Hairy vetch role to mitigate crop yield gap in different yield environments at field level

The spatial variability of soil organic matter, plant water availability, and soil nitrogen (N) availability are drivers of crop response to mineral N fertilizer. The complex interaction of these factors is responsible for within-field corn and wheat yield variability. The hairy vetch (HV) cover crop is an economic, environmentally friendly, and efficient N source capable of conciliating crop yield and soil health. Nevertheless, the HV effects to mitigate yield gap of management zone (MZ) have not yet been documented. This study evaluated the effects of HV and mineral N fertilization, in single or combined input, on alleviating crop yield gap. The study was carried out in two croplands southern Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block in a split plot having MZ (high, medium, and low yield) and N fertilizer rates. Wheat and corn N uptake and grain yield had a quadratic adjustment with N fertilizer input, but there was a significant MZ effect, where low yield zone (LYZ) was less responsive. Consequently, mineral N fertilization as a single input to mitigate the yield gap in this MZ was not efficient. On the other hand, HV increased corn N uptake and grain yield mainly in LYZ compared to MYZ and HYZ. HV fully mitigated the yield gap between MYZ and HYZ. The combined use of HV and mineral N fertilization rate adjusted according to N legume credit and MZ was an efficient strategy to boost yield, favoring soil health and environmental protection.

Chitosan and chitinproduction and extraction in isolates of Cunninghamellasp

The use of fungi to obtain chitin and chitosan has advantages such as handling, extraction, and production control, thus allowing to generate high quality chitosan. This study aimed to isolate and identify strains of Cunninghamella spp., and assess the production of biomass, chitin, and chitosan. We determined the macroscopic and microscopic phenotypic aspects of the superiors, mycelial growth rate index, consumption of glucose and nitrogen, as well as the pH variation, and the production of biomass, chitin, and chitosan. After assessing the mycelial growth speed index, considered fast, we found that the UFT-Ce08 and UFT-Ce09 isolates showed a higher growth speed. Therefore, we assessed the sporulation of the isolates, and all of them reached the concentration of 106spores mL-1in the period of 96 hours. The YPD was considered ideal for biomass production because it promotes an efficient consumption and synthesis of organic compounds by microorganisms. The assessment of the biomass production and the chitin and chitosan yield of nine isolates and the reference strain showed that the UFT-Ce08 isolate had the highest amount of biomass, the UFT-Ce11 isolate had the highest chitin yield, and despite having the second smallest biomass, the UFT-Ce09 isolate had thehighest chitosan yield. Seven isolates showed higher chitosan yield than the reference strain. Therefore, chitosan production from this fungus can be further optimized to improve yield on a large-scale production. Chitosan production from this fungus can be further optimized to improve yield in large-scale production.(AU)

Nutritional evaluation of chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds and oil in broiler diets

Two experiments were carried with broilers from 29 to 42 days of age for the nutritional evaluation of dietary chia. Thus, the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and the apparent metabolizability coefficients of gross energy and ether extract of chia seeds and oil, toasted soybean grain (TSG), and soybean oil were determined in the experiment I, by total excreta collection method, using 120 broilers. Each experimental diet (reference diet [RD] and four diets with the tested feedstuffs) was evaluated in eight replicates of three broilers. The TSG and chia seeds replaced the RD in 250 g/kg, whereas soybean and chia oils replaced the RD in 100 g/kg. Simultaneously, a second experiment was carried subdivided into two trials. In the performance trial, we evaluated the dietary feedstuffs effects on performance, carcass and cut yields, blood parameters, and activity of lipogenic enzymes. The nutrient metabolizability coefficients and AMEn were evaluated in the metabolism trial. The AMEn values of 37.49, 37.35, 15.85, and 8.43 MJ/kg of dry matter were determined for chia oil, soybean oil, TSG, and chia seeds, respectively (experiment I). In the second experiment, the best feed conversion was observed in broilers fed diets containing chia oil and TSG. However, the diet formulated with chia seeds worsened broiler feed conversion, exhibited the smaller energy value and apparent metabolizability coefficient of the ether extract, and increased the activity of the malic enzyme and serum total cholesterol level. There was no difference for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. In general, chia oil showed to be efficient in replacing soybean oil in broiler diets.(AU)

Fermentative profile of corn silages with the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant / Perfil fermentativo de silagens de milho com a inclusão de aditivos químicos ou inoculante bacteriano

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant in corn silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments: silage without additive; silage added with urea (3.0%); silage with limestone (3.0%); silage added with crystal sugar (3.0%); and silage with a bacterial inoculant. Five of them were opened during the fermentation process (15 days) to measure pH, and three were opened 60 days after ensiling to evaluate the ammonia nitrogen and organic acids content. For the pH at the end of the fermentation process, higher values were found for the limestone additive, followed by the silage with urea, which had higher participation of lactic acid, 19.06 ppm for limestone and 18.95 ppm for urea. Higher concentrations of acetic acid were observed in inoculant silages (18.49ppm) or silage without additive (18.46ppm). The ammonia nitrogen content was higher in the silage with urea (23.74mg dL-1), followed by the silage without additive (7.54mg dL-1), which also had the highest concentration of butyric acid (4.19ppm). The use of additives reduced the concentration of butyric acid in the silage. The bacterial inoculant was the most efficient in decreasing the pH of the ensiled material.

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de aditivos químicos ou inoculante bacteriano na silagem de milho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos: silagem sem aditivo; silagem aditivada com ureia (3,0%); silagem aditivada com calcário (3,0%); silagem aditivada com açúcar cristal (3,0%); e silagem com inoculante bacteriano. Cinco sacos de silagem foram abertos durante o processo fermentativo (15 dias) para mensuração de pH, e três 60 dias após a ensilagem, para avaliação do teor de nitrogênio amoniacal e de ácidos orgânicos. Para pH no final do processo fermentativo, maiores valores foram verificados para o aditivo calcário, seguido da silagem com ureia, os quais apresentaram maior participação de ácido lático, 19,06 ppm para calcário e 18,95 ppm para ureia. Maiores concentrações de ácido acético foram observadas nas silagens inoculante (18,49 ppm) ou sem aditivo (18,46 ppm). O teor de nitrogênio amoniacal foi superior na silagem com ureia (23,74mg dL '), seguida pela silagem sem aditivo (7,54mg dL), que também apresentou maior concentração de ácido butírico (4,19 ppm). O uso de aditivos reduziu a concentração de ácido butírico na silagem. O inoculante bacteriano foi mais eficiente que aditivos químicos no declínio do pH do material ensilado.

