Description of Pudica wandiquei n. sp. (Heligmonellidae: Pudicinae), a nematode found infecting Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) in the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract A new species of nematode parasite of the subfamily Pudicinae (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae) is described from the small intestine of Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) from the locality of Nova Cintra in the municpality of Rodrigues Alves, Acre state, Brazil. The genus Pudica includes 15 species parasites of Neotropical rodents of the families Caviidae, Ctenomyidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae, Erethizontidae, and Myocastoridae. Four species of this nematode were found parasitizing three different species rodents of the genus Proechimys in the Amazon biome. Pudica wandiquei n. sp. can be differentiated from all other Pudica species by the distance between the ends of rays 6 and 8 and the 1-3-1 pattern of the caudal bursa in both lobes.

Resumo Uma nova espécie de nematódeo da subfamília Pudicinae (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae) é descrito parasitando o intestino delgado de Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) em Nova Cintra, município de Rodrigues Alves, Estado do Acre, Brasil. O gênero Pudica inclui 15 espécies parasitas de roedores Neotropicais das famílias: Caviidae, Ctenomyidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae, Erethizontidae e Myocastoridae. Destas, quatro espécies de nematódeos foram encontradas parasitando três diferentes espécies do roedor Proechimys no bioma Amazônia. Pudica wandiquei n. sp. é diferente das outras espécies de Pudica pela distância entre os raios 6 e 8 e pelo tipo da bolsa caudal, que é 1-3-1 em ambos os lados.

Description of Pudica wandiquei n. sp. (Heligmonellidae: Pudicinae), a nematode found infecting Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) in the Brazilian Amazon / Descrição de Pudica wandiquei n. sp. (Heligmonellidae: Pudicinae), nematódeo encontrado infectando Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) na Amazônia brasileira

Abstract A new species of nematode parasite of the subfamily Pudicinae (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae) is described from the small intestine of Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) from the locality of Nova Cintra in the municpality of Rodrigues Alves, Acre state, Brazil. The genus Pudica includes 15 species parasites of Neotropical rodents of the families Caviidae, Ctenomyidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae, Erethizontidae, and Myocastoridae. Four species of this nematode were found parasitizing three different species rodents of the genus Proechimys in the Amazon biome. Pudica wandiquei n. sp. can be differentiated from all other Pudica species by the distance between the ends of rays 6 and 8 and the 1-3-1 pattern of the caudal bursa in both lobes.

Resumo Uma nova espécie de nematódeo da subfamília Pudicinae (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae) é descrito parasitando o intestino delgado de Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) em Nova Cintra, município de Rodrigues Alves, Estado do Acre, Brasil. O gênero Pudica inclui 15 espécies parasitas de roedores Neotropicais das famílias: Caviidae, Ctenomyidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae, Erethizontidae e Myocastoridae. Destas, quatro espécies de nematódeos foram encontradas parasitando três diferentes espécies do roedor Proechimys no bioma Amazônia. Pudica wandiquei n. sp. é diferente das outras espécies de Pudica pela distância entre os raios 6 e 8 e pelo tipo da bolsa caudal, que é 1-3-1 em ambos os lados.

Description of Pudica wandiquei n sp (Heligmonellidae: Pudicinae), a nematode found infecting Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) in the Brazilian Amazon / Descrição de Pudica wandiquei n sp (Heligmonellidae: Pudicinae), nematódeo encontrado infectando Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) na Amazônia brasileira

A new species of nematode parasite of the subfamily Pudicinae (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae) is described from the small intestine of Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) from the locality of Nova Cintra in the municpality of Rodrigues Alves, Acre state, Brazil. The genus Pudica includes 15 species parasites of Neotropical rodents of the families Caviidae, Ctenomyidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae, Erethizontidae, and Myocastoridae. Four species of this nematode were found parasitizing three different species rodents of the genus Proechimys in the Amazon biome. Pudica wandiquei n. sp. can be differentiated from all other Pudica species by the distance between the ends of rays 6 and 8 and the 1-3-1 pattern of the caudal bursa in both lobes.

Uma nova espécie de nematódeo da subfamília Pudicinae (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae) é descrito parasitando o intestino delgado de Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) em Nova Cintra, município de Rodrigues Alves, Estado do Acre, Brasil. O gênero Pudica inclui 15 espécies parasitas de roedores Neotropicais das famílias: Caviidae, Ctenomyidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae, Erethizontidae e Myocastoridae. Destas, quatro espécies de nematódeos foram encontradas parasitando três diferentes espécies do roedor Proechimys no bioma Amazônia. Pudica wandiquei n. sp. é diferente das outras espécies de Pudica pela distância entre os raios 6 e 8 e pelo tipo da bolsa caudal, que é 1-3-1 em ambos os lados.

