Dietary supplementation with soybean oil has not favored the tilapia growth in BFT tanks submitted to feeding restriction

The present work aimed at assessing the possibility of compensatingthe notorious deficiencies of bioflocs in lipids by supplementing the tilapia commercial diet with soybean oil. In the positive control, there was no feeding restriction nor dietary supplementation with soybean oil. In the experimental treatments, the commercial diet was restricted by 25% over the positive control level. In the negative control tanks, there was feeding restriction and the artificial diet had no oil supplementation. In the experimental tanks, soybean oil was mixed dailywith the commercial diet at the levels of 0.6%, 1.2 and 2.4%. Additionally, there were fed-restricted tanks that received a daily supplementation of 1.2% soybean oil mixed withdry molasses, and not withthe commercial diet. In general, only the restriction of the commercial diet affected the water quality. The supplementation of the artificial diet with soybean oil up to 2.4% has not improved the proximate composition of bioflocs, nor thefish growth performance. It wasconcluded that the strategy of supplementing the Nile tilapia juveniles' commercial diet with increasing levels of soybean meal, in BFT tanks submitted to 25%-feeding restriction, was notcapable of avoidingthe fish growth performancedeterioration.(AU)

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Rosemary Complex Powder on the Growth Performance of Native Chickens

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with rosemary complex powder on the growth performance of native chickens. In total, 180 one day-old native chicks were assigned to one of three dietary groups (60 birds each). The control group (Group A) received the basal diet. In addition to the basal diet, the two experimental diets (Groups B and C) were supplemented with 0.2% and 0.4% rosemary complex powder, which contained rosemary leaves, sweet basil, pineapple sage and sweet lavender. Over 19 weeks, feed intake was recorded to determine the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. In weeks 10 and 15, blood samples were taken for serum antibody titer analysis. At the end of the experiment, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were examined. No differences were observed among the groups in terms of the starting weight, weight in week 19, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, or average feed conversion ratio. The addition of rosemary complex powder improved total weight gain by 1.52%. Serum IgA and serum IgG concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental groups in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). Villus height, villus width, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio were significantly higher in group B than in group A (p<0.05). In summary, rosemary complex powder improved the intestinal absorption capacity of chickens and significantly reduced their immunoglobulin concentrations.(AU)

The Effects of Dietary Clinoptilolite Supplementation on Fattening Performance, Some Blood and Visceral Organ Parameters in Japanese Quails

This study was aimed at determining the effects of dietary zeolite (clinoptilolite) supplementation on fattening performance, slaughter characteristics, and some blood and visceral organ parameters in Japanese quails. For this purpose, 140 (4x35) four-day-old Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were randomly assigned to 4 groups with 4 replicates (9+9+9+8), and the study was continued for a period of 31 days. The groups were fed on a basal diet supplemented with 0% of clinoptilolite (control group), 1.5% of clinoptilolite (Z1.5), 3% of clinoptilolite (Z3) and 6% of clinoptilolite (Z6). For the female quails, the best blood TOS and liver TAS levels were detected in Z3 and Z1.5, respectively. For the male quails, the best blood TAS and liver TOS levels were determined in Z1.5. Histopathological examination demonstrated that dietary supplementation with 1.5% of zeolite had increased the height of the intestinal villi in both male and female quails, and had reduced hepatic lipidosis in female quails. Female quails displayed significantly increased levels of hepatic lipidosis in Z3 and Z6, and liver hepatitis in Z3. In result, it is suggested that zeolite, a hydrated aluminosilicate, in its form containing 90.2% of clinoptilolite, can be incorporated as a feed supplement into quail basal diets at a rate of 3%, owing to its positive effect on fattening performance. Furthermore, the use of zeolite may also contribute to maintaining animal health by reducing humidity in poultry houses and feed.(AU)

Estratégias para melhorar a qualidade seminal em garanhões / Strategies to improve seminal quality in stallions

A grande quantidade de garanhões com alteração na qualidade seminal, seja pela idade, genética ou afecções do trato reprodutivo, resultou nos últimos anos, no rápido avanço do desenvolvimento de técnicas para recuperar e aumentar o potencial reprodutivo dos animais. Os detalhes antes e após a colheita seminal são fundamentais para alcançar o máximo da eficiência reprodutiva e obter índices de concepção adequados. Objetiva-se com esta revisão de literatura abordar as principais técnicas para melhorar a qualidade espermática em garanhões.(AU)

The large number of stallions with alterations in seminal quality, whether due to age, genetics or reproductive tract disorders, has resulted in the rapid advance of the development of techniques to recover and increase the reproductive potential of animals in recent years. Details before and after seminal collection are essential to achieve maximum reproductive efficiency and obtain adequate conception rates. The aim of this paper was to review the main techniques to improve sperm quality in stallions.(AU)

Crystallurical profile in sheep after ammonium chloride supplementation / [Perfil cristalúrico em ovinos suplementados com cloreto de amônio]

