Doppler sonography of the umbilical and uterine arteries blood flow of pregnant Saanen goats

The objective was to evaluate the blood flow of the uterine artery (UA) and umbilical artery (UMB) in the physiological pregnancy of goats by means of Doppler throughout the gestational period. Twenty-five Saanen goats weighing 55 ± 10 kg and aged between 2 and 5 were evaluated weekly, from the 21st until the 143rd day of gestation, and daily from that period until parturition. Values for peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices of the uterine and umbilical arteries were determined. The values obtained were correlated with gestational age by Spearman's test, tested for adjustment to regression models and compared with the number of fetuses by ANOVA. The umbilical cord was first visualized at 28 days. Of the variables evaluated, RIUMB and PIUMB correlated with gestational age (p<0.001; and 0.046; respectively) and RIUMB had a low negative correlation with the number of fetuses per pregnancy (p = 0.003; r- Spearman = - 0.218). PSVUMB and EDVUMB values did not correlate with gestational age (p=0.737 and 0.768, respectively), but there was a decrease in the mean values throughout pregnancy (PSVUMB= 0.07; 0.31 and EDVUMB= 0.01; 0.06) as well as the change in the flow pattern of the spectral trace. The mean values of the uterine artery dopplervelocimetric variables PSVUT, EDVUT, PIUT and RIUT did not correlate with gestational age (p= 0.324; 0.372, 0.143; 0.13; respectively). It is expected that the results obtained will contribute to a broader understanding of the hemodynamic changes resulting from pregnancy in goats.(AU)

Presumed normal hemodynamic values of the arteries in the final third period of gestation in bitches

Background: Doppler ultrasonography enables the investigation of vascular blood flow indexes in gestational assessment,being able to detect vascular resistances that can affect fetal and maternal circulation, such as cases of placental insufficiency, associated with fetal cerebral oxygenation deficit and fetal distress. The study aims to assume hemodynamicallynormal values in the final third of gestation in bitches, of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotidarteries, correlating the obtained Doppler velocimetric indexes, for the assessment of the feto-placental circulation, andprediction of fetal viability indexes, fetal centralization and probable date of delivery.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy bitches were examined in the final third of gestation (40-60 days). Thesewere evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography at 2 times (T): T1: between 40-50 days; T2: between 51-60 of gestation.At each time point, the peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end-diastolic velocities (EDV) used to obtain the pulsatility(IP) and resistivity (IR) indexes of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries of fetuseswere evaluated. Also, the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of these vessels was evaluated. The data obtained were subjected toanalysis of variance and Tukey test, using a P value equal to 5%. A significant difference was observed between velocitiesand Doppler velocimetric indexes between the 2 phases of the gestational final third in all studied vessels. There was anincrease in the values of PSV and EDV and a decrease in the indexes, as the probable date of delivery approached. Theanalysis of the umbilical cord IR showed an increase from P1 to P2 (P < 0.05), while the IP decreased at the same time.For all studied variables there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the uteroplacental...(AU)

Presumed normal hemodynamic values of the arteries in the final third period of gestation in bitches

Background: Doppler ultrasonography enables the investigation of vascular blood flow indexes in gestational assessment,being able to detect vascular resistances that can affect fetal and maternal circulation, such as cases of placental insufficiency, associated with fetal cerebral oxygenation deficit and fetal distress. The study aims to assume hemodynamicallynormal values in the final third of gestation in bitches, of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotidarteries, correlating the obtained Doppler velocimetric indexes, for the assessment of the feto-placental circulation, andprediction of fetal viability indexes, fetal centralization and probable date of delivery.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy bitches were examined in the final third of gestation (40-60 days). Thesewere evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography at 2 times (T): T1: between 40-50 days; T2: between 51-60 of gestation.At each time point, the peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end-diastolic velocities (EDV) used to obtain the pulsatility(IP) and resistivity (IR) indexes of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries of fetuseswere evaluated. Also, the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of these vessels was evaluated. The data obtained were subjected toanalysis of variance and Tukey test, using a P value equal to 5%. A significant difference was observed between velocitiesand Doppler velocimetric indexes between the 2 phases of the gestational final third in all studied vessels. There was anincrease in the values of PSV and EDV and a decrease in the indexes, as the probable date of delivery approached. Theanalysis of the umbilical cord IR showed an increase from P1 to P2 (P < 0.05), while the IP decreased at the same time.For all studied variables there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the uteroplacental...

Assessment of dopperfluxometric indices of maternal-fetal structures in pregnant ewes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood flow of the uterine artery, fetal aorta and umbilical artery in the physiological pregnancy of sheep by means of pulsed Doppler throughout the gestational period. Thirty Santa Inês ewes weighing between 45.4±4.3 kg and aged 2 to 5 years were selected. The evaluations were carried out weekly from the 3rd to the 21st gestational week. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance index (RI) were obtained. Analysis of variance was performed, and the minimum significant comparison of means was obtained by the BH test with adjusted P<0.05. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error. For the fetal aorta, there was an increase in the EDV values and a decrease in the PSV and RI throughout pregnancy. For the uterine artery, PSV and EDV did not present significant variation, whereas the RI showed a reduction in the last week. Increased EDV values were found for the umbilical artery throughout pregnancy. For the PSV there was no significant difference, as the RI was reduced at the end of pregnancy. The results obtained are expected to contribute to a more complete understanding of the hemodynamic changes resulting from pregnancy.(AU)

B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of uterine involution in ewes treated with two different doses of prostaglandinF2alfa

Background: Several studies consisted of postmortem evaluations and B-mode ultrasonography have been performed on ovine uterine involution. However, researches with Doppler ultrasonography are very limited in ewes. Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive method which provides information about vascular dynamics of the tissues which cannot be examined by B-mode ultrasonography. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of two different PGF2α doses on uterine measurements by real time B-mode ultrasonography; and on uterine artery hemodynamics by pulsed-wave Doppler analysis during postpartum uterine involution in ewes. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted with 30 primiparous Kivircik ewes which lambed singleton without any complication. The ewes were randomly divided into three groups (n= 10 for each group). A single i.m. injection of 125 μg/sheep PGF2α , 75 μg/sheep PGF2α , and 1.0 mL/sheep sterile saline solution were administered to Group 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The day of parturition was considered as the first day of the study. Examinations were performed on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Diameters of previously gravid horn and caruncles were measured by real time B-mod ultrasonography. Presence of lochia was also noted. Uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/ diastolic ratio (S/D) values were measured by pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography. The one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s test were used for statistical analysis. The mean previously gravid horn diameters of ewes were 8.30 ± 0.16 cm and 1.53 ± 0.07 cm on day 1 and day 28, respectively. Previously gravid horn and caruncle diameters had a similar declining pattern in all groups as involution period proceeded. Involution was mostly completed by day 21. More than 50% reduction in uterine size was achieved in prostaglandin administered groups by day 7. Caruncles were not able to be identified after the second week...