Description of Pudica wandiquei n sp (Heligmonellidae: Pudicinae), a nematode found infecting Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) in the Brazilian Amazon / Descrição de Pudica wandiquei n sp (Heligmonellidae: Pudicinae), nematódeo encontrado infectando Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) na Amazônia brasileira

A new species of nematode parasite of the subfamily Pudicinae (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae) is described from the small intestine of Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) from the locality of Nova Cintra in the municpality of Rodrigues Alves, Acre state, Brazil. The genus Pudica includes 15 species parasites of Neotropical rodents of the families Caviidae, Ctenomyidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae, Erethizontidae, and Myocastoridae. Four species of this nematode were found parasitizing three different species rodents of the genus Proechimys in the Amazon biome. Pudica wandiquei n. sp. can be differentiated from all other Pudica species by the distance between the ends of rays 6 and 8 and the 1-3-1 pattern of the caudal bursa in both lobes.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de nematódeo da subfamília Pudicinae (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae) é descrito parasitando o intestino delgado de Proechimys simonsi (Rodentia: Echimyidae) em Nova Cintra, município de Rodrigues Alves, Estado do Acre, Brasil. O gênero Pudica inclui 15 espécies parasitas de roedores Neotropicais das famílias: Caviidae, Ctenomyidae, Dasyproctidae, Echimyidae, Erethizontidae e Myocastoridae. Destas, quatro espécies de nematódeos foram encontradas parasitando três diferentes espécies do roedor Proechimys no bioma Amazônia. Pudica wandiquei n. sp. é diferente das outras espécies de Pudica pela distância entre os raios 6 e 8 e pelo tipo da bolsa caudal, que é 1-3-1 em ambos os lados.(AU)

Gross Osteology and digital radiography of the common Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 for scientific and clinical application / Osteologia bruta e radiografia digital da capivara comum (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 para aplicação científica e clínica

Being able to study anatomical structures of wildlife species for science and clinical practice is of great importance. We aimed to describe the normal gross osteology of the common adult capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), using macerated bone specimens and high-resolution digital radiography. The complete axial and appendicular skeleton was further compared with previously reported anatomical findings. For this purpose, we used three adult capybara cadavers (two females and one male), with a mean bodyweight of ±50 kg. Some H. hydrochaeris-specific morphological characteristics, especially in the skull region, show evidence of adaptation to aquatic life, such as an elongated head shape, with eyes, ears, and nose, located dorsally, to stay above water. Additionally, the entire bone structure demonstrates the size and weight support of the largest rodent and its adaptation with respect to foraging and locomotion behaviors. As a semi-aquatic herbivore, classified as cursorial (having limbs adapted for running), the authors believe it should be reclassified as cursorial-swimming/diving. Moreover, we argue to consider a differentiation between H. hydrochaeris silvestris to H. hydrochaeris synanthrope, due to substantial weight variation, in some cases > 100%. This inevitably has an impact on the development of bone structure, thus influencing habitual adapta

Ser capaz de estudar estruturas anatômicas dos animais da fauna para fins científicos e prática clínica é de grande importância. Objetivamos descrever a osteologia geral normal de capivaras adultas Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), usando amostras de ossos macerados e radiologia digital de alta resolução. O esqueleto axial e apendicular foi posteriormente comparado a achados anatômicos reportados anteriormente. Para esse fim, nós utilizamos de três cadáveres de capivaras adultas (duas fêmeas e um macho) com peso médio de cerca de 50 kg. cada. Algumas características morfológicas de cavidade específicas, especialmente na região do crânio, evidenciam a adaptação à vida aquática, como o formato alongado da cabeça, com olhos, orelhas e nariz localizados dorsalmente, para permanência sobre a água. O completo desenvolvimento morfológico ósseo é evidência de tamanho e suporte de peso do maior roedor, assim como de seus hábitos de alimentação e locomoção, sendo um herbívoro semiaquático, classificado como cursório (tendo membros adaptados à corrida), caso em que os autores acreditam deveria ser reclassificado como cursorial-natação/ mergulho. Além disso, argumentamos que deve ser considerada uma diferenciação entre H. hydrochaeris silvestris e H. hydrochaeris sinantropo, devido ao fato da variação substancial de peso, em alguns casos> 100%, inevitavelmente terá um impa

Small mammal diversity in Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest of the southernmost Brazilian Pampa: the importance of owl pellets for rapid inventories in human-changing ecosystems

Abstract The Pampa biogeographic province covers a mere 2% of the Brazilian territory (176,496 km²). However, it stands out as a complex and diverse ecosystem, although its mammal communities are still scarcely understood. Human activities are transforming the territory into a mosaic of agroecosystems, native and exotic forest fragments, and grasslands. Here we conducted the first investigation to determine the richness of small mammal assemblages in the region based on extensive analyses of owl pellets (Tyto furcata). Craniodental remains were studied from samples collected from 12 Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest sites in the municipality of São Lourenço do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. A total of 2,617 individuals belonging to 18 taxa were recorded, including 2 marsupials (Didelphidae; 0.42%), 2 chiropterans (Molossidae, Phyllostomidae; 0.12%), and 14 rodents (Cricetidae, Muridae, Caviidae; 99.46%). The rodent genera Oligoryzomys, Mus, Calomys, and Akodon were the most common taxa. Large samples also included poorly known taxa, such as the cricetids Bibimys, Juliomys (recording here its southernmost occurrence), Lundomys, and Wilfredomys. From a biogeographical point of view, the recorded assemblage embraces a mixture of Platan, Pampean, and Atlantic Forest elements, highlighting the role of the southernmost Brazilian hills as a wedge favoring the penetration of forest micromammals to higher latitudes. Our findings testify to the great diversity of the Pampa, but also point to a growing homogeneity and dominance of rodent species that are widespread in agroecosystems. Rapid inventories based on owl pellets emerge as a suitable, economic, non-invasive tool to document these community changes.