Although urinary crystals are habitual components, urolithiasis formation is always preceded by these concretions. We aimed to identify the change in the crystalline profile in sheep supplemented with ammonium chloride. Twenty-five male sheep aged three months, feedlot and randomly distributed into three groups were used: Control Group (CG) n = 5 did not receive Ammonium Chloride; G200 Group (n=10) (200mg/kg) of Ammonium Chloride for 56 consecutive days; G500 Group (n=10) (500mg/kg) of Ammonium Chloride for 56 consecutive days, administered daily orally. Sampling times and clinical evaluation were performed at seven days, with M0 (immediately before Ammonium Chloride), M1 (seven days after) until M8, totaling 70 days of feedlot. Urine samples were performed to identify the presence, type, and quantity of crystals. There was an increase in crystalluria in all groups in relation to time due to dietary influence, mainly in the CG, which presented more crystals of amorphous calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate. In addition, the G500 Group presented a higher presence of urate/uric acid crystals after urinary acidification, which are closely related to urinary pH.

Apesar de cristais urinários serem componentes habituais, a formação de urolitíase é sempre precedida dessas concreções. O presente estudo objetivou identificar a mudança do perfil cristalúrico em ovinos suplementados com cloreto de amônio. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos, machos, com idade de três meses, confinados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo controle (GC) (n=5) não recebeu cloreto de amônio; grupo G200 (n=10) (200mg/kg) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos; grupo G500 (n=10) (500mg/kg) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos, administrados diariamente por via oral. Os momentos (M) de colheita de amostras e avaliação clínica foram realizados com intervalo de sete dias, sendo M0 (imediatamente antes da administração do cloreto de amônio), M1 (sete dias após) até M8, totalizando 70 dias de confinamento. As amostras de urina foram analisadas para se identificar a presença, o tipo e a quantidade de cristais. Houve aumento da cristalúria em todos os grupos em relação ao tempo por influência dietética, principalmente no GC, que apresentou mais cristais de fosfato de cálcio amorfo e oxalato de cálcio. Além disso, o grupo G500 apresentou maior presença de cristais de urato/ácido úrico após acidificação urinária, estando esses intimamente relacionados ao pH urinário.

Effect of OPG-supplemented diet on immune and stress responses and attenuation of LPS-induced damage in the liver of carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)

Effects of oxidized peptidoglycan (OPG) on immune and stress responses and lipopolysacchari-de (LPS)-induced damage in the liver of carp were investigated in this study. Four hundred carps (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) were fed with five experimental diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg-1 OPG for 28 days. Each group had four replicates and 20 fish per replication. LPS challenge (injection of 40 mg kg-1 saline or LPS) occurred at day 29. The supplementation with OPG linearly increased (p<0.05) plasma total protein, immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement 4 (C4), cortisol, and lactate on day 14. Dietary supplementation with OPG linearly increased (p<0.05) plasma and complement 3 (C3); quadratically improved (p<0.05) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lysozyme (LYS) activities; linearly increased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities; increased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents; and improved (p<0.05) hepatic anti-superoxide anion (ASA) and anti-hydroxy radical (AHR) contents on days 14 and 28. Dietary OPG significantly preven-ted the increase of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by inhibiting the excessive activation of TLR2-Myd88 signaling pathway; downregulating TLR2, Myd88, and NF-κB p65; and upregulating nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Keap1 mRNA expression (p<0.05). Therefore, this study indicated that dietary OPG improves the plasma immune response, regulates the hepatic antioxidant status, and attenuates LPS-induced negative effects in the carp at the optimal dose of 400 mg kg-1(AU)

Native legumes and spineless cactus in supplementation of goats grazing in Caatinga rangeland: intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality

The study evaluated the performance, carcass characteristics, tissue composition, and meat quality of goats raised on pasture in the Caatinga rangeland supplemented with Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Sabiá (Mimosa caesapiniifolia) hays associated or not with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera), and without supplementation. Thirty male castrated goats, no defined breed, with an average body weight of 15.5 kg ± 0.64 were used, distributed in a randomized block design, according to the initial weight of the animals. The experimental period lasted 105 days. The highest intake of DM, OM and CP occurred in the animals supplemented with Leucena hay associated or not with spineless cactus. The intake of NDF was higher (p <0.05) for animals fed only with Leucena and Sabiá hays. The highest intake of TDN was observed for diets, only grazing, and hays associated with spineless cactus. The daily weight gain for goats fed with Leucena hay and spineless cactus was 68.5% higher (p <0.05) than on grazing alone. Consequently, they obtained the highest (p <0.05) weights and yields of carcasses, shoulder, loin, and leg cuts, conformation and finishing scores, leg muscle index, and % fat in the leg of goats. The meat quality did not differ. The supplementation with Leucena hay associated with spineless cactus improves performance, weights, and yields of the carcass, commercial cuts, leg muscle of goats grazing in the Caatinga rangeland.(AU)