Adaptação hemodinâmica gestacional em cadelas / Hemodynamic gestational adaptation in bitches

Throughout pregnancy, maternal hemodynamic adaptation is needed to ensure proper uterine perfusion and fetal development. When the uteroplacental vascular system is formed, starting with reduced resistance to uterine arterial flow, this results in decreased total vascular resistance, an activation of neuroendocrine vasoactive peptides, an increase in circulating blood and changes in the cardiovascular system morphophysiology to respond to the increasing demands of uterine perfusion. There has been considerable study of hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant women and this assessment has become a diagnostic tool for fatal obstetric disorders. However, in bitches the available information in this regard is limited; therefore a parallel was drawn between other species of animals and women, in order to subsidize the paucity of information about this process and facilitate the understanding of maternal-fetal hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant bitches. This review and literature analysis aimed/ to discuss morphophysiological cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the possible disorders that can affect this process in pregnant female dogs.

Durante a gestação, a adaptação hemodinâmica materna é necessária para garantir adequada perfusão uterina e desenvolvimento fetal. A formação de um leito vascular uteroplacentário a partir da redução na resistência ao fluxo da artéria uterina reflete na diminuição da resistência vascular total, ativação de fatores neuroendócrinos vasoativos, aumento do volume de sangue circulante e modificações na morfofisiologia do sistema cardiovascular para responder as demandas crescentes de perfusão uterina. Em mulheres gestantes o estudo da adaptação hemodinâmica encontra-se bastante desenvolvido e esta avaliação tem se convertido em uma ferramenta diagnóstica de desordens obstétricas que podem comprometer a relação do binômio materno-fetal. Não obstante, em cadelas a informação disponível a este respeito é limitada e por isso traçou-se um paralelo entre outras espécies de animais e mulheres, de maneira que subsidiassem a carência de informações a este respeito e facilitassem o processo de compreensão da adaptação hemodinâmica materno-fetal em cadelas gestantes. Esta revisão e análise da literatura visa abordar a adaptação morfofisiológica cardiovascular frente à gestação e as possíveis desordens que possam acometer este processo em cães.

Adaptação hemodinâmica gestacional em cadelas / Hemodynamic gestational adaptation in bitches

Throughout pregnancy, maternal hemodynamic adaptation is needed to ensure proper uterine perfusion and fetal development. When the uteroplacental vascular system is formed, starting with reduced resistance to uterine arterial flow, this results in decreased total vascular resistance, an activation of neuroendocrine vasoactive peptides, an increase in circulating blood and changes in the cardiovascular system morphophysiology to respond to the increasing demands of uterine perfusion. There has been considerable study of hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant women and this assessment has become a diagnostic tool for fatal obstetric disorders. However, in bitches the available information in this regard is limited; therefore a parallel was drawn between other species of animals and women, in order to subsidize the paucity of information about this process and facilitate the understanding of maternal-fetal hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant bitches. This review and literature analysis aimed\ to discuss morphophysiological cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the possible disorders that can affect this process in pregnant female dogs.(AU)

Durante a gestação, a adaptação hemodinâmica materna é necessária para garantir adequada perfusão uterina e desenvolvimento fetal. A formação de um leito vascular uteroplacentário a partir da redução na resistência ao fluxo da artéria uterina reflete na diminuição da resistência vascular total, ativação de fatores neuroendócrinos vasoativos, aumento do volume de sangue circulante e modificações na morfofisiologia do sistema cardiovascular para responder as demandas crescentes de perfusão uterina. Em mulheres gestantes o estudo da adaptação hemodinâmica encontra-se bastante desenvolvido e esta avaliação tem se convertido em uma ferramenta diagnóstica de desordens obstétricas que podem comprometer a relação do binômio materno-fetal. Não obstante, em cadelas a informação disponível a este respeito é limitada e por isso traçou-se um paralelo entre outras espécies de animais e mulheres, de maneira que subsidiassem a carência de informações a este respeito e facilitassem o processo de compreensão da adaptação hemodinâmica materno-fetal em cadelas gestantes. Esta revisão e análise da literatura visa abordar a adaptação morfofisiológica cardiovascular frente à gestação e as possíveis desordens que possam acometer este processo em cães.(AU)

DOSEGEM DE SDMA E A ULTRASSONOGRAFIA DOPPER DE ARTÉRIA RENAL E UTERINA EM CADELAS COM COMPLEXO HIPERPLASIA ENDOMETRIAL CÍSTICA-PIOMETRA

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Post-partum utero-ovarian artery rupture in mare / Ruptura da artéria útero-ovariana em égua no pós-parto

Background: Arterial rupture associated with pregnancy is an important cause of fatal hemorrhage in pregnant mares, regardless breeds and age. Such hemorrhagic events lead to blood loss into the abdomen, broad ligament and uterus and the broad ligament hematoma occurs as a consequence of arterial rupture. Although the rupture of the uterine artery is commonly caused by hemorrhage, there are few studies regarding this condition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe a case of rupture of the utero-ovarian artery, with broad ligament hematoma and intramural uterine hematoma in a Thoroughbred mare, emphasizing the predisposing factors and the diagnosis process. Case: A 13-year-old Thoroughbred mare, with nine parturition, was attended with abdominal pain after foaling. The mare had an eutocic delivery, however the foal was a big one to the race, with high of 1,02 m and weight of 68 kg. The animal arrived at the Veterinary Clinical Hospital 48 h after delivery, with abdominal pain, pale mucous membranes, heart rate slightly increased. The trans-rectal palpation revealed the presence of a solid mass in the left horn region, and it was painful to the touch. The ultrasonography evaluation of the mass showed a heterogeneous texture with a hypoechoic central area, which reinforced the clinical suspicion of a hematoma in the broad ligament and a uterine intramural hematoma. [...]

