Diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumors in bitches - platelet indices are a remarkable marker?

Background: Hematological analyses are seen as more preferred laboratory analyses in canine transmissible venereal tumor studies. There is no information about the availability of platelets and their indices in routine practice in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. Taking this as a starting point, this study analyzed the usefulness of platelet indices in dogs with transmissible venereal tumor in clinical laboratory diagnosis as well as examined the relationship between white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets (PLT), main platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and the ratio of main platelet volume to platelets (MPV/PLT). Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 42 bitches of various breeds were used. Nineteen healthy bitches were used as a control group, and the others 23 with cTVT as a study group. Metastasis was not observed in any of the bitches involved in the study. History, clinical findings, and cytological examinations were evaluated for the diagnosis of cTVT. In animals with hemorrhagic discharge and neoplastic lesions, a vaginal cytological examination was performed. Typical TVT cells with large nuclei and intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in the vaginal cytological examinations, and the diagnosis of TVT was made. Healthy bitches (19) and those with TVT (23) were 39.16 5.37 months and 47.61 5.14 months old, respectively. From all animals, 2 mL blood samples were collected from V. cephalica to evaluate PIs in the complete blood count (CBC). Collected blood samples were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. As a result of the analysis, WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCHC, RDW, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, and MPV/PLT data were obtained. Mild leukocytosis, an increase in PLT, and a decrease in MCV and MPV/PLT were determined in the study group compared to the control group. Cut-off values in CBC of bitches with TVT were determined as WBC: 13.35 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 90%); MCV: 67 (sensitivity: 57%; specificity: 95%); PLT: 315.50 (sensitivity: 65%; specificity: 74%); and MPV/PLT: 0.028 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 58%). In CBC analyses, a strong negative correlation between PLT and MPV/PLT was detected in both groups. Discussion: Canine transmissible venereal tumors are common in both stray and pet dogs. It is naturally transferred from animal to animal during mating by live tumor cells. This tumor can commonly affect the external genitalia and internal organs in some cases. It generally has the look of cauliflower, and its surface is ulcerated, inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and infectious. More preferred laboratory analyses are complete blood count and blood chemistry analysis in cTVT for to evaluate the success of treatments. Platelet indices have been investigated in many diseases such as endotoxemia, chronic enteropathy, mammary tumor, parvoviral enteritis, septic peritonitis, lymphoma, pyometra, visceral leishmaniasis, and babesiosis in dogs. There is no information available for either diagnostic or prognostic use of the PIs in canine TVT cases. Ultimately, in light of the presented study's results, platelet indices, especially PLT and the MPV/PLT ratio, seem to be notable laboratory markers in terms of easy accessibility and low-cost assessment techniques in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. New data, however, should be established by a thorough follow-up study using a larger sample size and addressing its usefulness as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in canine transmissible venereal tumors.

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) is a rare condition which consists of reactive fibrous tissue proliferation with mixed inflammatory infiltration within the abdominal cavity. The present report describes an additional case of SEP affecting a mixed-breed immature female dog presented with persistent vomiting, progressive weight loss, and ascites. Abdominal radiographic and ultrasonographic findings suggested abdominal neoformation resulting in gastric displacement, in addition ascitic fluid was evaluated and cytology showed large numbers of inflammatory effusion. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and were detected multiple thick peritoneal adhesions which restricted mobility of abdominal viscera. Biopsy specimens of these lesions were submitted for histopathological examination. Microscopically, the external serous surfaces of the abdominal organs were covered with dense fibrous connective tissue characterized by intense mature collagen deposition and moderate angiogenesis. The animal was euthanized due to poor prognosis and sent for necropsy. The clinical, imaging, gross and microscopic findings were compatible with SEP.(AU)

Peritonite piogranulomatosa por Nocardia concava em cão - relato de caso / Piogranulomatous peritonitis by Nocardia concava in dog - Case Report

Nocardiose é causada por bactérias do gênero Nocardia do subgrupo Actinomycetos, que são Gram-positivas aeróbicas, filamentosas e podem apresentar ramificações. O diagnóstico baseia-se na presença de lesão inflamatória, com o microrganismo morfologicamente compatível, associada ao isolamento e à identificação microbiológica e molecular. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de nocardiose em canino, que desenvolveu inflamação piogranulomatosa peritoneal seis meses após ovariossalpingo-histerectomia. O animal apresentava hipertermia, distensão abdominal, taquipneia, polidipsia, hiporexia, mucosas hipocoradas e fezes pastosas. Os achados laboratoriais evidenciaram anemia leve e leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio à esquerda e hipoalbuminemia. Uma massa na região mesogástrica e efusão peritoneal foram evidenciadas por meio da ultrassonografia abdominal. O líquido foi classificado como exsudato piogranulomatoso, e o animal submetido à laparotomia exploratória para lavagem abdominal e remoção da massa. Após procedimentos terapêuticos, ocorreu piora clínica e óbito. Peritonite piogranulomatosa foi a principal alteração anatomopatológica a qual foi associada à Nocardia spp. Molecularmente, a espécie isolada se aproxima da N. concava, por meio da análise filogenética. Essa espécie já foi descrita como causa de infecção em humanos na Ásia, no entanto não há registros na literatura na espécie canina, sendo este o primeiro relato.(AU)