Nutracêuticos na reprodução de padreadores caninos e felinos / Nutraceuticals in the reproduction of canine and feline stud dogs

Falha da fertilidade nas espécies canina e felina é uma das principais preocupações entre criadores e a busca por tratamentos específicos é uma constante. Assim, o uso de substâncias com poder antioxidante como vitaminas, minerais, flavonoides, ácidos graxos, etc. são requeridos em tratamentos para melhorar índices reprodutivos, tais substâncias são classificadas como nutracêuticos. Ação antioxidante se faz pertinente ao combate do estresse oxidativo proveniente dos radicais livre e peroxidação lipídica produzidos durante a espermatogênese e em casos de sub ou infertilidade. O desequilíbrio entre as ações oxidativas e antioxidativas acarreta diminuição dos parâmetros seminais.(AU)

Fertility failure in canine and feline species is one of the main concerns among breeders and the search for specific treatments is a constant. Thus, the use of substances with antioxidant power such as vitamins, flavonoids, fatty minerals, etc. are necessary in treatments to improve reproductive indices, such substances are classified as nutraceuticals. The antioxidant action is relevant to combat oxidative stress from free radicals and lipid peroxidide during spermatogenesis and in cases of sub or infertility and antioxidative as oxidative activities in seminal tissues.(AU)

Dermatite associada ao consumo de farelo de arroz desengordurado em bovinos na região sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Dermatitis associated with the intake of defatted rice bran by cattle in the Southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul

Background: Dermatitis associated with defatted rice bran (DRB) seems to be an underdiagnosed disease in Brazilian confined herds, characterized by localized skin lesions that develop mainly on hind limbs, and can affect any animal category. In this context, the goal of the present study was to describe an outbreak of dermatitis associated with the consumption of defatted rice bran on a property in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrating the clinical, hematological and epidemiological characteristics of the animals, as well as alternatives for the definitive diagnosis. Cases: Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained by anamnesis with the technician responsible for the property. Aberdeen Angus and crossbred males, with 24 to 36 months of age, with an average of 413 kg, from a property in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul were analyzed. From a batch of 45 cattle, from 24 to 36 months of age, 20 presented lesions on hind limbs 8-17 days after supplementation of a commercial feed containing defatted rice bran. To assist in the diagnosis, blood samples were drawn into vacuum tubes with 10% EDTA, for a complete blood count with the investigation of hemoparasites, and without anticoagulant, for liver function tests. In addition, lesion tissue samples were also collected for bacteriological, mycological and histopathological examination and the ration offered to the animals, for intradermal tests. There were no significant hematological and biochemical changes in animals that developed DRB dermatitis, except when they have an associated secondary infection. The fungal research was negative. The bacterial culture revealed a growth of Staphylococcus aureus, possibly due to secondary infection resulting from the lesions. In histopathological examination, lesions were characterized by areas of alopecia, thickening of the epidermis, forming dry, thick crusts, and some ulcerative and serosanguineous lesions. Histologically, lesions were characterized by marked hyperkeratosis, ulceration, and in the superficial dermis, intense inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils and lymphocytes. Histologic changes, although not pathognomonic, are typically described in this disease. The intradermal test was performed to contribute to the diagnosis of the disease, where a significant increase in volume was found between measurements on animals that developed the disease. It is believed that the disease is produced due to a food hypersensitivity as a consequence of the high protein level in DRB. The results of the intradermal test indicate that the animals developed hypersensitivity and reaction to proteins, and further research is required to determine the protein fraction leading to hypersensitivity reactions. Discussion: In the present study, acute lesions in hind limbs in a significant number of animals of the same batch in a short period of time after supplementation with a diet containing defatted rice bran, enabled a clinical diagnosis suggestive of dermatitis associated with DRB consumption. Through epidemiological data, reactive intradermal test, associated with the findings of the histopathological exam, which showed characteristic lesions of the disease (alopecia, erythema, epidermis thickening, with the formation of thick crusts, usually on hind limbs in the region of the hoof coronary band, progressing to pastern and fetlock), it was possible to establish the clinical-pathological diagnosis of dermatitis associated with the consumption of defatted rice bran.

Effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth performance and physiology of broiler chickens under pre- and post-inflammatory challenge

