Interference of natural extract from Jatobá (Hymenaea martiana Hayne) with the physico-chemical characteristics and yield of goat milk and cheese / [Interferência do extrato natural de jatobá (Hymenaea martiana Hayne) sobre as características físico-químicas e o rendimento do leite e queijo coalho de cabra]

Several studies have assessed the therapeutic potential of natural products against mastitis, but only a few have evaluated the impacts of this alternative therapy on the main properties of milk and dairy products. In this study, we observed how the treatment of mastitis with ethanolic extract of Jatobá (Hymenaea martiana Hayne) influenced the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese. An ointment containing the ethanolic extract was prepared for intramammary use in six dairy goats. The experiment was conducted in three experimental moments. Milking was performed, manually, and both milk and cheese were subjected to physicochemical and sensory tests. No difference was observed (p>0.05) in the physicochemical aspects of milk between the studied groups. The solids-non-fat showed a statistical difference between experimental moments M1 and M2. The protein means varied from 3.33 to 3.62, and there was a statistical difference between the two moments, while the lactose means varied from 4.79 to 5.38%. The physicochemical aspects of cheese remained similar with both treatments. Except for appearance, the sensory characteristics showed no statistical difference. In conclusion, the use of Jatobá extract ointment did not influence the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of goat milk or cheese.

A mastite representa uma das principais enfermidades nos rebanhos de caprinos leiteiros, com implicações na produção de leite e na qualidade final dos derivados. Objetivou-se observar a influência do tratamento da mastite com o extrato etanólico da Hymenaea martiana Hayne sobre as características físico-químicas e sensoriais do queijo tipo coalho. Uma pomada contendo extrato foi elaborada para uso intramamário em seis fêmeas caprinas especializadas na produção de leite. As metades esquerdas dos tetos das cabras receberam essa infusão, enquanto a metade direita era controle. O experimento foi conduzido em três momentos experimentais. Realizou-se ordenha manual e análise físico-química do leite. Para o queijo, foram realizados testes físico-químicos e teste sensorial. Quantos aos aspectos físico-químicos do leite, é possível afirmar que não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os grupos. Houve diferença estatística para sólidos não gordurosos nos momentos experimentais M1 e M2. As médias de proteína variaram entre 3,33 e 3,62, e houve diferença estatística em dois momentos. As médias de lactose variaram entre 4,79% e 5,38%. Os aspectos físico-químicos do queijo mantiveram resultados similares entre os dois tratamentos. Os parâmetros sensoriais para o queijo coalho de cabra não tiveram diferença estatística entre os tratamentos, contudo a aparência se destacou em relação aos demais parâmetros sensoriais. O uso da pomada elaborada com extrato de jatobá não interferiu sobre as características físico-químicas do leite de cabra e sobre as características físico-químicas e sensoriais do queijo tipo coalho de cabra.

Chemical composition, hygiene characteristics, and coagulation aptitude of milk for Parmigiano Reggiano cheese from herds yielding different milk levels

The objective with this research was to compare milk quality parameters among herds characterized by different levels of milk production. The research involved 1080 bulk milk samples collected from 30 dairy herds, which produce milk for Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, during three years. Each milk sample was analysed for fat, crude protein, titratable acidity, total bacterial count, somatic cells, coliform bacteria, and Clostridia spores. Least mean values were obtained by ANOVA using milk production intervals from 6000 to 7999 (L-group), from 8000 to 9999 (M-group), and from 10000 to 12000 kg/cow/lactation (H-group) as fixed milk production classes. Increased milk production was associated with a reduction in milk fat content (from 3.54 in the L-group milk to 3.29 g/100 g in the H-group milk). An improvement in the hygienic-sanitary quality of milk was observed with increasing milk production. In fact, a progressive decrease in the total bacterial count (from 95 in the L-group milk to 45 103 cfu/mL in the H-group milk), number of coliforms (from 2294 in the L-group milk to 1342 cfu/mL in the H-group milk), and somatic cell number (from 382 in the L-group milk to 209 103 cells/mL in the H-group milk) was observed with the increase in milk production level. Finally, it appears that higher milk yield is connected with significant positive effects on the lactodynamometric properties of milk.(AU)

Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and soybean (Glycine max) oils in Egyptian lactating buffalo and cow diets on the milk and soft cheese quality

Produce and compare soft cheese with potential benefits of human health from Egyptian buffalo's and cow's milk was studied. Eight Egyptian lactating buffalos and cows were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (CD), 2% flaxseed oil (DFO), 2% soybean oil (DSO), or 2% of their mixture (1:1, DFSO) according to a double 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Milk yield was similar between buffalo's diets but was higher in cows fed a DFO, DSO or DFSO resulting in 11.15, 8.21% or 8.97% increases compared with the control diet, respectively. Milk composition was not significantly affected in both buffalos and cows fed diets. The DFO, DSO or DFSO displayed decreased short-chain fatty acids, especially DSO and DFSO (3.73 and 3.33%, respectively) when compared to CD for buffalo milk (6.32%). The DSO and DFSO were more effective for increasing unsaturated fatty acids followed by the DFSO in buffalo's milk fat (42.31 and 41.90 %), whereas DFO and DFSO were more effective in cow's milk fat (39.67 and 39.84%), respectively. DFO, DSO or DFSO had no significant effect on the yield, composition and sensory properties of resultant soft cheese compared to the CD for both lactating cows and buffalos. During storage, a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids enhances protein proteolysis and antioxidant activity of soft cheese during storage compared to the CD especially for soft cheese produced from buffalo's milk.(AU)

Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and soybean (Glycine max) oils in Egyptian lactating buffalo and cow diets on the milk and soft cheese quality

Produce and compare soft cheese with potential benefits of human health from Egyptian buffalo's and cow's milk was studied. Eight Egyptian lactating buffalos and cows were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (CD), 2% flaxseed oil (DFO), 2% soybean oil (DSO), or 2% of their mixture (1:1, DFSO) according to a double 4 x 4 Latin Square design. Milk yield was similar between buffalo's diets but was higher in cows fed a DFO, DSO or DFSO resulting in 11.15, 8.21% or 8.97% increases compared with the control diet, respectively. Milk composition was not significantly affected in both buffalos and cows fed diets. The DFO, DSO or DFSO displayed decreased short-chain fatty acids, especially DSO and DFSO (3.73 and 3.33%, respectively) when compared to CD for buffalo milk (6.32%). The DSO and DFSO were more effective for increasing unsaturated fatty acids followed by the DFSO in buffalo's milk fat (42.31 and 41.90 %), whereas DFO and DFSO were more effective in cow's milk fat (39.67 and 39.84%), respectively. DFO, DSO or DFSO had no significant effect on the yield, composition and sensory properties of resultant soft cheese compared to the CD for both lactating cows and buffalos. During storage, a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids enhances protein proteolysis and antioxidant activity of soft cheese during storage compared to the CD especially for soft cheese produced from buffalo's milk.

Characteristics and yield of slaughter of dairy calves receiving cheese whey and colostrum in a liquid diet / Características e rendimento do abate de bezerros leiteiros recebendo soro de leite e colostro em dieta líquida

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of suckling with cheese and colostrum, from whole milk, on the characteristics and yields of slaughter of dairy calves at 60 days. Twenty-four uncastrated male Hosltein calves were used. The experimental treatments included: integral milk (MI); 50% integral milk + 50% in natura whey cheese (MW); and 30% colostrum + 70% whey cheese (CW). Dry matter intake of concentrate (IDMC) and hay (IDMH), mean daily gain (MDG), and total weight gain (WGT) were evaluated. In addition, weights and yields of hot and cold carcasses, loss and breaking during cooling, and length and thoracic depth of the carcass, commercial cuts, and non-carcass components were measured. Resultantly, a significant effect (P < 0.05) was observed for IDMC, live weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight, cold carcass weight, and carcass length; here, MW and CS treatment differed from LS. Thus, these substitute diets to whole milk showed no interference with physiological and biometric patterns in the animals.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do aleitamento com soro de queijo e colostro sobre o leite integral às características e rendimentos de abate de bezerros de origem leiteira aos 60 dias. Foram utilizados 24 bezerros machos não castrados, mestiços da raça holandesa. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: Leite Integral (LI); 50% Leite integral + 50% de Soro de queijo in natura (LS); 30% Colostro + 70% de Soro de queijo (CS).Foram realizadas avaliações de consumo de matéria seca do concentrado (CMSC) e do feno (CMSF) e ganho médio diário (GMD) e ganho de peso total (GPT), além da avaliação de pesos e rendimentos da carcaça quente e carcaça fria, perda e quebra ao resfriamento, comprimento e profundidade torácica da carcaça, além dos pesos dos cortes comerciais e componentes não-carcaça. Foi observado efeito significativo (P < 0,05) para as variáveis CMSC, peso vivo ao abate, peso da carcaça quente, peso da carcaça fria e comprimento de carcaça onde o tratamento LI e CS diferiram do LS. As dietas substitutivas ao leite integral não diferiram e não apresentaram interferências aos padrões fisiológicos e biométricos nos animais.

Characteristics and yield of slaughter of dairy calves receiving cheese whey and colostrum in a liquid diet / Características e rendimento do abate de bezerros leiteiros recebendo soro de leite e colostro em dieta líquida

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of suckling with cheese and colostrum, from whole milk, on the characteristics and yields of slaughter of dairy calves at 60 days. Twenty-four uncastrated male Hosltein calves were used. The experimental treatments included: integral milk (MI); 50% integral milk + 50% in natura whey cheese (MW); and 30% colostrum + 70% whey cheese (CW). Dry matter intake of concentrate (IDMC) and hay (IDMH), mean daily gain (MDG), and total weight gain (WGT) were evaluated. In addition, weights and yields of hot and cold carcasses, loss and breaking during cooling, and length and thoracic depth of the carcass, commercial cuts, and non-carcass components were measured. Resultantly, a significant effect (P < 0.05) was observed for IDMC, live weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight, cold carcass weight, and carcass length; here, MW and CS treatment differed from LS. Thus, these substitute diets to whole milk showed no interference with physiological and biometric patterns in the animals.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do aleitamento com soro de queijo e colostro sobre o leite integral às características e rendimentos de abate de bezerros de origem leiteira aos 60 dias. Foram utilizados 24 bezerros machos não castrados, mestiços da raça holandesa. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: Leite Integral (LI); 50% Leite integral + 50% de Soro de queijo in natura (LS); 30% Colostro + 70% de Soro de queijo (CS).Foram realizadas avaliações de consumo de matéria seca do concentrado (CMSC) e do feno (CMSF) e ganho médio diário (GMD) e ganho de peso total (GPT), além da avaliação de pesos e rendimentos da carcaça quente e carcaça fria, perda e quebra ao resfriamento, comprimento e profundidade torácica da carcaça, além dos pesos dos cortes comerciais e componentes não-carcaça. Foi observado efeito significativo (P < 0,05) para as variáveis CMSC, peso vivo ao abate, peso da carcaça quente, peso da carcaça fria e comprimento de carcaça onde o tratamento LI e CS diferiram do LS. As dietas substitutivas ao leite integral não diferiram e não apresentaram interferências aos padrões fisiológicos e biométricos nos animais.(AU)

