Extradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine in a Saint Bernard

Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degeneratedjoints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis.Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case ofextradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinicalevolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with ahistory of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinicalsigns. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexesin the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list includedintervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatorydisease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. Thecerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes wereobserved and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articularprocesses were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits...

Eventração em Iguana verde (Iguana iguana) / Eventration in green iguana (Iguana iguana)

Background: The reptile class could be considered one of the biggest vertebrate groups and are divided in orders andsuborders according to their characteristics. These animals’ maintenance in captivity, either at home, captive bred or atzoos, can generate risk to their health, if the required cares are not given for each respective species. The lack of individualcares could lead to bone and muscular diseases and to traumatic lesions in soft tissues, mainly in the coelomic cavity. Thereport that is being presented aims to describe the case of a green iguana (Iguana iguana) that presented an increase ofvolume in the coelomic cavity. The animal belongs to the squad of the Zoo “Dr. Fábio de Sá Barreto”.Case: A green iguana arrived at the Zoo in February 2019 coming from another establishment, with already an increaseof volume in the coelomic cavity. The animal was put in quarantine and later on, it was put in display at a terrarium in theZoo considered adequate to reptiles, with another seven green iguanas along with an argentine tegu (Salvator rufescens).Their feed was offered in the morning and was composed of fruits, vegetables and flowers like hibiscus. In the end of June2019, it was reported by the attendant that the animal was presented with anorexia and prostration, and these symptomsprogressed to neurologic signs, as it walked in circles. So, the animal was evaluated by the Zoo veterinarians and on examthey noticed lethargy, dehydration, absence of reflexes (pupillary, eyelid and painful), locomotion difficulty and when theiguana moves, it walks in circles. The increase in volume had the same size as reported in February and a soft consistency.After that, the animal was interned and treated according to the symptoms and the clinical evolution. Ten days after thehospitalization, the animal was still not eating, and locomotion stopped completely. It was performed in an...

Eventração em Iguana verde (Iguana iguana) / Eventration in green iguana (Iguana iguana)

Background: The reptile class could be considered one of the biggest vertebrate groups and are divided in orders andsuborders according to their characteristics. These animals maintenance in captivity, either at home, captive bred or atzoos, can generate risk to their health, if the required cares are not given for each respective species. The lack of individualcares could lead to bone and muscular diseases and to traumatic lesions in soft tissues, mainly in the coelomic cavity. Thereport that is being presented aims to describe the case of a green iguana (Iguana iguana) that presented an increase ofvolume in the coelomic cavity. The animal belongs to the squad of the Zoo “Dr. Fábio de Sá Barreto”.Case: A green iguana arrived at the Zoo in February 2019 coming from another establishment, with already an increaseof volume in the coelomic cavity. The animal was put in quarantine and later on, it was put in display at a terrarium in theZoo considered adequate to reptiles, with another seven green iguanas along with an argentine tegu (Salvator rufescens).Their feed was offered in the morning and was composed of fruits, vegetables and flowers like hibiscus. In the end of June2019, it was reported by the attendant that the animal was presented with anorexia and prostration, and these symptomsprogressed to neurologic signs, as it walked in circles. So, the animal was evaluated by the Zoo veterinarians and on examthey noticed lethargy, dehydration, absence of reflexes (pupillary, eyelid and painful), locomotion difficulty and when theiguana moves, it walks in circles. The increase in volume had the same size as reported in February and a soft consistency.After that, the animal was interned and treated according to the symptoms and the clinical evolution. Ten days after thehospitalization, the animal was still not eating, and locomotion stopped completely. It was performed in an...(AU)

Extradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine in a Saint Bernard

Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degeneratedjoints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis.Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case ofextradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinicalevolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with ahistory of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinicalsigns. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexesin the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list includedintervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatorydisease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. Thecerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes wereobserved and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articularprocesses were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits...(AU)

Gravid hysterocele in bitch: case report / Histerocelegravídica em cadela: Relato de caso

An inguinal hernia may result in protrusion of the uterus through the hernial ring, thus being called a hysterocele. If the female is pregnant, the fetuses viability may be compromised, through the incarceration of the uterus in the hernial ring, in addition to harming the females systemic homeostasis. Complementary imaging tests, such as ultrasound, are of fundamental importance for the diagnosis and prognosis of the case, with surgery being the recommended treatment. The aim of the present work is to report the case of an eight-year-old female pinscher, diagnosed with a gravid hysterocele, treated by inguinal herniorrhaphy. The patient reached the end of pregnancy with viable fetuses.