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth performance, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and uric acid levels, immune-related organs, and intestinal morphometric parameters of broiler chickens under pre- and post-inflammatory challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ninety-six seven-day-old male broiler chicks were randomized in a 2×2 factorial design composed of two dietary types (supplemented with 0 and 0.3 g of purified nucleotides/kg of feed) and two inflammatory conditions (with and without LPS administration) with eight replicates per treatment and three birds per cage. The experimental period was divided into two phases: 7-20 days of age (pre-LPS challenge) and 21-35 days of age (post-LPS challenge). Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way ANOVA for the pre- and post-challenge phases, respectively. During the pre-challenge phase, dietary nucleotide supplementation improved body weight (982 vs. 1009 g/bird), daily weight gain (58.1 vs. 60.1 g/bird), feed conversion rate (1.28 vs. 1.25 g/g), and serum concentration of IgG (1.17 vs. 1.76 mg/mL) of broilers. During the post-challenge phase, nucleotide supplementation increased serum IgG of broilers at 28 days of age (3.01 vs. 4.34 mg/mL). For the intestinal morphometric parameters, nucleotide supplementation increased villus height (299.3 vs. 315.6 µm). Dietary nucleotide supplementation improves the performance of broilers from seven to 20 days of age (pre-LPS challenge). However, from 21 to 35 days of age, supplementation of 0.3 g of purified nucleotides/kg of feed, independent of inflammatory challenge, does not contribute to improve performance of broilers. Additionally, nucleotide supplementation increases IgG production and villus height in the jejunum of broilers.(AU)

Effect of dietary supplementation with ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate on stress parameters in goat kids

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyric acid (HMB) on live weight loss and selected blood parameters in goat kids after transportation to the slaughterhouse. The study was performed with goat kids that were weaned at 30 days of age and divided into two groups (GK): a control group and an experimental group whose diet was supplemented with HMB (at 50 mg kg−1 of BW) for 60 consecutive days. At the end of the 90-day rearing period, the animals were fasted for 12 h (with access to water) and were transported to the slaughterhouse in the following morning. Blood for analysis was sampled before transportation (BST1) and after unloading in the slaughterhouse (BST2). The animals were weighed on the same dates to determine live weight loss. Red blood cell counts (RBC), white blood cell counts (WBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), neutrophil to lymphocyte (N:L) ratio, and cortisol and glucose concentrations were determined in the sampled blood. The experimental goat kids were characterized by lower weight loss after transportation. Group of kids and BST did not induce variations in RBC, WBC, HGB, and HCT. Cortisol concentration was affected by both GK and BST. Cortisol levels increased after transportation in both groups, but this parameter was significantly higher in the control than in experimental animals at BST2. Glucose levels and the N:L ratio did not differ significantly between GK, but glucose concentration and the N:L ratio were higher at BST2 than at BST1 in both groups. The experimental goat kids were characterized by lower weight loss and lower cortisol concentration after transportation, which could point to the efficacy of HMB in boosting immunity and alleviating transportation stress in goat kids.(AU)

Co-supplementation of colostrum powder on performance, intestinal morphology, blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of broilers in heat stress / Co-suplementação de pó de colostro no desempenho, morfologia intestinal, parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos e status antioxidante de frangos de corte no estresse térmico

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of colostrum powder on performance, intestinal morphology, blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of broilers in heat stress. In this experiment 224 Ross-308 broiler chicks were used from 1 to 42 days in 5 treatments and 4 replicates (12 birds per replicate) in a completely randomized design. Treatments included: 1) control (without using colostrum), 2) 0.5% of colostrum, 3) 1% of colostrum, 4) 1.5% of colostrum, and 5) 2% of colostrum powder. Colostrum powder was added in first 10 days of broilers breeding period in their diets. Colostrum powder had significant effects on performance, carcass traits and intestinal cells morphology of broilers in heat stress (P 0.05). The highest villies, the lowest crypts and the highest ratio of villies/crypts were obtained with colostrum powder adding (P > 0.05). Colostrum powder had no significant effects on blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of broilers. The overall resulted showed that in broilers in heat stress condition using colostrum powder up to 2% in starter period has beneficial effects on performance, carcass traits and intestinal morphology of broilers.

Este experimento foi conduzido para investigar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de colostro em pó no desempenho, morfologia intestinal, parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos e status antioxidante de frangos de corte sob estresse térmico. Neste experimento, 224 pintos de corte Ross-308 foram utilizados de 1a 42 dias em 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições (12 aves por repetição) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos incluíram: 1) controle (sem usar colostro), 2) 0,5% de colostro, 3) 1%de colostro, 4) 1,5% de colostro e 5) 2% de colostro em pó. O colostro em pó foi adicionado nos primeiros 10 dias do período de criação de frangos de corte em suas dietas. O colostro em pó teve efeitos significativos no desempenho, características de carcaça e morfologia das células intestinais de frangos de corte sob estresse térmico (P 0,05). As maiores vilosidades, as menores criptas e a maior proporção de vilosidades/criptas foram obtidas com a adição de colostro em pó (P > 0,05). O colostro em pó não teve efeitos significativos nos parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos e no status antioxidante de frangos de corte. O resultado geral mostrou que, em frangos de corte sob estresse por calor, utilizando colostro em pó até 2% no período inicial, possui efeitos benéficos no desempenho, características de carcaça e morfologia intestinal dos frangos.