Uso de quitina e quitosana como adsorventes de amônia de efluentes aquícolas: revisão de literatura / Use of chitin and quitosan as adsorvents of ammonia of aquaculture effluents: a literature review / Uso de quitina y quitosana como adsorbentes de amonia de efluentes acuícolas: revisión de literatura

Os resíduos provenientes da aquicultura são derivados da ração e da excreção dos peixes e podem estar sedimentados, suspensos ou dissolvidos, ocasionando elevados valores de DBO, DQO, nitrogênio e fósforo. A produção de camarões no Brasil tem gerado elevadas quantidades de resíduos sólidos, tendo em vista que os exoesqueletos dos camarões correspondem a cerca de 40% do seu peso total, resultando num forte impacto ambiental. Diversas pesquisas envolvendo a quitina estão sendo desenvolvidas na área de tratamento de água, devido principalmente a sua capacidade de formar filme, sendo utilizada em sistemas filtrantes. Este polissacarídeo também pode ser utilizado como agente floculante no tratamento de efluentes, como adsorvente na clarificação de óleos, e principalmente na produção de quitosana. Atualmente a quitosana possui aplicações multidimensionais, desde áreas como a nutrição humana, biotecnologia, ciência dos materiais, indústria farmacêutica, agricultura, terapia genética e proteção ambiental. A quitosana é muito eficiente na remoção de poluentes em diferentes concentrações. Apresenta alta capacidade e grande velocidade de adsorção, boa eficiência e seletividade tanto em soluções que possuem altas ou baixas concentrações. O uso da biotecnologia, através do processo de adsorção utilizando adsorventes naturais e baratos, como a quitina e quitosana, minimiza os impactos ambientais da aquicultura tanto em relação aos provocados pelo lançamento de efluentes no meio ambiente quanto aos causados pelo descarte inadequado dos resíduos do processamento de camarões.(AU)

Aquaculture residues are derived from fish feed and excretion and may be sedimented, suspended or dissolved, resulting in high BOD, COD, nitrogen and phosphorus values. Shrimp production in Brazil has generated high amounts of solid waste, since shrimp exoskeletons account for about 40% of their total weight, resulting in a strong environmental impact. Several researches involving chitin are being developed in the area of water treatment, mainly due to its ability to form film, being used in filter systems. This polysaccharide can also be used as a flocculating agent in the treatment of effluents, as an adsorbent in the clarification of oils, and especially in the production of chitosan. Currently, chitosan has multidimensional applications, from areas such as human nutrition, biotechnology, materials science, pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, gene therapy and environmental protection. Chitosan is very efficient in the removal of pollutants at different concentrations. It presents high capacity and high adsorption velocity, good efficiency and selectivity both in solutions that have high or low concentrations. The use of biotechnology, through the adsorption process using natural and cheap adsorbents such as chitin and chitosan, minimizes the environmental impacts of aquaculture both in relation to those caused by the release of effluents into the environment and those caused by the inappropriate disposal of processing residues of shrimps.(AU)

Los residuos procedentes de la acuicultura se derivan de la ración y de la excreción de los peces y pueden estar sedimentados, suspendidos o disueltos, ocasionando elevados valores de DBO, DQO, nitrógeno y fósforo. La producción de camarones en Brasil ha generado grandes cantidades de residuos sólidos, teniendo en cuenta que los exoesqueletos de los camarones corresponden a cerca del 40% de su peso total, resultando en un fuerte impacto ambiental. Varias investigaciones involucrando la quitina se están desarrollando en el área de tratamiento de agua, debido principalmente a su capacidad de formar película, siendo utilizada en sistemas filtrantes. Este polisacárido también puede ser utilizado como agente floculante en el tratamiento de efluentes, como adsorbente en la clarificación de aceites, y principalmente en la producción de quitosana. Actualmente la quitosana posee aplicaciones multidimensionales, desde áreas como la nutrición humana, biotecnología, ciencia de los materiales, industria farmacéutica, agricultura, terapia genética y protección ambiental. La quitosana es muy eficiente en la eliminación de contaminantes en diferentes concentraciones. Presenta alta capacidad y gran velocidad de adsorción, buena eficiencia y selectividad tanto en soluciones que poseen altas o bajas concentraciones. El uso de la biotecnología, a través del proceso de adsorción utilizando adsorbentes naturales y baratos, como la quitina y quitosana, minimiza los impactos ambientales de la acuicultura tanto en relación a los provocados por el lanzamiento de efluentes en el medio ambiente en cuanto a los causados por el descarte inadecuado de los residuos del procesamiento de camarones.(AU)

Production and water-use efficiency of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça "Guinea grass" under nitrogen and boron doses / Produção e eficiência do uso da água de Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça "Guinea grass" sob doses de nitrogênio e boro

Brazilian cattle production is mainly conducted with the use of cultivated or native forages, which is considered one of the most efficient ways of production. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the production and water-use efficiency of Guinea grass under different associations between nitrogen and boron doses, as well as different regrowth cycles. The experiment field (22°42'14.6'' S, 47°37'24.1'' W, and 569-m altitude) has a regional climate classified as Cwa, which stands for a humid subtropical climate. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with a 4×4×11 factorial arrangement consisting of boron (0, 0.181, and 0.363 kg ha−1 cycle−1) and nitrogen (22.7, 45.5, 68.2, and 90.9 kg ha−1 cycle−1) fertilizations, plus 11 regrowth cycles and 4 replications. The pasture of Mombaça "Guinea grass" (Megathyrsus Maximus Syn. Panicum Maximum) was irrigated by a sprinkler system. Unlike boron, nitrogen positively influenced forage production. The cycles had a strong influence on production, with winter cycles being the least productive compared to the others.(AU)