Association of casein micelle size and enzymatic curd strength and dry matter curd yield / Associação do tamanho das micelas de caseína com a força e produção de massa da coalhada

The aim of the present study was to explore the association between milk protein content and casein micelle size and to examine the effects of casein micelle size on enzymatic curd strength and dry matter curd yield using reduced laboratory-scale cheese production. In this research, 140 bulk tank milk samples were collected at dairy farms. The traits were analyzed using two linear models, including only fixed effects. Smaller micelles were associated with higher κ-casein and lower αs-casein contents. The casein micellar size (in the absence of the αs-casein and κ-casein effects) did not affect the enzymatic curd strength; however, smaller casein micelles combined with higher fat, lactose, casein and κ-casein contents exhibited a favorable effect on the dry matter curd yield. Overall, results of the present study provide new insights into the importance of casein micelle size for optimizing cheese production.(AU)

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de investigar a associação da composição proteica do leite com o tamanho das micelas de caseína, e o efeito do TMCN sobre a firmeza do coágulo enzimático e da produção de massa seca do coágulo produzido em escala reduzida. Foram coletadas 140 amostras de leite cru de diferentes fazendas. Os dados foram analisados usando dois modelos lineares, incluindo somente efeitos fixos. Menores micelas de caseína foram associadas com maior conteúdo de k-caseína e menor conteúdo de αs-caseína. O tamanho das micelas de caseína sem o efeito da αs-caseína e k-caseína não apresentou efeito sobre a firmeza do coágulo, porém apresentou efeito significatico sobre a produção de massa seca do coágulo. Esses resultados demonstram a importância do tamanho das micelas de caseína para otimizar a produção de queijo.(AU)

Effect of replacement of soybean meal with protected or common urea on the carcass and meat characteristics of confined steers / Substituição do farelo de soja por ureia protegida ou comum sobre as características de carcaça e da carne de novilhos confinados

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of crude protein substitution of soybean meal with urea (slow-release or otherwise) on the carcass and the meat characteristics of finished steers in confinement. Twenty-seven castrated, purebred and Charolais-Nelore crossbred steers with a mean age of 20 ± 1,5 months and initial mean live weight of 293 ± 31 kg, were distributed in three treatments: Protected Urea (concentrate containing slow degradation urea ); Soybean meal (concentrate containing soybean meal) and Urea Common (concentrate containing common urea). A randomized block experimental design (racial predominance) was used, with three treatments and nine replications, with the animal as the experimental unit. Feeding treatments did not influence the hot and cold carcass weight and yield. The fat thickness that covered the carcass was not altered, according to the diets studied, being on average 3.97 ± 0.94 mm. The measurements and the carcass compactness were not altered by the diets, presenting average values of 127.55; 74.86; 39.86; 38.84 and 25.72 cm for carcass length, leg and arm, arm perimeter and cushion thickness, respectively. A significant difference was observed in marbling, and the meat of the animals treated with soybean meal were higher than those treated with protected urea (3.72 vs 2.28 points).(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição total do farelo de soja por ureia protegida ou comum sobre as características de carcaça e da carne de novilhos terminados em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 27 novilhos, puros e mestiços Charolês x Nelore, com idade de 20 ± (1,5) meses e peso médio inicial de 293 ± (31) kg, distribuídos em três tratamentos: Ureia Protegida (concentrado contendo ureia de degradação lenta); Farelo de Soja (concentrado contendo farelo de soja) e Ureia Comum (concentrado contendo ureia comum). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso (predominância racial), com três tratamentos e nove repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. Os tratamentos alimentares não influenciaram nos pesos e rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria. A espessura de gordura que recobre a carcaça não foi alterada, de acordo com as dietas estudadas, sendo em média de 3,97 ± (0,94) mm. As medidas e a compacidade da carcaça não foram alteradas pelas dietas, apresentando valores médios de 127,55; 74,86; 39,86; 38,84 e 25,72 cm para comprimento de carcaça, perna e braço, perímetro de braço e espessura de coxão, respectivamente. Observou-se diferença significativa no marmoreio, sendo que a carne dos animais do tratamento farelo de soja foram superiores aos do tratamento com ureia protegida (3,72 vs 2,28 pontos).(AU)

Rendimento industrial, eficiência de fabricação e características físico-químicas de queijo colonial produzido de leite com dois níveis de células somáticas / Industrial yield, manufacturing efficiency and physical and chemical characteristics of colonial cheese produced from milk with two levels of somatic cells

Com base em dois níveis de contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite utilizado como matéria-prima, determinou-se influência no rendimento e na eficiência de fabricação do queijo colonial, em escala industrial. Os dois níveis de CCS foram formados do leite captado pela indústria, baixa CCS (<500.000 células/mL) e alta CCS (≥500.000 células/mL), sendo produzidos sete lotes de queijo para cada nível. O rendimento foi avaliado com rendimento simples (litros de leite/kg de queijo produzido) e rendimento seco (litros de leite/kg de sólidos totais de queijo produzido). A eficiência de fabricação do queijo foi avaliada por meio das perdas de sólidos no soro de queijo. Mediante análises multivariadas, demonstrou-se a relação entre altas CCS e a diminuição no rendimento simples e seco de queijo colonial, que apresentou também menor eficiência de fabricação, sem alterar a composição do queijo. Além disso, determinaram-se dados relativos às características físico-químicas de queijo colonial, o qual ainda não possui um regulamento técnico de identidade e qualidade. Conclui-se que a qualidade do leite tem influência direta na produção dos queijos e que, ao utilizar matéria-prima com alta CCS, a indústria assume os prejuízos do menor rendimento e da menor eficiência de fabricação dos queijos coloniais.(AU)

