Análise multivariada aplicada na discriminação de genótipos em caracteres do tempo de cozimento em feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L) / Multivariate analysis applied to the discrimination of genotypes in cooking timetraitsin commonbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

As avaliações rotineiras do caráter tempo de cozimento em feijão (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) podem ser efetuadas de distintas maneiras resultando em diferentes variáveis. Por vez, a análise estatística univariada não considera as interdependêcias entre as variáveis, podendo omitir importantes informações a respeito dos genótipos. Com isso, o objetivo do trabalhofoi dispor uma proposta alternativa para análise do tempo de cozimento em feijão, permitindo a discriminação entre genótipos. O experimento utilizado para esta abordagem foi conduzido em condições de campo na safra agrícola do ano 2017/18em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Ostratamentos foram compostos por doze genótipos, sendo quatro genitores, estruturados em dois cruzamentos BAF50 x BAF07 e BAF09 x IPR 88 Uirapuru, com suas gerações F2, F3, F8e F9. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos casualizados, com dois blocos e duas observações em cada unidade experimental. Posteriormente a colheita, a variável resposta tempo de cocção dos grãos de feijão foi mensurada com o cozedor Mattson, sendo considerado o tempo de cocção das 13 hastes iniciais. Na análise multivariada, as variáveis tempo de cocção da segunda (TCH2), décima segunda (TCH12) e décima terceira haste (TCH13) foram utilizadas com base em sua significância pelo método de seleção de variáveis passo a passo (stepwise). A análise de variância multivariada demonstrou diferença entre os genótipos (P<0,05). A partir da matriz de dissimilaridade com as distâncias de Mahalanobis e o dendrograma de agrupamento, foi possível verificaras distâncias dos genótipos derivados dos cruzamentos BAF50 x BAF07 e BAF09 x IPR 88 Uirapuru. Comisso, a análise multivariada possibilitou a discriminação dos genótipos, adicionalmente o cruzamento BAF50 x BAF07 demonstrou maiores estimativas de dissimilaridade nas progênies.(AU)

Routine evaluations of cooking time traitin common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) can be performed in different ways resulting in different variables. At the same time, the univariate statistical analysis does not consider the interdependencies between the variables, and may omit important information regarding the genotypes. With this,the objective of this work was to present an alternative proposal foranalysis of the cooking time in common bean, allowing the discrimination between genotypes. The experiment used for this approach was conducted under field conditions in the 2017/18 agricultural season in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The treatments consisted of twelve genotypes, (fourparents, structured in two crossings BAF50 x BAF07and BAF09 x IPR 88 Uirapuru, with their generations F2, F3, F8and F9). The design used was randomized blocks, with two blocks and two observations in each experimental unit. After the harvest, the response variable cooking time of thegrains was measuredwith a Mattson cooker, considering the cooking time of the 13 initial stems. In the multivariate analysis, the variables cooking time of the second (TCH2), twelfth (TCH12) and thirteenth stem (TCH13) were used based on their significance by the stepwise variable selection method. Multivariate analysis of variance showed differences between genotypes (P<0.05). From the dissimilarity matrix with the Mahalanobis distances and the clustering dendrogram, itwas possible to verify the distances of the genotypes derived from crosses BAF50 x BAF07 and BAF09 x IPR 88 Uirapuru. With that, the multivariate analysis enabled thegenotypes, additionally the crossing BAF50 x BAF07 showed higher estimates of dissimilarity in the progenies.(AU)

Effect of replacing corn with cactus pear on the performance and carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot finished lambs / Efeito da substituição do milho pela palma forrageira sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de cordeiros terminados em confinamento

The aim was to evaluate the effect of replacing ground corn with spineless cactus from two species Orelha de Elefante Mexicana-OEM (Opuntia stricta Haw.) and Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) in a total mixed ration for finishing lambs evaluating its effects on intake, ingestive behavior, performance, carcass traits, commercial cuts and physiochemical composition of the meat. Eighteen crossbred lambs with average body weight of 15.0 ± 2.32 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (OEM and Gigante spineless cactus and ground corn as control treatment) and six replications. Spineless cactus species replacing ground corn in lambs diets does not change the intake of dry matter (DMI), crude protein and neutral detergent fiber or time (min/d) of ingestion, rumination and idleness, or final body weight gain. Lambs fed with ground corn and "Gigante" cactus presented a higher total weigh gain (TWG) and average daily weight gain (ADG) when compared to OEM spineless specie. Ground corn diet promoted better hot and cold carcass yield in lambs receiving spineless cactus, regardless of species. Feed and total costs (kg/lamb) were higher for the ground corn diet. The replacement of ground corn with spineless cactus did not change moisture, protein, and ash meat contents, as well as water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force, and a* color intensity. However, there was an effect for the meat lipid content, b* and L* color intensity and color index, where the species of cactus Gigante on ground corn presented the highest lipid content and yellowness (b*) intensity and lower L* color compared to OEM. Spineless cactus species Gigante can replace ground corn as a source of energy in diets for finishing lambs because it significantly improves the financial income for the producer without changing the ADG, DMI, ingestive behavior and yield of commercial cuts.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho moído por duas espécies de palma forrageira, Orelha de Elefante Mexicana-OEM (Opuntia stricta Haw.) e espécie Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) em uma ração completa para terminação de cordeiros avaliando seus efeitos sobre consumo, comportamento ingestivo, desempenho, características de carcaça, cortes comerciais e composição físico-química da carne. Foram utilizados dezoito cordeiros sem padrão racial definido com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 2,32 kg e foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (OEM e palma Gigante e grão de milho como controle) e seis repetições. As duas espécies de palma forrageira em substituição ao milho moído na dieta de cordeiros não modificaram o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro nem o tempo (min/dia) de ingestão, ruminação e ócio ou ganho corporal final. Cordeiros alimentados com milho moído e palma Gigante apresentaram maior ganho de peso total (GPT) e médio diário (GMD) em relação à espécie OEM. A dieta com milho moído promoveu melhor rendimento de carcaça quente e fria comparando cordeiros recebendo palma forrageira, independente da espécie. Os custos com ração e total (kg/cordeiro) foram maiores para a dieta com milho moído. A substituição do milho moído pela palma forrageira não alterou os teores de umidade, proteína e cinzas da carne, bem como a capacidade de retenção de água, perda por cozimento, força de cisalhamento e intensidade de cor a*. No entanto, houve efeito para o teor de lipídios da carne, índice de intensidade de cor b* e L*, sendo que a espécie de palma Gigante e o milho grão moído apresentou o maior teor de lipídios e intensidade de amarelo (b*) e menor cor L* em relação ao OEM. A espécie palma forrageira Gigante pode substituir o milho moído como fonte de energia em dietas para cordeiros em terminação, pois melhora significativamente o rendimento financeiro do produtor sem alterar o GMD, CMS, comportamento ingestivo e rendimento dos cortes comerciais.

