Alternative use of endocavitary probe to guide minimally invasive partial nephrectomy: is it reasonable?

Purpose: To describe the use of endocavitary ultrasound probe as an auxiliary tool when performing partial nephrectomy in cases of endophytic renal tumors, to standardize the method, and to report the preliminary results achieved with this technique. Methods: Fifteen patients diagnosed with completely endophytic underwent partial nephrectomy with the use of an endocavitary ultrasound probe. This article describes the technique involved in partial nephrectomy and details the preparation of the endocavitary ultrasound probe to ensure its safe use. Results: All the patients had a RENAL score between 8 and 11. The median time of warm ischemia was 26 and 18 minutes for laparoscopic or robot-assisted surgery, respectively. The median duration of surgery was 150 minutes, and the median console time was 145 minutes for the laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery groups, respectively. The median estimate of blood loss was 200 mL. Only three patients in the laparoscopic group had focal positive surgical margins. There were no cases of infection at the site of probe entry. Conclusions: Intraoperative use of an endocavitary ultrasound probe for partial nephrectomy is possible and a safe alternative to the excision of endophytic tumors when neither robotic probes nor laparoscopic probes are available.

Comparison of three different self-expanding metal stents using rabbit models for the treatment of tracheal collapse

Purpose: To identify an optimal self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) and verify whether a mechanically superior SEMS would result in better clinical outcomes in the treatment of tracheal collapse. Methods: We selected three SEMS (n = 8 each), including an S-type stent with a wire diameter of 0.006 inches (S6) and two D-type stents with wire diameters of 0.006 (D6) and 0.007 inches (D7). Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three equal groups. After the stents were deployed, the clinical signs were recorded daily, and radiographic examinations were performed monthly. All rabbits were euthanized after three months. Results: Two rabbits with S6 stents and one rabbit with a D7 stent died within three months because of stent migration or pneumonia. All rabbits with D6 stents survived for three months. On histological examination, the D6 group had the lowest inflammation score. Conclusions: Both clinically and histopathologically, the results with D-type stents with a wire diameter of 0.006 inches were superior to those of the other groups (p = 0.001). The use of an optimal intraluminal stent may improve the long-term clinical outcomes in the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs.

New technique for intrathoracic implantation of extraluminal spiral prostheses in the trachea

Background: Extraluminal surgical procedures for intrathoracic tracheal collapse in dogs are not routinely performed. The patients are normally treated with different drugs or by intraluminal stents. However, in more severe cases, drug treatment does not always have good outcomes, and intraluminal prostheses can be correlated to several postoperative problems. In order to obtain better results, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for implantation of a new extraluminal helical prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea through cervical access, associated with pneumatic mediastinoscopy for certification of the technique and minimization of possible complications. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven canine corpses (CCs) from non-traumatic death, weighing between 2 and 7 kg, were used. A ventral cervical approach to the trachea was associated with blunt mediastinal dissection. Trans cervical pneumatic mediastinoscopy was used for evaluation of the dissection and location of the implant. These were compared with the necropsy findings by the exact Wilcoxon two-sample test, with P < 0.05. The results of necropsy and mediastinoscopy did not present significant differences at P < 0.05. During the examinations, the presence of some mediastinal visceral le-sions caused by the prosthesis, the integrity of the mediastinum and possible lesions to RLN and blood vessels (BV) were analyzed. We also investigated the location of the distal part of the prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea and its dissection. To evaluate the technique, statistical comparison was made between mediastinoscopy and necropsy find-ings. The data were compared by the Wilcoxon test at 5% probability. The tracheas of all CCs were efficiently dissected, but in some cases problems that can happen during the procedure were noticed. This was checked by mediastinoscopy and confirmed by necropsy. The median of the scores was...