From two somatic cells count levels (SCC) of the milk used as raw material, the influence on the yield and cheese-making efficiency of colonial cheese was determined on an industrial scale. Both SCC levels were formed from milk received by the industry, being low SCC (<500.000 cells/mL) and high SCC (≥500.000 cells/mL), and seven batches of cheese were produced for each level. The yield was evaluated as simple yield (liters of milk/kg of cheese produced) and dry yield (liters of milk/kg of total solids of cheese produced). The cheese-making efficiency was evaluated by the loss of solids in cheese whey. Multivariate analysis showed a relationship between high SCC and decrease in simple and dry colonial cheese yield, which also had lower manufacturing efficiency, without altering the composition of the cheese. Moreover, data on the physical and chemical characteristics of colonial cheese were determined, that does not have Technical Regulation of Identity and Quality. We conclude that the quality of milk has a direct influence on the production of cheeses and, when using raw materials with high SCC, the industry takes the costs of worsening in performance and manufacturing efficiency in colonial cheese.(AU)

Rendimento industrial, eficiência de fabricação e características físico-químicas de queijo colonial produzido de leite com dois níveis de células somáticas / Industrial yield, manufacturing efficiency and physical and chemical characteristics of colonial cheese produced from milk with two levels of somatic cells

Com base em dois níveis de contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite utilizado como matéria-prima, determinou-se influência no rendimento e na eficiência de fabricação do queijo colonial, em escala industrial. Os dois níveis de CCS foram formados do leite captado pela indústria, baixa CCS (<500.000 células/mL) e alta CCS (≥500.000 células/mL), sendo produzidos sete lotes de queijo para cada nível. O rendimento foi avaliado com rendimento simples (litros de leite/kg de queijo produzido) e rendimento seco (litros de leite/kg de sólidos totais de queijo produzido). A eficiência de fabricação do queijo foi avaliada por meio das perdas de sólidos no soro de queijo. Mediante análises multivariadas, demonstrou-se a relação entre altas CCS e a diminuição no rendimento simples e seco de queijo colonial, que apresentou também menor eficiência de fabricação, sem alterar a composição do queijo. Além disso, determinaram-se dados relativos às características físico-químicas de queijo colonial, o qual ainda não possui um regulamento técnico de identidade e qualidade. Conclui-se que a qualidade do leite tem influência direta na produção dos queijos e que, ao utilizar matéria-prima com alta CCS, a indústria assume os prejuízos do menor rendimento e da menor eficiência de fabricação dos queijos coloniais.(AU)

From two somatic cells count levels (SCC) of the milk used as raw material, the influence on the yield and cheese-making efficiency of colonial cheese was determined on an industrial scale. Both SCC levels were formed from milk received by the industry, being low SCC (<500.000 cells/mL) and high SCC (≥500.000 cells/mL), and seven batches of cheese were produced for each level. The yield was evaluated as simple yield (liters of milk/kg of cheese produced) and dry yield (liters of milk/kg of total solids of cheese produced). The cheese-making efficiency was evaluated by the loss of solids in cheese whey. Multivariate analysis showed a relationship between high SCC and decrease in simple and dry colonial cheese yield, which also had lower manufacturing efficiency, without altering the composition of the cheese. Moreover, data on the physical and chemical characteristics of colonial cheese were determined, that does not have Technical Regulation of Identity and Quality. We conclude that the quality of milk has a direct influence on the production of cheeses and, when using raw materials with high SCC, the industry takes the costs of worsening in performance and manufacturing efficiency in colonial cheese.(AU)

Bionutritional efficiency and carcass characteristics of confined steers receiving different nitrogen sources with whole or milled corn / Eficiência bionutricional e características da carcaça de novilhos confinados recebendo distintas fontes nitrogenadas com milho moído ou inteiro

The objective of this study is to evaluate the bionutritional efficiency and carcass characteristics of confined steers receiving different nitrogen sources associated or not with corn grain processing in the diet. The study used a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Fifty-three Charolais and Nellore crossbred steers were used, with a mean age of 22 ± 0.23 months and initial weight 250 ± 15.80 kg. The animals were randomly divided into the following treatments: soybean meal + whole corn, soybean meal + milled corn, conventional urea + whole corn, conventional urea + milled corn, slow-release urea + whole corn, and slow-release urea + milled corn. A roughage: concentrate ratio of 50: 50 was used. The steers were confined until reaching a weight of 420 kg. The slaughtering occurred according to the schedule of the commercial slaughterhouse. Feed efficiency was lower in animals receiving slow-release urea than those fed true protein. The steers fed soybean meal presented a higher Kleiber ratio and higher nutritional index compared to those receiving conventional or slow-release urea. The provision of soybean meal promoted higher production of rib meat and meat with a higher L* compared to those receiving urea, and better carcass finish compared to those receiving slow-release urea. Diets with milled corn increased warm and cold carcass yields and decreased weight loss during carcass chilling. Total replacement of soybean meal with conventional or slow-release urea reduced the biological efficiency of steers. The supply of milled corn in the concentrated fraction increased carcass yield.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência bionutricional e as características da carcaça de novilhos confinados, recebendo diferentes fontes nitrogenadas, associadas ao processamento ou não do grão de milho nas dietas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2. Foram utilizados 53 novilhos mestiços Charolês e Nelore, com idade e peso médio inicial de 22 ± 0,23 meses e 250 ± 15,80 kg, respectivamente, os quais foram divididos aleatoriamente nos seguintes tratamentos: farelo de soja + milho grão; farelo de soja + milho moído; ureia comum + milho grão; ureia comum + milho moído; ureia de liberação lenta + milho grão e ureia de liberação lenta + milho moído. Utilizou-se relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. Os novilhos permaneceram confinados até atingir peso pré-estipulado de 420 kg. O abate transcorreu conforme fluxograma do frigorífico comercial. A eficiência alimentar foi menor nos animais que receberam ureia protegida, em relação aos alimentados com proteína verdadeira. Novilhos alimentados com farelo de soja apresentaram maior Relação de Kleiber e índice nutricional multivariado biológico, que alimentados com ureia protegida ou não. O fornecimento de farelo de soja, promoveu maior participação de costilhar e carne com maior valor de L*, em relação às ureias, além de melhor acabamento de carcaça, em relação à ureia protegida. Dietas com milho moído proporcionaram aumentos nos rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, com menores perdas de líquidos no resfriamento. A substituição total do farelo de soja por ureia, protegida ou não, reduz a eficiência biológica de novilhos. Maiores rendimentos de carcaça são obtidos quando se fornece milho moído na fração concentrado.(AU)