A produção bovina brasileira é feita principalmente com o uso de forragens cultivadas ou nativas, que é considerada umas das maneiras mais eficiente de produção. Nesse sentindo, teve-se por objetivo avaliar a produtividade e produtividade da água do capim Mombaça com diferentes combinações de nitrogênio e boro em diferentes ciclos de rebrota. O campo experimental (22°42'14,6'' S e 47°37'24,1'' O, com altitude de 569 m) possui um clima regional classificado como tipo Cwa - Subtropical ou tropical de altitude. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um fatorial 4×4×11, sendo 2 formas de adubação: boratada foram adotados os níveis de 0; 0,181 e 0,363 kg ha−1 ciclo−1 e a adubação nitrogenada com níveis 22,7, 45,5, 68,2 e 90,9 kg ha−1 ciclo−1 com 11 ciclos de rebrota, e 4 repetições. A pastagem utilizada foi o capim Mombaça "Guinea grass" (Megathyrsus Maximus syn. Panicum Maximum) em sistema irrigado por aspersão. Durante o período avaliado observou-se que o nitrogênio influenciou positivamente a produção forrageira, enquanto o boro não influenciou a produção forrageira. Os ciclos tiveram forte influência na produção, sendo que os ciclos de inverno foram os menos produtivos comparados aos demais.(AU)

Temperature influences swine wastewater treatment by aquatic plants

Studies show that aquatic plants are an efficient alternative to minimize the harmful effects of wastewater. Two species of aquatic macrophytes (Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes) were chosen to evaluate the temperature effect on the performance of these macrophytes species in a post-treatment system of swine wastewater. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Toledo, Paraná State, Brazil. For the experimental system, 24 concrete tanks with 80 L capacity were used, each measuring approximately 1.5 m in length, 0.25 m in width and 0.16 m deep. Wastewater characteristics and variables hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured weekly. After, we analyzed the aquatic macrophytes and centesimal composition. The use of aquatic macrophytes was efficient for final swine wastewater polishing. Nitrogen removal showed higher efficiency in the summer period for both species studied. The abiotic variables (pH and EC) presented better results during the winter for both species evaluated. Air and wastewater low temperatures did not influence these variables. Dissolved oxygen presented better results in the summer period for E. crassipes species. There was a significant increase in N and P contents in the plant tissue. This fact proves that the use of aquatic macrophytes is an interesting alternative for swine wastewater treatment.

Temperature influences swine wastewater treatment by aquatic plants

Studies show that aquatic plants are an efficient alternative to minimize the harmful effects of wastewater. Two species of aquatic macrophytes (Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes) were chosen to evaluate the temperature effect on the performance of these macrophytes species in a post-treatment system of swine wastewater. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Toledo, Paraná State, Brazil. For the experimental system, 24 concrete tanks with 80 L capacity were used, each measuring approximately 1.5 m in length, 0.25 m in width and 0.16 m deep. Wastewater characteristics and variables hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured weekly. After, we analyzed the aquatic macrophytes and centesimal composition. The use of aquatic macrophytes was efficient for final swine wastewater polishing. Nitrogen removal showed higher efficiency in the summer period for both species studied. The abiotic variables (pH and EC) presented better results during the winter for both species evaluated. Air and wastewater low temperatures did not influence these variables. Dissolved oxygen presented better results in the summer period for E. crassipes species. There was a significant increase in N and P contents in the plant tissue. This fact proves that the use of aquatic macrophytes is an interesting alternative for swine wastewater treatment.(AU)

A L-arginina na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos: perspectivas para o futuro / L-arginine in the in vitro production of bovine embryos: perspectives for the future

A L-arginina (L-arg) é o principal precursor da síntese do NO, contudo, é precursora também da síntese de creatina, agmatina, ureia, síntese proteica, L-ornitina, poliaminas, L-prolina e L-glutamato. Nesta breve revisão, vamos falar de alguns resultados que estão sendo obtidos sobre o papel da L-arg na capacitação de espermatozoides bovinos e seu impacto na produção in vitro de embriões. Estudos in vitro mostraram que a adição de L-arg ao meio de capacitação espermática está associada a um aumento na produção de NO, que se correlaciona com aumento da motilidade e vigor, integridade da membrana plasmática e acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial, capacitação espermática, peroxidação lipídica, bem como com a produção de blastocistos. Além disso, a adição da L-arg ao meio de capacitação in vitro, altera o perfil de proteínas importantes ligadas ao processo de capacitação, fertilização e desenvolvimento embrionário inicial. Estes efeitos da L-arg são GMPc dependentes e independentes. Na maturação in vitro, entretanto, embora já tenham sido encontrados bons resultados com o uso do L-arg, mais estudos são necessários para determinar a concentração ideal a ser adicionada ao meio de maturação in vitro e seu impacto na produção de blastocistos. Visto que a pré-capacitação de espermatozoides induzida pela heparina em presença de L-arg foi o método mais eficiente na produção in vitro de embriões, sugerimos sua utilização. Mais pesquisas sobre o metabolismo da L-arg no espermatozoide e CCOs de bovinos durante eventos ligados à fertilização são necessários para se identificar novas vias que atuem nestas etapas in vitro visando o aumento da percentagem e qualidade de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro.

L-arginine (L-arg) is the main source of NO synthesis; however, it is also a precursor of the synthesis of creatine, agmatine, urea, protein synthesis, L-ornithine, polyamines, L-proline, and Lglutamate. In this brief review, we will discuss some results obtained previously about the role of L-arg in the capacitation of bovine sperm and its impact on in vitro embryo production. In vitro studies have shown that the addition of L-arg to the sperm capacitation medium is associated with an increase in NO production, which in controlled levels is related to an increased motility and vigor, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, sperm capacitation, peroxidation lipids, as well as with the blastocyst production. Furthermore, the addition of L-arg to the in vitro capacitation medium alters the profile of important proteins linked to the capacitation process, fertilization, and early embryonic development. These effects of L-arg are cGMP dependent and independent. In in vitro maturation, however, although good results have already been found with the use of L-arg, further studies are needed to determine the ideal concentration to be added to the in vitro maturation medium and its impact on the production of blastocysts. Since heparin-induced pre-capacitation of spermatozoa in the presence of L-arg was the most efficient method for in vitro embryo production, we suggest its use. More research on L-arg metabolism in bovine sperm and OCCs during events related to fertilization is needed to identify new pathways that act in these in vitro steps aiming to increase the percentage and quality of bovine embryos produced in vitro.