Gross Osteology and digital radiography of the common Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 for scientific and clinical application / Osteologia bruta e radiografia digital da capivara comum (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 para aplicação científica e clínica

Being able to study anatomical structures of wildlife species for science and clinical practice is of great importance. We aimed to describe the normal gross osteology of the common adult capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), using macerated bone specimens and high-resolution digital radiography. The complete axial and appendicular skeleton was further compared with previously reported anatomical findings. For this purpose, we used three adult capybara cadavers (two females and one male), with a mean bodyweight of ±50 kg. Some H. hydrochaeris-specific morphological characteristics, especially in the skull region, show evidence of adaptation to aquatic life, such as an elongated head shape, with eyes, ears, and nose, located dorsally, to stay above water. Additionally, the entire bone structure demonstrates the size and weight support of the largest rodent and its adaptation with respect to foraging and locomotion behaviors. As a semi-aquatic herbivore, classified as cursorial (having limbs adapted for running), the authors believe it should be reclassified as cursorial-swimming/diving. Moreover, we argue to consider a differentiation between H. hydrochaeris silvestris to H. hydrochaeris synanthrope, due to substantial weight variation, in some cases > 100%. This inevitably has an impact on the development of bone structure, thus influencing habitual adaptation, and consequently, its clinical implications and animal handling. Radiography exams helped in the identification of bone structures, which otherwise were not observed in anatomical specimens, such as ossa sesamoidea, including the ossiclelunulae. Likewise, the radiographs were particularly helpful in overall better comprehension of the intubation and catheterization procedures. We believe this work can contribute as a reference to anatomical studies for students and professionals acting in clinic, surgery, and research.(AU)

Ser capaz de estudar estruturas anatômicas dos animais da fauna para fins científicos e prática clínica é de grande importância. Objetivamos descrever a osteologia geral normal de capivaras adultas Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), usando amostras de ossos macerados e radiologia digital de alta resolução. O esqueleto axial e apendicular foi posteriormente comparado a achados anatômicos reportados anteriormente. Para esse fim, nós utilizamos de três cadáveres de capivaras adultas (duas fêmeas e um macho) com peso médio de cerca de 50 kg. cada. Algumas características morfológicas de cavidade específicas, especialmente na região do crânio, evidenciam a adaptação à vida aquática, como o formato alongado da cabeça, com olhos, orelhas e nariz localizados dorsalmente, para permanência sobre a água. O completo desenvolvimento morfológico ósseo é evidência de tamanho e suporte de peso do maior roedor, assim como de seus hábitos de alimentação e locomoção, sendo um herbívoro semiaquático, classificado como cursório (tendo membros adaptados à corrida), caso em que os autores acreditam deveria ser reclassificado como cursorial-natação/mergulho. Além disso, argumentamos que deve ser considerada uma diferenciação entre H. hydrochaeris silvestris e H. hydrochaeris sinantropo, devido ao fato da variação substancial de peso, em alguns casos> 100%, inevitavelmente terá um impacto no desenvolvimento da estrutura óssea, influenciando, assim, a adaptação habitual e, consequentemente, suas implicações clínicas e manejo animal. A radiografia auxiliou na correlação e identificação de estruturas ósseas que não observadas em espécimes anatômicos, como o osso sesamóide, incluindo o ossículo lunar. Ademais, as radiografias foram particularmente úteis para uma melhor compreensão geral de procedimentos de intubação e cateterização. Acreditamos que este trabalho possa contribuir como referência de estudos anatômicos para estudantes e profissionais atuantes em clínica, cirurgia e pesquisa.(AU)

Gross Osteology and digital radiography of the common Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 for scientific and clinical application / Osteologia bruta e radiografia digital da capivara comum (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Carl Linnaeus, 1766 para aplicação científica e clínica

Being able to study anatomical structures of wildlife species for science and clinical practice is of great importance. We aimed to describe the normal gross osteology of the common adult capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), using macerated bone specimens and high-resolution digital radiography. The complete axial and appendicular skeleton was further compared with previously reported anatomical findings. For this purpose, we used three adult capybara cadavers (two females and one male), with a mean bodyweight of ±50 kg. Some H. hydrochaeris-specific morphological characteristics, especially in the skull region, show evidence of adaptation to aquatic life, such as an elongated head shape, with eyes, ears, and nose, located dorsally, to stay above water. Additionally, the entire bone structure demonstrates the size and weight support of the largest rodent and its adaptation with respect to foraging and locomotion behaviors. As a semi-aquatic herbivore, classified as cursorial (having limbs adapted for running), the authors believe it should be reclassified as cursorial-swimming/diving. Moreover, we argue to consider a differentiation between H. hydrochaeris silvestris to H. hydrochaeris synanthrope, due to substantial weight variation, in some cases > 100%. This inevitably has an impact on the development of bone structure, thus influencing habitual adaptation, and consequently, its clinical implications and animal handling. Radiography exams helped in the identification of bone structures, which otherwise were not observed in anatomical specimens, such as ossa sesamoidea, including the ossiclelunulae. Likewise, the radiographs were particularly helpful in overall better comprehension of the intubation and catheterization procedures. We believe this work can contribute as a reference to anatomical studies for students and professionals acting in clinic, surgery, and research.(AU)