Rendimento produtivo e viabilidade econômica de fenos de forrageiras em rações para frangos pescoço pelado / Productive yield and economic feasibility of forage hays in feed for naked neck chickens

Com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta produtiva e a viabilidade econômica de rações com inclusão de fenos de forrageiras alternativas para aves em sistema semi-intensivo, realizou-se o ensaio de desempenho, onde 600 aves da linhagem Label Rouge foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de vinte aves cada. A ração controle (RCO) foi formulada com milho grão e farelo de soja e utilizada como referência para a inclusão de fenos de forrageiras, sendo 20% pelos fenos de Flor de Seda (Calotropis procera) (RFS), Maniva de Mandioca (Manihot esculenta) (RMM), Mata Pasto (Senna obtusifolia) (RMP) ou Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) (RLE). As médias para consumo de ração RCO, RMM, RFS, RMP e RLE foram de 0,1050; 0,1470; 0,0888; 0,1411 e 0,1441 kg/ave/dia, respectivamente; e os custos das rações foram 1,489; 1,209; 1,189; 1,179 e 1,249 (R$/kg), respectivamente; assim, o custo total com alimentação no período de 84 dias de semiconfinamento das aves para cada ração foi de 1.950,67; 1.790,70; 1.061,90; 1.676,04 e 1.813,60 (R$ reais), respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstraram uma queda relativa no custo com alimentação com a inclusão dos fenos das forrageiras alternativas nas rações, mas ao avaliar o desempenho produtivo em ganho de peso e rendimento de carcaça das aves, a receita total foi menor em cada uma das rações com os fenos de forrageiras, e assim, os índices de eficiência econômica e custo médio foram melhores com a ração RCO, entretanto, a RMM apresentou rentabilidade superior às outras rações com fenos.

In order to evaluate the productive response and economic viability of diets that included hays as alternative forage for birds in a semi-intensive system, a performance test was held, in which 600 Label Rouge birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, six replications, and twenty birds per plot. The control diet (RCO) was based on corn grain and soybean meal and used as a reference for the inclusion of forage hay, 20% by hays Silk Flower (Calotropis procera), Maniva Cassava (Manihot esculenta) , Mata Pasto (Senna obtusifolia) , or Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). The average for RCO feed intake, RMM, RFS, RMP, and RLE were 0.1050, 0.1470, 0.0888, 0.1411, and 0.1441 kg/bird/day, respectively, and feed prices were 1,489, 1,209, 1,189, 1,179, and 1,249 (R$/kg), respectively. Therefore, the total costs of food in the 84-day period of semi-confinement of the birds per ration were 1950,67, 1790,70, 1061,90, 1676,04, and 1813,60 (actual R$), respectively. These results showed a relative decline in power with regard to cost via including hay as an alternative forage in diets, but after evaluating the performance in weight gain and carcass yield of birds, the total revenue was lower in each of the feeds with hay forage and thus the economic efficiency and average cost rates were better with the RCO feed; however, the RMM had superior profitability compared to other diets with hay.

Nutritional evaluation of soybean hulls with or without beta-mannanase supplement on performance, intestinal morphometric and carcass yield of broilers chickens

The objective was to evaluate the performance, intestinal morphology and carcass yield of broilers fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or corn-SBM-soybean hull (SH) with or without b-mannanase supplementation. Thousand four hundred and forty Cobb Slow-male- chicks were housed design following a factorial scheme 2 x 2 (corn-SBM diet and corn-SBM-SH diet vs with and without b-mannanase), composing 4 treatments and 9 replicates each treatment, with 40 birds each replicate. At 21 days, corn-SBM diet supplemented with b-mannanase resulted in better (p<0.05) feed conversion. At 42 days, the weight gain (p<0.05) and feed intake (p<0.05) of the birds fed diets containing SH was 2.6% and 2.9% higher than that of birds fed corn-SBM diets, respectively, independent of b-mannanase supplementation. Birds supplemented with b-mannanase had a lower length of villi (p<0.05) and absorption area (p<0.05) of jejunum mucosa, and higher (p<0.05) relative liver weight. Diets with SH and without addition of b-mannanase resulted in higher relative liver weight (p<0.05) and lower percentage of fat in the carcass. It was not found statistical differences (p>0.05) in the quality of the poultry litter with the inclusion of the enzyme in the diet. The use of b-mannanase in diets with higher concentration of fiber improves the feed conversion of broilers from 1 to 21 days and can be an important nutritional and economic strategy in situations of unavailability of raw material of better quality. Corn-SBM-SH diet resulted in greater weight gain at 42 days than corn-SBM diet.(AU)