Selection strategies for identifying fast cooking, mineral-biofortified bean cultivars with high agronomic performance

Simultaneous selection for various agronomic traits, cooking time and mineral concentration are major challenges for common-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding programs. The authors of this study proposed to analyze genetic gain estimates obtained by direct and indirect selection using selection indices and economic weights for 13 traits, and to determine the most efficient selection strategy for the simultaneous selection of fast cooking, mineral-biofortified common bean cultivars with high agronomic performance. For this purpose, three experiments were carried out in different growing seasons to evaluate 49 common bean cultivars of different grain types. Agronomic performance was evaluated based on six traits; cooking time was determined using a Mattson cooker; and the concentration of six minerals was analyzed in samples of raw grains. Significant genotype × environment interaction or genotype effects were observed for all traits, indicating the existence of genetic variability. Direct selection resulted in high genetic gain estimates for individual traits, but caused undesirable changes in one or more of the traits under selection. The classic, base, desired-gains and rank-sum selection indices tested with six economic weights do not provide genetic gain estimates favorable to the selection of all traits. The multiplicative index is the best selection strategy for use in the breeding program when aiming at the simultaneous selection of fast cooking, mineral-biofortified common bean cultivars with high agronomic performance.

Combining disease resistance and postharvest quality traits by early marker-assisted backcrossing in carioca beans

ABSTRACT: Common bean is a worldwide important crop. The development of varieties with durable resistance to diseases is a major challenge in common bean breeding. The present study aimed at evaluating the phenotypic and molecular selection of anthracnose resistance in a population obtained by assisted backcrossing from IAC Formoso (resistant, donor parent) × BRS Pérola (susceptible, recurrent parent). Nine microsatellites (SSRs) and one Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) markers previously linked to ANT resistance were used to genotype this progeny, and the results showed that the selection of the genotypes closest to the donor parent in the BC1F1 population decreased the number of backcrossing cycles necessary to obtain advanced isogenic lines, potentiating the use of this tool for early selection of resistant cultivars. A total of 31 % of the BC1F1 progeny was selected and backcrossed again. The progeny derived from the second backcross (BC2F3) was selected for the Carioca grain ideotype, and 42 % of the genotypes showed high resistance to anthracnose under controlled conditions of infection for races 65 and 81. Superior resistant plants were selected and evaluated under natural conditions of infection to fusarium wilt and angular leaf spot, allowing the selection of two inbred lines with higher resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, angular leaf spot and postharvest quality traits such as yield, 100 seed weight, L value at seed harvest grain darkening and cooking time. The approach outlined in this paper proved to be effective to simultaneously select for disease resistance without losing technological quality aspects of the bean.

Beef of Nellore cattle has limited tenderization despite pH decline in Longissimus lumborum

Bos taurus indicus temperament is variable and affects beef tenderization. Our objective was to investigate temperament and performance of non­castrated Nellore and identify groups based on Longissimus lumborum (LL) pH decline as well as beef characteristics produced by those groups. We investigated 94 animals with a subset of carcasses (n = 24) selected based on LL pH at 24 h postmortem (pm) to represent two groups: resistant to pH decline (> 5.8 called pH­Res; n = 10) and normal (< 5.7 called pH­Nor; n = 14). Steaks were fabricated from the LL muscle and randomly assigned to aging (2, 7, 14, and 21 days). Sarcomere length, cooking loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), and Warner­Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were determined. Data on temperament were investigated in a multivariate approach, while beef data were compared between groups using the analysis of variance. Rectal temperature at the beginning of the finishing phase and total weight gain were greater and related to animals in the pH­Res group (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Temperature and pH decline curves, sarcomere length, and cooking loss revealed that pH­Res produced beef with lower quality compared to the pH­Nor group. Results for MFI and WBSF did not show differences between groups within each time pm; however, overall steaks from pH­Res were tougher (p = 0.06). Incidence of LL pH between 5.8 and 5.9 at 24 h pm did not compromise the tenderization rate or extension; however, it affected the water holding capacity in this population of Nellore cattle.(AU)

Impact of Pre-transport Feed Withdrawal on Welfare and Meat Characteristics of European Quails