Ser capaz de estudar estruturas anatômicas dos animais da fauna para fins científicos e prática clínica é de grande importância. Objetivamos descrever a osteologia geral normal de capivaras adultas Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766), usando amostras de ossos macerados e radiologia digital de alta resolução. O esqueleto axial e apendicular foi posteriormente comparado a achados anatômicos reportados anteriormente. Para esse fim, nós utilizamos de três cadáveres de capivaras adultas (duas fêmeas e um macho) com peso médio de cerca de 50 kg. cada. Algumas características morfológicas de cavidade específicas, especialmente na região do crânio, evidenciam a adaptação à vida aquática, como o formato alongado da cabeça, com olhos, orelhas e nariz localizados dorsalmente, para permanência sobre a água. O completo desenvolvimento morfológico ósseo é evidência de tamanho e suporte de peso do maior roedor, assim como de seus hábitos de alimentação e locomoção, sendo um herbívoro semiaquático, classificado como cursório (tendo membros adaptados à corrida), caso em que os autores acreditam deveria ser reclassificado como cursorial-natação/mergulho. Além disso, argumentamos que deve ser considerada uma diferenciação entre H. hydrochaeris silvestris e H. hydrochaeris sinantropo, devido ao fato da variação substancial de peso, em alguns casos> 100%, inevitavelmente terá um impacto no desenvolvimento da estrutura óssea, influenciando, assim, a adaptação habitual e, consequentemente, suas implicações clínicas e manejo animal. A radiografia auxiliou na correlação e identificação de estruturas ósseas que não observadas em espécimes anatômicos, como o osso sesamóide, incluindo o ossículo lunar. Ademais, as radiografias foram particularmente úteis para uma melhor compreensão geral de procedimentos de intubação e cateterização. Acreditamos que este trabalho possa contribuir como referência de estudos anatômicos para estudantes e profissionais atuantes em clínica, cirurgia e pesquisa.(AU)

Small mammal diversity in Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest of the southernmost Brazilian Pampa: the importance of owl pellets for rapid inventories in human-changing ecosystems

The Pampa biogeographic province covers a mere 2% of the Brazilian territory (176,496 km²). However, it stands out as a complex and diverse ecosystem, although its mammal communities are still scarcely understood. Human activities are transforming the territory into a mosaic of agroecosystems, native and exotic forest fragments, and grasslands. Here we conducted the first investigation to determine the richness of small mammal assemblages in the region based on extensive analyses of owl pellets (Tyto furcata). Craniodental remains were studied from samples collected from 12 Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest sites in the municipality of São Lourenço do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. A total of 2,617 individuals belonging to 18 taxa were recorded, including 2 marsupials (Didelphidae; 0.42%), 2 chiropterans (Molossidae, Phyllostomidae; 0.12%), and 14 rodents (Cricetidae, Muridae, Caviidae; 99.46%). The rodent genera Oligoryzomys, Mus, Calomys, and Akodon were the most common taxa. Large samples also included poorly known taxa, such as the cricetids Bibimys, Juliomys (recording here its southernmost occurrence), Lundomys, and Wilfredomys. From a biogeographical point of view, the recorded assemblage embraces a mixture of Platan, Pampean, and Atlantic Forest elements, highlighting the role of the southernmost Brazilian hills as a wedge favoring the penetration of forest micromammals to higher latitudes. Our findings testify to the great diversity of the Pampa, but also point to a growing homogeneity and dominance of rodent species that are widespread in agroecosystems. Rapid inventories based on owl pellets emerge as a suitable, economic, non-invasive tool to document these community changes.

Small mammal diversity in Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest of the southernmost Brazilian Pampa: the importance of owl pellets for rapid inventories in human-changing ecosystems

The Pampa biogeographic province covers a mere 2% of the Brazilian territory (176,496 km²). However, it stands out as a complex and diverse ecosystem, although its mammal communities are still scarcely understood. Human activities are transforming the territory into a mosaic of agroecosystems, native and exotic forest fragments, and grasslands. Here we conducted the first investigation to determine the richness of small mammal assemblages in the region based on extensive analyses of owl pellets (Tyto furcata). Craniodental remains were studied from samples collected from 12 Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest sites in the municipality of São Lourenço do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. A total of 2,617 individuals belonging to 18 taxa were recorded, including 2 marsupials (Didelphidae; 0.42%), 2 chiropterans (Molossidae, Phyllostomidae; 0.12%), and 14 rodents (Cricetidae, Muridae, Caviidae; 99.46%). The rodent genera Oligoryzomys, Mus, Calomys, and Akodon were the most common taxa. Large samples also included poorly known taxa, such as the cricetids Bibimys, Juliomys (recording here its southernmost occurrence), Lundomys, and Wilfredomys. From a biogeographical point of view, the recorded assemblage embraces a mixture of Platan, Pampean, and Atlantic Forest elements, highlighting the role of the southernmost Brazilian hills as a wedge favoring the penetration of forest micromammals to higher latitudes. Our findings testify to the great diversity of the Pampa, but also point to a growing homogeneity and dominance of rodent species that are widespread in agroecosystems. Rapid inventories based on owl pellets emerge as a suitable, economic, non-invasive tool to document these community changes.(AU)

Imunolocalização de receptores de leptina no ovário de preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Immunolocalization of leptin receptor of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) ovary

A leptina, uma citocina produzida pelas células adiposas, é alvo da comunidade científica por acreditarem que ela apresente impacto sobre a reprodução dos animais promovendo a puberdade, foliculogênese e oogênese, ciclo estral e auxiliando na fecundação. A compreensão dos mecanismos que controlam a atividade reprodutiva de preás (Galea spixii) possui papel relevante para a preservação da espécie. Desta forma, o presente trabalho propôs analisar a imunolocalização dos receptores de leptina (Ob-R) no ovário de preás. Coletaram-se os ovários de 20 fêmeas adultas, não prenhes e saudáveis. As amostras foram fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4% em tampão fosfato, incluídas em parafina e seccionadas para a realização de imunohistoquímica (IHC). As secções foram fotomicrografadas e avaliadas quanto à intensidade da reação. Observou-se forte imunorreação no oócito e nas células da teca, moderada nas células do estroma ovariano e nas células luteínicas grandes e fracamente coradas nas células da granulosa, endoteliais, perivasculares e células luteínicas pequenas. Quando comparado a expressão de receptores ao longo do desenvolvimento folicular foi observado que o oócito e as células da teca se mantiveram com expressão na mesma intensidade. Entretanto, as células da granulosa apresentaram forte marcação nos estádios pré-antrais enquanto que nos folículos antrais apresentou fraca intensidade. Concluímos que em ovários de Galea spixii existe a presença de Ob-R nas principais estruturas do ovário sugerindo que este hormônio desempenhe papel fundamental na reprodução desta espécie.(AU)