New technique for intrathoracic implantation of extraluminal spiral prostheses in the trachea

Background: Extraluminal surgical procedures for intrathoracic tracheal collapse in dogs are not routinely performed. The patients are normally treated with different drugs or by intraluminal stents. However, in more severe cases, drug treatment does not always have good outcomes, and intraluminal prostheses can be correlated to several postoperative problems. In order to obtain better results, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for implantation of a new extraluminal helical prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea through cervical access, associated with pneumatic mediastinoscopy for certification of the technique and minimization of possible complications. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven canine corpses (CCs) from non-traumatic death, weighing between 2 and 7 kg, were used. A ventral cervical approach to the trachea was associated with blunt mediastinal dissection. Trans cervical pneumatic mediastinoscopy was used for evaluation of the dissection and location of the implant. These were compared with the necropsy findings by the exact Wilcoxon two-sample test, with P < 0.05. The results of necropsy and mediastinoscopy did not present significant differences at P < 0.05. During the examinations, the presence of some mediastinal visceral le-sions caused by the prosthesis, the integrity of the mediastinum and possible lesions to RLN and blood vessels (BV) were analyzed. We also investigated the location of the distal part of the prosthesis in the thoracic segment of the trachea and its dissection. To evaluate the technique, statistical comparison was made between mediastinoscopy and necropsy find-ings. The data were compared by the Wilcoxon test at 5% probability. The tracheas of all CCs were efficiently dissected, but in some cases problems that can happen during the procedure were noticed. This was checked by mediastinoscopy and confirmed by necropsy. The median of the scores was...(AU)

Bilateral double-pigtail ureteral stent placement for management of ureteral obstruction secondary to transitional cell carcinoma in a dog

Background: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) usually affects the trigone region of the bladder and proximal portionof the urethra. TCC in dogs is often complicated by local tumor invasion and obstruction of the urethra, ureters, or both.Urinary obstruction is the cause of death in approximately 60% of dogs with TCC. Radical surgeries are associated withmorbidity and mortality rates. Stents have recently been evaluated for use in dogs with ureteral obstruction resulting froma variety of urinary tract tumors. This report aims to describe bilateral ureteral stent placement for treatment of malignantureteral obstruction and long-term follow-up in a dog.Case: An 11-year-old female spayed Maltese dog with ureteral obstruction secondary to transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)in the bladder trigone. After palliative debulking procedure and diagnostic of TCC in bladder and NSAIDs treatment,recurrence has occurred causing ureteral obstruction and TCC had invaded the abdominal wall. Abdominal wall localtumor resection, trigone mass debulking and bilateral ureteral stent placement was made. A double-pigtail ureteral stentof appropriate length was advanced to bypass the ureteral obstruction. Stent sizes were 3.5 Fr in diameter and from 8 to32 cm in length. The patient underwent surgical resection of the transitional cell carcinoma in the abdominal wall. Thecorrect location of the bilateral ureteral pigtail stent was certified by abdominal radiography. Recovery was uneventfuland the dog was discharged 2 days after surgery. Eleven months after stent placement, the dog developed lumbar vertebrae metastasis, without evidence of recurrent ureteral obstruction. The owners elected euthanasia 517 days after originalpresentation and 337 days after ureteral stent placement. Euthanasia was unrelated to the local tumor obstruction but was...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...(AU)

Bilateral double-pigtail ureteral stent placement for management of ureteral obstruction secondary to transitional cell carcinoma in a dog

Background: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) usually affects the trigone region of the bladder and proximal portionof the urethra. TCC in dogs is often complicated by local tumor invasion and obstruction of the urethra, ureters, or both.Urinary obstruction is the cause of death in approximately 60% of dogs with TCC. Radical surgeries are associated withmorbidity and mortality rates. Stents have recently been evaluated for use in dogs with ureteral obstruction resulting froma variety of urinary tract tumors. This report aims to describe bilateral ureteral stent placement for treatment of malignantureteral obstruction and long-term follow-up in a dog.Case: An 11-year-old female spayed Maltese dog with ureteral obstruction secondary to transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)in the bladder trigone. After palliative debulking procedure and diagnostic of TCC in bladder and NSAIDs treatment,recurrence has occurred causing ureteral obstruction and TCC had invaded the abdominal wall. Abdominal wall localtumor resection, trigone mass debulking and bilateral ureteral stent placement was made. A double-pigtail ureteral stentof appropriate length was advanced to bypass the ureteral obstruction. Stent sizes were 3.5 Fr in diameter and from 8 to32 cm in length. The patient underwent surgical resection of the transitional cell carcinoma in the abdominal wall. Thecorrect location of the bilateral ureteral pigtail stent was certified by abdominal radiography. Recovery was uneventfuland the dog was discharged 2 days after surgery. Eleven months after stent placement, the dog developed lumbar vertebrae metastasis, without evidence of recurrent ureteral obstruction. The owners elected euthanasia 517 days after originalpresentation and 337 days after ureteral stent placement. Euthanasia was unrelated to the local tumor obstruction but was...(AU)