The objective of this study was evaluate whether pretransport feed withdrawal affects welfare, carcass, and meat characteristics of European quails. A total of 120 European quails were used, with an initial age of 15 days. Bird feed was removed before transport to the slaughterhouse at the following times, which characterised the different treatments: zero hours, three hours, six hours, nine hours and twelve hours. The transport took 54 minutes to cover 27 kilometres to a commercial slaughterhouse. The birds were slaughtered at 41 days of age. During bleeding, blood samples were collected. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin, uric acid, and corticosterone concentrations were measured. The carcasses and meat characteristics were measured. Poultry body weight decreased and blood glucose concentrations increased with the increase in feed withdrawal time. The treatments did not affect carcass weights. Carcass yields after three hours fasting were similar to those in the six hours and nine hours groups, indicating that gastrointestinal tracts were empty after the third hour. Meat quality was negatively affected (pH, lightness, water holding capacity, cooking loss) by the increase in feed withdrawal time; integrated parameters that characterise dark, firm, dry meat. Pre transport feed withdrawal time should be three hours to empty the gastrointestinal tract and minimise losses in meat quality of European quails. It is necessary to adjust feed withdrawal so that it does not exceed this time, since there is no technical justification for supporting it.(AU)

Spray chilling on carcass weight loss, and physicochemical and microbiological quality of beef cuts during storage / Efeitos da aspersão de carcaças na perda de peso e na qualidade físico-química e microbiológica de cortes cárneos bovinos durante estocagem

Different chilling treatments are used before meat storage. The effect of spray chilling (SC) on meat quality appears to vary. Here, we investigated the effects of SC on beef carcass weight loss and meat quality during subsequent storage. The 2-h SC program tested involved 180-s initial spraying, followed by 60-s spray cycles at 540-s intervals. Deboned chuck tender (IMPS 116B) beef cuts were vacuum-packaged and stored for up to 60 d. Purge and cooking losses, Warner-Bratzler shear force, meat colour [CIE L*, a*, b*], and microbiological quality were evaluated. SC reduced carcass weight loss (P<0.001) compared with conventional chilling. However, storage time affected the purge and cooking losses, and Warner-Bratzler shear force. CIE a* and b* values increased (P<0.05) after 30-d aging in both chilling treatments. Pronounced psychrotrophic growth was observed during storage after both treatments. In conclusion, SC can be used to reduce the economic losses associated with meat chilling, without affecting meat quality attributes.

Diferentes tratamentos de resfriamento são utilizados antes da estocagem das carnes. O efeito da aspersão de carcaças (SC) na qualidade da carne parece variar. Neste estudo, investigou-se os efeitos da aspersão de carcaças bovinas na perda de peso e na qualidade da carne durante subsequente estocagem. O programa de aspersão testado foi de um tempo total de 2 h, com uma aspersão inicial de 180 s, seguida por ciclos de aspersão de 60 s em intervalos de 540 s. Os cortes comerciais desossados "Peixinho" (IMPS 116B) foram embalados a vácuo e estocados por até 60 dias. Foram avaliadas as perdas por exsudação e cozimento, força de cisalhamento por Warner-Bratzler, cor da carne (CIE L*, a*, b*) e qualidade microbiológica. SC reduziu a perda de peso da carcaça (P < 0,001) em comparação com o resfriamento convencional. No entanto, o tempo de estocagem influenciou a perda por exsudação, por cozimento e força de cisalhamento. Os valores de CIE a* e b* aumentaram (P < 0,05) após 30 dias de maturação em ambos os tratamentos de resfriamento. O crescimento pronunciado de psicrotróficos foi observado durante a estocagem em ambos os tratamentos. Em conclusão, o SC pode ser usado para reduzir as perdas econômicas associadas ao resfriamento da carne, sem afetar os atributos de qualidade da carne.

Combining disease resistance and postharvest quality traits by early marker-assisted backcrossing in carioca beans

Common bean is a worldwide important crop. The development of varieties with durable resistance to diseases is a major challenge in common bean breeding. The present study aimed at evaluating the phenotypic and molecular selection of anthracnose resistance in a population obtained by assisted backcrossing from IAC Formoso (resistant, donor parent) × BRS Pérola (susceptible, recurrent parent). Nine microsatellites (SSRs) and one Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) markers previously linked to ANT resistance were used to genotype this progeny, and the results showed that the selection of the genotypes closest to the donor parent in the BC1F1 population decreased the number of backcrossing cycles necessary to obtain advanced isogenic lines, potentiating the use of this tool for early selection of resistant cultivars. A total of 31 % of the BC1F1 progeny was selected and backcrossed again. The progeny derived from the second backcross (BC2F3) was selected for the Carioca grain ideotype, and 42 % of the genotypes showed high resistance to anthracnose under controlled conditions of infection for races 65 and 81. Superior resistant plants were selected and evaluated under natural conditions of infection to fusarium wilt and angular leaf spot, allowing the selection of two inbred lines with higher resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, angular leaf spot and postharvest quality traits such as yield, 100 seed weight, L value at seed harvest grain darkening and cooking time. The approach outlined in this paper proved to be effective to simultaneously select for disease resistance without losing technological quality aspects of the bean.