Leptin, a cytokine produced by adipose cells, is the target of the scientific community for believing that it has an impact on the reproduction of the animals promoting puberty, folliculogenesis and oogenesis, estrous cycle and aiding in fertilization. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling the reproductive activity of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii) plays a relevant role in the preservation of the species. Thus, the present study proposed to analyze the immunolocalization of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the ovary of cavies. Ovaries from 20 adult, non-pregnant, healthy females were collected. The samples were fixed in 4% phosphate buffered paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned for immunohistochemistry. The sections were photomicrographs and intensity of the reaction was measured. Strong immunoreaction was observed in oocyte and theca cells, moderate in ovarian stromal cells and large luteal cells and weak stained in granulosa, endothelial, perivascular and small luteal cells. When compared to receptor expression along follicular development it was observed that the oocyte and the theca cells remained with expression at the same intensity. However, the granulosa cells presented strong stained in the preantral stages, whereas in the antral follicles it presented low intensity. We conclude that in the ovaries of Galea spixii there is the presence of Ob-R in the main structures of the ovary sugesting that this hormone plays a fundamental role in the reproduction of this species.(AU)

Stereology of spix's yellow-toothed cavy brain (Galea spixii, WAGLER, 1831)

Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy is a histrichomorphic rodent of the Caviidae family found in South American countries such as Brazil and Bolivia. It is a widely-used species as an experimental model in research in reproductive biology due to morphological and reproductive characteristics, such as the similarity in the placental development of Galea spixii and human species. However, there are no studies on the behavior of this species or on its brain morphology. Considering the lack of information in the literature about the brain and internal structures of Galea spixii, this study aimed to stereologic evaluate the brain as well as the volumetric proportions of the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Therefore, ten healthy animals were used from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido. The brains were measured in terms of external length, height and width, followed by fixation in paraformaldehyde solution 4% and coronary cuts with a thickness of 4mm and the rostral face of each cut was photographed, with the images being analyzed to determine the volumetric proportions of the required areas. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of volume, length, width and height when the right and left hemispheres were compared, and there was also no statistically significant difference between the volume of the corpus callosum and hippocampus in both hemispheres. The brain of Galea spixii is larger when compared to the rodent Rattus norvegicus. Volumetric differences may be responsible for distinct behavioral aspects between these species.

Imunolocalização de receptores de leptina no ovário de preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Immunolocalization of leptin receptor of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) ovary

A leptina, uma citocina produzida pelas células adiposas, é alvo da comunidade científica por acreditarem que ela apresente impacto sobre a reprodução dos animais promovendo a puberdade, foliculogênese e oogênese, ciclo estral e auxiliando na fecundação. A compreensão dos mecanismos que controlam a atividade reprodutiva de preás (Galea spixii) possui papel relevante para a preservação da espécie. Desta forma, o presente trabalho propôs analisar a imunolocalização dos receptores de leptina (Ob-R) no ovário de preás. Coletaram-se os ovários de 20 fêmeas adultas, não prenhes e saudáveis. As amostras foram fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4% em tampão fosfato, incluídas em parafina e seccionadas para a realização de imunohistoquímica (IHC). As secções foram fotomicrografadas e avaliadas quanto à intensidade da reação. Observou-se forte imunorreação no oócito e nas células da teca, moderada nas células do estroma ovariano e nas células luteínicas grandes e fracamente coradas nas células da granulosa, endoteliais, perivasculares e células luteínicas pequenas. Quando comparado a expressão de receptores ao longo do desenvolvimento folicular foi observado que o oócito e as células da teca se mantiveram com expressão na mesma intensidade. Entretanto, as células da granulosa apresentaram forte marcação nos estádios pré-antrais enquanto que nos folículos antrais apresentou fraca intensidade. Concluímos que em ovários de Galea spixii existe a presença de Ob-R nas principais estruturas do ovário sugerindo que este hormônio desempenhe papel fundamental na reprodução desta espécie.

Leptin, a cytokine produced by adipose cells, is the target of the scientific community for believing that it has an impact on the reproduction of the animals promoting puberty, folliculogenesis and oogenesis, estrous cycle and aiding in fertilization. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling the reproductive activity of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii) plays a relevant role in the preservation of the species. Thus, the present study proposed to analyze the immunolocalization of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the ovary of cavies. Ovaries from 20 adult, non-pregnant, healthy females were collected. The samples were fixed in 4% phosphate buffered paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned for immunohistochemistry. The sections were photomicrographs and intensity of the reaction was measured. Strong immunoreaction was observed in oocyte and theca cells, moderate in ovarian stromal cells and large luteal cells and weak stained in granulosa, endothelial, perivascular and small luteal cells. When compared to receptor expression along follicular development it was observed that the oocyte and the theca cells remained with expression at the same intensity. However, the granulosa cells presented strong stained in the preantral stages, whereas in the antral follicles it presented low intensity. We conclude that in the ovaries of Galea spixii there is the presence of Ob-R in the main structures of the ovary sugesting that this hormone plays a fundamental role in the reproduction of this species.