Nocardiosis is caused by an aerobic, gram-positive, ramificated and filamentous bacteria of the Nocardia genus, subgroup Actinomycetos. The diagnosis is based on the presence of the inflammatory lesions with the morphologically compatible microorganism associated with microbiological and molecular isolation and identification. The objective of this work is to report a case of nocardiosis in a canine that developed peritoneal pyogranulomatous inflammation six months after ovariosalpingohisterectomy. The animal had hyperthermia, abdominal distention, tachypnea, polydipsia, hyporexia, hypocorous mucosae and pasty feces. The laboratory findings revealed mild anemia and leukocytosis due to neutrophilia with left deviation and hypoalbuminemia. A mass in the mesogastric region and peritoneal effusion were evidenced by abdominal ultrasonography. The fluid was classified as pyogranulomatous exudate and the animal underwent exploratory laparotomy for abdominal lavage and mass removal. Despite the therapeutic procedures and clinical alterations the dog died. Piogranulomatous peritonitis was the main anatomopathological alteration which was associated with Nocardia spp. Molecularly, the isolated species approaches the N. concava species through phylogenetic analysis. This specie was described as a cause of infection in humans in Asia; however, there are no records in literature on the canine species, being this the first report.(AU)

Peritonite piogranulomatosa por Nocardia concava em cão - relato de caso / Piogranulomatous peritonitis by Nocardia concava in dog - Case Report

Nocardiose é causada por bactérias do gênero Nocardia do subgrupo Actinomycetos, que são Gram-positivas aeróbicas, filamentosas e podem apresentar ramificações. O diagnóstico baseia-se na presença de lesão inflamatória, com o microrganismo morfologicamente compatível, associada ao isolamento e à identificação microbiológica e molecular. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de nocardiose em canino, que desenvolveu inflamação piogranulomatosa peritoneal seis meses após ovariossalpingo-histerectomia. O animal apresentava hipertermia, distensão abdominal, taquipneia, polidipsia, hiporexia, mucosas hipocoradas e fezes pastosas. Os achados laboratoriais evidenciaram anemia leve e leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio à esquerda e hipoalbuminemia. Uma massa na região mesogástrica e efusão peritoneal foram evidenciadas por meio da ultrassonografia abdominal. O líquido foi classificado como exsudato piogranulomatoso, e o animal submetido à laparotomia exploratória para lavagem abdominal e remoção da massa. Após procedimentos terapêuticos, ocorreu piora clínica e óbito. Peritonite piogranulomatosa foi a principal alteração anatomopatológica a qual foi associada à Nocardia spp. Molecularmente, a espécie isolada se aproxima da N. concava, por meio da análise filogenética. Essa espécie já foi descrita como causa de infecção em humanos na Ásia, no entanto não há registros na literatura na espécie canina, sendo este o primeiro relato.(AU)

Nocardiosis is caused by an aerobic, gram-positive, ramificated and filamentous bacteria of the Nocardia genus, subgroup Actinomycetos. The diagnosis is based on the presence of the inflammatory lesions with the morphologically compatible microorganism associated with microbiological and molecular isolation and identification. The objective of this work is to report a case of nocardiosis in a canine that developed peritoneal pyogranulomatous inflammation six months after ovariosalpingohisterectomy. The animal had hyperthermia, abdominal distention, tachypnea, polydipsia, hyporexia, hypocorous mucosae and pasty feces. The laboratory findings revealed mild anemia and leukocytosis due to neutrophilia with left deviation and hypoalbuminemia. A mass in the mesogastric region and peritoneal effusion were evidenced by abdominal ultrasonography. The fluid was classified as pyogranulomatous exudate and the animal underwent exploratory laparotomy for abdominal lavage and mass removal. Despite the therapeutic procedures and clinical alterations the dog died. Piogranulomatous peritonitis was the main anatomopathological alteration which was associated with Nocardia spp. Molecularly, the isolated species approaches the N. concava species through phylogenetic analysis. This specie was described as a cause of infection in humans in Asia; however, there are no records in literature on the canine species, being this the first report.(AU)

Canine fetal peritonitis

Background: The occurrence of neonatal diseases and neonatal deaths in canines are considered higher in the first days of life of individuals and bacterial diseases are considered the second most common cause. Inflammation of the mesothelial lining of the abdominal cavity is referred peritonitis, which can be classified as primary or secondary and there is no description on the occurrence of canine fetal peritonitis in the veterinary literature. The objective of this study is to describe a case of canine fetus peritonitis, presenting abnormal sonographic findings of the fetus and abnormalities identified after birth that were not yet described in veterinary literature. Case: A female Poodle, six years of age, considered healthy and without clinical complications during the gestational period, was referred for sonographic evaluation at the end of the pregnancy, in order to evaluate of the fetal viability and estimate the gestational period. By ultrasound examination, two canine fetuses were identified and based on its morphogenesis and biparietal diameter, the estimated gestational age was approximately 58 days. On the individual examination of each of the fetus by ultrasound, it was found that one of them had normal sonographic findings and on the second canine fetus it was found an increase of the intra-abdominal echogenicity of tissues, loss of the sonographic definition [...](AU)