Rendimento produtivo e viabilidade econômica de fenos de forrageiras em rações para frangos pescoço pelado / Productive yield and economic feasibility of forage hays in feed for naked neck chickens

Com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta produtiva e a viabilidade econômica de rações com inclusão de fenos de forrageiras alternativas para aves em sistema semi-intensivo, realizou-se o ensaio de desempenho, onde 600 aves da linhagem Label Rouge foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de vinte aves cada. A ração controle (RCO) foi formulada com milho grão e farelo de soja e utilizada como referência para a inclusão de fenos de forrageiras, sendo 20% pelos fenos de Flor de Seda (Calotropis procera) (RFS), Maniva de Mandioca (Manihot esculenta) (RMM), Mata Pasto (Senna obtusifolia) (RMP) ou Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) (RLE). As médias para consumo de ração RCO, RMM, RFS, RMP e RLE foram de 0,1050; 0,1470; 0,0888; 0,1411 e 0,1441 kg/ave/dia, respectivamente; e os custos das rações foram 1,489; 1,209; 1,189; 1,179 e 1,249 (R$/kg), respectivamente; assim, o custo total com alimentação no período de 84 dias de semiconfinamento das aves para cada ração foi de 1.950,67; 1.790,70; 1.061,90; 1.676,04 e 1.813,60 (R$ reais), respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstraram uma queda relativa no custo com alimentação com a inclusão dos fenos das forrageiras alternativas nas rações, mas ao avaliar o desempenho produtivo em ganho de peso e rendimento de carcaça das aves, a receita total foi menor em cada uma das rações com os fenos de forrageiras, e assim, os índices de eficiência econômica e custo médio foram melhores com a ração RCO, entretanto, a RMM apresentou rentabilidade superior às outras rações com fenos.(AU)

In order to evaluate the productive response and economic viability of diets that included hays as alternative forage for birds in a semi-intensive system, a performance test was held, in which 600 Label Rouge birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, six replications, and twenty birds per plot. The control diet (RCO) was based on corn grain and soybean meal and used as a reference for the inclusion of forage hay, 20% by hays Silk Flower (Calotropis procera), Maniva Cassava (Manihot esculenta) , Mata Pasto (Senna obtusifolia) , or Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). The average for RCO feed intake, RMM, RFS, RMP, and RLE were 0.1050, 0.1470, 0.0888, 0.1411, and 0.1441 kg/bird/day, respectively, and feed prices were 1,489, 1,209, 1,189, 1,179, and 1,249 (R$/kg), respectively. Therefore, the total costs of food in the 84-day period of semi-confinement of the birds per ration were 1950,67, 1790,70, 1061,90, 1676,04, and 1813,60 (actual R$), respectively. These results showed a relative decline in power with regard to cost via including hay as an alternative forage in diets, but after evaluating the performance in weight gain and carcass yield of birds, the total revenue was lower in each of the feeds with hay forage and thus the economic efficiency and average cost rates were better with the RCO feed; however, the RMM had superior profitability compared to other diets with hay.(AU)

Nutritional evaluation of soybean hulls with or without beta-mannanase supplement on performance, intestinal morphometric and carcass yield of broilers chickens

The objective was to evaluate the performance, intestinal morphology and carcass yield of broilers fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or corn-SBM-soybean hull (SH) with or without b-mannanase supplementation. Thousand four hundred and forty Cobb Slow-male- chicks were housed design following a factorial scheme 2 x 2 (corn-SBM diet and corn-SBM-SH diet vs with and without b-mannanase), composing 4 treatments and 9 replicates each treatment, with 40 birds each replicate. At 21 days, corn-SBM diet supplemented with b-mannanase resulted in better (p0.05) in the quality of the poultry litter with the inclusion of the enzyme in the diet. The use of b-mannanase in diets with higher concentration of fiber improves the feed conversion of broilers from 1 to 21 days and can be an important nutritional and economic strategy in situations of unavailability of raw material of better quality. Corn-SBM-SH diet resulted in greater weight gain at 42 days than corn-SBM diet.

Quality of Minas fresh cheese made with milk from F1 Holstein/Zebu cows fed diets with different sources of nitrogen compounds / Qualidade do queijo Minas frescal obtido do leite de vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu alimentadas com dietas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados

This study aimed to evaluate yield, fatty acid profile, physical, chemical and sensory composition of Minas fresh cheese made with milk from cows fed diets containing different sources of nitrogen compounds (soybean meal, urea, sunflower meal and detoxified castor bean meal). Eight F1 Holstein/Zebu cows with average production of 20 kg milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1 were distributed in two 4 × 4 Latin squares, consisting of four treatments (diets), four animals and four experimental periods. Cheese was produced on the last day of each experimental period. The physical and chemical composition, yield and texture of cheese were similar between diets. The used diets influenced the concentration of fatty acid C11:0, which was higher for diets with soybean meal and sunflower meal; C18:2 C9-T11 (CLA) was higher for diets with urea, soybean meal and sunflower meal and C20:3 for diets with soybean meal and urea. For the other saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, differences were not detected. Different sources of nitrogen compounds in the diet for cows with average production of 20 kg milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1 have no effect on the physical or chemical composition, yield, as well as acceptance of Minas fresh cheese. However, it can influence the fatty acid profile in the cheese fat.