Stereology of spix's yellow-toothed cavy brain (Galea spixii, WAGLER, 1831)

Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy is a histrichomorphic rodent of the Caviidae family found in South American countries such as Brazil and Bolivia. It is a widely-used species as an experimental model in research in reproductive biology due to morphological and reproductive characteristics, such as the similarity in the placental development of Galea spixii and human species. However, there are no studies on the behavior of this species or on its brain morphology. Considering the lack of information in the literature about the brain and internal structures of Galea spixii, this study aimed to stereologic evaluate the brain as well as the volumetric proportions of the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Therefore, ten healthy animals were used from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido. The brains were measured in terms of external length, height and width, followed by fixation in paraformaldehyde solution 4% and coronary cuts with a thickness of 4mm and the rostral face of each cut was photographed, with the images being analyzed to determine the volumetric proportions of the required areas. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of volume, length, width and height when the right and left hemispheres were compared, and there was also no statistically significant difference between the volume of the corpus callosum and hippocampus in both hemispheres. The brain of Galea spixii is larger when compared to the rodent Rattus norvegicus. Volumetric differences may be responsible for distinct behavioral aspects between these species.(AU)

Checklist of mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Abstract We updated the checklist of mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil based on primary records only. One hundred and sixty-six mammal species were listed as occurring in the state, 47 of them being medium to large, 47 small mammal and 73 bat species. The listed species are distributed in 31 families: Didelphidae (17 spp.), Dasypodidae (7 spp.), Myrmecophagidae (2 spp.), Cebidae (1 sp.), Callithrichidae (2 spp.), Aotidae (1 sp.), Pitheciidae (1 sp.), Atelidae (1 sp.), Leporidae (1 sp.), Felidae (7 spp.), Canidae (4 spp.), Mustelidae (5 spp.), Mephitidae (2 spp.), Procyonidae (2 spp.), Tapiridae (1 sp.), Tayassuidae (2 spp.), Cervidae (4 spp.), Sciuridae (1 sp.), Cricetidae (22 spp.), Erethizontidae (1 sp.), Caviidae (3 spp.), Dasyproctidae (1 sp.), Cuniculidae (1 sp.), Echimyidae (4 spp.), Phyllostomidae (41 spp.), Emballonuridae (2 spp.), Molossidae (16 spp.), Vespertilionidae (9 spp.), Mormoopidae (1 sp.), Noctilionidae (2 spp.), and Natalidade (1 sp.). These numbers represent an increase of fourteen species with primary records for the state in comparison with the previously published checklist. However, it is evident the scarcity of information at several regions of the state, and the need of implementation of regional zoological collections. The state of Mato Grosso do Sul represent only 4.19% of the Brazilian territory, but the number of mammal species reach 24.13% of the known species occurring in the country.

Resumo Atualizamos a lista de mamíferos do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil com base em registros primários. Cento e sessenta e seis espécies são listadas como ocorrentes no estado, sendo 47 de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, 46 de pequenos mamíferos e 73 de morcegos. As espécies listadas estão distribuídas em 31 famílias: Didelphidae (17 spp.), Dasypodidae (7 spp.), Myrmecophagidae (2 spp.), Cebidae (1 sp.), Callithrichidae (2 spp.), Aotidae (1 sp.), Pitheciidae (1 sp.), Atelidae (1 sp.), Leporidae (1 sp.), Felidae (7 spp.), Canidae (4 spp.), Mustelidae (5 spp.), Mephitidae (2 sp.), Procyonidae (2 spp.), Tapiridae (1 sp.), Tayassuidae (2 spp.), Cervidae (4 spp.), Sciuridae (1 sp.), Cricetidae (22 spp.), Erethizontidae (1 sp.), Caviidae (3 spp.), Dasyproctidae (1 sp.), Cuniculidae (1 sp.), Echimyidae (4 spp.), Phyllostomidae (41 spp.), Emballonuridae (2 spp.), Molossidae (16 spp.), Vespertilionidae (9 spp.), Mormoopidae (1 sp.), Noctilionidae (2 spp) e Natalidade (1 sp.). Estes números representam um aumento de quatorze espécies com registro primário para o estado em comparação com a listagem publicada anteriormente. Ainda assim, é evidente a escassez de informações em diversas regiões do estado, e a necessidade de implementação de coleções zoológicas regionais. O estado de Mato Grosso do Sul representa apenas 4,19% do território brasileiro, mas o número de mamíferos atinge 24,13% do total de espécies que ocorrem no país.

Checklist of mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Lista de mamíferos do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

We updated the checklist of mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil based on primary records only. One hundred and sixty-six mammal species were listed as occurring in the state, 47 of them being medium to large, 47 small mammal and 73 bat species. The listed species are distributed in 31 families: Didelphidae (17 spp.), Dasypodidae (7 spp.), Myrmecophagidae (2 spp.), Cebidae (1 sp.), Callithrichidae (2 spp.), Aotidae (1 sp.), Pitheciidae (1 sp.), Atelidae (1 sp.), Leporidae (1 sp.), Felidae (7 spp.), Canidae (4 spp.), Mustelidae (5 spp.), Mephitidae (2 spp.), Procyonidae (2 spp.), Tapiridae (1 sp.), Tayassuidae (2 spp.), Cervidae (4 spp.), Sciuridae (1 sp.), Cricetidae (22 spp.), Erethizontidae (1 sp.), Caviidae (3 spp.), Dasyproctidae (1 sp.), Cuniculidae (1 sp.), Echimyidae (4 spp.), Phyllostomidae (41 spp.), Emballonuridae (2 spp.), Molossidae (16 spp.), Vespertilionidae (9 spp.), Mormoopidae (1 sp.), Noctilionidae (2 spp.), and Natalidade (1 sp.). These numbers represent an increase of fourteen species with primary records for the state in comparison with the previously published checklist. However, it is evident the scarcity of information at several regions of the state, and the need of implementation of regional zoological collections. The state of Mato Grosso do Sul represent only 4.19% of the Brazilian territory, but the number of mammal species reach 24.13% of the known species occurring in the country.(AU)

