female inflorescences are important raw materials used to produce beers, cosmetics, and medicines. Vegetative propagation is the preferred way of obtaining seedlings for commercial cultivations as female plants produce more lupulin than male plants, a component of commercial interest. It can be carried out by macropropagation (stem cuttings or rhizomes) or micropropagation. This review aimed to systematize different techniques of hop vegetative propagation, with no time frame, from searches in the main academic research bases: Capes Journal Portal, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Most studies are related to micropropagation, mainly addressing different plant regulators and concentrations, as well as types of explants and culture media, strategies to produce virus-free plants, artificial lighting, and cryopreservation. Experiments with stem cuttings are more common regarding macropropagation, but factors such as size and origin of cuttings, rooting period, and the response of different cultivars need to be better evaluated. Cultivation by cuttings allows the production of clones of female plants and micropropagation the production of virus-free clones in a short time and less physical space. Currently, micropropagation has been widely applied to cryopreservation.(AU)

As inflorescências femininas do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) são matérias-primas importantes utilizadas na produção de cervejas, cosméticos e medicamentos. Como as plantas femininas produzem mais lupulina que as masculinas, componente de interesse comercial, a propagação vegetativa é a forma preferencial de obtenção de mudas para os cultivos comerciais. Esta pode ser realizada por macropropagação (estaquia caulinar ou rizomas) ou micropropagação. O objetivo desta revisão foi sistematizar as diferentes técnicas de propagação vegetativa do lúpulo, sem recorte temporal, a partir de buscas nas principais bases de pesquisa acadêmica: Portal de Periódicos Capes, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Acadêmico e Research Gate. A maioria dos trabalhos são relacionados à micropropagação, abordando principalmente diferentes reguladores vegetais e concentrações, além de tipos de explantes e meios de cultura, estratégias para produzir plantas livres de vírus, iluminação artificial e criopreservação. Quanto à macropropagação, experimentos com estaquia caulinar são mais comuns, porém fatores precisam ser melhor avaliados tais como tamanho e origem das estacas, período de enraizamento e resposta de diferentes cultivares. O cultivo por estacas permite a produção de clones de plantas femininas e a micropropagação a produção de clones isentos de vírus, em pouco tempo e em menor espaço físico. Atualmente, a micropropagação tem sido muito aplicada à criopreservação.(AU)

Upland rice seedling performance promoted by multifunctional microorganisms / Desempenho de plântulas de arroz de terras altas promovido por microrganismos multifuncionais

Multifunctional microorganisms can contribute to the development of plant root systems and positively affect the grain yield of crops. However, studies of the use of these microorganisms to benefit root development in rice plants are scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of rhizobacterial inoculation of the seeds on the root development of upland rice seedlings. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural microbiology laboratory of Embrapa Rice and Beans, and we adopted a completely randomized design with eight replications. The treatments consisted of the inoculation of rice seeds with the rhizobacteria 1. Pseudomonas fluorescens (BRM 32111), 2. Burkholderia pyrrocinia (BRM 32113), 3. Serratia sp. (BRM 32114), 4. Bacillus sp. (1301), 5. Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-V5), 6. Azospirillum sp. (1381), and a 7. control treatment (without microorganisms). Treatment using the microorganism Azospirillum sp. (1381) provided the longest roots, greatest root volume and highest total dry mass of roots, at 86.34, 111.53 and 29.41%, respectively, significantly superior to the control treatment. In addition, treatments Ab-V5 and Bacillus sp. (1301) resulted in a root diameter of 13.81 and 13.06%, respectively, larger than that of the control treatment. The use of these multifunctional microorganisms was efficient for promoting the root development of rice seedlings.(AU)