A hérnia inguinal pode ter como consequência a protusão do útero pelo canal herniário, denominando-se, assim, histerocele. Caso a fêmea esteja gestante, a viabilidade dos fetos pode ser comprometida, por meio do encarceramento do útero no canal herniário, além de prejudicar a homeostasia sistêmica da fêmea. Exames complementares de imagem, como ultrassom, são de fundamental importância para diagnóstico e prognóstico do caso, sendo a cirurgia o tratamento preconizado. Objetiva-se com o presente trabalho relatar o caso de uma cadela, pinscher, de oito anos, diagnosticada com histerocele gravídica, tratada mediante herniorrafia inguinal. A paciente chegou ao término da gestação com os fetos viáveis.

Gravid hysterocele in bitch: case report / Histerocelegravídica em cadela: Relato de caso

An inguinal hernia may result in protrusion of the uterus through the hernial ring, thus being called a hysterocele. If the female is pregnant, the fetuses viability may be compromised, through the incarceration of the uterus in the hernial ring, in addition to harming the females systemic homeostasis. Complementary imaging tests, such as ultrasound, are of fundamental importance for the diagnosis and prognosis of the case, with surgery being the recommended treatment. The aim of the present work is to report the case of an eight-year-old female pinscher, diagnosed with a gravid hysterocele, treated by inguinal herniorrhaphy. The patient reached the end of pregnancy with viable fetuses.(AU)

A hérnia inguinal pode ter como consequência a protusão do útero pelo canal herniário, denominando-se, assim, histerocele. Caso a fêmea esteja gestante, a viabilidade dos fetos pode ser comprometida, por meio do encarceramento do útero no canal herniário, além de prejudicar a homeostasia sistêmica da fêmea. Exames complementares de imagem, como ultrassom, são de fundamental importância para diagnóstico e prognóstico do caso, sendo a cirurgia o tratamento preconizado. Objetiva-se com o presente trabalho relatar o caso de uma cadela, pinscher, de oito anos, diagnosticada com histerocele gravídica, tratada mediante herniorrafia inguinal. A paciente chegou ao término da gestação com os fetos viáveis.(AU)

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in 114 horses in Southern Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de 114 equinos no sul do Brasil

Equine colic is one of the most common cause of death in horses, but few studies have investigated specifically the conditions at the necropsy. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological features of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in horses. A retrospective study was conducted in search of cases of these diseases affecting horses from 2005 to 2017. During this period, 114 horses died of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and the main causes were: primary gastric dilation (27/114), volvulus (27/114), enterolithiasis (20/114), rectal (colonic) perforation (15/114), gastric or cecocolonic impaction (10/114), incarcerations (6/114), intussusception (4/114), and others (5/114). Mixed breeds horses (56/114) and males (69/114) were mostly affected. The horses had a median and mean age of 10 and 10.9-years old, respectively. Primary gastric dilation was characterized by distension of the stomach by moderate to large amounts of content, which in 21 cases caused tearing of the stomach wall at the greater curvature (peritonitis), and the main predisposing factor was alimentary overload (17/27). Intestinal volvulus occurred within the small intestine (14 cases) and within the large intestines (13 cases). Grossly, there was intestinal ischemia with reddened to deep-black serosa and diffusely red mucosae. Enterolithiasis caused partial or complete obstruction of the right dorsal colon (9/20), transverse colon (4/20), small colon and right dorsal colon (3/20), rectum and right dorsal colon (2/20), and small colon (2/20). Viscera perforation and peritonitis occurred in 11 cases. Rectal (colonic) perforation involved the rectum (10/15), rectum/small colon (4/15), and the small colon (1/15). It was characterized by a focally extensive transmural tearing, associated with reddened borders, and retroperitoneal to diffuse peritonitis. Palpation related iatrogenic injuries (11/15) were the main cause. Impactions affected the large colon (7/10), the cecum (2/10), and the stomach (1/10). Incarcerations consisted of inguinoscrotal hernias (2/6), small intestine entrapment by a mesenteric failure (2/6), diaphragmatic hernia, and umbilical eventration. Grossly, the organs were constricted by a hernial ring, with intestinal ischemia and reddened to dark-red serosa. Predisposing factors included previous surgeries (2/6) and patent inguinal ring (1/6). Intussusception involved the small intestine (3/4) and ileocecum (1/4). Foals with lack of colostrum intake and concomitant pneumonia was a characteristic presentation (3/4). Grossly, the intussusceptum slipped into intussuscipiens, with diffuse deep black-red discoloration. Other causes included large colon displacement (2/5), extrinsic and intrinsic obstruction of the small intestine (2/5), and an intestinal adenocarcinoma. Noninfectious gastrointestinal diseases are major causes of death in horses. Epidemiological and gross features of the conditions should be accounted to obtain a final diagnosis of the cause of the colic.(AU)