Canine fetal peritonitis

Background: The occurrence of neonatal diseases and neonatal deaths in canines are considered higher in the first days of life of individuals and bacterial diseases are considered the second most common cause. Inflammation of the mesothelial lining of the abdominal cavity is referred peritonitis, which can be classified as primary or secondary and there is no description on the occurrence of canine fetal peritonitis in the veterinary literature. The objective of this study is to describe a case of canine fetus peritonitis, presenting abnormal sonographic findings of the fetus and abnormalities identified after birth that were not yet described in veterinary literature. Case: A female Poodle, six years of age, considered healthy and without clinical complications during the gestational period, was referred for sonographic evaluation at the end of the pregnancy, in order to evaluate of the fetal viability and estimate the gestational period. By ultrasound examination, two canine fetuses were identified and based on its morphogenesis and biparietal diameter, the estimated gestational age was approximately 58 days. On the individual examination of each of the fetus by ultrasound, it was found that one of them had normal sonographic findings and on the second canine fetus it was found an increase of the intra-abdominal echogenicity of tissues, loss of the sonographic definition [...]

Primary surgical repair of prostatic urethral rupture following multiple pelvic fracture in a dog

Abdominal urethral rupture commonly occurs in male dogs after traumatic pelvic fractures and can lead to uroperitoneum, causing peritonitis and azotemia. The primary complications of urethral damage include strictures, incontinence and innervation injury. Here, we describe a case report of prostatic urethral rupture, treated by primary suture repair, that yielded early healing and recovery in a ten-year-old, male, mixed-breed dog who visited our facility within 24 hours of being struck by a car. Positive contrast urethrocystography resulted in leakage of the contrast medium into the abdominal cavity in a point caudal to the urinary bladder. Additional radiography revealed multiple pelvic fractures. During surgery, we found a laceration of the right prostatic lobe causing urethral rupture. We performed a full thickness simple continue suture with 7-0 polyglactin 910 to reestablish urethral continuity. The prostate capsule was also sutured in a simple continue pattern. A previously placed indwelling urinary catheter was kept inside to divert urine flow. On the third postoperative day, the animal withdrew the urinary catheter and started to urinate by himself. The conservative treatment of pelvic fractures enabled complete return to function on the 55th day. One hundred and fifty days after the trauma, no evidence of urinary stricture or another clinical sign was observed. Urethral wounds can be treated surgically by primary suturing and urinary diversion. A short healing time was experienced, and the indwelling urinary catheter was removed three days after surgery since there was no more urine leakage and the animal began voiding normally.

Primary surgical repair of prostatic urethral rupture following multiple pelvic fracture in a dog

Abdominal urethral rupture commonly occurs in male dogs after traumatic pelvic fractures and can lead to uroperitoneum, causing peritonitis and azotemia. The primary complications of urethral damage include strictures, incontinence and innervation injury. Here, we describe a case report of prostatic urethral rupture, treated by primary suture repair, that yielded early healing and recovery in a ten-year-old, male, mixed-breed dog who visited our facility within 24 hours of being struck by a car. Positive contrast urethrocystography resulted in leakage of the contrast medium into the abdominal cavity in a point caudal to the urinary bladder. Additional radiography revealed multiple pelvic fractures. During surgery, we found a laceration of the right prostatic lobe causing urethral rupture. We performed a full thickness simple continue suture with 7-0 polyglactin 910 to reestablish urethral continuity. The prostate capsule was also sutured in a simple continue pattern. A previously placed indwelling urinary catheter was kept inside to divert urine flow. On the third postoperative day, the animal withdrew the urinary catheter and started to urinate by himself. The conservative treatment of pelvic fractures enabled complete return to function on the 55th day. One hundred and fifty days after the trauma, no evidence of urinary stricture or another clinical sign was observed. Urethral wounds can be treated surgically by primary suturing and urinary diversion. A short healing time was experienced, and the indwelling urinary catheter was removed three days after surgery since there was no more urine leakage and the animal began voiding normally.(AU)

Splenic abscess in a dog

Background: Splenic abscesses are rare in dogs, representing less than 1% of splenic injuries. Therefore, it has been seldom reported. The cases reported in veterinary medicine suggest trauma as the main cause of abscess formation in this organ. Due to the lack of information about the subject, the aim of this paper is to report the case and treatment of a splenic abscess in a dog. Case: A 4-year-old intact female Bernese Mountain dog was referred to the veterinary hospital with apathy and abdominal pain. The owner related estrous followed by artificial insemination three weeks prior to the referral. On physical exam the patient was mildly dehydrated and presented pale mucosal. Besides the abdominal pain and prostration, others signs were not found. The ultrasound images suggested uterine fluid collection and peritonitis. The patient was referred to laparotomy. During the procedure the uterus was normal, however it was verified peritonitis and a splenic mass of 15x10x5 cm. A total splenectomy was performed to remove the mass and two drains were placed in order to treat the inflammation of the peritoneum. The spleen with the mass was sent to histological examination and subcapsular splenic abscess was diagnosed. After the surgery, the patient was treated with antibiotics and lavage of abdominal cavity until the complete recovery. At the end of the eighth day post-surgery the dog.(AU)