Combining disease resistance and postharvest quality traits by early marker-assisted backcrossing in carioca beans

Common bean is a worldwide important crop. The development of varieties with durable resistance to diseases is a major challenge in common bean breeding. The present study aimed at evaluating the phenotypic and molecular selection of anthracnose resistance in a population obtained by assisted backcrossing from IAC Formoso (resistant, donor parent) × BRS Pérola (susceptible, recurrent parent). Nine microsatellites (SSRs) and one Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) markers previously linked to ANT resistance were used to genotype this progeny, and the results showed that the selection of the genotypes closest to the donor parent in the BC1F1 population decreased the number of backcrossing cycles necessary to obtain advanced isogenic lines, potentiating the use of this tool for early selection of resistant cultivars. A total of 31 % of the BC1F1 progeny was selected and backcrossed again. The progeny derived from the second backcross (BC2F3) was selected for the Carioca grain ideotype, and 42 % of the genotypes showed high resistance to anthracnose under controlled conditions of infection for races 65 and 81. Superior resistant plants were selected and evaluated under natural conditions of infection to fusarium wilt and angular leaf spot, allowing the selection of two inbred lines with higher resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, angular leaf spot and postharvest quality traits such as yield, 100 seed weight, L value at seed harvest grain darkening and cooking time. The approach outlined in this paper proved to be effective to simultaneously select for disease resistance without losing technological quality aspects of the bean.

Phosphorus supplementation does not affect the intake, digestibility, and meat quality of Nellore young bulls fed with high-grain diets

This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls fed on high-grain diets finished in feedlot. Forty young bulls (30 months old) with an initial body weight (IBW) of 296 ± 25 kg were used. It was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments were: without P supplementation (CO), commercial mineral supplement (CM), and supplementation with dicalcium phosphate (DP) with 2.4, 4.2, or 5.0 g of P per kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (200 g kg-1) plus concentrate (800 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The meat quality parameters analyzed were pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and water-holding capacity. P supplementation did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients There was no interaction (p > 0.05%) between diets and the aging time for the meat quality parameters. However, bulls fed with DP exhibited lower pH (5.98) compared to CO and CM (6.19 and 6.14, respectively). The longer aging time increased the cooking losses and intensity of yellow (b*). Under Brazilian conditions, feedlot Nellore cattle fed with high-grain diets do not require additional mineral supplements.(AU)

Phosphorus supplementation does not affect the intake, digestibility, and meat quality of Nellore young bulls fed with high-grain diets

This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls fed on high-grain diets finished in feedlot. Forty young bulls (30 months old) with an initial body weight (IBW) of 296 ± 25 kg were used. It was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments were: without P supplementation (CO), commercial mineral supplement (CM), and supplementation with dicalcium phosphate (DP) with 2.4, 4.2, or 5.0 g of P per kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (200 g kg-1) plus concentrate (800 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The meat quality parameters analyzed were pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and water-holding capacity. P supplementation did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients There was no interaction (p > 0.05%) between diets and the aging time for the meat quality parameters. However, bulls fed with DP exhibited lower pH (5.98) compared to CO and CM (6.19 and 6.14, respectively). The longer aging time increased the cooking losses and intensity of yellow (b*). Under Brazilian conditions, feedlot Nellore cattle fed with high-grain diets do not require additional mineral supplements.

Meat quality of cattle subjected to period of aging process: a cross-heifer study / Qualidade da carne de bovinos submetida ao processo de maturação: estudo com novilhas cruzadas

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aging on meat quality of crossbred heifers. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of carcasses and meat of 148 crossbred heifers with an average age of 13 months and 407.5 ± 29.22 kg body weight at slaughter were performed. After cooling for 24 h, the carcasses were evaluated for hot carcass weight, pH, conformation, physiological maturity, finishing, fat distribution, and length. Characteristics, such as pH, color, marbling, exudation, as well as cooking losses, percentage of ether extract, and shear force were evaluated in meat at time zero and after seven days of aging. The carcasses displayed satisfactory results for parameters such as pH at 24 h of cooling (pH24), finishing, distribution of fat, and subcutaneous fat thickness (5.58, 3.27, 2.40, and 6.62 mm, respectively). The meat had a low marbling score (5.08) and percentage of ether extract (1.71), indicating that the meat was relatively lean. Exudation and cooking losses showed similar results at zero and seven days of aging. The meat subjected to seven days of aging showed higher lightness and hue (40.98 and 0.77, respectively) and tenderness of 5.25 kg. These results indicated that aging affected meat color and shear force parameters; the meat of cross-heifers was softer but less red after maturation.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da maturação na qualidade da carne de novilhas mestiças. Foram realizadas avalações quali-quantitativas de carcaças e carne de 148 novilhas mestiças com idade média de 13 meses e 407,5 ± 29,22 kg de peso corporal ao abate. Após resfriamento por 24 horas, as carcaças foram avaliadas quanto ao peso da carcaça quente, pH, conformação, maturidade fisiológica, acabamento, distribuição de gordura e comprimento. Características como pH, cor, marmoreio, perdas por exsudação, assim como perdas por cocção, porcentagem de extrato etéreo e força de cisalhamento foram avaliadas na carne no tempo zero e após sete dias de maturação. As carcaças apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para parâmetros com pH em 24 horas de resfriamento (pH24), acabamento, distribuição de gordura e espessura de gordura subcutânea (5,58, 3,27, 2,40 e 6,62 mm, respectivamente). A carne apresentou baixo índice de marmoreio (5,08) e porcentagem de extrato etéreo (1,71), indicando que a carne era relativamente magra. As perdas por exsudação e cozimento apresentaram resultados semelhantes aos zero e sete dias de maturação. A carne submetida a sete dias de maturação apresentou maior luminosidade e hue (40,98 e 0,77, respectivamente) e maciez de 5,25 kg. Esses resultados indicaram que a maturação afetou os parâmetros de cor da carne e a força de cisalhamento; a carne das novilhas cruzadas ficou mais macia, mas menos vermelha após a maturação.(AU)