Post-partum utero-ovarian artery rupture in mare / Ruptura da artéria útero-ovariana em égua no pós-parto

Background: Arterial rupture associated with pregnancy is an important cause of fatal hemorrhage in pregnant mares, regardless breeds and age. Such hemorrhagic events lead to blood loss into the abdomen, broad ligament and uterus and the broad ligament hematoma occurs as a consequence of arterial rupture. Although the rupture of the uterine artery is commonly caused by hemorrhage, there are few studies regarding this condition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe a case of rupture of the utero-ovarian artery, with broad ligament hematoma and intramural uterine hematoma in a Thoroughbred mare, emphasizing the predisposing factors and the diagnosis process. Case: A 13-year-old Thoroughbred mare, with nine parturition, was attended with abdominal pain after foaling. The mare had an eutocic delivery, however the foal was a big one to the race, with high of 1,02 m and weight of 68 kg. The animal arrived at the Veterinary Clinical Hospital 48 h after delivery, with abdominal pain, pale mucous membranes, heart rate slightly increased. The trans-rectal palpation revealed the presence of a solid mass in the left horn region, and it was painful to the touch. The ultrasonography evaluation of the mass showed a heterogeneous texture with a hypoechoic central area, which reinforced the clinical suspicion of a hematoma in the broad ligament and a uterine intramural hematoma. [...](AU)

Dopplerfluxometria na avaliação andrológica de bovinos no período peripuberal / Dopplerfluxometry on breeding soundness evaluation of peripubertal bulls

The aim of this study was to evaluate the testicular Doppler and sperm traits in young bulls at differentage groups (<18 and >24 months of age). Doppler ultrasonography was performed to study testicular bloodflow. It was conducted breeding soundness evaluation and physical and morphological characteristics of semenwere evaluated. The <18 months old bulls showed lower body weight and lower scrotal circumference. Therewas no effect of age on body condition score nor on the response to electroejaculation stimulus. The percentageof pubertal animals was higher in >24 months old animals. In pubertal animals, the percentage of normal spermcells did not differ significantly. The Doppler evaluation of testicular plexus and parenchyma blood vesselsshowed no significant differences in velocimetry nor flowmetry. It was concluded that there is no significantrelationship between scrotal circumference, sperm characteristics and testicular Doppler data in normal bullsduring the peripubertal period.(AU)

Dopplerfluxometria na avaliação andrológica de bovinos no período peripuberal / Dopplerfluxometry on breeding soundness evaluation of peripubertal bulls

The aim of this study was to evaluate the testicular Doppler and sperm traits in young bulls at differentage groups (24 months of age). Doppler ultrasonography was performed to study testicular bloodflow. It was conducted breeding soundness evaluation and physical and morphological characteristics of semenwere evaluated. The 24 months old animals. In pubertal animals, the percentage of normal spermcells did not differ significantly. The Doppler evaluation of testicular plexus and parenchyma blood vesselsshowed no significant differences in velocimetry nor flowmetry. It was concluded that there is no significantrelationship between scrotal circumference, sperm characteristics and testicular Doppler data in normal bullsduring the peripubertal period.

HEMODINÂMICA DA INTERAÇÃO MATERNO-FETAL E HISTOPATOLOGIA PLACENTÁRIA DE ÉGUAS PRENHAS DE JUMENTO E DE GARANHÃO

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a interação materno-fetal por meio da Ultrassonografia Doppler modo espectral das artérias uterinas, mensuração da junção útero placentária por meio da ultrassonografia modo B, em dois grupos de éguas gestantes de diferentes reprodutores (Equus caballus e Equus asinus). Além da avaliação morfológica e histomorfométrica da placenta da espécie Equus caballus x Equus asinus. Foram utilizadas 26 éguas mestiças, pluríparas e gestantes, com idades entre 4 a 26 anos pertencentes à Fazenda do Instituto Vital Brazil, no município de Cachoeiras do Macacu RJ, Brasil (Latitude de 22°51`14``S; Longitude de 42°70`99``W). O projeto foi realizado durante a estação de monta de 2019/2020. Com a confirmação da gestação, as éguas foram divididas em dois grupos: GG: grupo de éguas prenhas de garanhão (n=13) e GJ: grupo de éguas prenhas de jumento (n=13). Aos 20 dias de gestação iniciou-se as avaliações das artérias uterinas para verificação dos índices de pulsatilidade (PI) e resistividade (RI). Essa avaliação foi realizada a cada 15 dias até 150 dias de gestação e a cada 30 dias até a data prevista para o parto. A mensuração da JUP foi realizada a partir do quinto mês mensalmente por meio da ultrassonografia transretal Modo B, realizando a média de três medidas da JUP. Foram acompanhados sete partos de éguas gestantes de jumento. Não o correram intercorrências obstétricas. As membranas corioalantoideanas foram recolhidas imediatamente após a expulsão para a avaliação macroscópica. Foram coletados fragmentos correspondentes as regiões dos cornos uterinos: gravídico e não gravídico, corpo, bifurcação, estrela cervical, âmnio, bifurcação do âmnio e cordão umbilical para a avaliação microscópica. Os procedimentos histopalógicos foram realizados no Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica da UFF, NiteróiRJ. Os resultados demonstraram que o PI e RI das artérias avaliadas apresentaram distribuição normal, ocorrendo correlação significativa e positiva de 10,7% (P<0,05) apenas entre a RI da artéria uterina direita e a idade das éguas. Observou-se também uma redução significativa e negativa do PI de ambos os lados da artéria uterina no GG e do PI da artéria uterina esquerda no GJ (P 0,05). Na avaliação da JUP, entre os dois grupos não foi observada diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os períodos gestacionais. Quando analisado os dados em um único grupo, observou-se diferença estatistica entre o 5º, 6º, 8º, 9º mês de gestação(p<0,001). Para as éguas prenhas de garanhão foi observado distribuição não normal com diferença estatistica entre o 5º, 7º, 8º e 10º mês de gestação (p<0,05). Já para as éguas prenhas de jumento foi observado distribuição normal com diferença estatistica entre o 5º, 9º e 10º mês de gestação (p<0,05). Nenhuma das placentas apresentou alterações na avaliação macroscópica. Na avaliação histopatológica na superfície coriônica observou-se a distribuição difusa dos vilos coriônicos sustentado por tecido conjuntivo, formado por células trofoblásticas variando do formato cubóide a colunar e pavimentosa, com vascularização interior. Na superfície alantoideana foi observado uma fileira única de células cubóides na formação epitelial, estruturada por tecido conjuntivo e a presença de muitos vasos fetais. No cordão umbilical foi observado o tecido conjuntivo mixóide e os grandes vasos fetais compostos por duas veias e duas artérias. Sendo assim, conclui-se que os valores encontrados para PI e RI das artérias uterinas neste experimento, por apresentarem distribuição normal podem ser utilizados, ao longo da gestação de éguas prenhas de garanhão ou de jumento, como parâmetro de normalidade para verificação da hemodinâmica maternofetal. Demonstrando, assim, que a US Doppler modo espectral é mais um método de diagnóstico para detecção de normalidade gestacional nas éguas independente do cruzamento. Não há diferença na mensuração entre éguas prenhas de garanhão ou jumento. O valor encontrado para a JUP em éguas prenhas de jumento apresenta proporcionalidade de crescimento juntamente com o período gestacional. Os dados encontrado neste trabalho podem servir de referencia para o acompanhamento gestacional eficiente de éguas prenhas de jumento. A placenta proveniente do cruzamento entre as espécies E. Cabalus x E. Asinus demonstraram-se semelhantes as características descritas dos progenitores.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the maternal-fetal interaction by means of spectral Doppler ultrasonography of the uterine arteries, measurement of the placental uterus junction by means of B-mode ultrasonography, in two groups of pregnant mares of different breeders (Equus caballus and Equus asinus ). In addition to the morphological and histomorphometric evaluation of the placenta of the species Equus caballus x Equus asinus. Twenty-six crossbred, pluriparous and pregnant mares, aged between 4 and 26 years old, belonging to the Fazenda do Instituto Vital Brazil, in the municipality of Cachoeiras do Macacu - RJ, Brazil (Latitude 22°51`14``S; Longitude 42 °70`99``W). The project was carried out during the 2019/2020 breeding season. With pregnancy confirmation, the mares were divided into two groups: GG: pregnant stallion mares group (n=13) and GJ: pregnant ass mares group (n=13). At 20 days of gestation, evaluations of the uterine arteries were started to verify the pulsatility (PI) and resistivity (RI) indices. This assessment was performed every 15 days until 150 days of pregnancy and every 30 days until the expected date of delivery. The measurement of the JUP was performed monthly from the fifth month onwards using Mode B transrectal ultrasonography, taking the average of three measurements of the JUP. Seven births of pregnant donkey mares were followed. There were no obstetric complications. Chorioallantoic membranes were collected immediately after expulsion for macroscopic evaluation. Fragments corresponding to the regions of the uterine horns were collected: gravid and nonpregnant, body, bifurcation, cervical star, amnion, amnion bifurcation and umbilical cord for microscopic evaluation. Histopathological procedures were performed at the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of UFF, Niterói-RJ. The results showed that the PI and IR of the arteries evaluated presented normal distribution, with a significant and positive correlation of 10.7% (P<0.05) only between the IR of the right uterine artery and the age of the mares. There was also a significant and negative reduction in PI on both sides of the uterine artery in the GG and in the PI of the left uterine artery in the GJ (P 0.05). In the evaluation of the JUP, between the two groups there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the gestational periods. When analyzing the data in a single group, there was a statistical difference between the 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th month of pregnancy (p<0.001). For pregnant stallion mares a non-normal distribution was observed with statistical difference between the 5th, 7th, 8th and 10th month of gestation (p<0.05). As for the pregnant donkey mares, a normal distribution was observed with statistical difference between the 5th, 9th and 10th month of gestation (p<0.05). None of the placentas showed changes in the macroscopic evaluation. In the histopathological evaluation of the chorionic surface, a diffuse distribution of chorionic villi was observed, supported by connective tissue, formed by trophoblastic cells ranging from cuboid to columnar and squamous, with interior vascularization. On the allantoic surface, a single row of cuboidal cells was observed in the epithelial formation, structured by connective tissue and the presence of many fetal vessels. In the umbilical cord, the myxoid connective tissue and the large fetal vessels, composed of two veins and two arteries, were observed. Therefore, it is concluded that the values found for PI and IR of the uterine arteries in this experiment, as they are normally distributed, can be used throughout the pregnancy of pregnant stallion or donkey mares as a normality parameter to verify maternal hemodynamics. -fetal. Thus, demonstrating that the spectral-mode US Doppler is another diagnostic method for detecting gestational normality in mares regardless of mating. There is no difference in measurement between pregnant stallion or donkey mares. The value found for the JUP in pregnant donkey mares shows proportionality of growth along with the gestational period. The data found in this work can serve as a reference for the efficient gestational follow-up of pregnant donkey mares. The placenta from the crossing between the species E. Cabalus x E. Asinus proved to be similar to the described characteristics of the parents.