Splenic abscess in a dog

Background: Splenic abscesses are rare in dogs, representing less than 1% of splenic injuries. Therefore, it has been seldom reported. The cases reported in veterinary medicine suggest trauma as the main cause of abscess formation in this organ. Due to the lack of information about the subject, the aim of this paper is to report the case and treatment of a splenic abscess in a dog. Case: A 4-year-old intact female Bernese Mountain dog was referred to the veterinary hospital with apathy and abdominal pain. The owner related estrous followed by artificial insemination three weeks prior to the referral. On physical exam the patient was mildly dehydrated and presented pale mucosal. Besides the abdominal pain and prostration, others signs were not found. The ultrasound images suggested uterine fluid collection and peritonitis. The patient was referred to laparotomy. During the procedure the uterus was normal, however it was verified peritonitis and a splenic mass of 15x10x5 cm. A total splenectomy was performed to remove the mass and two drains were placed in order to treat the inflammation of the peritoneum. The spleen with the mass was sent to histological examination and subcapsular splenic abscess was diagnosed. After the surgery, the patient was treated with antibiotics and lavage of abdominal cavity until the complete recovery. At the end of the eighth day post-surgery the dog.

Peritonite séptica em fêmea canina - relato de caso / Septic peritonitis in female canine - case report

A inflamação do peritônio é denominada peritonite e pode ser classificada d e acordo com a origem (primária ou secundária), com o grau de contaminação (asséptica, séptica ou mista) e com a extensã o (localizada ou generalizada) (ZIMMERMANN et al., 2006). A peritonite generalizada bacteriana é a forma predominante em cães e geralmente surge por contaminação pelo trato gastrointestinal, secundária a uma deiscênc ia de ferida cirúrgica (FOSSUM, 2008) , ma s também por perfurações do trato gastrintestinal, neoplasias, ulcerações, ferimentos por armas de fogo e intussuscepção ( ZIMMERMANN et al., 200 6). O diagnóstico de peritonite basea - se na anamnese, nos sinais clínicos, nos dados laboratoria is e no diagnóstico por imagem . Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar o caso de uma peritonite séptica, ocorrida após enterectomia, realizada devido a um caso de intu ssuscepção, em uma fêmea canina.

Peritonite séptica em fêmea canina - relato de caso / Septic peritonitis in female canine - case report

A inflamação do peritônio é denominada peritonite e pode ser classificada d e acordo com a origem (primária ou secundária), com o grau de contaminação (asséptica, séptica ou mista) e com a extensã o (localizada ou generalizada) (ZIMMERMANN et al., 2006). A peritonite generalizada bacteriana é a forma predominante em cães e geralmente surge por contaminação pelo trato gastrointestinal, secundária a uma deiscênc ia de ferida cirúrgica (FOSSUM, 2008) , ma s também por perfurações do trato gastrintestinal, neoplasias, ulcerações, ferimentos por armas de fogo e intussuscepção ( ZIMMERMANN et al., 200 6). O diagnóstico de peritonite basea - se na anamnese, nos sinais clínicos, nos dados laboratoria is e no diagnóstico por imagem . Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar o caso de uma peritonite séptica, ocorrida após enterectomia, realizada devido a um caso de intu ssuscepção, em uma fêmea canina.(AU)

Piometra associada à peritonite focal e insuficiência renal aguda em cadela – relato de caso / Piometra associated with focal peritonitis and acute renal failure in a bitch – case report

A hiperplasia endometrial cística (HEC) desenvolve-se durante ou logo após o diestro, quando a produção de progesterona é alta, e após a administração de progestinas exógenas. As bactérias de origem vaginal são capazes de colonizar o útero anormal, resultando em desenvolvimento de piometra (NELSON et al., 1998). Uma das complicações mais importantes dessa enfermidade é a insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) (EVANGELISTA et al., 2010). O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de piometra associada à peritonite focal e insuficiência renal aguda em cadela.

Piometra associada à peritonite focal e insuficiência renal aguda em cadela relato de caso / Piometra associated with focal peritonitis and acute renal failure in a bitch case report

A hiperplasia endometrial cística (HEC) desenvolve-se durante ou logo após o diestro, quando a produção de progesterona é alta, e após a administração de progestinas exógenas. As bactérias de origem vaginal são capazes de colonizar o útero anormal, resultando em desenvolvimento de piometra (NELSON et al., 1998). Uma das complicações mais importantes dessa enfermidade é a insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) (EVANGELISTA et al., 2010). O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de piometra associada à peritonite focal e insuficiência renal aguda em cadela.(AU)

Radical prostatectomy with Van Velthoven Suture to canine perineal / Prostatectomia radical com sutura de Van Velthoven na herniorrafia perineal de canino