Ureteral stent placement using a double J-catheter in the treatment of ectopic ureter in a dog

Background: Ectopic ureter is a congenital anomaly in which the final segment of one or both ureteral orifices is locateddistal to the bladder trigone. It may be classified as intra- or extramural. Surgical treatment of ectopic ureters in dogs isrecommended and the approach varies with the classification. In the postoperative period, complications are common.When stenosis of the new ureteral ostium occurs, immediate repeated surgery is recommended. This study aimed at usingthe double J catheter placement following neoureterostomy to treat urethral obstruction secondary to the surgical treatmentof an intramural ectopic ureter in a dog.Case: An 8-month-old female French bulldog with dysuria and urinary incontinence was seen at a private veterinaryhospital in Jaboticabal, São Paulo. The patient had previously been diagnosed with an intramural ectopic ureter on theright side following imaging tests (ultrasound, computed tomography, and abdominal radiography, excretory urography)and had undergone neoureterostomy and closure of the intramural pathway approximately a year ago. Ultrasonographicexamination showed dilation of the caudal portion of the ureter and hydroureter, which was suggestive of right ureteralstenosis. Computed tomography was also performed to evaluate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; an increase in the diameter of the right ureter in its middle portion and close to the bladder triangle was observed. A new surgical interventionwas indicated and performed. The ureteral route was identified in a region of the bladder trigone, incised, and probed witha urethral probe No. 04. The intramural course in the proximal urethra was identified and probed with a 16G epiduralcatheter. It was necessary to perform a neoureterostomy. A longitudinal incision (spatulation) of approximately 5 mm wasmade in the distal portion of the right ureter to increase the circumference of the...

Ureteral stent placement using a double J-catheter in the treatment of ectopic ureter in a dog

Background: Ectopic ureter is a congenital anomaly in which the final segment of one or both ureteral orifices is locateddistal to the bladder trigone. It may be classified as intra- or extramural. Surgical treatment of ectopic ureters in dogs isrecommended and the approach varies with the classification. In the postoperative period, complications are common.When stenosis of the new ureteral ostium occurs, immediate repeated surgery is recommended. This study aimed at usingthe double J catheter placement following neoureterostomy to treat urethral obstruction secondary to the surgical treatmentof an intramural ectopic ureter in a dog.Case: An 8-month-old female French bulldog with dysuria and urinary incontinence was seen at a private veterinaryhospital in Jaboticabal, São Paulo. The patient had previously been diagnosed with an intramural ectopic ureter on theright side following imaging tests (ultrasound, computed tomography, and abdominal radiography, excretory urography)and had undergone neoureterostomy and closure of the intramural pathway approximately a year ago. Ultrasonographicexamination showed dilation of the caudal portion of the ureter and hydroureter, which was suggestive of right ureteralstenosis. Computed tomography was also performed to evaluate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; an increase in the diameter of the right ureter in its middle portion and close to the bladder triangle was observed. A new surgical interventionwas indicated and performed. The ureteral route was identified in a region of the bladder trigone, incised, and probed witha urethral probe No. 04. The intramural course in the proximal urethra was identified and probed with a 16G epiduralcatheter. It was necessary to perform a neoureterostomy. A longitudinal incision (spatulation) of approximately 5 mm wasmade in the distal portion of the right ureter to increase the circumference of the...(AU)

Review of metal surface stents: biological validation using an in vitro endothelial cell model / Revisão de stents de superfície metálica: validação biológica usando modelo de células endotelial in vitro

Studies to determine effects of metal implants for humans frequently use an in vitro animal model. Despite this experimental model evaluating responses to an implant, it is usually only possible to elucidate physiological and molecular mechanisms of metallic biomaterials with in vitro experiments using animal endothelial cells. Thus, this review proposes to elucidate models of endothelial cells used to characterize and evaluate metallic biomaterials in stent manufacturing. Animal cells are able to adhere, proliferate and develop antiplatelet responses after specific treatments on metal surfaces. In vitro tests with an endothelial cell model provide insights into hemo-integration of metallic devices and assist in planning pre-clinical experimental designs. Thus, this review encourages studies and validation of commercially available endothelial cells, as well as creation of cryopreserved cell banks as an alternative to reduce in vitro assays and as primary cultures for in vitro testing. Moreover, we encourage creation of a standard protocol for characterizing metals subjected to surface modifications.