Objetivou-se avaliar rendimento, perfil de ácidos graxos, composição físico-química e sensorial do queijo Minas frescal produzido do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados (farelo de soja, ureia, farelo de girassol e farelo de mamona detoxicado). Foram utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandesas/Zebu, com produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura dia-1, em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4, sendo compostos de quatro tratamentos (dietas), quatro animais e quatro períodos experimentais cada. Os queijos foram fabricados no último dia de cada período experimental. A composição físico-química, o rendimento e a textura do queijo foram semelhantes entre dietas experimentais. As dietas utilizadas influenciaram a concentração do ácido graxo C11:0, sendo superior para as dietas com farelo de soja e farelo de girassol; o C18:2 C9-T11 (CLA) mostrou-se superior para as dietas com ureia, farelo de soja e farelo de girassol; e o C20:3 para as dietas com farelo de soja e ureia. Para os demais ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados não foram observadas diferenças. Diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados na dieta de vacas, com produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura, não alteram a composição físico-química, o rendimento nem a aceitação do queijo Minas frescal, entretanto pode influenciar o perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura do queijo.

Quality of Minas fresh cheese made with milk from F1 Holstein/Zebu cows fed diets with different sources of nitrogen compounds / Qualidade do queijo Minas frescal obtido do leite de vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu alimentadas com dietas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados

This study aimed to evaluate yield, fatty acid profile, physical, chemical and sensory composition of Minas fresh cheese made with milk from cows fed diets containing different sources of nitrogen compounds (soybean meal, urea, sunflower meal and detoxified castor bean meal). Eight F1 Holstein/Zebu cows with average production of 20 kg milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1 were distributed in two 4 × 4 Latin squares, consisting of four treatments (diets), four animals and four experimental periods. Cheese was produced on the last day of each experimental period. The physical and chemical composition, yield and texture of cheese were similar between diets. The used diets influenced the concentration of fatty acid C11:0, which was higher for diets with soybean meal and sunflower meal; C18:2 C9-T11 (CLA) was higher for diets with urea, soybean meal and sunflower meal and C20:3 for diets with soybean meal and urea. For the other saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, differences were not detected. Different sources of nitrogen compounds in the diet for cows with average production of 20 kg milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1 have no effect on the physical or chemical composition, yield, as well as acceptance of Minas fresh cheese. However, it can influence the fatty acid profile in the cheese fat.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar rendimento, perfil de ácidos graxos, composição físico-química e sensorial do queijo Minas frescal produzido do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados (farelo de soja, ureia, farelo de girassol e farelo de mamona detoxicado). Foram utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandesas/Zebu, com produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura dia-1, em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4, sendo compostos de quatro tratamentos (dietas), quatro animais e quatro períodos experimentais cada. Os queijos foram fabricados no último dia de cada período experimental. A composição físico-química, o rendimento e a textura do queijo foram semelhantes entre dietas experimentais. As dietas utilizadas influenciaram a concentração do ácido graxo C11:0, sendo superior para as dietas com farelo de soja e farelo de girassol; o C18:2 C9-T11 (CLA) mostrou-se superior para as dietas com ureia, farelo de soja e farelo de girassol; e o C20:3 para as dietas com farelo de soja e ureia. Para os demais ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados não foram observadas diferenças. Diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados na dieta de vacas, com produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura, não alteram a composição físico-química, o rendimento nem a aceitação do queijo Minas frescal, entretanto pode influenciar o perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura do queijo.(AU)

Quality of Minas fresh cheese made with milk from F1 Holstein/Zebu cows fed diets with different sources of nitrogen compounds / Qualidade do queijo Minas frescal obtido do leite de vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu alimentadas com dietas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados

This study aimed to evaluate yield, fatty acid profile, physical, chemical and sensory composition of Minas fresh cheese made with milk from cows fed diets containing different sources of nitrogen compounds (soybean meal, urea, sunflower meal and detoxified castor bean meal). Eight F1 Holstein/Zebu cows with average production of 20 kg milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1 were distributed in two 4 × 4 Latin squares, consisting of four treatments (diets), four animals and four experimental periods. Cheese was produced on the last day of each experimental period. The physical and chemical composition, yield and texture of cheese were similar between diets. The used diets influenced the concentration of fatty acid C11:0, which was higher for diets with soybean meal and sunflower meal; C18:2 C9-T11 (CLA) was higher for diets with urea, soybean meal and sunflower meal and C20:3 for diets with soybean meal and urea. For the other saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, differences were not detected. Different sources of nitrogen compounds in the diet for cows with average production of 20 kg milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1 have no effect on the physical or chemical composition, yield, as well as acceptance of Minas fresh cheese. However, it can influence the fatty acid profile in the cheese fat.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar rendimento, perfil de ácidos graxos, composição físico-química e sensorial do queijo Minas frescal produzido do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados (farelo de soja, ureia, farelo de girassol e farelo de mamona detoxicado). Foram utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandesas/Zebu, com produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura dia-1, em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4, sendo compostos de quatro tratamentos (dietas), quatro animais e quatro períodos experimentais cada. Os queijos foram fabricados no último dia de cada período experimental. A composição físico-química, o rendimento e a textura do queijo foram semelhantes entre dietas experimentais. As dietas utilizadas influenciaram a concentração do ácido graxo C11:0, sendo superior para as dietas com farelo de soja e farelo de girassol; o C18:2 C9-T11 (CLA) mostrou-se superior para as dietas com ureia, farelo de soja e farelo de girassol; e o C20:3 para as dietas com farelo de soja e ureia. Para os demais ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados não foram observadas diferenças. Diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados na dieta de vacas, com produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura, não alteram a composição físico-química, o rendimento nem a aceitação do queijo Minas frescal, entretanto pode influenciar o perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura do queijo.(AU)