Background: Prostatectomy excision is indicated for patients with neoplasm, trauma or recurrent prostatic abscess; Van Velthoven suture have been used in urethrovesical laparoscopic anastomosis in humans. This report aimed to describe the use of Van Velthoven suture after excisional prostatectomy in a canine, which suffered partial loss and deformation of the urinary bladder after complications of perineal hernia.Case: A thirteen-year-old male dog presented dyschezia, hypophagia and had increased water ingestion; furthermore, owner verifi ed a swelling lateral to the anus. On clinical examination it was observed left perineal hernia with incarcerated content, and peritonitis was diagnosed by ultrasonography exam. Antimicrobial and fl uid therapy were initiated, and one day after the patient was referred to surgery. Through perineal access was observed retrofl exed urinary bladder partially necrotic and multiple prostatic cysts; due to great extent of the necrotic urinary bladder, associated with impossibility of complete necrotic bladder tissue removal, prostate and urinary vesicle were placed in the peritoneal cavity. It was proceeded hernia reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and monofi lament nylon suture. Through median celiotomy, the bladder necrotic tissue was removed; due to hemodynamic patient instability, the total prostatectomy that was initiated was postponed, pe

Background: Prostatectomy excision is indicated for patients with neoplasm, trauma or recurrent prostatic abscess; Van Velthoven suture have been used in urethrovesical laparoscopic anastomosis in humans. This report aimed to describe the use of Van Velthoven suture after excisional prostatectomy in a canine, which suffered partial loss and deformation of the urinary bladder after complications of perineal hernia.Case: A thirteen-year-old male dog presented dyschezia, hypophagia and had increased water ingestion; furthermore, owner verifi ed a swelling lateral to the anus. On clinical examination it was observed left perineal hernia with incarcerated content, and peritonitis was diagnosed by ultrasonography exam. Antimicrobial and fl uid therapy were initiated, and one day after the patient was referred to surgery. Through perineal access was observed retrofl exed urinary bladder partially necrotic and multiple prostatic cysts; due to great extent of the necrotic urinary bladder, associated with impossibility of complete necrotic bladder tissue removal, prostate and urinary vesicle were placed in the peritoneal cavity. It was proceeded hernia reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and monofi lament nylon suture. Through median celiotomy, the bladder necrotic tissue was removed; due to hemodynamic patient instability, the total prostatectomy that was initiated was postponed, pe

Prostatectomia radical com sutura de Van Velthoven na herniorrafia perineal de canino / Radical Prostatectomy with Van Velthoven Suture to Canine Perineal Herniorrhaphy

Background: Prostatectomy excision is indicated for patients with neoplasm, trauma or recurrent prostatic abscess; Van Velthoven suture have been used in urethrovesical laparoscopic anastomosis in humans. This report aimed to describe the use of Van Velthoven suture after excisional prostatectomy in a canine, which suffered partial loss and deformation of the urinary bladder after complications of perineal hernia. Case: A thirteen-year-old male dog presented dyschezia, hypophagia and had increased water ingestion; furthermore, owner verified a swelling lateral to the anus. On clinical examination it was observed left perineal hernia with incarcerated content, and peritonitis was diagnosed by ultrasonography exam. Antimicrobial and fluid therapy were initiated, and one day after the patient was referred to surgery. Through perineal access was observed retrofl exed urinary bladder partially necrotic and multiple prostatic cysts; due to great extent of the necrotic urinary bladder, associated with impossibility of complete necrotic bladder tissue removal, prostate and urinary vesicle were placed in the peritoneal cavity. It was proceeded hernia reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and monofilament nylon suture. Through median celiotomy, the bladder necrotic tissue was removed; due to hemodynamic patient instability, the total prostatectomy that was initiated was postponed, performing cystopexy and cystostomy with Foley catheter. The prostatectomy was performed at the 21st day. In that time, prostatic urethra stenosis was observed. After probing urethral repair points in the pelvic urethra and urinary bladder, the prostate was resected and was applied a Van Velthoven suture. Omentalization of the anastomotic site was done before cavity washing with NaCl 0,9%. The abdominal access was closed in three layers. The patient remained probed for six days, and after this bladder compression was initiated. After 21 days of the second operative intervention, it was necessary to correct a perineal hernia in the opposite side; reconstruction was performed by mobilizing obturator internus muscle. Discussion: In many cases of perineal herniation it was observed prostatic hypertrophy and cysts, as observed in our clinical case. After castration, prostate involutes in two or three weeks, and occur clinical signs reliefs. But the patient related shows presence of urethral stricture, helding an excisional prostatectomy. After excision of the prostate, special attention should be given to the anastomosis between urinary bladder and urethra. With the circular Van Velthoven suture was observed low incidence of bladder contraction in humans, condition which could lead to, among other things, urinary incontinence. It was observed easy and speed of execution of the technique as well as obtaining an anastomosis without tension and adequate to anastomosis healing, as well appropriated patient recovery. We concluded that Van Velthoven suture is effective to prostatectomy in dogs and that the perineal hernia may be associated with several complications that could be adequately treated by surgery.