Estudos para determinar os efeitos de implantes metálicos em humanos frequentemente usam um modelo animal in vivo. Apesar deste modelo experimental avaliar as respostas do implante, normalmente só é possível elucidar mecanismos fisiológicos e moleculares de biomateriais metálicos com experimentos in vitro utilizando células endoteliais de animais. Assim, essa revisão propõe elucidar modelos de células endoteliais utilizados para caracterizar e avaliar biomateriais na fabricação de stents. As células de animais são capazes de aderir, proliferar e desenvolver respostas antiplaquetárias após tratamentos específicos em superfícies metálicas. Testes in vitro com um modelo de células endoteliais fornecem insights sobre a integração dos dispositivos metálicos e auxiliam no planejamento de projetos experimentais pré-clínicos. Assim, esta revisão encoraja estudos e validação de células endoteliais comercialmente disponíveis, bem como a criação de bancos de células criopreservadas como uma alternativa para reduzir ensaios in vivo e de culturas primárias para testes in vitro. Além disso, incentivamos a criação do protocolo padrão para caracterizar metais sujeitos a modificações de superfície.

Review of metal surface stents: biological validation using an in vitro endothelial cell model / Revisão de stents de superfície metálica: validação biológica usando modelo de células endotelial in vitro

Studies to determine effects of metal implants for humans frequently use an in vitro animal model. Despite this experimental model evaluating responses to an implant, it is usually only possible to elucidate physiological and molecular mechanisms of metallic biomaterials with in vitro experiments using animal endothelial cells. Thus, this review proposes to elucidate models of endothelial cells used to characterize and evaluate metallic biomaterials in stent manufacturing. Animal cells are able to adhere, proliferate and develop antiplatelet responses after specific treatments on metal surfaces. In vitro tests with an endothelial cell model provide insights into hemo-integration of metallic devices and assist in planning pre-clinical experimental designs. Thus, this review encourages studies and validation of commercially available endothelial cells, as well as creation of cryopreserved cell banks as an alternative to reduce in vitro assays and as primary cultures for in vitro testing. Moreover, we encourage creation of a standard protocol for characterizing metals subjected to surface modifications.(AU)

Estudos para determinar os efeitos de implantes metálicos em humanos frequentemente usam um modelo animal in vivo. Apesar deste modelo experimental avaliar as respostas do implante, normalmente só é possível elucidar mecanismos fisiológicos e moleculares de biomateriais metálicos com experimentos in vitro utilizando células endoteliais de animais. Assim, essa revisão propõe elucidar modelos de células endoteliais utilizados para caracterizar e avaliar biomateriais na fabricação de stents. As células de animais são capazes de aderir, proliferar e desenvolver respostas antiplaquetárias após tratamentos específicos em superfícies metálicas. Testes in vitro com um modelo de células endoteliais fornecem insights sobre a integração dos dispositivos metálicos e auxiliam no planejamento de projetos experimentais pré-clínicos. Assim, esta revisão encoraja estudos e validação de células endoteliais comercialmente disponíveis, bem como a criação de bancos de células criopreservadas como uma alternativa para reduzir ensaios in vivo e de culturas primárias para testes in vitro. Além disso, incentivamos a criação do protocolo padrão para caracterizar metais sujeitos a modificações de superfície.(AU)

Stent placed by endoscopy for the treatment of tracheal obstruction caused by a tumor in a domestic cat