Binômio tempo e temperatura e qualidade microbiológica de macarrão espaguete produzido e distribuído por unidade de alimentação e nutrição em Fortaleza-CE / Time and temperature binomial and microbiological quality of spaghetti pasta produced and distributed by food and nutrition unit in Fortaleza-CE

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o binômio tempo x temperatura e a qualidade microbiológica de macarrão tipo espaguete refogado produzido e distribuído por uma empresa de alimentação e nutrição. Pesquisa transversal realizada no mês de março de 2019, em uma UAN de grande porte na cidade de Fortaleza, CE, nos dias em que o macarrão tipo espaguete refogado se fez presente no cardápio do jantar de uma universidade pública. Aferiu-se a temperatura do macarrão durante os processos de cocção, transporte, recebimento e em três momentos da durante a distribuição. Amostras do macarrão servido foram coletadas e encaminhadas para análise microbiológica. As temperaturas atingiram as médias de 94,2ºC na cocção, 40,7ºC no transporte, 39ºC no recebimento e 39ºC, 41,3ºC e 43,7ºC nos três momentos da distribuição. As análises microbiológicas das amostras evidenciaram que o macarrão estava dentro dos parâmetros considerados adequados de acordo com a RDC nº 12 e, posteriormente, à IN nº 60 da ANVISA, legislação vigente para os microrganismos avaliados...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the time x temperature binomial and the microbiological quality of braised spaghetti noodles produced and distributed by a food and nutrition company. Cross-sectional study conducted in March in a large FNU in the city of Fortaleza, CE, in the days which the braised spaghetti pasta was present on the dinner menu of a public university. The spaghetti temperatures were measured during the cooking, transport, receivement and three times during distribution processes. Samples of the served pasta were collected and sent for microbiological analysis. Temperatures reached the averages of 94.2ºC in cooking, 40.7ºC in transportation, 39ºC in receivement and 39ºC, 41.3ºC and 43.7ºC in the three moments of distribution. The microbiological analyzes of the samples showed that the noodles were within the parameters considered adequate according to the RDC no 12 and, subsequently, to ANVISA IN no 60, current legislation for the evaluated microorganisms…(AU)

Binômio tempo e temperatura e qualidade microbiológica de macarrão espaguete produzido e distribuído por unidade de alimentação e nutrição em Fortaleza-CE / Time and temperature binomial and microbiological quality of spaghetti pasta produced and distributed by food and nutrition unit in Fortaleza-CE

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o binômio tempo x temperatura e a qualidade microbiológica de macarrão tipo espaguete refogado produzido e distribuído por uma empresa de alimentação e nutrição. Pesquisa transversal realizada no mês de março de 2019, em uma UAN de grande porte na cidade de Fortaleza, CE, nos dias em que o macarrão tipo espaguete refogado se fez presente no cardápio do jantar de uma universidade pública. Aferiu-se a temperatura do macarrão durante os processos de cocção, transporte, recebimento e em três momentos da durante a distribuição. Amostras do macarrão servido foram coletadas e encaminhadas para análise microbiológica. As temperaturas atingiram as médias de 94,2ºC na cocção, 40,7ºC no transporte, 39ºC no recebimento e 39ºC, 41,3ºC e 43,7ºC nos três momentos da distribuição. As análises microbiológicas das amostras evidenciaram que o macarrão estava dentro dos parâmetros considerados adequados de acordo com a RDC nº 12 e, posteriormente, à IN nº 60 da ANVISA, legislação vigente para os microrganismos avaliados...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the time x temperature binomial and the microbiological quality of braised spaghetti noodles produced and distributed by a food and nutrition company. Cross-sectional study conducted in March in a large FNU in the city of Fortaleza, CE, in the days which the braised spaghetti pasta was present on the dinner menu of a public university. The spaghetti temperatures were measured during the cooking, transport, receivement and three times during distribution processes. Samples of the served pasta were collected and sent for microbiological analysis. Temperatures reached the averages of 94.2ºC in cooking, 40.7ºC in transportation, 39ºC in receivement and 39ºC, 41.3ºC and 43.7ºC in the three moments of distribution. The microbiological analyzes of the samples showed that the noodles were within the parameters considered adequate according to the RDC no 12 and, subsequently, to ANVISA IN no 60, current legislation for the evaluated microorganisms

Qualidade bacteriológica e físico-química da carne bovina moída comercializada em supermercados e casas atacadistas no município de Belém/PA / Bacteriological and physical and chemical quality of milled beef commercialized in supermarkets and wholesalers in the city of Belém/PA