Complicações associadas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva realizada com abraçadeira de náilon como método de hemostasia / Complications associated with ovariohysterectomy using nylon tie-rap as an hemostatic method

Background: Routine neutering of bitches is typically carried out by ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in Veterinary Medicine, seen by many as a simple procedure. During the conventional approach the points of attachment of the uterus and ovaries are double ligated with absorbable or non-absorbable sutures or even with titanium clamps. It has been described the use of non-surgical polyamide tie-raps as a hemostatic closure method by some authors but there are few papers describing the consequenses of such use. The aim of this study is to report four cases of surgical complications associated with nylon tie-raps use on OVHs on bitches referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS) and Passo Fundo University (HV-UPF), both at the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Cases: 1- An eleven-month-old bitch was admitted at the HV-UPF nine days after OVH performed elsewhere, with omentum evisceration due to suture dehiscence. During emergency surgery both ovaries were found surrounded by nylon tie-raps and fibrous tissue adherence. Peritonitis signs were recognizable. Bilateral ovariectomy with nylon 2-0 was performed and the remaining uterus was removed. 2- A five-years-old bitch was referred to the HV-UPF ten days after OVH performed elsewhere, with apathy and suture dehiscence. Free liquid was identifi ed around the bladder and kidneys using the ultrasound exam. Intense hemorrhage from uterine vessels was found during celiotomy. A nylon tie-rap was found loose on the abdominal cavity and another couple were found at both ovaries surrounded by fibrous tissue adherence. Bilateral ovariectomy with nylon 2-0 was performed and a blood transfusion was necessary. 3- A three-years-old bitch was admitted at the HCV-UFRGS six days after OVH performed at another institution, presenting suture dehiscence and evisceration. During emergency surgery, bladder, intestine and musculature necrosis due to the contact with sharp edged nylon tie-raps (prior placed as hemostatic devices), intense fibrous tissue adherence and peritonitis were identified. 4- A two-years-old bitch was referred to the HCV-UFRGS one year after OVH performed elsewhere, with a four-month persistent sinus tract on the right flank unsuccessfully treated by another veterinarian. Abdominal communication was suspected and therefore the patient was submitted to exploratory celiotomy. During surgery intense fibrous tissue adherence were found on both mesovarium. Stump granuloma and a sinus tract were also identified in the right side. Sharped nylon tie-raps were found among the fibrous tissue and were then replaced by non-absorbable suture. Discussion: OVH complications such as suture dehiscence, evisceration, peritonitis and loosen tie-raps, all seen on cases 1, 2 and 3 are usual when there is trans-operatory contamination and can probably be associated with technique failure, as described by other authors. Self-trauma must be avoided throughout the use of Elizabethan collar, but this recommendation was not followed by the patients' owners on any of the cases even though it had been prescribed by the veterinarian. Fibrous tissue and granulomas were found on all cases due to the tie-raps, what brings the question about its real effects to the animal organism. All the patients had satisfiable recovery after the emergency surgeries. There is urgent need of scientific investigations about the grave consequences of the inadequate use of poliamide tie-raps before assigning it as a hemostatic material.

Diversidade molecular e evolução in vitro de coronavírus canino (CCoV)

O coronavírus canino (CCoV) causa gastroenterite em cães jovens, podendo ser letal, sobretudo quando há coinfecção com parvovírus canino (CPV). Os objetivos do presente projeto foram investigar a presença de CCoV e CPV em amostras fecais de cães jovens; estudar a diversidade molecular das amostras de CCoV com base em sequenciamento parcial dos genes M, S, 3b e N, incluindo amostras vacinais, e estudar a evolução in vitro de CCoV em células A72 de fibroma canino. Foram detectados 40,17% (47/117) animais positivos para CCoV e 13,68% (16/117) para CPV. Estudos filogenéticos demonstraram que oito amostras foram classificadas como CCoV-II, vinte e cinco como CCoV-I. Análises para o gene M destacaram alta identidade de CCoV-I com amostras de coronavírus da peritonite infecciosa felina (PIF) e uma possível amostra pantrópica foi demonstrada pela análise do gene S. O gene do nucleocapsídeo de CCoV é altamente conservado entre os tipos I e tipo II, com uma resolução mais baixa em relação a árvores para os genes M e S. Amostras dos tipos I e II apresentam um polimorfismo baixo para o gene 3b, sem marcadores estáveis para diferenciação dos tipos de CCoV. Uma amostra de CCoV-II putativamente pantrópica foi isolada em células A72, resultando em efeito citopático no 5º dia da 5a passagem. No estudo evolutivo, a amostra vacinal CCV 1-71 e nove passagens desta em células A72 foram submetidas a amplificação parcial e clonagem molecular do gene S seguida de sequenciamento de DNA. Os resultados mostraram mutações não silenciosas, silenciosas e três deleções de aminoácidos, mas nenhuma mutação compartilhada entre as diversas passagens. Amostras vacinais de CCoV-II adaptadas em células podem ser altamente geneticamente estáveis após passagens em série em uma mesma linhagem celular, acumulando substituições de nucleotídeos principalmente sinônimas no gene S devido a relação célula - hospedeiro estável. Estes resultados de epidemiologia molecular e processos evolutivos de CCoV podem servir para uma melhor compreensão da virologia básica e ser base de dados para estudos em outros coronavírus.