HEMODINÂMICA PLACENTÁRIA DE ÉGUAS: ULTRASSONOGRAFIA DOPPLER ESPECTRAL, ANÁTOMO-HISTOPATOLOGIA E IMUNOEXPRESSÃO DE EZRIN

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a hemodinâmica placentária de éguas com gestações avançadas por meio da ultrassonografia Doppler espectral das artérias uterinas, mensuração da junção útero-placentária com ultrassonografia modo B, e análise morfológica e imunoexpressão de Ezrin da placenta pós-parto. Foram utilizadas 32 éguas da raça Mangalarga Marchador a partir de cinco meses de gestação, a fim de medir mensalmente a espessura da junção útero-placentária (JUP) e os índices espectrais com ultrassonografia Doppler das artérias uterinas direita e esquerda. Após o nascimento dos potros, as placentas coletadas foram analisadas quanto à morfologia. Foram coletados oito fragmentos de diferentes regiões da placenta e acondicionados em formol tamponado para avaliação microscópica e histomorfométrica dos fragmentos placentários e posteriormente a realiazação da técnica de imunohistoquímica para imunoexpressão do anticorpo anti-ezrin. Durante a gestação, o índice de pulsatilidade (IP) e o índice de resistência (IR) das artérias uterinas foram obtidos por ultrassonografia Doppler espectral, a JUP foi obtida mensalmente por ultrassonografia modo B. Na microscopia foram avaliadas as regiões dos cornos gravídicos e não gravídicos quanto à vascularização dos vasos fetais do alantocório e dos microcotilédones e foram contados os números de vasos em cinco campos de cada corno. Para histomorfometria foram contados cinco campos de vasos fetais da lâmina basal do corioalantoide e mensurada luz dos vasos em comprimento e largura em escala de micrômetro. Para classificação da imunoexpressão do anticorpo anti-ezrin nas amostras placentárias foram utilizados os parâmentros de intensidade de cor marrom nos microcotilédones, células trofoblásticas, lâmina basal e vasos do corioalantóide, bem como a distribuição focal ou difusa das marcações e região dos microcotilédones proximal, medial e distal da lâmina basal do alantocório. Os resultados foram separados por capítulos. A espessura uteroplacentária combinada correlacionou-se com o tempo gestacional de até 13 anos de idade, sendo a diferença significativa observada a partir do sexto mês. A JUP ficou dentro das medidas ideais para esta raça e para este período gestacional. Não houve correlação do JUP com o IP, porém foi observada uma correlação negativa e significativa do IR. O índice de resistência diferiu significativamente entre as faixas etárias, e o IR da artéria uterina esquerda tendeu a diminuir em todas as faixas etárias. Além disso, apenas o IR diferiu significativamente entre as medianas da idade gestacional. O PI esquerdo caiu nas éguas mais velhas. Na avaliação morfológica da placenta, não foram encontradas alterações significativas na macroscopia. Na análise microscópica da região do corno gravídico (CG) foi possível observar que o arranjo microcotiledonário se apresentou mais intenso ou equiparado ao corno não gravídico (CNG), com excessão de um caso. A intensidade de vascularização nos microcotilédones e no alantocório teve uma grande variação entre os cornos. Cinco casos apresentaram congestão nos microcotilédones e vasos fetais. A expressão do anticorpo anti-ezrin nos cornos placentários, foi mais intensa na região proximal dos microcotilédones em relação à lâmina basal do alantocório e apresentou-se difusa por toda rede de microcotilédones. O CG apresentou mais expressão nas células trofoblásticas em comparação ao CNG e entre os cornos a intensidade de cor ficou equiparada na maioria dos casos, apresentando coloração moderada e intensa. Na microscopia dos cornos não foi possível observar alterações significativas relacionadas a alguma patologia como necrose, infiltrados inflamatórios e hipoplasia. Não foram encontradas diferença significativa entre os dois cornos relacionados a número de vasos e intensidade de vascularização dos microcotilédones e alantocório. As medidas da luz dos vasos apresentaram igualdade estatística (p 0,05) entre os cornos. Assim, ocorreu um aumento da perfusão sanguínea nas artérias uterinas de éguas com gestações avançadas e entre diferentes categorias de idade durante o desenvolvimento fisiológico da placenta e do feto. Foi possível obter dados das características vasculares da unidade feto-placentária equina que não apresentaram alterações morfológicas. A expressão de ezrin foi bem signficativa nas células trofoblásticas localizadas nos microcotilédones de placentas equinas a termo que tem um papel importante na vascularização e consequentemente na troca materno-fetal. A aplicabilidade acompanhamento ultrassonográfico gestacional em equinos tem como principal objetivo prevenir a perda gestacional de alto valor comercial, com a mensuração do fluxo sanguíneo uterino em éguas predispostas a doenças vasculares e com história de aborto espontâneo e parto prematuro. Para um diagnóstico confiável na espécie, foi essencial obter dados de um padrão de normalidade de placentas saudáveis para comparar esses dados em futuras éguas com prenhez de alto risco, principalmente vascular, e escolher a intervenção clínica necessária.