Efeito da casca de banana na dieta de vacas em lactação sobre as características do leite e do queijo Minas frescal / Effect of banana peel in the diet of lactating cows on the characteristics of milk and cheese Minas frescal

Objetivou-se avaliar qualidade do leite e do queijo Minas frescal produzido do leite de vacas alimentadas com inclusão da casca de banana seca ao sol, com ou sem adição de agentes químicos durante o processo de secagem. Foram utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu, em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, com as seguintes dietas experimentais: dieta convencional com silagem desorgo sem a inclusão da casca de banana (controle); dieta com inclusão da casca de banana seca ao sol em substituição de 20% da silagem de sorgo; dieta com inclusão da casca de banana seca ao sol com 2% de calcário em substituição de 20% da silagem de sorgo; dieta com inclusão da casca de banana seca ao sol com 2% de óxido de cálcio em substituição de 20% da silagem de sorgo. As amostras de leite de cada vaca foram coletadas e analisadas quanto aos teores de gordura, proteína, lactose, cinzas,sólidos totais e extrato seco desengordurado. Após esta etapa, foi realizada a elaboração de queijo Minas frescal, sendo verificados rendimento, textura, acidez titulável, pH, proteína, teor de umidade, gordura, resíduo mineral fixo, extrato seco total e realizado o teste de aceitação pelo consumidor. A composição química do leite e do queijo não apresentou influência das dietas com casca de banana. Entretanto, o rendimento ajustado para produção de queijo foi estatisticamente inferior com as dietas contendo casca de banana tratada com os aditivos químicos. Quanto à aceitação geral dos queijos pelos consumidores, não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos. Desse modo, a utilização de casca de banana seca ao sol sem aditivos químicos em substituição parcial à silagem de sorgo na dieta de vacas em lactação pode ser uma alternativa viável para produção e processamento do leite, mantendo a qualidade do produto.(AU)

It aimed to evaluate the quality of milk and cheese from cows fed inclusion of banana peel dried under the sun, with or without chemical additives during the drying process. We used eight F1 Holstein x Zebu cows in two latin squares 4 x 4 with the following experimental diets: conventional diet with sorghum silage without the inclusion of banana peel (control); diet with the inclusion of dry banana peel in the sun replacing 20% of sorghum silage; diet with the inclusion of dry banana peel in the sun with 2% limestone replacing 20% of sorghum silage; diet with the inclusion of dry banana peel in the sun with 2% calcium oxide replacing 20% of sorghum silage. The milk samples from each cow were collected and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, ashes, total solids and dry fat extract. After this stage, Minas frescal cheese was elaborated, yield, texture, titratable acidity, pH, protein, moisture content, fat, fixed mineral residue, total dry extract and the consumer acceptance test were performed. The chemical composition of milk and cheese showed no effect of diets with the banana peel inclusion. However, the yield adjusted for cheese production was statistically lower with diets containing banana peel treated with chemical additives. As for general acceptance of the cheeses by consumers, there were not differences between treatments. Thus, the use of banana skin dried under the sun without chemical additives for partial replacement of sorghum silage in diet of lactating cows may be a viable alternative to milk production and processing, maintaining the quality.(AU)

Cheese and milk quality of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows fed different levels of banana peel / Qualidade do queijo e do leite de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu alimentadas com níveis de casca de banana

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different levels of sun-dried banana peel in the diet for crossbred cows on the quality of Minas fresh cheese and milk. Diets consisted of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement of sorghum silage with banana peel. Ten cows were assigned to two 5 x 5 Latin squares experimental design. Milk samples were taken from each cow and analyzed for composition. Milk was pasteurized for the production of Minas fresh cheese, which was weighed to determine the yield and analyzed for texture, physical and chemical characteristics and consumer acceptance test. Milk urea nitrogen had a quadratic effect with minimum point at 43.76% replacement of silage with banana peel. The remaining items evaluated in the composition of milk and cheese and the consumer acceptance test were not influenced by diets with banana peel. The replacement of up to 60% sorghum silage with banana peel is a viable alternative because it causes no alteration in physical and chemical composition of milk and Minas fresh cheese, as well as consumer acceptance.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de inclusão da casca de banana seca ao sol na dieta de vacas mestiças sobre a qualidade do queijo Minas frescal e do leite. As dietas foram constituídas de 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60% de substituição da silagem de sorgo pela casca de banana. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas em um delineamento experimental com dois quadrados latinos 5 x 5. Amostras de leite de cada vaca foram analisadas quanto à composição. O leite foi pasteurizado para fabricação do queijo Minas Frescal, que foi pesado para determinação do rendimento e analisado para textura, características físico-químicas e teste de aceitação geral pelo consumidor. O nitrogênio uréico do leite apresentou efeito quadrático com ponto de mínimo ao nível de 43,76% de substituição da silagem pela casca de banana. Os demais itens avaliados na composição do leite e do queijo, bem como os testes de aceitação geral pelo consumidor, não sofreram influência das dietas com inclusão de casca de banana. A substituição de até 60% da silagem de sorgo por casca de banana pode ser uma alternativa viável, pois não altera a composição físico-química do leite e do queijo Minas Frescal, bem como aceitação deste pelos consumidores.(AU)