Atualizamos a lista de mamíferos do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil com base em registros primários. Cento e sessenta e seis espécies são listadas como ocorrentes no estado, sendo 47 de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, 46 de pequenos mamíferos e 73 de morcegos. As espécies listadas estão distribuídas em 31 famílias: Didelphidae (17 spp.), Dasypodidae (7 spp.), Myrmecophagidae (2 spp.), Cebidae (1 sp.), Callithrichidae (2 spp.), Aotidae (1 sp.), Pitheciidae (1 sp.), Atelidae (1 sp.), Leporidae (1 sp.), Felidae (7 spp.), Canidae (4 spp.), Mustelidae (5 spp.), Mephitidae (2 sp.), Procyonidae (2 spp.), Tapiridae (1 sp.), Tayassuidae (2 spp.), Cervidae (4 spp.), Sciuridae (1 sp.), Cricetidae (22 spp.), Erethizontidae (1 sp.), Caviidae (3 spp.), Dasyproctidae (1 sp.), Cuniculidae (1 sp.), Echimyidae (4 spp.), Phyllostomidae (41 spp.), Emballonuridae (2 spp.), Molossidae (16 spp.), Vespertilionidae (9 spp.), Mormoopidae (1 sp.), Noctilionidae (2 spp) e Natalidade (1 sp.). Estes números representam um aumento de quatorze espécies com registro primário para o estado em comparação com a listagem publicada anteriormente. Ainda assim, é evidente a escassez de informações em diversas regiões do estado, e a necessidade de implementação de coleções zoológicas regionais. O estado de Mato Grosso do Sul representa apenas 4,19% do território brasileiro, mas o número de mamíferos atinge 24,13% do total de espécies que ocorrem no país.(AU)

Checklist of mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Lista de mamíferos do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

We updated the checklist of mammals from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil based on primary records only. One hundred and sixty-six mammal species were listed as occurring in the state, 47 of them being medium to large, 47 small mammal and 73 bat species. The listed species are distributed in 31 families: Didelphidae (17 spp.), Dasypodidae (7 spp.), Myrmecophagidae (2 spp.), Cebidae (1 sp.), Callithrichidae (2 spp.), Aotidae (1 sp.), Pitheciidae (1 sp.), Atelidae (1 sp.), Leporidae (1 sp.), Felidae (7 spp.), Canidae (4 spp.), Mustelidae (5 spp.), Mephitidae (2 spp.), Procyonidae (2 spp.), Tapiridae (1 sp.), Tayassuidae (2 spp.), Cervidae (4 spp.), Sciuridae (1 sp.), Cricetidae (22 spp.), Erethizontidae (1 sp.), Caviidae (3 spp.), Dasyproctidae (1 sp.), Cuniculidae (1 sp.), Echimyidae (4 spp.), Phyllostomidae (41 spp.), Emballonuridae (2 spp.), Molossidae (16 spp.), Vespertilionidae (9 spp.), Mormoopidae (1 sp.), Noctilionidae (2 spp.), and Natalidade (1 sp.). These numbers represent an increase of fourteen species with primary records for the state in comparison with the previously published checklist. However, it is evident the scarcity of information at several regions of the state, and the need of implementation of regional zoological collections. The state of Mato Grosso do Sul represent only 4.19% of the Brazilian territory, but the number of mammal species reach 24.13% of the known species occurring in the country.

Atualizamos a lista de mamíferos do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil com base em registros primários. Cento e sessenta e seis espécies são listadas como ocorrentes no estado, sendo 47 de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, 46 de pequenos mamíferos e 73 de morcegos. As espécies listadas estão distribuídas em 31 famílias: Didelphidae (17 spp.), Dasypodidae (7 spp.), Myrmecophagidae (2 spp.), Cebidae (1 sp.), Callithrichidae (2 spp.), Aotidae (1 sp.), Pitheciidae (1 sp.), Atelidae (1 sp.), Leporidae (1 sp.), Felidae (7 spp.), Canidae (4 spp.), Mustelidae (5 spp.), Mephitidae (2 sp.), Procyonidae (2 spp.), Tapiridae (1 sp.), Tayassuidae (2 spp.), Cervidae (4 spp.), Sciuridae (1 sp.), Cricetidae (22 spp.), Erethizontidae (1 sp.), Caviidae (3 spp.), Dasyproctidae (1 sp.), Cuniculidae (1 sp.), Echimyidae (4 spp.), Phyllostomidae (41 spp.), Emballonuridae (2 spp.), Molossidae (16 spp.), Vespertilionidae (9 spp.), Mormoopidae (1 sp.), Noctilionidae (2 spp) e Natalidade (1 sp.). Estes números representam um aumento de quatorze espécies com registro primário para o estado em comparação com a listagem publicada anteriormente. Ainda assim, é evidente a escassez de informações em diversas regiões do estado, e a necessidade de implementação de coleções zoológicas regionais. O estado de Mato Grosso do Sul representa apenas 4,19% do território brasileiro, mas o número de mamíferos atinge 24,13% do total de espécies que ocorrem no país.