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) causes gastroenteritis in young dogs and can be lethal, especially when there is co-infection with canine parvovirus (CPV). The objectives of this project were to investigate the presence of CCoV and CPV in stool samples from young dogs, the molecular diversity of CCoV strains based on partial sequencing of genes M, S, N and 3b, and the in vitro evolution of CCoV in A72 canine fibroma. Of the fecal samples studied, 40.17% animals (47/117) were positive for CCoV and 13.68% (16/117) for CPV. Phylogenetic studies have shown that eight strains were CCoV-II and twenty five CCoV-I. Phylogenetic analysis for the M gene highlighted the high identity of CCoV-I strains with a feline coronavirus strain (FCoV) that causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Further analysis based on the spike gene showed a putative pantropic CCoV strain (CCoV-II/dog50). CCoV nucleocapsid gene is highly conserved among type I and type II, with a lower resolution relative to trees based on M and S genes. CCoV Types I and II had a low polymorphism for 3b gene, without any stable markers to differentiate thee types. Regarding the virus isolation trial, a putative pantropic CCoV-II strain was successfully isolated in A72 cells from, resulting in cytopathic effect on the 5th day of the 5th passage. In the evolutionary study, the vaccine strain CCV 1-71 and nine passages of this strain in A72 were submitted to partial S gene amplification and molecular cloning followed by DNA sequencing. Missense, silent, and three amino acids deletions were found amongst diverse clones of each passage, but no mutation was repeatedly found among passages. Cell culture-adapted CCoV-II vaccine strains can be highly genetically stable upon serial passage in a same cell line, accumulating primarily synonymous nucleotide substitutions in the S gene due to a stable cell-host relationship. In short, all data gathering herein on molecular epidemiology and evolutionary processes of CCoV can serve for a better understanding of basic virology and as a basis for studies on other coronaviruses.

ÍNDICE DE RESISTÊNCIA MÚLTIPLA AOS ANTIMICROBIANOS, CONCENTRAÇÃO INIBITÓRIA MÍNIMA E BETA-LACTAMASES DE ESPECTRO ESTENDIDO EM LINHAGENS DE PROTEUS MIRABILIS E PROTEUS VULGARIS ISOLADAS DE DIFERENTES AFECÇÕES EM ANIMAIS DOMÉSTICOS

Nas últimas décadas é crescente o número de infecções por enterobactérias oportunistas multidroga resistentes em animais domésticos e humanos, em geral secundárias ao uso abusivo de antimicrobianos, incluindo pelo gênero Proteus. No entanto, as infecções por linhagens do gênero Proteus em animais domésticos são negligenciadas, relegadas ao segundo plano ou, por vezes, o micro-organismo é considerado ¿contaminante¿, ainda que em infecções como agente primário. Os registros de infecções por Proteus sp. em animais domésticos estão praticamente restritos aos relatos de casos, estudos retrospectivos ou compondo estudos com outros micro-organismos. São restritos no Brasil os estudos sistematizados envolvendo os principais aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos das afecções pelo gênero Proteus em grande número de animais domésticos, tampouco da presença de linhagens multirresistentes e/ou produtoras de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL). O presente estudo investigou o índice de resistência múltipla (IRMA) e a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 73 isolados de Proteus mirabilis (n=69) e Proteus vulgaris (n=4) a diferentes antimicrobianos, bem com a produção fenotípica de ESBL, em isolados obtidos de várias manifestações clínicas em animais domésticos. Em cães, o micro-organismo foi identificado predominantemente em casos de cistite (48,21%), enterite (21,42%), otite (14,29%), conjuntivite (3,57%), dermatite (1,79%), artrite (1,79%) e em secreção de ferida cirúrgica (1,79%). Nos bovinos, o agente foi isolado de casos enterite (22,22%), abscesso (11,11%), otite (11,11%), onfalite (11,11%), peritonite (11,11%), metrite (11,11%) e em fragmento de órgão (11,11%). Nos equinos, enterite (50,0%), artrite (22,22%) e abscesso (16,67%) foram as principais afecções clínicas, enquanto nos felinos o agente foi isolado exclusivamente de casos de enterite (100,0%). A maior sensibilidade dos isolados no teste de sensibilidade microbiana ¿in vitro¿ utilizando o método padrão de difusão com discos foi observada para imipeném (98,63%), norfloxacino (95,89%), amicacina (95,89%), levofloxacino (90,41%), ceftriaxona (87,64%) e florfenicol (87,67%). Em contraste, a maior resistência das linhagens foi observada para novobiocina (95,89%), azitromicina (57,53%) e sulfametoxazole-trimetropim (39,73%). Dentre as 73 linhagens, a eficácia da amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, gentamicina, ceftriaxona e ciprofloxacino utilizando o teste de CIM foi, respectivamente, 87,67%, 86,30%, 84,93% e 82,19%. A CIM50 para amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, ceftriaxona, ciprofloxaicno e gentamicina foi, respectivamente, 1,0 µg/mL, 0,004 µg/mL, 0,03 µg/mL e 1,0 µg/mL. O índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA ¿0,3) foi observado em 33 (45,21%) linhagens. O IRMA dos isolados variou entre 0,1 a 1. Dentre os isolados com perfis de multirresistência, a maior ocorrência foi observada em cães (n=25; 75,76%), particularmente em animais com cistite (n=13; 52,0%), seguido pelos bovinos (n=4; 12,12%), equinos (n=2; 6,06%) e felinos (n=2; 6,06%). A presença fenotípica de ESBL foi identificada em dois (2,7%) dos isolados obtidos de dermatite e fezes de cães. Infere-se o comportamento oportunista das espécies de Proteus nas infecções em animais domésticos em razão da diversidade de manifestações clínicas, a presença de isolados ESBL-positivos e a ocorrência de isolados multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos, reforçando a importância da instituição do tratamento do patógeno com respaldo em testes ¿in vitro¿ de sensibilidade microbiana e do uso racional de antimicrobianos no tratamento de infecções em animais domésticos.