This study aimed to evaluate the placental hemodynamics of mares with advanced pregnancies by means of spectral Doppler ultrasonography of the uterine arteries, measurement of the uteroplacental junction with B-mode ultrasound, and morphological analysis and Ezrin immunoexpression of the postpartum placenta. Thirty-two Mangalarga Marchador mares from five months of gestation were used in order to measure monthly the combined uteroplacental thickness (CUPT) and the spectral indices with Doppler ultrasound of the right and left uterine arteries. After the foals were born, the collected placentas were analyzed for morphology. Eight fragments from different regions of the placenta were collected and placed in buffered formalin for microscopic and histomorphometric evaluation of the placental fragments and later the realization of the immunohistochemical technique for immunoexpression of the anti-ezrin antibody. During pregnancy, the pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of the uterine arteries were obtained by spectral Doppler ultrasonography, the CUPT was obtained monthly by B-mode ultrasonography. Under microscopy, the regions of the pregnant and non-pregnant horns were evaluated as to the vascularization of the fetal vessels of the allantochorium and microcotyledons, and the number of vessels in five fields of each horn were counted. For histomorphometry, five fields of fetal vessels from the basal lamina of the chorioallantois were counted, and the vessel lumen were measured in length and width on a micrometer scale. To classify the immunoexpression of anti-ezrin antibody in placental samples, brown color intensity parameters were used in microcotyledons, trophoblast cells, basal lamina and chorioallantoic vessels, as well as focal or diffuse distribution of markings and proximal, medial microcotyledon region and distal from the basal lamina of the allantochorium. The results were separated by chapters. The CUPT was correlated with gestational time up to 13 years of age, with a significant difference observed from the sixth month onwards. CUPT was within the ideal measurements for this breed and for this gestational period. There was no correlation of CUPT with IP, but a negative and significant correlation of RI was observed. The resistance index differed significantly between age groups, and the left uterine artery RI tended to decrease in all age groups. Furthermore, only the RI differed significantly between the medians of gestational age. Left PI fell in older mares. In the morphological evaluation of the placenta, no significant changes were found in the macroscopy. In the microscopic analysis of the gravid horn region it was possible to observe that the microcotyledonary arrangement was more intense or similar to the non-pregnant horn, with the exception of one case. The intensity of vascularization in microcotyledons and allantochorion varied widely between horns. Five cases presented congestion in the microcotyledons and fetal vessels. In the expression of anti-ezrin antibody in placental horns, it was more intense in the proximal region of the microcotyledons in relation to the basal lamina of the allantochorion and it was diffused throughout the network of microcotyledons. Pregnant horn showed more expression in synciotrophoblasts compared to nonpregnant horn and among horns the color intensity was similar in most cases, with moderate and intense coloration. In the microscopy of the horns it was not possible to observe significant alterations related to any pathology such as necrosis, inflammatory infiltrates and hypoplasia. No significant difference was found between the two horns related to the number of vessels and vascularization intensity of microcotyledons and allantochorium. Vessel lumen measurements showed statistical equality (p 0.05) between the horns. Thus, there was an increase in blood perfusion in the uterine arteries of mares with advanced pregnancies and between different age categories during the physiological development of the placenta and fetus. It was possible to obtain data on the vascular characteristics of the equine fetus-placental unit that did not show morphological changes. The expression of ezrin was very significant in trophoblastic cells located in the microcotyledons of term equine placentas, which play an important role in vascularization and consequently in maternal-fetal exchange. The applicability of gestational ultrasound monitoring in horses aims to prevent pregnancy loss of high commercial value, with the measurement of uterine blood flow in mares predisposed to vascular diseases and with a history of miscarriage and premature birth. For a reliable diagnosis in the species, it was essential to obtain data from a normality pattern of healthy placentas to compare these data in future mares with high risk pregnancy, mainly vascular, and to choose the necessary clinical intervention.

AVALIAÇÕES HEMODINÂMICAS DA ARTÉRIA UTERINA EM CADELAS COM PIOMETRA

Objetivou-se realizar um estudo hemodinâmico da artéria uterina (velocidade de pico sistólico - VPS; velocidade diastólica final VED; e índice de resistividade IR), em cadelas com piometra aberta ou fechada e correlacioná-los com os valores do diâmetro uterino (DU) e a espessura endometrial (EE). Distribuiu-se 35 cadelas em três grupos: controle GC (n=12); piometra aberta GPA (n=11); piometra fechada GPF (n=12). Foram realizadas avaliações ultrassonográficas abdominais em Modo B e da artéria uterina em Modo Doppler pulsado. Observou-se diferença de DU nos três grupos: (GC: 0,65 ± 0,26 cm; GPA: 2,44 ± 0,27 cm; GPF: 3,40 ± 0,28 cm), porém a EE foi semelhante entre GPA e GPF (GC: 0,1 ± 0,05 cm; GPA: 0,41 ± 0,05 cm; GPF: 0,27 ± 0,05 cm). Em relação aos índices hemodinâmicos, foram observados índices altos e semelhantes de VPS nos três grupos (GC: 32,6 ± 2,38 cm/s; GPA: 24,8 ± 2,48 cm/s; GPF: 29,4 ± 2,59 cm/s); valores menores de VED no GC e sem diferença em GPA e GPF (GC: 4,38 ± 0,69 cm/s; GPA: 08,48 ± 0,72 cm/s; GPF:10,49 ± 0,75 cm/s) e índices menores e semelhantes de IR nos grupos com piometra, (CG: 0,85 ± 0,01; GPA: 0,64 ± 0,01; GPF: 0,63 ± 0,01). A morfologia espectral observada em GPA e GPF foi decorrente de padrão vascular de alta velocidade e baixa resistividade, diferente de GC, com alta velocidade e alta resistividade. A análise de correlação demonstrou que os índices hemodinâmicos sofreram influência do DU e da EE, observando-se, correlação positiva entre DU e VED (r = 0,62; p<0,01); e negativa entre DU e IR (r =-0,68; p<0,01) e EE e IR (r = -0,62; p < 0,01). Conclui-se que as alterações hemodinâmicas da artéria uterina são semelhantes em cadelas com piometra aberta ou fechada, embora o diâmetro uterino e a espessura endometrial ocasionem reflexos na sua perfusão.