Mandibular allometry in Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) (Hydrocherinae, Caviidae)

The mammalian masticatory apparatus is a highly plastic region of the skull and thus subjected to singular ontogenetic trajectories. Here we present the first descriptive allometric pattern study of mandible among the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), based on the study of 37 specimens. Allometric changes in shape were analyzed using geometric morphometrics techniques and the pattern of allometry was visualized. A multivariate regression of the shape component on size, estimated by the logarithm of centroid size, appeared as highly significant. Therefore, a major component of shape variation in these mandibles is related to the attainment of adult size (i.e., growth).

El aparato masticatorio de los mamíferos es una región altamente plástica del cráneo y, por ello, sujeta a trayectorias ontogénicas singulares. En este estudio presentamos el primer estudio descriptivo del patrón alométrico de la mandíbula en el capibara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), basado en el estudio de 37 especímenes. Los cambios alométricos en la forma pura fueron analizados mediante técnicas de morfometría geométrica, permitiendo la visualización del patrón de alometría. Una regresión multivariada de la forma pura sobre el tamaño, estimado por el logaritmo del tamaño del centroide, apareció como altamente significativo. De ello, deducimos que la variación de la forma pura en la mandíbula está relacionada con la llegada al tamaño adulto, es decir, con el crecimiento.

Mandibular allometry in Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) (Hydrocherinae, Caviidae)

The mammalian masticatory apparatus is a highly plastic region of the skull and thus subjected to singular ontogenetic trajectories. Here we present the first descriptive allometric pattern study of mandible among the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), based on the study of 37 specimens. Allometric changes in shape were analyzed using geometric morphometrics techniques and the pattern of allometry was visualized. A multivariate regression of the shape component on size, estimated by the logarithm of centroid size, appeared as highly significant. Therefore, a major component of shape variation in these mandibles is related to the attainment of adult size (i.e., growth).(AU)

El aparato masticatorio de los mamíferos es una región altamente plástica del cráneo y, por ello, sujeta a trayectorias ontogénicas singulares. En este estudio presentamos el primer estudio descriptivo del patrón alométrico de la mandíbula en el capibara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), basado en el estudio de 37 especímenes. Los cambios alométricos en la forma pura fueron analizados mediante técnicas de morfometría geométrica, permitiendo la visualización del patrón de alometría. Una regresión multivariada de la forma pura sobre el tamaño, estimado por el logaritmo del tamaño del centroide, apareció como altamente significativo. De ello, deducimos que la variación de la forma pura en la mandíbula está relacionada con la llegada al tamaño adulto, es decir, con el crecimiento.(AU)

The lumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae) / Plexo lombossacral da cutia (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae)

The red-rumped agouti, a small, wild rodent belonging to the Dasyproctidae family, has greatzootechnical potential and adapts well to captivity. In order to contribute to the knowledge regarding the neuroanatomy of the species, the aim of this study was to describe the origin of the nerves forming the lumbosacral plexus by evaluating 12 animals (six males and six females) that had been used in previous experiments. Animals were fixed in a 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution and eviscerated after 72 hours. Major and minor psoas muscles were then retracted to expose the nerves forming the plexus, and the plexus was bleached via cotton soaked in 20-volume hydrogen peroxide for 12 hours for subsequent dissection. Topographical relations of the lumbosacral plexus were grouped into tables and arranged in terms of simple percentages. In seven cases (58.34%), the lumbosacral plexus in the red-rumped agouti stemmed from the ventral roots of the last four lumbar nerves and the first three sacral nerves (Type I: L4-S3). In four animals (33.33%), the lumbosacral plexus stemmed from L5-S3 (Type II), and in one case (8.33%) it stemmed from L5-S4 (Type III). Together, our observations demonstrated that thelumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti comprised the lateral femoral cutaneous, genitofemoral, femoral, obturator, sciatic, cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal, and pudendal nerves. Finally, the origin of the lumbosacral plexus and its constituent spinal nerves was similar to what has been described in other rodents, including the rock cavy, lowland paca, and Spix’s yellow-toothed cavy.

A cutia é um roedor silvestre, de pequeno porte pertencente à família Dasyproctidae, com grandepotencial zootécnico e que se adapta bem ao cativeiro. De forma a contribuir acerca da biologia daespécie, objetivou-se descrever a origem dos nervos que formam o plexo lombossacral. Foram utilizados 12 animais (6 machos e 6 fêmeas), provenientes de experimentos anteriores. Os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e após 72 horas, eviscerados. Em seguida os músculos psoas maior e menor foram rebatidos, expondo-se os nervos que formavam o plexo. Sobre estes nervos foi colocado algodão embebido com peróxido de hidrogênio a 20 volumes, permanecendo por 12 horas seguidas para clareamento e consequente dissecação. As relações topográficas do plexo lombossacral agrupadas em tabelas em forma de porcentagem simples. O plexo lombossacral da cutia originou-se em sete casos (58,34%) a partir das raízes ventrais dos quatro últimos nervos lombares e três primeiros nervos sacrais (Tipo I - L4-S3), em quatro animais (33,33%) a partir de L5-S3 (Tipo II) e um caso (8,33%) a partir de L5-S4 (Tipo III). Os nervos que participaram do plexo lombossacral da cutia foram: cutâneo femoral lateral, genitofemoral, femoral, obturatório, isquiático, glúteo cranial, glúteo caudal e nervo pudendo. A origem do plexo lombossacral e os nervos espinhais constituintes deste plexo em cutias foram semelhantes ao descrito em alguns roedores como mocó, paca e preá.