Sêmen ovino e caprino imunossexado e diluído em meio de conservação à base de água de coco em pó (ACP101/102c) / Ram and goat semen immunosexed and diluted in powdered coconut water-based preservation medium (ACP101/102c)

Sperm sexing aims to separate sperm populations in carriers of the "X" or "Y" chromosome. Currently, flow cytometry is a technique that allows greater accuracy; however, it causes structural changes in sperm, reduces viability, and has a high cost. As a result, other methods have been researched, including immunosexing, which uses monoclonal antibodies to detect sex-specific surface antigens. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the immunosexing technique using a monoclonal antibody against sex-specific protein (HY) in the conservation of ram and goat semen in ACP101/102c. Ejaculates from five rams and five goats were collected with the aid of an artificial vagina; they were evaluated and submitted to the immunosexing protocol, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, using the Monoclonal Antibody Kit specific for mammalian sperm with "Y" chromosomes (HY; HY Biotechnology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). After sexing, the supernatant was resuspended in the cryopreservation diluent: ACP ram (ACP101/102c + 20% egg yolk + 7% glycerol) and ACP goat (ACP101/102c + 2.5% egg yolk + 7% glycerol), packaged in 0.25 mL straws, refrigerated at 4°C, stabilized for 30 min, frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor (-60°C) for 15 min, immersed in liquid nitrogen, and stored in cryogenic cylinders. The samples were evaluated in natura (T1), after immunosexing (T2) and after thawing (T3) for sperm motility subjectively using conventional microscopy (40x). Plasma membrane integrity (IMP) and sperm cell morphology were evaluated by the smear staining technique using eosin-nigrosine dye, and the percentages of healthy and morphologically defect spermatozoa were determined. In the evaluation of ram semen regarding sperm motility and IMP, no statistically significant differences were observed between treatments after sexing in the evaluation of absolute data (P > 0.05), with the difference being observed only between T1 and T2, and T3 (P < 0.05). Regarding the relative percentage and sperm morphology, no statistically significant differences were observed (P > 0.05). Regarding the evaluation of goat semen samples, the motility parameters were consistent with the technique submitted; however, the IMP data did not appear as expected, requiring further evaluation for a better assessment of the technique for this species. The data obtained from ram semen submitted to the immunosexing protocol, regarding the absolute evaluation of motility and IMP, demonstrated that the non-sexed semen (T1) was superior to the sexed treatments (T2 and T3); however, it is noteworthy that freezing started with approximately 50% of the cells, since the immunosexing technique results in a loss of viability of approximately 50% of the sperm, which corresponds to the ratio of sperm carrying the X chromosome. In addition, when the data in this study were transformed into relative values, no statistical differences were observed, indicating that the immunosexing protocol, as well as the freezing protocol, did not significantly affect the quality of ram sperm cells. In relation to the immunosexing of goat semen, future studies should be conducted in vitro to define a more appropriate protocol for the species and, in addition, in vivo studies should be performed to prove the quality of the technique. It was concluded that the immunosexing process using a monoclonal antibody against sex-specific protein (HY) associated with the use of powdered coconut water diluent (ACP101/102c) in the cryopreservation of semen proved to be efficient in the in vitro evaluation of ovine species.(AU)

Characterization of associative diazotrophic bacteria in torch ginger / Caracterização de bactérias diazotróficas associativas em bastão-do-imperador

Associative diazotrophic bacteria perform several processes that promote increased plant development and production, allowing a reduction in the use of agricultural inputs and costs. However, for some species, such as torch ginger, there are still no reports of studies aimed at identifying diazotrophic bacteria associated with this species. On this basis, this study proposes to isolate and characterize associative diazotrophic bacteria in rhizospheric soils and roots of torch ginger as well as analyze the potential of these isolates in solubilizing phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and producing indole-3- acetic acid (IAA). Soil and roots samples of torch ginger were inoculated into five different semi-solid and semi-selective culture media, namely, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV and FAM, where bacterial growth was diagnosed by the formation of a characteristic film on the surface of the media. Subsequently, the bacterial isolates were analyzed for their ability to solubilize P and K in liquid medium, using phosphate rock powder (AO-15) and potassium rock powder (phonolite) as sources of P and K, respectively. All culture media showed bacterial growth, making this the first report of isolation of diazotrophic bacterial strains in this species. Eight of the obtained strains originated from rhizospheric soils and four from roots of torch ginger. Of these, 10 solubilized P, with the UNIFENAS 100-340, UNIFENAS 100-342 and UNIFENAS 100-348 strains standing out. Six strains showed K solubilizing ability, UNIFENAS 100-346 being the most efficient. All strains were able to produce the IAA phytohormone, both in the presence and absence of tryptophan, with superior results obtained by UNIFENAS 100-344 and UNIFENAS 100-351.