In the last decades have been highlighted the increase number of infections in domestic animals and humans caused by opportunistic multidrug resistant enterobacteria, commonly associated to improper use of antimicrobials, including by Proteus species. However, Proteus infections in domestic animals have been misdiagnosed or the microorganism is considered a contaminant of microbiological cultures, besides to be a primary agent of diseases. Descriptions of Proteus infections in domestic animals usually are restricted to case reports, retrospective studies or part of studies involving other microorganisms. In Brazil, are restricted the comprehensive studies involving the main clinical and epidemiologic aspects of Proteus infections in a great number of domestic animals, as well as multiple drug resistant strains to conventional antimicrobials, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBL). The present study investigated multiple antibiotic resistance index, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and ESBL production in 73 strains of Proteus mirabilis (n=69) and Proteus vulgaris (n=4) isolated from different clinical manifestations in domestic animals. In dogs, the pathogen was identified most commonly causing cystitis (48.21), enteritis (21.42%), otitis (14.29%), conjuntivitis (3.57%), dermatitis (1.79%), arthritis (1.79%), and from surgical wound secretion (1.79%). In bovines, the microorganism occurred predominantly in enteritis (22.22%), abscesses (11.11%), otitis (11.11%), omphalitis (11.11%), peritonitis (11.11%), and in organ fragments (11.11%). Among equines, diarrhea (50.0%), arthritis (22.22%), and abscesses (16.67%) were the most common clinical manifestations, whereas in domestic cats the agent was identified exclusively in two cases of enteritis. In vitro standard disk diffusion method showed that the most effective antimicrobials against strains were imipenem (98.63), norfloxacin (95.89), amikacin (95.89), levofloxacin (90.41), ceftriaxone (87.64), and florfenicol (87.67). In contrast, the most common resistance of isolates was observed to novobiocin (95.89), azithromycin (57.53) and trimethropim/sulfamethoxazole (39.73). Among 73 isolates, efficacy of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin on basis in MIC was 87.67%, 86.30%, 84.93%, and 82.19%, respectively. MIC50 of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin was, respectively, 1.0 µg/mL, 0.004 µg/mL, 0.03 µg/mL, and 1.0 µg/mL. Thirty-three strains (45.21%) showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index (¿0.3). The MAR range of isolates was 0.1 to 1.0. Multidrug resistant profiles of isolates were observed most frequently in dogs (n=25; 75.76%), particularly in animals with cystitis (n=13; 52.0%), followed by bovines (n=4; 12.12%), equines (n=2; 6.06%), and cats (n=2; 6.06%). Phenotypic diagnosis identified two (2.7%) strains ESBL-producers obtained from canine skin and feces. Here, we observed a diversity of clinical manifestations in domestic animals caused by Proteus infections probably by typical opportunistic behavior of the microorganism. In addition, the presence of multidrug resistance isolates, and ESBL-producers highlights the need of adequate use of antimicrobials and in vitro antimicrobial tests to support therapy

Benefícios do abdomen aberto e contido no tratamento de peritonite em cães: relato de caso / Benefitials of open abdomen technique in canine peritonitis: case report

A peritonite em cães pode ser definida como uma inflamação do peritôneo, na maioria das vezes com prognóstico reservado, e que pode ser fatal. Ela se apresenta de diferentes formas, sendo a séptica a mais freqüente. Para um prognóstico favorável, o diagnóstico precoce e, principalmente, o tratamento eficaz são fundamentais. Neste relato, é apresentada a técnica de abdomen aberto e contido, a qual consiste em fechamento tardio da parede abdominal a fim de permitir a drenagem efetiva, prevenir a evisceração, evitar a hipertensão abdominal e consequentemente a síndrome compartimental(AU)

Peritonitis in dogs can be defined as the inflammation of peritoneum, in most of times has a bad prognosis and can be fatal. It presents by different ways, and the septic form is the most common. For a better outcome, a rapid diagnosis followed by a emergency treatment are essential. In this report, the open abdomen technique is presented as the mean technique to deliver good drainage with evisceration control and later closing of the cavity, avoiding abdominal hypertension and the compartment syndrome development(AU)