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade bacteriológica e físico-química da carne bovina moída comercializada em estabelecimentos de Belém/PA, bem como avaliar o nível de conformidade higiênico-sanitária do local quanto à comercialização e manipulação do alimento. Foram coletadas 2 amostras de carne moída em cada estabelecimento (uma pré-moída e outra moída no momento da coleta), sendo 3 supermercados e 3 casas atacadistas, totalizando 12 amostras. Estas foram submetidas à Contagem de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas (CBHAM); Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Coliformes Totais (CT) e Termotolerantes (C45); Contagem de Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobactérias, bem como determinação do potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH), determinação de amônia através do método de Nessler, prova de cocção, de filtração e aferição da temperatura externa da carne no momento da coleta. Concomitante a isso, avaliou-se os locais de comercialização quanto a manipulação e armazenamento através de uma lista de verificação. Foi constatada a presença de CT, C45, CBHAM, Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobactérias em 100% das amostras analisadas, com níveis máximos de >1100 NMP.g-1, >1100 NMP.g-1, 8,38, 5,26 e 5,91 LogUFC.g-1, respectivamente. As médias encontradas no pH e tempo de filtração foram de 5,31±0,07 e 06:51 minutos, na devida ordem. Em relação ao teste Nessler, 83,33% (n=10) das amostras apresentaram resultado positivo. Todas as amostras apresentaram temperaturas acima do preconizado pela legislação vigente. Observou-se que 5 dos estabelecimentos apresentaram médio atendimento aos itens avaliados a partir da lista de verificação. Esses dados comprovam que a carne bovina moída está em condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, podendo acarretar riscos à saúde dos consumidores.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of ground meat marketed in Belém/PA establishments, as well as to evaluate the level of hygienic-sanitary compliance of the establishments regarding the commercialization and manipulation of food. Twenty samples of ground meat were collected from each establishment (one pre-ground and another ground at the time of collection), 3 supermarkets and 3 wholesale homes, totaling 12 samples. These were submitted to the Count of Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (CBHAM); Most Likely Number (MPN) of Total Coliforms (CT) and Thermotolerant (C45); Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteria count, as well as determination of hydrogenionic potential (pH), ammonia determination through the Nessler method, cooking test, filtration and measurement of the external temperature of the meat at the time of collection. Concomitantly, the places of commercialization were evaluated for handling and storage through a checklist. CT, C45, CBHAM, Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteria were observed in 100% of the samples analyzed, with maximum levels of >1100 NMP.g-1, >1100 NMP.g-1, 8.38, 5.26 and 5.91 LogUFC.g-1, respectively. The means found in pH measurement and filtration time were 5.31±0.07 and 06:51 minutes, in proper order. Regarding the Nessler test, 83.33% (n=10) of the samples presented positive results. All samples showed commercialization temperatures above that recommended by current legislation. It was observed that 5 of the establishments presented average compliance to the items evaluated from the checklist. These data prove that ground meat is in unsatisfactory hygienic-sanitary conditions, which may pose risks to the health of consumers.(AU)

Qualidade bacteriológica e físico-química da carne bovina moída comercializada em supermercados e casas atacadistas no município de Belém/PA / Bacteriological and physical and chemical quality of milled beef commercialized in supermarkets and wholesalers in the city of Belém/PA

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade bacteriológica e físico-química da carne bovina moída comercializada em estabelecimentos de Belém/PA, bem como avaliar o nível de conformidade higiênico-sanitária do local quanto à comercialização e manipulação do alimento. Foram coletadas 2 amostras de carne moída em cada estabelecimento (uma pré-moída e outra moída no momento da coleta), sendo 3 supermercados e 3 casas atacadistas, totalizando 12 amostras. Estas foram submetidas à Contagem de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas (CBHAM); Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Coliformes Totais (CT) e Termotolerantes (C45); Contagem de Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobactérias, bem como determinação do potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH), determinação de amônia através do método de Nessler, prova de cocção, de filtração e aferição da temperatura externa da carne no momento da coleta. Concomitante a isso, avaliou-se os locais de comercialização quanto a manipulação e armazenamento através de uma lista de verificação. Foi constatada a presença de CT, C45, CBHAM, Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobactérias em 100% das amostras analisadas, com níveis máximos de >1100 NMP.g-1, >1100 NMP.g-1, 8,38, 5,26 e 5,91 LogUFC.g-1, respectivamente. As médias encontradas no pH e tempo de filtração foram de 5,31±0,07 e 06:51 minutos, na devida ordem. Em relação ao teste Nessler, 83,33% (n=10) das amostras apresentaram resultado positivo. Todas as amostras apresentaram temperaturas acima do preconizado pela legislação vigente. Observou-se que 5 dos estabelecimentos apresentaram médio atendimento aos itens avaliados a partir da lista de verificação. Esses dados comprovam que a carne bovina moída está em condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, podendo acarretar riscos à saúde dos consumidores.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of ground meat marketed in Belém/PA establishments, as well as to evaluate the level of hygienic-sanitary compliance of the establishments regarding the commercialization and manipulation of food. Twenty samples of ground meat were collected from each establishment (one pre-ground and another ground at the time of collection), 3 supermarkets and 3 wholesale homes, totaling 12 samples. These were submitted to the Count of Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (CBHAM); Most Likely Number (MPN) of Total Coliforms (CT) and Thermotolerant (C45); Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteria count, as well as determination of hydrogenionic potential (pH), ammonia determination through the Nessler method, cooking test, filtration and measurement of the external temperature of the meat at the time of collection. Concomitantly, the places of commercialization were evaluated for handling and storage through a checklist. CT, C45, CBHAM, Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteria were observed in 100% of the samples analyzed, with maximum levels of >1100 NMP.g-1, >1100 NMP.g-1, 8.38, 5.26 and 5.91 LogUFC.g-1, respectively. The means found in pH measurement and filtration time were 5.31±0.07 and 06:51 minutes, in proper order. Regarding the Nessler test, 83.33% (n=10) of the samples presented positive results. All samples showed commercialization temperatures above that recommended by current legislation. It was observed that 5 of the establishments presented average compliance to the items evaluated from the checklist. These data prove that ground meat is in unsatisfactory hygienic-sanitary conditions, which may pose risks to the health of consumers.