As bactérias diazotróficas associativas realizam diversos processos que promovem o maior desenvolvimento e produção vegetal, reduzindo o uso de insumos agrícolas e custos. No entanto, para algumas espécies, como o bastão-do-imperador, ainda não existem relatos de estudos visando identificar as bactérias diazotróficas associadas à esta espécie. Objetivou-se isolar e caracterizar bactérias diazotróficas associativas em solos rizosféricos e raízes de bastão-do-imperador e analisar o potencial destes isolados em solubilizar fósforo (P) e potássio (K) e produzir ácido 3-indol acético (AIA). As amostras de solos e raízes do bastão-do-imperador foram inoculadas em cinco diferentes meios de cultura semi-sólidos e semisseletivos, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV e FAM, em que o crescimento bacteriano foi diagnosticado pela formação de película característica na superfície dos meios. Posteriormente, os isolados bacterianos foram analisados quanto à capacidade de solubilizar P e potássio K em meio líquido, utilizando pó de rocha fosfatada, AO-15 e potássica, fonolito, como fontes de P e K, respectivamente. Todos os meios de cultivo utilizados apresentaram crescimento bacteriano, sendo este o primeiro relato de isolamento de estirpes bacterianas diazotróficas desta espécie. Das estirpes obtidas, oito foram de solos rizosféricos e quatro das raízes do bastão-do-imperador. Destas, 10 solubilizaram P, sendo as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-340 UNIFENAS 100-342 e UNIFENAS 100-348 as que se destacaram. Quanto a solubilização de K, seis estipes apresentaram a capacidade de solubilização, sendo a estirpe UNIFENAS 100-346 a mais eficiente. Em relação à produção de AIA, todas foram capazes de produzir esse fitormônio, tanto na presença quanto ausência do triptofano, com destaque para as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-344 e UNIFENAS 100-351.

Characterization of associative diazotrophic bacteria in torch ginger / Caracterização de bactérias diazotróficas associativas em bastão-do-imperador

Associative diazotrophic bacteria perform several processes that promote increased plant development and production, allowing a reduction in the use of agricultural inputs and costs. However, for some species, such as torch ginger, there are still no reports of studies aimed at identifying diazotrophic bacteria associated with this species. On this basis, this study proposes to isolate and characterize associative diazotrophic bacteria in rhizospheric soils and roots of torch ginger as well as analyze the potential of these isolates in solubilizing phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and producing indole-3- acetic acid (IAA). Soil and roots samples of torch ginger were inoculated into five different semi-solid and semi-selective culture media, namely, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV and FAM, where bacterial growth was diagnosed by the formation of a characteristic film on the surface of the media. Subsequently, the bacterial isolates were analyzed for their ability to solubilize P and K in liquid medium, using phosphate rock powder (AO-15) and potassium rock powder (phonolite) as sources of P and K, respectively. All culture media showed bacterial growth, making this the first report of isolation of diazotrophic bacterial strains in this species. Eight of the obtained strains originated from rhizospheric soils and four from roots of torch ginger. Of these, 10 solubilized P, with the UNIFENAS 100-340, UNIFENAS 100-342 and UNIFENAS 100-348 strains standing out. Six strains showed K solubilizing ability, UNIFENAS 100-346 being the most efficient. All strains were able to produce the IAA phytohormone, both in the presence and absence of tryptophan, with superior results obtained by UNIFENAS 100-344 and UNIFENAS 100-351.(AU)

As bactérias diazotróficas associativas realizam diversos processos que promovem o maior desenvolvimento e produção vegetal, reduzindo o uso de insumos agrícolas e custos. No entanto, para algumas espécies, como o bastão-do-imperador, ainda não existem relatos de estudos visando identificar as bactérias diazotróficas associadas à esta espécie. Objetivou-se isolar e caracterizar bactérias diazotróficas associativas em solos rizosféricos e raízes de bastão-do-imperador e analisar o potencial destes isolados em solubilizar fósforo (P) e potássio (K) e produzir ácido 3-indol acético (AIA). As amostras de solos e raízes do bastão-do-imperador foram inoculadas em cinco diferentes meios de cultura semi-sólidos e semisseletivos, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV e FAM, em que o crescimento bacteriano foi diagnosticado pela formação de película característica na superfície dos meios. Posteriormente, os isolados bacterianos foram analisados quanto à capacidade de solubilizar P e potássio K em meio líquido, utilizando pó de rocha fosfatada, AO-15 e potássica, fonolito, como fontes de P e K, respectivamente. Todos os meios de cultivo utilizados apresentaram crescimento bacteriano, sendo este o primeiro relato de isolamento de estirpes bacterianas diazotróficas desta espécie. Das estirpes obtidas, oito foram de solos rizosféricos e quatro das raízes do bastão-do-imperador. Destas, 10 solubilizaram P, sendo as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-340 UNIFENAS 100-342 e UNIFENAS 100-348 as que se destacaram. Quanto a solubilização de K, seis estipes apresentaram a capacidade de solubilização, sendo a estirpe UNIFENAS 100-346 a mais eficiente. Em relação à produção de AIA, todas foram capazes de produzir esse fitormônio, tanto na presença quanto ausência do triptofano, com destaque para as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-344 e UNIFENAS 100-351.(AU)

Efficiency of fluid organomineral fertilizer with pig slurry in nitrogen and phosphorus availability / Eficiência de fertilizante fluido organomineral com dejeto suíno na disponibilidade de nitrogênio e fósforo

The use of pig slurry (PS) in fluid fertilizer formulation, for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply, consists of an innovative technology due to this waste reuse in the environment. The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic efficiency of fluid organomineral fertilizers with PS concerning solid and fluid forms of soluble minerals as a source of N and P in a Typic Quartzipsamment (Entisol) and Typic Hapludox (Oxisol). Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, with three sequential cultivations in a completely randomized design. Experiment 1: was composed of N and presented the treatments Without-Nitrogen (N-W), solid mineral (N-SM), fluid mineral (N-FM), and fluid with PS (N-FO). Experiment 2: was composed of P and presented the treatments Without-Phosphorus (P-W), solid mineral (P-SM), fluid mineral (P-FM), and fluid with PS (P-FO). The fertilizer N-FO presented a lower N use efficiency by crops in Entisol when compared to the granular fertilizer NSM, but a higher efficiency in Oxisol. For phosphorus, the fertilizer P-FO was more efficient concerning the solid mineral source P-SM in both Oxisol and Entisol soils. Fluid organomineral fertilizer with PS demonstrated to be a promising source of N and P for crop fertilization, especially in sandy soils, however, more studies are needed with this fertilizer type and its effect on plants and into acid...