Ingestive behavior and movement patterns of steers grazing sorghum and supplemented with concentrate / Comportamento ingestivo e padrões de deslocamento de novilhos suplementados em pastagem de sorgo forrageiro

The present study was developed at the Beef Cattle Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria and evaluated the effect of three levels of concentrate supplementation (S 0.8, S 1.0, and S 1.2, corresponding to 0.8%, 1.0%, and 1.2% of bodyweight, respectively) on the ingestive behavior and movement patterns of 24 steers grazing on sorghum. The experiments were performed using a completely randomized block design in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement (three levels of supplementation - three experimental periods), and the grazing time was evaluated using a 3 x 24 factorial arrangement (three levels of supplementation - 24 hours of observation). The steers fed S 0.8 presented longer (P=0.009) grazing time in the morning (241 min day-¹) compared to animals fed S 1.2 (172 min day-¹). The number of bites per feeding station was higher (4.05) during the second experimental period, and the number of bites min-¹ increased from 25.4 to 31.4 from the first to the second experimental period. The changes in sward structure during the growth stages of sorghum affected the number of bites per feeding station and the number of bites per minute.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Bovinocultura de Corte da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de três níveis de suplementação energética (S0,8; S 1,0 ou S 1,2% do peso corporal) sobre o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento de 24 novilhos mantidos em pastagem com sorgo forrageiro. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 3 x 3 (três níveis de suplementação x três períodos de avaliação da pastagem) e para análise dos dados da frequência de pastejo um fatorial 3 x 24 (três níveis de suplementação e 24 horas de observação). Os novilhos do tratamento S 0,8 apresentaram maior (P=0,009) tempo de pastejo durante o turno da manhã (241 min. dia-¹) comparado aos animais do tratamento S1,2, que despenderam 172 min.dia-¹ nesta atividade. O maior número de bocados estação-¹(4,05) foi registrado durante o segundo período experimental, enquanto a taxa de bocados min.-1 aumentou de 25,4 (primeiro período) para 31,4 (segundo período). O fornecimento do equivalente a 1, 2% do peso corporal em suplementação energética promove a diminuição do tempo de pastejo durante o turno da manhã comparado a oferta de 0,8%. A variação estrutural da pastagem de sorgo forrageiro ao longo do seu ciclo produtivo promove variação no número de bocados por estação alimentar e taxa de bocadosmin.-¹ de novilhos suplementados.

Choline and digestible methionine + cystine supplementation for quail in the laying phase / Suplementação de colina e metionina + cistina digestível para codornas em fase de postura

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of choline and digestible methionine + cystine in diets for quail in the laying phase. A total of 280 Japanese laying quail were assigned to one of eight treatments in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of dietary supplementation with four levels of choline (0.0, 0.042, 0.084 and 0.126%) and two levels of digestible methionine + cystine (0.857 and 0.685%), with five replicates and seven birds per plot. The experimental period was 84 days, represented by four 21-day evaluation cycles in which quail performance and egg quality were evaluated. There was no interaction effect between the factors for any of the studied variables, except quail weight. The highest tested levels of methionine + cystine and choline supplementation improved egg weight, feed conversion egg mass-1 and yolk percentage. By contrast, albumen percentage decreased linearly as choline inclusion in the diet was elevated. The choline supplementation levels induced a quadratic response from eggshell percentage, whose optimum result was estimated at the choline level of 0.05% in the diet. Egg specific gravity decreased linearly as choline supplementation was increased. The indicated level of digestible methionine + cystine in the diet of Japanese quail in the laying phase is 0.857%, while choline should be supplemented at 0.126%.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de colina e metionina + cistina digestível em dietas para codornas em fase de postura. Um total de 280 codornas japonesas foi submetido a oito tratamentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, composto por suplementação alimentar com quatro níveis de colina (0,0; 0,042; 0,084 e 0,126%) e dois níveis de metionina + cistina digestível (0,857 e 0,685%), com cinco repetições e sete aves por parcela. O período experimental foi de 84 dias, representado por quatro ciclos de avaliação de 21 dias, em que foram avaliados o desempenho das codornas e a qualidade dos ovos. Não houve efeito de interação entre os fatores para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas, exceto o peso das codornas. Os níveis mais altos testados de suplementação com metionina + cistina e colina melhoraram o peso dos ovos, a conversão alimentar em massa de ovos e a porcentagem de gema. Por outro lado, a porcentagem de albumina diminuiu linearmente à medida que a inclusão de colina na dieta foi elevada. Os níveis de suplementação de colina induziram uma resposta quadrática da porcentagem de casca de ovo, cujo resultado ideal foi estimado no nível de colina de 0,05% na dieta. A gravidade específica do ovo diminuiu linearmente à medida que a suplementação de colina foi aumentada. O nível indicado de metionina + cistina digestível na dieta de codornas japonesas na fase de postura é de 0,857%, enquanto a colina deve ser suplementada em 0,126%.