Desempenho agronômico de mandioca de mesa manejada com irrigação e uso de cobertura plástica do solo / Agronomic performance of sweet cassava managed with irrigation and use of plastic soil cover

Apesar da mandioca ser reconhecida pela sua elevada tolerância à seca, a irrigação vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios. Entretanto, poucos estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos visando a determinação dos efeitos da cobertura do solo, da irrigação e da combinação de ambos no desenvolvimento da cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência da irrigação e da cobertura plástica do solo, no desempenho agronômico de mandioca de mesa. O plantio foi feito em canteiros, no sistema de fileira dupla com as manivas-sementes implantadas na vertical em espaçamento de 0,60 m entre linhas e 0,80 m entre plantas. Foram aplicados os tratamentos canteiro desnudo sem irrigação, canteiro coberto com plástico de polietileno preto sem irrigação, canteiro desnudo com irrigação e canteiro coberto com plástico de polietileno preto com irrigação. As irrigações foram por aspersão convencional, com base no balanço diário de água do solo na profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular da mandioca nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Os caracteres avaliados em duas safras foram: produtividade de parte aérea, produtividade de raízes, porcentagem de amido nas raízes e tempo para a cocção. A expressão dos caracteres produtividade de raízes, peso da parte aérea e teor de amido nas raízes, foi influenciada pelo manejo da irrigação e pela cobertura do solo. A utilização individual das tecnologias de irrigação e de cobertura plástica do solo, proporcionaram aumentos de produtividade de raízes de 55% e 13%, respectivamente, e quando foram utilizadas em conjunto a produtividade de raízes aumentou 89%.(AU)

Although cassava is recognized for its high tolerance to drought, irrigation is showing satisfactory results. However, few studies have been carried out to determine the effects of soil cover, irrigation and the combination of both on crop development. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of irrigation and plastic soil cover on the agronomic performance of sweet cassava. The planting was done in beds, in the double row system with the stem cutings implanted vertically, with 0.60 m between rows and 0.80 m between plants. The following treatments were applied: naked non-irrigated bedding, bedding covered with non-irrigated black polyethylene plastic, naked bedding with irrigation and bedding covered with irrigated black polyethylene plastic. Irrigation was performed by conventional sprinkling, based on the daily soil water balance at the effective depth of the cassava root system in the different stages of crop development. The characters evaluated were: shoot weight, root yield, starch percentage in the roots and time for cooking. The expression of the characters shoot weight, root yield and starch percentage in the roots was significantly influenced by irrigation management and soil cover. The individual use of irrigation and plastic soil cover technologies led to increases in root yield of 55% and 13%, respectively, and when used together, root yield increased by 89%.(AU)

Desempenho agronômico de cultivares de mandioca de mesa em ambiente do Cerrado / Agricultural performance of sweet cassava cultivars in Cerrado environment

A mandioca de mesa é cultivada em todo território brasileiro, porém precisa ser melhor estudada na região do Cerrado que apresenta potencial para seu cultivo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o comportamento das cultivares de mandioca de mesa em solo de Cerrado por duas safras. O experimento foi realizado nas safras de 2016-2017 e 2017-2018, em Jataí-GO, com seis cultivares (BRS 397, BRS 398, BRS 399, BRS 400, BRS 401 e IAC 576/70). Utilizou-se delineamento blocos ao acaso com três repetições em esquema fatorial, sendo os fatores cultivares e safras. Foram avaliadas: número de hastes, diâmetro de hastes, altura da primeira ramificação, altura de plantas, número de raízes por planta, comprimento de raiz, diâmetro de raiz, massa fresca de raiz, massa fresca da parte aérea, índice de colheita e tempo de cozimento. Todos dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo as médias agrupadas pelo método Scott-Knott. Houve interação entre as fontes de variação para massa fresca de raízes e massa fresca da parte aérea. A cultivar BRS 399 obteve melhor produtividade de raiz nas duas safras. As cultivares BRS 399, BRS 400, BRS 401 e IAC 576/70 aumentaram a massa fresca da parte aérea da primeira para segunda safra. O índice colheita das cultivares BRS 400 e BRS 401 reduziram do primeiro para segundo ano de cultivo. Conclui-se que dentro das condições de cada safra as cultivares...

Sweet cassava is cultivated throughout the Brazilian territory, but it needs to be better studied in the Cerrado region that has potential for its cultivation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of sweet cassava cultivars in Cerrado soil for two harvests. The experiment was carried out in the cultivars of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in Jataí-GO, with six cultivars (BRS-397, BRS-398, BRS-399, BRS-400, BRS-401 and IAC-576/70). A randomized complete block design was used with three replications in a factorial scheme, being the cultivar factors and harvests. The number of stems, stem diameter, height of the first branch, height of plants, number of roots per plant, root length, root diameter, fresh root mass, fresh shoot mass, harvest index and time of cooking. All data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were grouped by the Scott-Knott method. There was interaction between the sources of variation for fresh root mass and fresh shoot mass. The cultivar BRS-399 obtained better root productivity in the two harvests. The cultivars BRS-399, BRS-400, BRS-401 and IAC-576/70 increased the fresh mass of the aerial part from the first to the second crop. The harvest index of cultivars BRS 400 and BRS 401 decreased from the first to the second year of cultivation. It was concluded that under the conditions of each harvest sweet cassava cultivars presented...