O uso dejeto líquido de suíno (DLS) na formulação de fertilizantes fluidos, para o fornecimento de nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P), é uma tecnologia inovadora devido ao reaproveitamento deste resíduo no meio ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência agronômica de fertilizantes organominerais fluidos com DLS em relação às formas sólidas e fluidas de minerais solúveis como fonte de N e P em Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQo) e Latossolo Vermelho (LVdf). Dois experimentos foram conduzidos simultaneamente em casa de vegetação, com três cultivos sequenciais no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O experimento 1 com N compreendeu os tratamentos: sem nitrogênio (Sem-N), mineral sólido (MS-N), mineral fluido (MF-N) e fluido com DLS (OF-N); já o experimento 2 com P traz os tratamentos: sem fósforo (Sem-P), mineral sólido (MS-P), mineral fluido (MF-P) e fluido com DLS (OF-P). Os fertilizante OF-N foi menos eficiente no aproveitamento de N pelas culturas em relação ao fertilizante MS-N em grânulo na condição de LVdf, e superior ao mesmo em RQo. Para o fósforo o fertilizante OF-P foi mais eficiente em relação a fonte sólida mineral MS-P na condição de RQo e apresentou a mesma eficiência em LVdf. O fertilizante organomineral fluido elaborado com DLS demonstrou ser uma fonte promissora na adubação de culturas como fonte de N e P, principalmente, em solo de textura arenosa...

Efficiency of fluid organomineral fertilizer with pig slurry in nitrogen and phosphorus availability / Eficiência de fertilizante fluido organomineral com dejeto suíno na disponibilidade de nitrogênio e fósforo

The use of pig slurry (PS) in fluid fertilizer formulation, for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply, consists of an innovative technology due to this waste reuse in the environment. The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic efficiency of fluid organomineral fertilizers with PS concerning solid and fluid forms of soluble minerals as a source of N and P in a Typic Quartzipsamment (Entisol) and Typic Hapludox (Oxisol). Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, with three sequential cultivations in a completely randomized design. Experiment 1: was composed of N and presented the treatments Without-Nitrogen (N-W), solid mineral (N-SM), fluid mineral (N-FM), and fluid with PS (N-FO). Experiment 2: was composed of P and presented the treatments Without-Phosphorus (P-W), solid mineral (P-SM), fluid mineral (P-FM), and fluid with PS (P-FO). The fertilizer N-FO presented a lower N use efficiency by crops in Entisol when compared to the granular fertilizer NSM, but a higher efficiency in Oxisol. For phosphorus, the fertilizer P-FO was more efficient concerning the solid mineral source P-SM in both Oxisol and Entisol soils. Fluid organomineral fertilizer with PS demonstrated to be a promising source of N and P for crop fertilization, especially in sandy soils, however, more studies are needed with this fertilizer type and its effect on plants and into acid...(AU)

O uso dejeto líquido de suíno (DLS) na formulação de fertilizantes fluidos, para o fornecimento de nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P), é uma tecnologia inovadora devido ao reaproveitamento deste resíduo no meio ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência agronômica de fertilizantes organominerais fluidos com DLS em relação às formas sólidas e fluidas de minerais solúveis como fonte de N e P em Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQo) e Latossolo Vermelho (LVdf). Dois experimentos foram conduzidos simultaneamente em casa de vegetação, com três cultivos sequenciais no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O experimento 1 com N compreendeu os tratamentos: sem nitrogênio (Sem-N), mineral sólido (MS-N), mineral fluido (MF-N) e fluido com DLS (OF-N); já o experimento 2 com P traz os tratamentos: sem fósforo (Sem-P), mineral sólido (MS-P), mineral fluido (MF-P) e fluido com DLS (OF-P). Os fertilizante OF-N foi menos eficiente no aproveitamento de N pelas culturas em relação ao fertilizante MS-N em grânulo na condição de LVdf, e superior ao mesmo em RQo. Para o fósforo o fertilizante OF-P foi mais eficiente em relação a fonte sólida mineral MS-P na condição de RQo e apresentou a mesma eficiência em LVdf. O fertilizante organomineral fluido elaborado com DLS demonstrou ser uma fonte promissora na adubação de culturas como fonte de N e P, principalmente, em solo de textura arenosa...(AU)

Detoxified castor in the diets of dairy goats: I. Effects on intake, digestibility, and renal and hepatic parameters

The objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and metabolic profile of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and body weights of 43±2.97 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The diets significantly influenced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). We observed a higher dry matter intake (DMI) in goats fed SM, similar to that of goats fed Ca(OH)2 DCC. Intake of nutrients followed the same trend as DMI. There was no significant effect of diets on digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and NDF; however, we observed a significant effect of diets on the levels of nitrogen intake (NI) and urinary nitrogen (UN). The goats fed SM consumed a larger quantity of nitrogen, but all had the same nitrogen balance, indicating that goats fed DCC were more efficient. The diets did not influence renal and hepatic parameters. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats fed DCC present lower feed conversion, and its use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced.(AU)

Metabolic stress and reproductive features in post-partum goats supplemented for a long period with detoxified castor meal as the source of dietary nitrogen / Estresse metabólico e características reprodutivas em cabras pós-parto suplementadas por longo período com mamona desintoxicada como fonte de nitrogênio na dieta

This study evaluated the effect of detoxified castor meal on the reproductive performance, metabolic stress, milk production, and kid development in peripartum goats. The diet of the animals were with (DCM, n= 20) or without (WDCM, n= 21) detoxified castor meal during the entire gestation and until weaning, 60 days post-birth. No differences were observed in the gestation period, litter size, rate of multiple births, and mortality between the two groups. The postpartum plasma concentrations of progesterone remained below 1ng/mL in all animals, thus, confirming the absence of active corpora lutea. The thickness of sternum adipose tissue and loin area, levels of urea and cholesterol, milk production, and daily weight gain in the kids were low in the DCM group when compared to those in the WDCM group (P< 0.05). To conclude, the use of detoxified castor meal in peripartum goats resulted in lower level of performance in the kids because of reductions in the amount of milk received from their mothers during lactation. In addition, the diet containing detoxified castor meals was not efficient in recovering from the loss of stored body reserves able to initiate the recovery of the cyclic activity of the goats.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou o efeito da torta de mamona desintoxicada na reprodução, no estresse metabólico, na produção de leite e no desenvolvimento de cabritos no periparto de cabras. Um grupo foi alimentado com torta de mamona (DCM, n=20), e o outro (WDCM, n=21) não recebeu tal suplemento , durante a gestação até o desmame, 60 dias pós-parto. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no período de gestação, no número de cabritos, na taxa de partos múltiplos e na mortalidade entre os dois grupos. Em todos os animais, a concentração plasmática de progesterona ficou abaixo de 1ng/mL, confirmando a ausência de atividade lútea. A espessura da gordura subcutânea do esterno e da área de olho-de-lombo, a concentração de ureia e colesterol, a produção de leite e o ganho de peso dos cabritos foram menores no grupo DCM (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o uso de torta de mamona desintoxicada no periparto de cabra resultou em cabritos mais leves devido à redução na produção de leite das matrizes e as cabras não retornaram ao cio, pois não recuperaram a massa corporal.(AU)