Background: Tracheal tumors are rare and may cause obstruction of the trachea. The neoplasms most commonly diagnosed in cats are lymphosarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Surgical resection may provide a clinical cure for small, benign and localized tumors. For malignant neoplasia, surgery is usually palliative. Tracheal segment excision is an invasive procedure, particularly when the intrathoracic trachea is involved, and this increases the risk of stenosis, surgical suture dehiscence, necrosis and pneumothorax. Intraluminal tracheal stents have been used in dogs with tracheobronchomalacia, presenting a feasible alternative to surgery for the treatment of tracheal lumen obstruction. Case: A 11-year-old male mixed-breed cat was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS) with a history of appetite loss, wasting and progressive inspiratory dyspnea, for the last 30 days. The cat presenting with oral breathing. Radiography of the lateral thorax shown a radiopaque area, 1cm in diameter, superimposed in the tracheal region, close to the carina cartilage, at the fourth intercostal space. A tracheoscopy confirmed the diagnosis of tracheal neoplasia, which was identified as an adenocarcinoma by biopsy and histopathology. Given that surgical resection may result in significant morbidity and consequent mortality, the owner chose a palliative treatment without adjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma until acquisition of the stent, with partial resection of the tumor performed during tracheoscopy. This procedure was performed twice at an interval of three months. After the first endoscopic examination, the patient regained weight and normal behavior. Three months after the second tracheoscopy, signs of labored breathing recurred. At this point, the obstruction was treated with implantation of an intratracheal stent. A nitinol biliary stent, 35 mm in length, 8 mm in diameter, was applied during tracheoscopy without fluoroscopy aid. The cat received postoperative treatment with dexamethasone 0.25 mg.kg­¹ SID for seven days. The patient showed immediate clinical improvement in dyspnea, but retained an episodic cough. After six months, the cat suffered a relapse of dyspnea. Radiographic examination revealed a large area of radiopacity in the region of the tracheal stent, suggesting an increase in size of the tumor, and possible metastasis in the lung parenchyma. The patient underwent repeat tracheoscopy, and almost complete obstruction of the tracheal lumen was found. The cat died during this procedure. Post-mortem examination was requested, which confirmed tracheal obstruction resulting from growth of the tumor, and pulmonary metastasis. Discussion: There are few reports of tracheal neoplasms in cats, because they are uncommon. The diagnosis was based on radiography, tracheoscopy and incisional biopsy. Treatment with surgery involves high morbidity and mortality. For this reason we chose the use of a tracheal stent, although palliative in cases of cancer. Stents are frequently used in humans with malignant tracheal obstruction, but the few reports in the veterinary literature, are focused on dogs presenting with tracheobronchomalacia. In cats, a few cases of tracheal stenosis and tumors have been treated experimentally with stents, which have shown success in reestablishing an airway. In previous reports, the technique has always been carried out with the aid of fluoroscopy. The application of the stent using tracheoscopy alone was efficient. The patient in this report suvived for one year since it diagnosed before near-total obstruction of the trachea occurred. Therefore this was a palliative measure, which allowed the patient a good quality of life while receiving adjuvant therapy when possible or necessary.

Morphometric analysis of intimal thickening secondary to stent placement in pig carotid arteries / Análise morfométrica do espessamento intimal secundário ao implante de stent em artérias carótidas de suínos

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intimal thickening secondary to stent placement or to insertion of the delivery system without stent placement in pig carotid arteries. METHODS: Stents were placed in the right common carotid arteries of 7 pigs, and 7 other control pigs underwent only insertion of the delivery system without stent placement. Uninjured contralateral common carotid arteries of the two groups were also used as controls. Samples of arterial tissue, obtained from the area adjacent to the distal segment of the stent four weeks after placement, underwent morphometric analysis. Morphometric data were compared with findings for arterial samples from injured arteries of the control group and uninjured contralateral arteries of the two groups. The unpaired Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon t test for nonparametric samples were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Greater intimal thickening was found in the group in which stents were placed (p=0.008). Changes in luminal area and media layer were not significantly different between the two groups. The comparison of contralateral carotid arteries of the two groups revealed significant changes in intimal and luminal areas. No statistically significant changes were found in medial layer area. CONCLUSIONS: All arteries that underwent stent placement showed intimal thickening without changes in the tunica media at four weeks. Dissection and insertion of the delivery system without stent placement was associated with a lesser degree of intimal thickening.(AU)