Microrganismos multifuncionais podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular de plantas afetando positivamente a produtividade de grãos das culturas. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito da inoculação de rizobactérias em sementes no desenvolvimento radicular de plântulas do arroz de terras altas. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de microbiologia agrícola da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, e adotando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da inoculação em sementes de arroz com as rizobactérias 1. Pseudomonas fluorescens (BRM 32111), 2. Burkholderia pyrrocinia (BRM 32113), 3. Serratia sp. (BRM 32114), 4. Bacillus sp. (1301), 5. Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-V5), 6. Azospirillum sp. (1381), e 7. tratamento controle (sem microrganismo). O tratamento com a utilização do microrganismo Azospirillum sp. (1381) proporcionou maior comprimento radicular, volume de raízes e massa seca total de raízes, sendo respectivamente, 86,34, 111,53 e 29,41%, superior ao tratamento controle e diferiu significativamente. Além disso, os tratamentos Ab-V5 e Bacillus sp. (1301) proporcionaram maior diâmetro radicular nas plantas de arroz, sendo 13,81 e 13,06 % respectivamente superior ao tratamento controle. O uso destes microrganismos multifuncionais foi eficiente em sua capacidade de proporcionar incrementos no desenvolvimento radicular de plântulas de arroz.(AU)

Evaluation of arrowroot agronomic performance (Maranta arundinacea) Seta intercropped with sunn hemp / Avaliação do desempenho agronômico da araruta (Maranta arundinacea) Seta consorciada com crotalária

Because it is an unconventional vegetable, arrowroot is appropriate for family farming; there is a need to find alternative ways to make its growing more sustainable, however. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of rhizomes and starch of arrowroot Seta intercropped with crotalaria. The experiment consisted of four treatments, corresponding to three harvest for crotalaria intercropped with arrowroot (90, 120 and 150 days after sowing) plus single cultivation of arrowroot. The experiment used a complete randomized block design with four replications. Mass production of crotalaria, macro and micronutrients contents in the cut material and infestation by invasive plants were evaluated at each harvest. At the harvest of arrowroot, productivity and format of rhizomes classes, macro and micronutrient contents were evaluated, and the export of nutrients and production of starch by rhizomes were estimated. The hasvests carried out at 120 and 150 DAS, despite propagating the highest values of weight and nutrients, provided lower yields of total, large rhizomes, and starch. Crotalaria hasvested at 90 DAS provided values higher than the cuts performed on 120 and 150 DAS for most evaluated variables, not differing from control, including starch. The intercropping provided less infestation by invasive plants. The intercropping between crotalaria and...

A araruta, por ser uma hortaliça não convencional é apropriada a exploração familiar, havendo necessidade de se encontrar formas alternativas para tornar seu o cultivo mais sustentável. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo de rizomas e de amido da araruta Seta cultivada em consórcio com a crotalária. O experimento constou de quatro tratamentos, correspondentes a três épocas de corte da crotalária associada com a araruta (90, 120 e 150 dias após a semeadura) mais o monocultivo da araruta. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Nos cortes, avaliaram-se produção de massa de crotalária, conteúdo de macro e de micronutrientes no material cortado e a infestação por plantas invasoras. Na colheita da araruta, avaliaram-se produtividade e formato das classes de rizomas, teor de macro e micronutrientes, estimadas a exportação de nutrientes e a produção de amido pelos rizomas. Os cortes realizados aos 120 e 150 DAS, embora tenham veiculado maiores valores de massa e de nutrientes, proporcionou menores produtividades de rizomas grandes, total e de amido. O corte da crotalária aos 90 DAS proporcionou valores superiores aos cortes realizados aos 120 e 150 DAS para maioria das variáveis avaliadas, não diferindo do controle, inclusive para o amido. O consórcio proporcionou menor infestação por plantas invasoras. É agronomicamente viável...

Evaluation of arrowroot agronomic performance (Maranta arundinacea) Seta intercropped with sunn hemp / Avaliação do desempenho agronômico da araruta (Maranta arundinacea) Seta consorciada com crotalária