Metabolic stress and reproductive features in post-partum goats supplemented for a long period with detoxified castor meal as the source of dietary nitrogen / Estresse metabólico e características reprodutivas em cabras pós-parto suplementadas por longo período com mamona desintoxicada como fonte de nitrogênio na dieta

This study evaluated the effect of detoxified castor meal on the reproductive performance, metabolic stress, milk production, and kid development in peripartum goats. The diet of the animals were with (DCM, n= 20) or without (WDCM, n= 21) detoxified castor meal during the entire gestation and until weaning, 60 days post-birth. No differences were observed in the gestation period, litter size, rate of multiple births, and mortality between the two groups. The postpartum plasma concentrations of progesterone remained below 1ng/mL in all animals, thus, confirming the absence of active corpora lutea. The thickness of sternum adipose tissue and loin area, levels of urea and cholesterol, milk production, and daily weight gain in the kids were low in the DCM group when compared to those in the WDCM group (P< 0.05). To conclude, the use of detoxified castor meal in peripartum goats resulted in lower level of performance in the kids because of reductions in the amount of milk received from their mothers during lactation. In addition, the diet containing detoxified castor meals was not efficient in recovering from the loss of stored body reserves able to initiate the recovery of the cyclic activity of the goats.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou o efeito da torta de mamona desintoxicada na reprodução, no estresse metabólico, na produção de leite e no desenvolvimento de cabritos no periparto de cabras. Um grupo foi alimentado com torta de mamona (DCM, n=20), e o outro (WDCM, n=21) não recebeu tal suplemento , durante a gestação até o desmame, 60 dias pós-parto. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no período de gestação, no número de cabritos, na taxa de partos múltiplos e na mortalidade entre os dois grupos. Em todos os animais, a concentração plasmática de progesterona ficou abaixo de 1ng/mL, confirmando a ausência de atividade lútea. A espessura da gordura subcutânea do esterno e da área de olho-de-lombo, a concentração de ureia e colesterol, a produção de leite e o ganho de peso dos cabritos foram menores no grupo DCM (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o uso de torta de mamona desintoxicada no periparto de cabra resultou em cabritos mais leves devido à redução na produção de leite das matrizes e as cabras não retornaram ao cio, pois não recuperaram a massa corporal.(AU)

Can co-inoculation of Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense increase common bean nodulation and grain yield? / A coinoculação de Rhizobium tropici e Azospirillum brasilense pode aumentar a nodulação e o rendimento de grãos do feijoeiro?

O uso de rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento de planta (RPCP) associado a inoculação de rizóbio pode otimizar a fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN), diminuindo o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados e aumentando o crescimento da planta e o rendimento da cultura do feijão. Um estudo foi conduzido para investigar a eficácia da coinoculação de Rhizobium tropici e Azospirillum brasilense e da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura na nodulação, no crescimento e no rendimento de grãos do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivado em solo arenoso da região do Cerrado brasileiro, durante duas safras de produção ("safra das águas" e "safra da seca"). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas constituíram de quatro tratamento de inoculação das sementes: controle (não inoculado); inoculação com Rhizobium tropici; inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense; e, coinoculação com R. tropici e A. brasilense; e as subparcelas por cinco doses de N em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha

The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) associated with rhizobia may optimize the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), decrease chemical fertilizer-N use and increase plant growth and yield of the bean crop. A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of co-inoculation of Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense, and nitrogen fertilizer topdressing on nodulation, growth, and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a sandy soil from the Brazilian tropical savanna (Cerrado) region, during the two growing seasons (“spring-summer” and “summer-fall”). The experimental design was a split plot in randomized blocks with four replicates. Plots consisted of four inoculation treatment on seeds: control (non-inoculated); inoculation with Rhizobium tropici; inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense; and co-inoculation with R. tropici and A. brasilense; and subplots of five N rates in topdressing (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha <->1). The inoculation with R. tropici alone or combined with A. brasilense enhanced root nodulation and grain yield of the common beans when the crop was grown during the dry season in the Brazilian savanna region. Therefore, the positive response of inoculation with rhizobia and azospirilla on the grain yield is dependent of the environmental conditions during the growing season, especially the low rainfall rate by stimulating root nodulation. The inoculation with A. brasilense alone was not an efficient agronomic practice to be used in common beans cropping under Brazilian conditions, because resulting grain yield equivalent to the non-inoculated plants in the two growing seasons. The increase of N application rates inhibits the formation and growth of root nodules of the common beans. The optimal N application rate in topdressing for common beans grown in sandy soils from the Brazilian savanna region may range between 80 and 90 kg N ha <->1.(AU)

Produtividade da soja e bioindicadores do solo em função da inoculação de Bradyrhizobium e Azospirillum em sucessão de cultivos / Soybean productivity and soil bioindicators in the function of Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum inoculation in succession of crops