The objective of this study was to evaluate hemodynamic changes of the uterine artery (systolic peak velocity - VPS; final diastolic velocity - VED; and resistivity index - IR) in open or closed pyometra and correlated with values uterine diameter (DU) and endometrial thickness (EE). Thirty-five female dogs were distributed in three groups: control - CG (n = 12); open pyometra - GPA (n = 11); closed pyometra - GPF (n = 12). Abdominal ultrasonography in B-Mode and pulsed Doppler uterine artery were performed. It was observed DU difference in three groups (CG: 0.65 ± 0.26 cm; GPA: 2.44 ± 0.27 cm; GPF: 3.40 ± 0.28 cm), but the EE was similar between GPA and GPF (GC: 0.1 ± 0.05 cm; GPA: 0.41 ± 0.05 cm; GPF: 0.27 ± 0.05 cm). Regarding hemodynamic indices, high and similar VPS indices were observed in three groups (CG: 32.6 ± 2.38 cm/s; GPA: 24.8 ± 2.48 cm/s; GPF: 29.4 ± 2.59 cm/s); lower VED values CG and no difference in GPA and GPF (CG: 4.38 ± 0.69 cm/s; GPA: 08.48 ± 0.72 cm/s; GPF: 10.49 ± 0.75 cm/s) and lower and similar rates of RI in groups with piometra (GC: 0.85 ± 0.01; GPA: 0.64 ± 0.01; GPF: 0.63 ± 0.01). The observed spectral morphology in GPA and GPF was due to the high speed and low resistivity vascular pattern, different from the CG, with high speed and high resistivity. The correlation analysis showed the hemodynamic indices suffered influence of DU and EE, observed positive correlation between DU and VED (r = 0.62; p <0.01); and negative between DU and IR (r = -0.68; p <0.01) and EE and IR (r = -0.62; p <0.01). It concludes that the hemodynamic alterations of the uterine art are similar in bitches with open or closed piometra, although the uterine diameter and endometrial thickness cause its perfusion reflexes.

ULTRASSONOGRAFIA MODO B E DOPPLER NA AVALIAÇÃO GESTACIONAL DE CABRAS

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da ultrassonografia modo B e Doppler na avaliação gestacional em cabras, descrevendo as características de tecidos materno-fetais e determinando equações preditivas de idade gestacional, além de avaliar as características dopplerfluxometricas das artérias umbilical e uterina. De forma adicional, foram correlacionadas as alterações na impedância do muco vaginal, temperatura vulvar e medidas ecobiométricas com o momento do parto. Foram utilizadas 25 cabras das raças Saanen multíparas, com peso entre 30 e 60 kg e idades entre dois e cinco anos, hígidas e sem histórico de doenças reprodutivas. Os animais foram submetidos a protocolo de sincronização de estro e monta natural. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente do dia 21 de gestação até a parturição. O teste de Shapiro foi utilizado para determinar a normalidade dos dados e o teste de Spearman para determinar correlações de medidas reais ou transformadas à medida que a gestação avançou. Se houve uma diferença significativa detectada, ajustes variáveis e semanas gestacionais foram testados usando modelos de regressão. Também foram realizados teste de correlação entre o numero de fetos e as variáveis estudadas e de comparação pela análise de variância e pós-teste de Tukey. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Os diâmetros abdominal, torácico, biparietal; os comprimentos cefalococcígeo, nuca ao focinho, úmero, rádio-ulna, metacarpo, fêmur, tíbia, metatarso, placentomas, órbita ocular, rins; e área do coração foram mensurados; além do índice de resistividade (IR) e pulsatilidade (IP) das artérias uterina e umbilical. A frequência cardíaca foi obtida utilizando o modo Doppler pulsado. Os maiores coeficientes de determinação (R²) foram obtidos para o comprimento do úmero (UMC; 96,2%), área do coração (ACOR; 95,6%) e distância da nuca ao focinho (DNF; 95,3%). Apenas placentomas e frequência cardíaca fetal apresentaram baixos coeficientes de determinação (R²=54,3 e R²=45,0). O fluxo da artéria uterina não variou ao longo das avaliações enquanto a umbilical apresentou baixa correlação com a idade gestacional (R² 33,7%). A frequência cardíaca se correlaciona negativamente com as horas antes do parto (p<0,001; r-Pearson= -0,451), assim como a temperatura vaginal (p= 0,001; rPearson= -0,275), enquanto a espessura da cérvix se correlacionou positivamente (p<0,001; r-Pearson= 0,490); a impedância do muco vaginal, não variou ao longo das avaliações e não se correlacionou com o momento do parto. As avaliações biométricas indicaram correlações significativas entre as medidas das estruturas materno-fetais e a idade gestacional, que podem ser usadas como valores de referência e detecção de anormalidades no desenvolvimento e o monitoramento da frequência cardíaca, temperatura vaginal e mensuração da espessura cervical na última semana gestacional fornecem informações adequadas acerca da proximidade do momento do parto.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of B- mode and Doppler ultrasonography in gestational evaluation in goats, describing the characteristics of maternal-fetal tissues and determining predictive equations for gestational age, besides evaluating dopplerfluxometric characteristics of the umbilical and uterine arteries. In addition, changes in vaginal mucus impedance, vulvar temperature and ecobiometric measurements were correlated with the time of delivery. 25 multiparous Saanen goats were used, weighing between 30 and 60 kg and aged between two and five years, healthy and with no history of reproductive diseases. The animals were submitted to a protocol of estrus synchronization and natural breeding. The evaluations were carried out weekly from the 21st day of gestation until parturition. The Shapiro test was used to determine the normality of the data and the Spearman test to determine correlations of real or transformed measurements as the pregnancy progressed. If there was a significant difference detected, variable adjustments and gestational weeks were tested using regression models. Correlation tests were also carried out between the number of fetuses and the variables studied and for comparison by analysis of variance and Tukey's post-test. The level of significance was set at 5%. The abdominal, thoracic, biparietal diameters; cephalococcygeal lengths, neck to snout, humerus, radius-ulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia, metatarsus, placentomas, eye socket, kidneys; and heart area were measured; in addition to the resistivity (IR) and pulsatility (IP) index of the uterine and umbilical arteries. Heart rate was obtained using the pulsed Doppler mode. The highest coefficients of determination (R²) were obtained for the length of the humerus (UMC; 96.2%), heart area (ACOR; 95.6%) and distance from the neck to the muzzle (DNF; 95.3%). Only placentomas and fetal heart rate showed low determination coefficients (R² = 54.3 and R² = 45.0). The flow of the uterine artery did not vary during the evaluations while the umbilical presented a low correlation with gestational age (R² 33.7%). Heart rate is negatively correlated with the hours before parturition (p <0.001; r-Pearson = -0.451), as well as vaginal temperature (p = 0.001; r-Pearson = -0.275), while the thickness of the cervix was correlated positively (p <0.001; r-Pearson = 0.490); the impedance of the vaginal mucus, did not vary during the evaluations and did not correlate with the moment of delivery. Biometric evaluations indicated significant correlations between the measures of the maternal-fetal structures and the gestational age, which be used as reference values and detecting abnormalities in development and monitoring heart rate, vaginal temperature and measuring cervical thickness in the last gestational week provide adequate information about the moment of delivery.