Because it is an unconventional vegetable, arrowroot is appropriate for family farming; there is a need to find alternative ways to make its growing more sustainable, however. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of rhizomes and starch of arrowroot Seta intercropped with crotalaria. The experiment consisted of four treatments, corresponding to three harvest for crotalaria intercropped with arrowroot (90, 120 and 150 days after sowing) plus single cultivation of arrowroot. The experiment used a complete randomized block design with four replications. Mass production of crotalaria, macro and micronutrients contents in the cut material and infestation by invasive plants were evaluated at each harvest. At the harvest of arrowroot, productivity and format of rhizomes classes, macro and micronutrient contents were evaluated, and the export of nutrients and production of starch by rhizomes were estimated. The hasvests carried out at 120 and 150 DAS, despite propagating the highest values of weight and nutrients, provided lower yields of total, large rhizomes, and starch. Crotalaria hasvested at 90 DAS provided values higher than the cuts performed on 120 and 150 DAS for most evaluated variables, not differing from control, including starch. The intercropping provided less infestation by invasive plants. The intercropping between crotalaria and...(AU)

A araruta, por ser uma hortaliça não convencional é apropriada a exploração familiar, havendo necessidade de se encontrar formas alternativas para tornar seu o cultivo mais sustentável. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo de rizomas e de amido da araruta Seta cultivada em consórcio com a crotalária. O experimento constou de quatro tratamentos, correspondentes a três épocas de corte da crotalária associada com a araruta (90, 120 e 150 dias após a semeadura) mais o monocultivo da araruta. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Nos cortes, avaliaram-se produção de massa de crotalária, conteúdo de macro e de micronutrientes no material cortado e a infestação por plantas invasoras. Na colheita da araruta, avaliaram-se produtividade e formato das classes de rizomas, teor de macro e micronutrientes, estimadas a exportação de nutrientes e a produção de amido pelos rizomas. Os cortes realizados aos 120 e 150 DAS, embora tenham veiculado maiores valores de massa e de nutrientes, proporcionou menores produtividades de rizomas grandes, total e de amido. O corte da crotalária aos 90 DAS proporcionou valores superiores aos cortes realizados aos 120 e 150 DAS para maioria das variáveis avaliadas, não diferindo do controle, inclusive para o amido. O consórcio proporcionou menor infestação por plantas invasoras. É agronomicamente viável...(AU)

Bacterial selection for biological control of plant disease: criterion determination and validation

This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of bacteria isolated from different plant species and soils. The production of compounds related to phytopathogen biocontrol and/or promotion of plant growth in bacterial isolates was evaluated by measuring the production of antimicrobial compounds (ammonia and antibiosis) and hydrolytic enzymes (amylases, lipases, proteases, and chitinases) and phosphate solubilization. Of the 1219 bacterial isolates, 92% produced one or more of the eight compounds evaluated, but only 1% of the isolates produced all the compounds. Proteolytic activity was most frequently observed among the bacterial isolates. Among the compounds which often determine the success of biocontrol, 43% produced compounds which inhibit mycelial growth of Monilinia fructicola, but only 11% hydrolyzed chitin. Bacteria from different plant species (rhizosphere or phylloplane) exhibited differences in the ability to produce the compounds evaluated. Most bacterial isolates with biocontrol potential were isolated from rhizospheric soil. The most efficient bacteria (producing at least five compounds related to phytopathogen biocontrol and/or plant growth), 86 in total, were evaluated for their biocontrol potential by observing their ability to kill juvenile Mesocriconema xenoplax. Thus, we clearly observed that bacteria that produced more compounds related to phytopathogen biocontrol and/or plant growth had a higher efficacy for nematode biocontrol, which validated the selection strategy used.(AU)

Nutritional value of the rhizome of macambira (Bomelia laciniosa) fresh or subjected to burning by fire / Valor nutritivo do rizoma da macambira (Bomelia laciniosa) in natura ou submetido a queima pelo fogo

This study aimed to assess the nutritional value and the kinetics of in situ ruminal degradation of the rhizome of macambira fresh or subjected to burning by fire. We determined the dry matter (DM), and DM basis, the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), hemicellulose (HEM), cellulose (CEL), lignin (LIG) and in situ degradability of DM, CP and NDF in the times 6, 24 and 72 hours. The DM content of macambira fresh (61.3%) was lower compared to burned macambira (66.9%) due to loss of moisture caused by heating. The fiber neutral detergent (53.5% fresh and 58.4% burned) and acid detergent (22.9 and 34.7%, respectively) were higher in macambira subjected to burning For the in situ degradability decreased the values of potential degradation (PD) and effective (DE) when treatment with fire, and reduction in soluble fractions (a) and potentially degradable (b). The action of burning the macambira promotes increased cell wall constituents and reduces the degradation kinetics of DM, CP and NDF, but with potential for improving the quality of the fiber, as the potential degradation of this constituent. So, do not indicate the completion of burning macambira before the animal feeding for improvement in nutritional value.