Com o aumento da demanda mundial por soja, se faz necessário utilizar técnicas alternativas para aumentar a produção da cultura de forma sustentável. A fixação biológica de nitrogênio –FBN realizada por meio de bactérias diazotróficas é considerado uma fonte eficaz e econômica para fornecimento de N para a soja. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade da soja e bioindicadores do solo em função da inoculação de Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolado e a coinoculação com Azospirillum brasilense em sucessão de culturas de outono-inverno. O estudo foi conduzido na área experimental da Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, em Dourados, MS, na safra 2016/2017. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. Nas parcelas foram alocados os quatros cultivos de outono- inverno (milho solteiro, milho consorciado com Brachiaria ruziziensis, feijão-caupi solteiroe B. ruziziensis solteira), e nas subparcelas a inoculação via sementes: sem inoculação (testemunha); inoculação com Bradyrhizobium japonicum e coinoculação de B. japonicum +Azospirillum brasilense . A inoculação não foi significativa para nenhuma das variáveis mensuradas assim como a interação da inoculação x culturas de outono -inverno. Os cultivos de outono-inverno influenciaram na produtividade dos grãos, na qual, a soja cultivada em sucessão ao milho consorciado e feijão-caupi obtiveram destaque em suas médias . O carbono da biomassa, quociente metabólico e microbiano do solo foram influenciados pelos cultivos, sendo o maior valor de biomassa microbiana encontrado em sucessão ao milho consorciado, em relação ao feijão-caupi, B. ruziziensis e milho solteiro. A atividade da enzima fosfatase ácida não foi influenciada por nenhum fator estudado. O uso de culturas de outono-inverno contribui para o desempenho da soja em sucessão, e contribuem para aumento da biomassa microbiana do solo.(AU)

As world demand for soybeans increases, it is necessary to use alternative techniques to increase the production of the crop in a sustainable way. Biological nitrogen fixation-BNF performed by diazotrophic bacteria is considered an efficient and economical source for N supply to the soybean. This study aimed to evaluate soybean productivity and soil bioindicators as a function of the inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolated and the co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in succession of autumn-winter crops. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of Embrapa Western Agriculture, in Dourados, MS, in the 2016/2017 harvest season. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in subdivided plots with three replicates. In the plots were allocated the four autumn-winter crops (single corn, corn intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis, single cowpea and single B. ruziziensis), and in the subplots inoculation via seeds: without inoculation (control); inoculation with B japonicum and co-inoculation of B. japonicum + A.brasilense. No significant effect of inoculation methods was observed on the studied variables as well as an interaction of inoculation vs. autumn-winter crops. The autumn-winter crops influence the grain yield, which the soybeans cultivated in succession to intercropping maize and cowpea achieved better averages. The microbial biomass carbon, metabolic and microbial quotients were influenced by the crops, being the highest value of microbial biomass carbon found in succession to intercropped corn, in relation to cowpea, B. ruziziensis and single maize. The activity of the acid phosphatase enzyme was not influenced by any factor studied. The use of autumn winter crops contributes to the performance of soybeans in succession and contribute to the increase of soil microbial biomass.(AU)

Produtividade da soja e bioindicadores do solo em função da inoculação de Bradyrhizobium e Azospirillum em sucessão de cultivos / Soybean productivity and soil bioindicators in the function of Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum inoculation in succession of crops

Com o aumento da demanda mundial por soja, se faz necessário utilizar técnicas alternativas para aumentar a produção da cultura de forma sustentável. A fixação biológica de nitrogênio –FBN realizada por meio de bactérias diazotróficas é considerado uma fonte eficaz e econômica para fornecimento de N para a soja. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade da soja e bioindicadores do solo em função da inoculação de Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolado e a coinoculação com Azospirillum brasilense em sucessão de culturas de outono-inverno. O estudo foi conduzido na área experimental da Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, em Dourados, MS, na safra 2016/2017. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. Nas parcelas foram alocados os quatros cultivos de outono- inverno (milho solteiro, milho consorciado com Brachiaria ruziziensis, feijão-caupi solteiroe B. ruziziensis solteira), e nas subparcelas a inoculação via sementes: sem inoculação (testemunha); inoculação com Bradyrhizobium japonicum e coinoculação de B. japonicum +Azospirillum brasilense . A inoculação não foi significativa para nenhuma das variáveis mensuradas assim como a interação da inoculação x culturas de outono -inverno. Os cultivos de outono-inverno influenciaram na produtividade dos grãos, na qual, a soja cultivada em sucessão ao milho consorciado e feijão-caupi obtiveram destaque em suas médias . O carbono da biomassa, quociente metabólico e microbiano do solo foram influenciados pelos cultivos, sendo o maior valor de biomassa microbiana encontrado em sucessão ao milho consorciado, em relação ao feijão-caupi, B. ruziziensis e milho solteiro. A atividade da enzima fosfatase ácida não foi influenciada por nenhum fator estudado. O uso de culturas de outono-inverno contribui para o desempenho da soja em sucessão, e contribuem para aumento da biomassa microbiana do solo.

As world demand for soybeans increases, it is necessary to use alternative techniques to increase the production of the crop in a sustainable way. Biological nitrogen fixation-BNF performed by diazotrophic bacteria is considered an efficient and economical source for N supply to the soybean. This study aimed to evaluate soybean productivity and soil bioindicators as a function of the inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolated and the co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in succession of autumn-winter crops. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of Embrapa Western Agriculture, in Dourados, MS, in the 2016/2017 harvest season. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in subdivided plots with three replicates. In the plots were allocated the four autumn-winter crops (single corn, corn intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis, single cowpea and single B. ruziziensis), and in the subplots inoculation via seeds: without inoculation (control); inoculation with B japonicum and co-inoculation of B. japonicum + A.brasilense. No significant effect of inoculation methods was observed on the studied variables as well as an interaction of inoculation vs. autumn-winter crops. The autumn-winter crops influence the grain yield, which the soybeans cultivated in succession to intercropping maize and cowpea achieved better averages. The microbial biomass carbon, metabolic and microbial quotients were influenced by the crops, being the highest value of microbial biomass carbon found in succession to intercropped corn, in relation to cowpea, B. ruziziensis and single maize. The activity of the acid phosphatase enzyme was not influenced by any factor studied. The use of autumn winter crops contributes to the performance of soybeans in succession and contribute to the increase of soil microbial biomass.