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P < 5 %) to the uteroplacental, fetal aorta and umbical arteries, constant values in the uteroplacental artery EDV (P > 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...(AU)

ULTRASSONOGRAFIA MODO B, DOPPLER E ELASTOGRAFIA DE TECIDOS MATERNO FETAIS EM OVELHAS GESTANTES COM PARTO NATURAL E PREMATURO INDUZIDO: ESTUDO DA MATURIDADE DOS CONCEPTOS E MOMENTO IDEAL DE PARTURIÇÃO

Objetivou-se avaliar e descrever as características ultrassonográficas (modo B, Doppler e elastrográfica) de tecidos materno-fetais (pulmão, fígado, rins, placentônio e cérvix) em ovelhas gestantes de parto natural ou prematuro induzido; verificar diferenças de achados entre os tipos de parto e, correlacionar com os valores obtidos dos sinais específicos do parto e impedância do muco vaginal, visando predizer a proximidade do processo de parturição. Trinta ovelhas Santa Inês adultas foram selecionadas e divididas em dois grupos: Parto Normal-GPN (n=15); e Parto Prematuro Induzido-GPPI (n=15). Os animais foram avaliados a cada 12 horas até o momento da parturição (última semana gestacional), as ovelhas pertencentes ao GPN a partir do 143º dia de gestação e as do GPPI, a partir do 135º dia de gestação (dia correspondente à indução do parto com betametasona e antiprogestágeno aglepristona). Foram avaliadas as estruturas pulmonares, renais e hepática dos conceptos, placêntonio e cérvix, obtendo-se as caraterísticas ultrassonográficas convencional e Doppler (placentônio e artéria uterina), elastografia quantativa (velocidade de cisalhamento m/s), além dos batimentos cardíacos fetais, impedância do muco vaginal e, presença de sinais específicos e comportamentais do parto (edema vulvar, isolamento, ingurgitamento de úbere e temperatura vulvar). O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5% (p < 0,05) para todos os testes estatísticos realizados. A temperatura vulvar média foi maior (p>0,001) no GPN do que no GPPI. As variáveis ultrassonográficas estudadas apresentaram variações significativas nas últimas 12 horas que precederam o parto no GPPI, sendo que algumas variáveis demonstraram capacidade de predizer o momento do parto neste grupo: índice de resistência e velocidade diastólica final (VDF) da artéria uterina; e a velocidade de cisalhamento (SWV) do rim fetal demonstrou em ambos os grupos. Conclui-se que a redução da resistência vascular e aumento da VDF da artéria uterina em ovelhas com parto prematuro, bem como a diminuição da SWV do rim fetal em ovelhas com parto a termo e prematuro permitem predizer a iminência do parto nas 12 horas subsequentes. Adicionalmente, os achados de imagem das estruturas materno fetais e a temperatura vulvar são diferentes em animais com parto prematuro e a termo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and describe the ultrasonographic characteristics (B mode, Doppler and elastographic) of maternal-fetal tissues (lung, liver, kidneys, placentonium and cervix) in pregnant ewes with normal and induced pre-term parturition; to verify differences of findings between the types of lambing and to correlate with the values obtained from specific signs of lambing and impedance of vaginal mucus, aiming to predict the proximity of the parturition process. Thirty adult Santa Inês sheep were selected and divided into two groups: Parturition at term-GPN (n=15); and Induced pre-term parturition-GPPI (n=15). The animals were evaluated every 12 hours until the moment of parturition (last gestational week), the ewes belonging to the GPN from the 143rd day of gestation and those of the GPPI from the 135th day of gestation (day corresponding to the induction of lambing with betamethasone and antiprogestin aglepristone). Pulmonary, renal and hepatic structures of the concepts,, placentonium and cervix were evaluated, obtaining the conventional ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound characteristics (placentonium and uterine artery), quantitative elastography (shear velocity - m / s), in addition to fetal heart rate, impedance of vaginal mucus and presence of specific and behavioral signs of lambing (vulvar edema, isolation, udder engorgement and vulvar temperature). The significance level used was 5% (p <0.05) for all statistical tests performed. Mean vulvar temperature was higher (p>0,001) in GPN than in GPPI. The ultrasonographic variables studied showed significant variations in the last 12 hours prior to lambing in the GPPI, and some variables demonstrated the ability to predict the proximity of lambing in this group: resistance index and end diastolic velocity (VDF) of the uterine artery; and fetal kidney shear wave velocity (SWV) demonstrated in both groups. It was concluded that the reduction of vascular resistance and increase of uterine artery VDF in premature ewes, as well as the decrease of fetal kidney SWV in ewes at term and premature lambing allow to predict the imminence of delivery in the following 12 hours. Additionally, imaging findings of fetal maternal structures and vulvar temperature are different in animals with preterm and term parturition.