A cólica em equinos é considerada como a principal causa de morte de cavalos, porém poucos estudos têm investigado especificamente as condições envolvidas através da necropsia. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de equinos. Foi conduzido um estudo retrospectivo em busca de casos dessas doenças envolvendo cavalos de 2005 a 2017. Durante esse período, 114 equinos morreram devido a doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal, e as principais causas foram: dilatação gástrica (27/114), vólvulos (27/114), enterolitíase (20/114), ruptura retal (colônica) (15/114), compactação gástrica ou cecocolônica (10/114), encarceramentos (6/114), intussuscepções (4/114), e outros (5/114). Animais sem raça definida (56/114) e machos (69/114) foram mais afetados. Os equinos apresentavam uma média e mediana de idade de 10 e 10,9 anos, respectivamente. A dilatação gástrica primária era caracterizada por distensão do estômago por moderada a grande quantidade de conteúdo, que em 21 casos provocava ruptura da parede gástrica na curvatura maior (peritonite), e o principal fator predisponente foi sobrecarga alimentar (17/27). Vólvulo intestinal ocorreu no intestino delgado e no intestino grosso (14 e 13 casos, respectivamente). Macroscopicamente, havia isquemia intestinal com serosa avermelhada a enegrecida e mucosa difusamente avermelhada. A enterolitíase causou obstrução parcial ou completa do cólon dorsal direito (9/20), cólon transverso (4/20), cólon menor e cólon dorsal direito (3/20), cólon menor (2/20), e reto e cólon maior direito (2/20). Perfuração de vísceras e peritonite foram observadas em 11 casos. A ruptura retal (colônica) envolveu o reto (10/15), reto/cólon menor (4/15) e cólon menor (1/15). Essa era caracterizada por ruptura transmural focalmente extensa, com bordos avermelhados e peritonite retroperitoneal a difusa. Traumas relacionados à palpação (11/15) foram a principal causa. Compactações afetaram o cólon maior (7/10), ceco (2/10) e estômago (1/10). Encarceramentos consistiram em hérnias inguinoescrotais (2/6), encarceramento de alças intestinais por falha no mesentério (2/6), hérnia diafragmática e eventração umbilical. Macroscopicamente, os órgãos estavam constritos por um anel hernial, com isquemia intestinal e serosa avermelhada a vermelho-escura. Fatores predisponentes incluíram cirurgias prévias (2/6) e anel inguinal patente (1/6). Intussuscepções envolveram o intestino delgado (3/4) e íleoceco (1/4). A apresentação característica foi em potros com falta de colostro e concomitante pneumonia. Macroscopicamente, o intussuscepto deslizava em direção ao intussuscepiente, exibindo coloração vermelho-enegrecida difusa. Outras causas incluíram deslocamento de cólon maior (2/5), obstrução extrínseca e intrínseca do intestino delgado (2/5), e um caso de adenocarcinoma intestinal. Doenças não infecciosas são importantes causas de morte em equinos. Os aspectos epidemiológicos e macroscópicos das condições devem ser considerados para o que o diagnóstico final da causa da cólica seja obtido.(AU)

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in 114 horses in Southern Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de 114 equinos no sul do Brasil

Equine colic is one of the most common cause of death in horses, but few studies have investigated specifically the conditions at the necropsy. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological features of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in horses. A retrospective study was conducted in search of cases of these diseases affecting horses from 2005 to 2017. During this period, 114 horses died of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and the main causes were: primary gastric dilation (27/114), volvulus (27/114), enterolithiasis (20/114), rectal (colonic) perforation (15/114), gastric or cecocolonic impaction (10/114), incarcerations (6/114), intussusception (4/114), and others (5/114). Mixed breeds horses (56/114) and males (69/114) were mostly affected. The horses had a median and mean age of 10 and 10.9-years old, respectively. Primary gastric dilation was characterized by distension of the stomach by moderate to large amounts of content, which in 21 cases caused tearing of the stomach wall at the greater curvature (peritonitis), and the main predisposing factor was alimentary overload (17/27). Intestinal volvulus occurred within the small intestine (14 cases) and within the large intestines (13 cases). Grossly, there was intestinal ischemia with reddened to deep-black serosa and diffusely red mucosae. Enterolithiasis caused partial or complete obstruction of the right dorsal colon (9/20), transverse colon (4/20), small colon and right dorsal colon (3/20), rectum and right dorsal colon (2/20), and small colon (2/20). Viscera perforation and peritonitis occurred in 11 cases. Rectal (colonic) perforation involved the rectum (10/15), rectum/small colon (4/15), and the small colon (1/15). It was characterized by a focally extensive transmural tearing, associated with reddened borders, and retroperitoneal to diffuse peritonitis. Palpation related iatrogenic injuries (11/15) were the main cause...(AU)