Objetivou-se avaliar o valor nutritivo e a cinética da degradação ruminal in situ do rizoma da macambira in natura ou submetida à queima pelo fogo. Determinou-se os teores de matéria seca (MS), e com base na MS, a proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), energia bruta (EB), hemicelulose (HEM), celulose (CEL), lignina (LIG) e a degradabilidade in situ da MS, PB e FDN nos tempos 6, 24 e 72 horas. Verificou-se menor teor de MS na macambira in natura (61,3%) em relação à submetida a queima (66,9%), o que está relacionado à perda de umidade provocada pelo aquecimento. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (53,5% in natura e 58,4% queimada) e em detergente ácido (22,9 e 34,7%, respectivamente) foram elevados na macambira submetida à queima. Para a degradabilidade in situ houve redução nos valores de degradação potencial (DP) e efetiva (DE) pelo processo de queima, além de redução nas frações solúvel (a) e potencialmente degradável (b). A ação da queima à macambira promove aumento dos constituintes da parede celular e reduz à cinética de degradação da MS, PB e FDN, porém com potencial de melhoria da qualidade da fibra, quanto à degradação potencial deste constituinte. Assim, não se indica a realização da queima da macambira antes do fornecimento aos animais visando melhoria no valor nutritivo.

Nutritional value of the rhizome of macambira (Bomelia laciniosa) fresh or subjected to burning by fire / Valor nutritivo do rizoma da macambira (Bomelia laciniosa) in natura ou submetido a queima pelo fogo

This study aimed to assess the nutritional value and the kinetics of in situ ruminal degradation of the rhizome of macambira fresh or subjected to burning by fire. We determined the dry matter (DM), and DM basis, the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), hemicellulose (HEM), cellulose (CEL), lignin (LIG) and in situ degradability of DM, CP and NDF in the times 6, 24 and 72 hours. The DM content of macambira fresh (61.3%) was lower compared to burned macambira (66.9%) due to loss of moisture caused by heating. The fiber neutral detergent (53.5% fresh and 58.4% burned) and acid detergent (22.9 and 34.7%, respectively) were higher in macambira subjected to burning For the in situ degradability decreased the values of potential degradation (PD) and effective (DE) when treatment with fire, and reduction in soluble fractions (a) and potentially degradable (b). The action of burning the macambira promotes increased cell wall constituents and reduces the degradation kinetics of DM, CP and NDF, but with potential for improving the quality of the fiber, as the potential degradation of this constituent. So, do not indicate the completion of burning macambira before the animal feeding for improvement in nutritional value.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o valor nutritivo e a cinética da degradação ruminal in situ do rizoma da macambira in natura ou submetida à queima pelo fogo. Determinou-se os teores de matéria seca (MS), e com base na MS, a proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), energia bruta (EB), hemicelulose (HEM), celulose (CEL), lignina (LIG) e a degradabilidade in situ da MS, PB e FDN nos tempos 6, 24 e 72 horas. Verificou-se menor teor de MS na macambira in natura (61,3%) em relação à submetida a queima (66,9%), o que está relacionado à perda de umidade provocada pelo aquecimento. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (53,5% in natura e 58,4% queimada) e em detergente ácido (22,9 e 34,7%, respectivamente) foram elevados na macambira submetida à queima. Para a degradabilidade in situ houve redução nos valores de degradação potencial (DP) e efetiva (DE) pelo processo de queima, além de redução nas frações solúvel (a) e potencialmente degradável (b). A ação da queima à macambira promove aumento dos constituintes da parede celular e reduz à cinética de degradação da MS, PB e FDN, porém com potencial de melhoria da qualidade da fibra, quanto à degradação potencial deste constituinte. Assim, não se indica a realização da queima da macambira antes do fornecimento aos animais visando melhoria no valor nutritivo.(AU)