Choline and digestible methionine + cystine supplementation for quail in the laying phase / Suplementação de colina e metionina + cistina digestível para codornas em fase de postura

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of choline and digestible methionine + cystine in diets for quail in the laying phase. A total of 280 Japanese laying quail were assigned to one of eight treatments in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of dietary supplementation with four levels of choline (0.0, 0.042, 0.084 and 0.126%) and two levels of digestible methionine + cystine (0.857 and 0.685%), with five replicates and seven birds per plot. The experimental period was 84 days, represented by four 21-day evaluation cycles in which quail performance and egg quality were evaluated. There was no interaction effect between the factors for any of the studied variables, except quail weight. The highest tested levels of methionine + cystine and choline supplementation improved egg weight, feed conversion egg mass-1 and yolk percentage. By contrast, albumen percentage decreased linearly as choline inclusion in the diet was elevated. The choline supplementation levels induced a quadratic response from eggshell percentage, whose optimum result was estimated at the choline level of 0.05% in the diet. Egg specific gravity decreased linearly as choline supplementation was increased. The indicated level of digestible methionine + cystine in the diet of Japanese quail in the laying phase is 0.857%, while choline should be supplemented at 0.126%.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de colina e metionina + cistina digestível em dietas para codornas em fase de postura. Um total de 280 codornas japonesas foi submetido a oito tratamentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, composto por suplementação alimentar com quatro níveis de colina (0,0; 0,042; 0,084 e 0,126%) e dois níveis de metionina + cistina digestível (0,857 e 0,685%), com cinco repetições e sete aves por parcela. O período experimental foi de 84 dias, representado por quatro ciclos de avaliação de 21 dias, em que foram avaliados o desempenho das codornas e a qualidade dos ovos. Não houve efeito de interação entre os fatores para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas, exceto o peso das codornas. Os níveis mais altos testados de suplementação com metionina + cistina e colina melhoraram o peso dos ovos, a conversão alimentar em massa de ovos e a porcentagem de gema. Por outro lado, a porcentagem de albumina diminuiu linearmente à medida que a inclusão de colina na dieta foi elevada. Os níveis de suplementação de colina induziram uma resposta quadrática da porcentagem de casca de ovo, cujo resultado ideal foi estimado no nível de colina de 0,05% na dieta. A gravidade específica do ovo diminuiu linearmente à medida que a suplementação de colina foi aumentada. O nível indicado de metionina + cistina digestível na dieta de codornas japonesas na fase de postura é de 0,857%, enquanto a colina deve ser suplementada em 0,126%.(AU)

Co-supplementation of colostrum powder on performance, intestinal morphology, blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of broilers in heat stress / Co-suplementação de pó de colostro no desempenho, morfologia intestinal, parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos e status antioxidante de frangos de corte no estresse térmico

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of colostrum powder on performance, intestinal morphology, blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of broilers in heat stress. In this experiment 224 Ross-308 broiler chicks were used from 1 to 42 days in 5 treatments and 4 replicates (12 birds per replicate) in a completely randomized design. Treatments included: 1) control (without using colostrum), 2) 0.5% of colostrum, 3) 1% of colostrum, 4) 1.5% of colostrum, and 5) 2% of colostrum powder. Colostrum powder was added in first 10 days of broilers breeding period in their diets. Colostrum powder had significant effects on performance, carcass traits and intestinal cells morphology of broilers in heat stress (P < 0.05). In grower period the highest amounts of final body weight and body weight gain were obtained with 2% of colostrum powder. Colostrum powder in contrast to control improved the percentages of gizzard, liver, bursa of fabricious, thighs and breast (P>0.05). The highest villies, the lowest crypts and the highest ratio of villies/crypts were obtained with colostrum powder adding (P > 0.05). Colostrum powder had no significant effects on blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of broilers. The overall resulted showed that in broilers in heat stress condition using colostrum powder up to 2% in starter period has beneficial effects on performance, carcass traits and intestinal morphology of broilers.(AU)

Este experimento foi conduzido para investigar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de colostro em pó no desempenho, morfologia intestinal, parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos e status antioxidante de frangos de corte sob estresse térmico. Neste experimento, 224 pintos de corte Ross-308 foram utilizados de 1a 42 dias em 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições (12 aves por repetição) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos incluíram: 1) controle (sem usar colostro), 2) 0,5% de colostro, 3) 1%de colostro, 4) 1,5% de colostro e 5) 2% de colostro em pó. O colostro em pó foi adicionado nos primeiros 10 dias do período de criação de frangos de corte em suas dietas. O colostro em pó teve efeitos significativos no desempenho, características de carcaça e morfologia das células intestinais de frangos de corte sob estresse térmico (P < 0,05). No período de crescimento, os maiores peso corporal final e ganho de peso corporal foram obtidos com 2% de de colostro em pó. O colostro em pó, em contraste com o controle, melhorou as porcentagens de moela, fígado, bolsa de fabricious, coxas e peito (P >0,05). As maiores vilosidades, as menores criptas e a maior proporção de vilosidades/criptas foram obtidas com a adição de colostro em pó (P > 0,05). O colostro em pó não teve efeitos significativos nos parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos e no status antioxidante de frangos de corte. O resultado geral mostrou que, em frangos de corte sob estresse por calor, utilizando colostro em pó até 2% no período inicial, possui efeitos benéficos no desempenho, características de carcaça e morfologia intestinal dos frangos.(AU)