OBJETIVO: analisar o espessamento intimal adjacente ao implante de um stent em artérias carótidas de suínos e aquele secundário à simples manipulação da artéria pelo introdutor do dispositivo. MÉTODOS: sete suínos receberam o implante de um stent na artéria carótida comum direita, sob dissecção direta do vaso e sete animais controles sofreram manipulação arterial, com o sistema introdutor, sem o implante do stent. As artérias carótidas comuns contralaterais não lesadas, dos dois grupos, também foram utilizadas como controle. Realizada a análise morfométrica de amostras de tecido arterial, obtidas junto ao segmento distal do stent, quatro semanas após o implante. Os achados morfométricos foram comparados com amostras arteriais oriundas das carótidas lesadas, no grupo controle, e das carótidas contralaterais não lesadas dos dois grupos. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste de Mann-Whitney e do teste T de Wilcoxon, para amostras não-paramétricas (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: observado um maior espessamento intimal no grupo submetido ao implante de stent (p=0,008). As áreas luminais e da camada média não apresentaram alterações significativas, entre os dois grupos. Quando os dois grupos foram comparados às suas respectivas artérias carótidas contralaterais, foram encontradas alterações significativas nas mensurações da área intimal e do lúmen arterial. Não houve alterações estatisticamente significativas na área da camada média. CONCLUSÕES: todas as artérias submetidas ao implante do stent apresentaram espessamento intimal, sem alterações na camada média, quatro semanas após o implante de um stent. A simples manipulação arterial provocou espessamento intimal.(AU)

Uretrostomia para colheita seriada de urina em bezerros / Urethrostomy for serial sampling of urine in calves

Urethrostomy for serial sampling of urine was used due to the necessity of one technique that allowed the total urinary collection in definite time periods. Twenty-seven male Holstein calves from 8 to 16-days-age having a mean weight 39.50±4.80kg were used. Urethrostomy was carried out with the use of urethral sounding lead that was made for this purpose. In agreement with the clinical examinations, including seric biochemical, urinalysis and blood test and postmortem examination, the technique achieved 81.5 percent of satisfactory results.(AU)

Morphometric analysis of the intimal reaction after stent implantation in iliac arteries submitted to angioplasty in pigs / Análise morfométrica da reação intimal secundária ao implante de stent em artérias ilíacas submetidas à angioplastia em suínos

OBJETIVO: Analisar, por meio da morfometria digital, o espessamento intimal das artérias ilíacas comuns (AIC) de suínos, submetidas à angioplastia e à angioplastia seguida do implante de stent. MÉTODOS: Em dez suínos, foi realizada a angioplastia da AIC bilateral, seguida do implante do stent na AIC esquerda. Após quatro semanas, o segmento aorto-ilíaco foi retirado. As lâminas histológicas foram divididas em três grupos: segmento proximal (grupo 1) e distal (grupo 2) do local de implante do stent na AIC esquerda e a área da angioplastia da AIC direita (grupo 3). As imagens das lâminas foram digitalizadas e analisadas por programa de morfometria com cálculo das áreas luminal, da camada íntima e da camada média dos cortes histológicos. A análise estatística foi realizada através de média e desvio padrão das áreas em cada grupo, utilizando ANOVA, com teste Post-Hoc LSD (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Na análise das médias das áreas obtidas, foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto à camada íntima dos grupos 1 e 2, quando comparados ao grupo 3 e em relação à camada média dos grupos 1 e 2 quando comparados ao grupo 3 e não se observou diferença significativa nas médias das áreas luminais dos três grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A angioplastia seguida do implante do stent gerou um espessamento intimal maior do que aquele produzido apenas pela angioplastia, porém, a área da camada média apresentou-se diminuída nos grupos "angioplastia + stent"; a luz arterial não apresentou diferença entre estes grupos.(AU)

PURPOSE: To compare through digital morphometry, the intimal thickening of the common ilíac arteries (CIA) in pigs, submitted to angioplasty and angioplasty followed by stent implantation. METHODS: Angioplasty was performed in 10 pigs in both CIA, followed by a stent implantation in the left CIA. After four weeks, the aorto-iliac segment was dissected. Histologic slices where divided in three groups: left CIA in the area of the proximal (group 1) and distal (group 2) implantation site of the stent and the region of angioplasty in the right CIA (group 3). The histological slices were digitalized to be analyzed by morphometry with calculation of the luminal, intimal and media layers areas. Descriptive statistics analysis was performed through average and standard deviation of areas on each group, using ANOVA, with LSD Post-Hoc test (p<0.05). RESULTS: A significant statistic difference was observed when the median area of intimal layer of the groups 1 and 2 where compared with group 3 and in the media layer area of the groups 1 and 2 when compared with group 3. No difference was observed in luminal areas among the three groups. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty followed by stent insertion produces an intimal thickening larger than that observed after simple angioplasty. However, the area of the media layer is smaller in the "angioplasty plus stent" group and there is no significant change in the luminal area among the three groups.(AU)