Avaliação da hemodinâmica uterina em cadelas com piometra submetidas a diferentes protocolos de tratamento medicamentoso

Resumo: O complexo hiperplasia endometrial cística - Piometra é uma desordem endometrial das cadelas, sendo a mais comum e importante dentre as afecções uterinas. A ovariohisterectomia é a principal escolha terapêutica, porém, protocolos de tratamento farmacológico surgiram como substitutivos à cirurgia. No entanto, não há estudos que avaliem a hemodinâmica uterina durante o tratamento conservativo, além de características morfométricas uterinas, após distintos tratamentos medicamentosos para piometra. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a eficácia do tratamento, a resposta medular, hemodinâmica, vascularização e características morfológicas uterinas após distintos tratamentos medicamentosos para piometra em cadelas. Para tanto, 17 cadelas com diagnóstico de piometra foram alocadas em 3 grupos: controle (submetidas à ovariohisterectomia logo após o diagnóstico), aglepristone (submetidas a protocolo de tratamento com aglepristone na dose de 10 mg/Kg, SID, SC, nos dias 1, 2 e 8 após o diagnóstico) e grupo associação (submetidas a tratamento com aglepristone, além da administração de prostaglandina sintética na dose de 1 µg/kg, SID, IM por 7 dias). A avaliação clínica (FC, FR e temperatura corpórea) foi realizada nos dias 1 e 2 após o diagnóstico, sempre nos seguintes momentos: pré-tratamento, 15 e 60 minutos após aplicação do protocolo terapêutico. Para avaliar o curso dos protocolos de tratamento, foram realizadas análises laboratoriais nos dias 1, 4 e 8 após o início da terapia e avaliações diárias por ultrassonografia modo-B e Dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas direita e esquerda. No 9º dia após início do tratamento, as cadelas foram submetidas a ovariohisterectomia e o útero processado para estereologia (morfologia uterina) e imunoistoquímica para expressão do fator VEGF-A. Para a análise temporal, as variáveis clínicas, laboratoriais e ultrassonográficas foram avaliadas pelo teste T de Student e LSD. O efeito dos tratamentos sobre a avaliação do Doppler modo-B e colorido foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA. Para a avaliação de Doppler Espectral, imunoistoquímica e estereologia, os dados foram avaliados pelo teste ANOVA / LSD na comparação entre os tratamentos, e teste T de Student / Wilcoxon entre os graus de comprometimento da artéria uterina. Foi realizado a análise de correlação utilizando os testes de Pearson e Spearman (p 0,05). Na avaliação clínica, o grupo Associação alterou a frequência respiratória até 15 minutos pós-aplicação e houve diminuição da temperatura corpórea entre o 1º e 2º dias. Na avaliação laboratorial, foi observada diminuição dos valores de proteína plasmática no grupo Aglepristone entre o 1º e 4º dia de tratamento e da contagem de leucócitos ao longo do tempo em ambos tratamentos, além de menor contagem de hemácias e hematócrito no grupo Associação. Na avaliação temporal, houve diminuição do perímetro, área e escore de vascularização uterina. O grupo Associação apresentou menor velocidade diastólica final e maior relação sístole:diástole (SD), índice de pulsatilidade (PI) e resistividade (RI), independente do curso da terapia. Ao final do tratamento, os grupos Aglepristone e Associação apresentaram menor perímetro, área e escore de vascularização uterina, assim como menor velocidade diastólica final, além de maior PI, RI e SD, na artéria mais comprometida, em comparação ao Controle. O grupo Aglepristone apresentou menor fração de volume do infiltrado inflamatório e maior fração de volume do estroma uterino. Além disto, houve menores valores de volume e superfície de cistos endometriais e menor expressão do fator VEGF-A no grupo Associação. Em conclusão, a despeito da eficácia dos diferentes tratamentos medicamentosos, o protocolo com Aglepristone é mais eficaz para reversão das alterações clínico-laboratoriais da piometra. Por outro lado, a terapia associativa é mais eficaz em diminuir a vascularização uterina e modular o fluxo sanguíneo e hemodinâmica uterina. Ademais, a terapia medicamentosa em associação do aglepristone e prostaglandina promove alterações morfológicas uterinas, tais como diminuição da quantidade de cistos endometriais, além da diminuição da angiogênese local.

Abstract: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia - Pyometra complex is a canine endometrial disorder, considered the most common and important among uterine diseases. The treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, but medical treatments have become an alternative. However, no studies have been performed in order to evaluate uterine hemodynamic changes during medical treatment, as well as uterine morphometric findings after different medical treatments for pyometra bitches. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two medical protocols by means of medullar response, hemodynamic evaluation, vascularization and uterine morphological changes in pyometra bitches. For such purpose, 17 bitches with pyometra were assigned to 3 groups: Control group (ovariohysterectomy after pyometra diagnosis), Aglepristone group (10 mg/kg aglepristone protocol, SID, SC, on days 1, 2 and 8 after pyometra diagnosis) and Associative group (aglepristone treatment coupled with the administration of 1 µg/kg synthetic prostaglandin, SID, IM for 7 days). Clinical evaluation (HR, RR and body temperature) was performed on days 1 and 2 after pyometra diagnosis, always at the following moments: pre-administration, 15 and 60 minutes after administration of the medical treatment. In order to evaluate the progress of conservative treatment, laboratorial exams were performed on days 1, 4, and 8 after the begging of treatment and daily B-mode ultrasonography, as well as Doppler velocimetry of the right and left uterine arteries. At the 9th day of treatment, bitches were ovariohysterectomized and uterus was processed for stereology (uterine morphology) and immunohistochemistry for VEGF-A. For temporal analysis, clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic variables were evaluated by Student's T and LSD tests. The effect of treatments on B-mode and color Doppler exams was analyzed by ANOVA test. Spectral Doppler, immunohistochemistry and stereology results were evaluated by ANOVA / LSD to compare the treatments and the Student T / Wilcoxon tests to compare uterine arteries according to degree of hazard. Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson and Spearman tests (p 0.05). For clinical evaluation, the Associative group had altered respiratory rate between 0 and 15 minutes after drug administration and decreased body temperature between the 1st and 2nd days. For laboratory evaluation, a decrease in plasma protein was observed in Aglepristone group between the 1st and 4th days of treatment and leukocyte count over time for both therapeutic protocols, in addition to lower red blood cell count and hematocrit in Associative group. For temporal evaluation, there was a significant decrease in uterine perimeter, area and vascularization score. The Associative group had lower final diastolic velocity and higher systole: diastole ratio (SD), pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI). At the end of treatment, Aglepristone and Associative groups had lower uterine perimeter, area and vascularization score, as well as lower final diastolic velocity and higher values of PI, RI and SD in the more affected artery compared to the Control group. The Aglepristone group presented lower fraction volume of inflammatory infiltrate and larger fraction volume of uterine stroma. In addition, the Associative group had lower volume and surface values of endometrial cysts and VEGF-A expression. In conclusion, different medical treatments, specially the Aglepristone protocol, are effective in reversing clinical and laboratory alterations of pyometra. Conversely, Associative therapy is more effective in decreasing uterine vascularization and modulating uterine blood flow and hemodynamics. Moreover, associative medical therapy with aglepristone and prostaglandin was able to promote morphological changes such as decreased number of endometrial cysts and local angiogenesis.