Ingestive behavior and movement patterns of steers grazing sorghum and supplemented with concentrate / Comportamento ingestivo e padrões de deslocamento de novilhos suplementados em pastagem de sorgo forrageiro

The present study was developed at the Beef Cattle Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria and evaluated the effect of three levels of concentrate supplementation (S 0.8, S 1.0, and S 1.2, corresponding to 0.8%, 1.0%, and 1.2% of bodyweight, respectively) on the ingestive behavior and movement patterns of 24 steers grazing on sorghum. The experiments were performed using a completely randomized block design in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement (three levels of supplementation - three experimental periods), and the grazing time was evaluated using a 3 x 24 factorial arrangement (three levels of supplementation - 24 hours of observation). The steers fed S 0.8 presented longer (P=0.009) grazing time in the morning (241 min day-¹) compared to animals fed S 1.2 (172 min day-¹). The number of bites per feeding station was higher (4.05) during the second experimental period, and the number of bites min-¹ increased from 25.4 to 31.4 from the first to the second experimental period. The changes in sward structure during the growth stages of sorghum affected the number of bites per feeding station and the number of bites per minute.(AU)

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Bovinocultura de Corte da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de três níveis de suplementação energética (S0,8; S 1,0 ou S 1,2% do peso corporal) sobre o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento de 24 novilhos mantidos em pastagem com sorgo forrageiro. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 3 x 3 (três níveis de suplementação x três períodos de avaliação da pastagem) e para análise dos dados da frequência de pastejo um fatorial 3 x 24 (três níveis de suplementação e 24 horas de observação). Os novilhos do tratamento S 0,8 apresentaram maior (P=0,009) tempo de pastejo durante o turno da manhã (241 min. dia-¹) comparado aos animais do tratamento S1,2, que despenderam 172 min.dia-¹ nesta atividade. O maior número de bocados estação-¹(4,05) foi registrado durante o segundo período experimental, enquanto a taxa de bocados min.-1 aumentou de 25,4 (primeiro período) para 31,4 (segundo período). O fornecimento do equivalente a 1, 2% do peso corporal em suplementação energética promove a diminuição do tempo de pastejo durante o turno da manhã comparado a oferta de 0,8%. A variação estrutural da pastagem de sorgo forrageiro ao longo do seu ciclo produtivo promove variação no número de bocados por estação alimentar e taxa de bocadosmin.-¹ de novilhos suplementados.(AU)

Suplementação energética, protéica ou múltipla para ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade / Protein, multiple or energy supplementation of sheep fed tropical forage of low quality

Objetivou-se avaliar suplementação energética, protéica, múltipla ou mineral sobre parâmetros digestivos e de consumo em ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. O experimento teve duração de 56 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de 14 dias. Utilizaram-se quatro borregas, com seis meses de idade e peso corporal inicial médio de 20 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro baias individuais providas de cochos e bebedouros em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. Foi utilizada como forragem a Urochloa brizantha cv. marandu in natura. Amostras de sobras e da forragem fornecida foram coletadas no 12º, 13º e 14º dias. No 13º e 14º dia de cada período experimental foi realizada a coleta total de fezes (48 horas). Os valores de proteína bruta da dieta consumida e excreção fecal respectivamente foram de: 4,78; 5,19; 7,18 e 8,44% e 0,326; 0,315; 0,317 e 0,356 g/dia para os suplementos mineral, energético múltiplo e proteico respectivamente. O suplemento protéico propicia um incremento ao nitrogênio da dieta, aumento da excreção fecal com possíveis efeitos sob as taxas de digestão e passagem da digesta pelo trato digestório.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of protein, multiple, energy or mineral supplementation of sheep fed low-quality tropical forage on digestive, behavioral and intake parameters. The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into four periods of 14 days each. Four lambs, six months of age and with an initial body weight of 20 kg, were used. The animals were allocated to four individual pens equipped with drinking fountains and troughs in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Fresh Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu was used as fodder. Samples of leftovers and forage provided were collected on days 12, 13 and 14. Total fecal collection was done on days 13 and 14 of each experimental period (48 hours). The values of crude protein in the diet consumed and in fecal excretion were, respectively, 4.78, 5.19, 7.18 and 8.44% and 0.326, 0.315, 0.317 and 0.356 g/day for the mineral, energy, multiple and protein supplements. The protein supplement provides an increase in dietary nitrogen and increased fecal excretion, with possible effects on digestion rate and passage of digesta through the digestive tract.