Desempenho agronômico de mandioca de mesa manejada com irrigação e uso de cobertura plástica do solo / Agronomic performance of sweet cassava managed with irrigation and use of plastic soil cover

Apesar da mandioca ser reconhecida pela sua elevada tolerância à seca, a irrigação vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios. Entretanto, poucos estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos visando a determinação dos efeitos da cobertura do solo, da irrigação e da combinação de ambos no desenvolvimento da cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência da irrigação e da cobertura plástica do solo, no desempenho agronômico de mandioca de mesa. O plantio foi feito em canteiros, no sistema de fileira dupla com as manivas-sementes implantadas na vertical em espaçamento de 0,60 m entre linhas e 0,80 m entre plantas. Foram aplicados os tratamentos canteiro desnudo sem irrigação, canteiro coberto com plástico de polietileno preto sem irrigação, canteiro desnudo com irrigação e canteiro coberto com plástico de polietileno preto com irrigação. As irrigações foram por aspersão convencional, com base no balanço diário de água do solo na profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular da mandioca nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Os caracteres avaliados em duas safras foram: produtividade de parte aérea, produtividade de raízes, porcentagem de amido nas raízes e tempo para a cocção. A expressão dos caracteres produtividade de raízes, peso da parte aérea e teor de amido nas raízes, foi influenciada pelo manejo da irrigação e pela cobertura do solo. A utilização individual das tecnologias de irrigação e de cobertura plástica do solo, proporcionaram aumentos de produtividade de raízes de 55% e 13%, respectivamente, e quando foram utilizadas em conjunto a produtividade de raízes aumentou 89%.

Although cassava is recognized for its high tolerance to drought, irrigation is showing satisfactory results. However, few studies have been carried out to determine the effects of soil cover, irrigation and the combination of both on crop development. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of irrigation and plastic soil cover on the agronomic performance of sweet cassava. The planting was done in beds, in the double row system with the stem cutings implanted vertically, with 0.60 m between rows and 0.80 m between plants. The following treatments were applied: naked non-irrigated bedding, bedding covered with non-irrigated black polyethylene plastic, naked bedding with irrigation and bedding covered with irrigated black polyethylene plastic. Irrigation was performed by conventional sprinkling, based on the daily soil water balance at the effective depth of the cassava root system in the different stages of crop development. The characters evaluated were: shoot weight, root yield, starch percentage in the roots and time for cooking. The expression of the characters shoot weight, root yield and starch percentage in the roots was significantly influenced by irrigation management and soil cover. The individual use of irrigation and plastic soil cover technologies led to increases in root yield of 55% and 13%, respectively, and when used together, root yield increased by 89%.

Storage stability of minimally processed pinhão by using edible coatings with antimicrobial characteristics / Conservação de pinhão minimamente processado pelo uso de revestimentos comestíveis com características antimicrobianas

The pinhão shows high nutritional value; however, its consumption is still low owing to the long cooking time required because it is hard to peel, and it is susceptible to sprouting, larval infestation, and fungal contamination. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the storage stability of minimally processed pinhão by using edible coatings with antimicrobial characteristics. The pinhões were subjected to minimal processing with the following treatments: Treatment A - control; Treatment B - chitosan; Treatment C - xanthan gum and clove essential oil. After drying, they were packed in polyethylene terephthalate and stored at 4 °C for nine days. The pinhões were analyzed for mass loss, total acidity, reducing sugars, vitamin C, color, firmness, respiratory rate, sensory characteristics, and microbial growth. In general, no differences were observed in mass loss, reducing sugars, and oxygen concentrations of the pinhões after any treatment. In addition, we observed a reduction in acidity and carbon dioxide concentrations, maintenance of color parameters, and the absence of growth of thermotolerant coliforms and coagulase positive Staphylococcus. Although the minimal processing did not increase the respiratory rate of pinhões, it did not stop the process of seed maturation. Of the coatings evaluated, chitosan coating of the pinhões was associated with a higher content of vitamin C as well as a lower number of psychrotrophic microorganisms. The coatings did not influence the taste and aroma of the minimally processed pinhões.

O pinhão apresenta alto valor nutricional, entretanto seu consumo ainda é pouco expressivo devido ao longo tempo de cocção, por apresentar um difícil descasque, ser susceptível ao processo de brotamento, infestação por larvas e deterioração fúngica. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a conservação de pinhões minimamente processados por meio de revestimentos comestíveis com características antimicrobianas. Os pinhões foram submetidos ao processamento mínimo e após aos diferentes tratamentos: Tratamento A - controle; Tratamento B - quitosana; Tratamento C - xantanae óleo essencial de cravo-da-índia. Após, foram secos sob ventilação forçada, acondicionados em embalagem de Polietileno Tereftalato (PET) e armazenados a 4 ºC, durante 9 dias. Foram realizadas avaliações de perda de massa, acidez total titulável, açúcares redutores, vitamina C, firmeza, cor, taxa respiratória, análise sensorial e microbiológica. De uma forma geral, independente do tratamento, pôde se observar comportamento semelhante nas características dos pinhões, em relação ao aumento da perda de massa, dos açúcares redutores, da concentração de oxigênio e da deterioração fisiológica. Além disso, foi observada a redução da acidez e da concentração de dióxido de carbono, bem como a manutenção dos parâmetros de cor e a ausência de crescimento de coliformes termotolerantes e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. O processamento mínimo não elevou a taxa respiratória dos pinhões, porém não freou o processo de maturação das sementes. Dos revestimentos avaliados, a quitosana possibilitou a obtenção de pinhões com maior teor de vitamina C e contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos. Os revestimentos não influenciaram no sabor e aroma dos pinhões minimamente processados.