Suplementação energética, protéica ou múltipla para ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade / Protein, multiple or energy supplementation of sheep fed tropical forage of low quality

Objetivou-se avaliar suplementação energética, protéica, múltipla ou mineral sobre parâmetros digestivos e de consumo em ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. O experimento teve duração de 56 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de 14 dias. Utilizaram-se quatro borregas, com seis meses de idade e peso corporal inicial médio de 20 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro baias individuais providas de cochos e bebedouros em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. Foi utilizada como forragem a Urochloa brizantha cv. marandu in natura. Amostras de sobras e da forragem fornecida foram coletadas no 12º, 13º e 14º dias. No 13º e 14º dia de cada período experimental foi realizada a coleta total de fezes (48 horas). Os valores de proteína bruta da dieta consumida e excreção fecal respectivamente foram de: 4,78; 5,19; 7,18 e 8,44% e 0,326; 0,315; 0,317 e 0,356 g/dia para os suplementos mineral, energético múltiplo e proteico respectivamente. O suplemento protéico propicia um incremento ao nitrogênio da dieta, aumento da excreção fecal com possíveis efeitos sob as taxas de digestão e passagem da digesta pelo trato digestório.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of protein, multiple, energy or mineral supplementation of sheep fed low-quality tropical forage on digestive, behavioral and intake parameters. The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into four periods of 14 days each. Four lambs, six months of age and with an initial body weight of 20 kg, were used. The animals were allocated to four individual pens equipped with drinking fountains and troughs in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Fresh Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu was used as fodder. Samples of leftovers and forage provided were collected on days 12, 13 and 14. Total fecal collection was done on days 13 and 14 of each experimental period (48 hours). The values of crude protein in the diet consumed and in fecal excretion were, respectively, 4.78, 5.19, 7.18 and 8.44% and 0.326, 0.315, 0.317 and 0.356 g/day for the mineral, energy, multiple and protein supplements. The protein supplement provides an increase in dietary nitrogen and increased fecal excretion, with possible effects on digestion rate and passage of digesta through the digestive tract.(AU)

Análise bioeconômica do farelo de arroz na recria de bezerras de corte em azevém / Bioeconomics analyses of rice brain use for reaning of beef heifers on Italian ryegrass pasture

Objetivou-se avaliar a economicidade, o desempenho produtivo e o desenvolvimento das estruturas corporais relacionadas ao trato reprodutivo de bezerras de corte mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou em pastagem de azevém recebendo 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC) de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) como suplemento. O método de pastejo foi o rotativo, e o intervalo entre pastejos foi estabelecido considerando-se a soma térmica necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folha de azevém (187,5ºC). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O ganho médio diário das bezerras não diferiu entre os sistemas alimentares. A taxa de lotação e o ganho de peso por área foram maiores quando as bezerras receberam 1,0% do PC de farelo de arroz integral. A maior margem bruta foi observada quando as bezerras receberam 0,5% de FAI. O custo variável obtido para os diferentes sistemas alimentares apresentou comportamento crescente em função dos níveis de FAI, superando o uso exclusivo do azevém em 49,4% e 81,8%. O peso corporal final, o escore de condição corporal e o escore do trato reprodutivo não diferiram entre os sistemas alimentares. Considerando-se um animal adulto com peso corporal médio de 450kg, as bezerras ao início do experimento apresentaram 34% do peso corporal adulto e peso corporal final médio de 56% do peso adulto. A utilização de níveis de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) na recria de bezerras de corte sob pastejo rotativo em azevém não modifica o ganho médio diário e o escore do trato reprodutivo. O fornecimento de 1% de FAI mostrou efeito substitutivo, proporcionando um incremento de 31,2% na taxa de lotação e de 38,3% no ganho por área. O sistema alimentar AZ0,5 permitiu uma maior margem bruta; já o retorno financeiro direto foi positivo em todos os sistemas alimentares, com melhor retorno calculado para o uso exclusivo do azevém.(AU)

The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the gross margin, the productive and reproductive performance of beef heifers kept exclusively on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or ryegrass receiving 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight (BW) of whole rice bran as supplement. The grazing method was the rotational and the interval between grazings was set by the thermal sum required for the appearing of 1.5 ryegrass leaf (187.5ºC). The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures. Heifers average daily gain did not differ between the feeding systems. The stocking rate and weight gain per area were higher when heifers received 1.0% BW of whole rice bran. The higher gross margin was observed when heifers received 0.5% BW. The variable cost obtained for the different feeding systems showed increasing behavior depending on the WRB levels, surpassing the exclusive use of ryegrass in 49.4% and 81.8%. The final body weight, body condition score and reproductive tract score did not differ between the feeding systems. Considering an adult animal with an average body weight of 450kg, the heifers at the beginning of the experiment showed 34% of mature body weight and final average body weight of 56% of adult weight. The use of rice bran levels (FAZ) in the rearing of beef heifers under rotational grazing on ryegrass does not change the average daily gain and the reproductive tract score. The supply of 1% FAI showed substitutive effect, providing an increase in capacity of 31,2% and 38.3% rate of the gain per area. The food system AZ0,5 allowed a higher gross margin, as the economic return was positive in all food systems, with better return calculated for the exclusive use of ryegrass.(AU)