A cólica em equinos é considerada como a principal causa de morte de cavalos, porém poucos estudos têm investigado especificamente as condições envolvidas através da necropsia. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de equinos. Foi conduzido um estudo retrospectivo em busca de casos dessas doenças envolvendo cavalos de 2005 a 2017. Durante esse período, 114 equinos morreram devido a doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal, e as principais causas foram: dilatação gástrica (27/114), vólvulos (27/114), enterolitíase (20/114), ruptura retal (colônica) (15/114), compactação gástrica ou cecocolônica (10/114), encarceramentos (6/114), intussuscepções (4/114), e outros (5/114). Animais sem raça definida (56/114) e machos (69/114) foram mais afetados. Os equinos apresentavam uma média e mediana de idade de 10 e 10,9 anos, respectivamente. A dilatação gástrica primária era caracterizada por distensão do estômago por moderada a grande quantidade de conteúdo, que em 21 casos provocava ruptura da parede gástrica na curvatura maior (peritonite), e o principal fator predisponente foi sobrecarga alimentar (17/27). Vólvulo intestinal ocorreu no intestino delgado e no intestino grosso (14 e 13 casos, respectivamente). Macroscopicamente, havia isquemia intestinal com serosa avermelhada a enegrecida e mucosa difusamente avermelhada. A enterolitíase causou obstrução parcial ou completa do cólon dorsal direito (9/20), cólon transverso (4/20), cólon menor e cólon dorsal direito (3/20), cólon menor (2/20), e reto e cólon maior direito (2/20). Perfuração de vísceras e peritonite foram observadas em 11 casos. A ruptura retal (colônica) envolveu o reto (10/15), reto/cólon menor (4/15) e cólon menor (1/15). Essa era caracterizada por ruptura transmural focalmente extensa, com bordos avermelhados e peritonite retroperitoneal a difusa...(AU)

Hérnia inguinal com encarceramento esplênico em cão macho / Inguinal hernia with splenic incarceration in a male dog

Background: Hernias are changes with the displacement of organs from their normal anatomical location to a newly formedcavity, which can cause pain and dysfunction of the affected organ. The diagnosis can be obtained by palpation or by ultrasound.The treatment of choice is surgical and vision to promote the return of the organ to its normal anatomical position and theclosure of the hernial ring. When affixing the edges of the hernial ring is not possible, alternative techniques such as the useof biological or synthetic membranes should be sought. The aim of the present study is to report an atypical case of inguinalhernia with splenic incarceration, in which splenectomy and herniorrhaphy with a bovine phrenic center were performed.Case: An 8-year-old large mestizo male dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba complaining of the appearance of a mass in the inguinal region that increased significantly in the last 15 days. On physical examination, there was anincrease in volume in the left inguinal region, irreducible and great pain sensitivity in the region. The hemogram showednormochromic normocytic anemia, hyperproteinemia and thrombocytopenia. No changes were observed in the biochemicalanalyzes. Urinalysis revealed the presence of protein and traces of occult blood. Ultrasound showed an enlarged spleen insidethe hernial sac, closing the diagnosis of inguinal hernia. The animal underwent a herniorrhaphy procedure associated with theuse of a biological membrane from a bovine phrenic center and splenectomy. In addition, contralateral inguinal hernia wasobserved. The animal remained hospitalized and under observation for three days. On return, after five days, the guardian..

Hérnia inguinal com encarceramento esplênico em cão macho / Inguinal hernia with splenic incarceration in a male dog

Background: Hernias are changes with the displacement of organs from their normal anatomical location to a newly formedcavity, which can cause pain and dysfunction of the affected organ. The diagnosis can be obtained by palpation or by ultrasound.The treatment of choice is surgical and vision to promote the return of the organ to its normal anatomical position and theclosure of the hernial ring. When affixing the edges of the hernial ring is not possible, alternative techniques such as the useof biological or synthetic membranes should be sought. The aim of the present study is to report an atypical case of inguinalhernia with splenic incarceration, in which splenectomy and herniorrhaphy with a bovine phrenic center were performed.Case: An 8-year-old large mestizo male dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba complaining of the appearance of a mass in the inguinal region that increased significantly in the last 15 days. On physical examination, there was anincrease in volume in the left inguinal region, irreducible and great pain sensitivity in the region. The hemogram showednormochromic normocytic anemia, hyperproteinemia and thrombocytopenia. No changes were observed in the biochemicalanalyzes. Urinalysis revealed the presence of protein and traces of occult blood. Ultrasound showed an enlarged spleen insidethe hernial sac, closing the diagnosis of inguinal hernia. The animal underwent a herniorrhaphy procedure associated with theuse of a biological membrane from a bovine phrenic center and splenectomy. In addition, contralateral inguinal hernia wasobserved. The animal remained hospitalized and under observation for three days. On return, after five days, the guardian..(AU)

Encarceramento do intestino delgado em forame epiploico em equinos com hábito de aerofagia: relato de caso / Entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in crib-biting horses: case report

São relatados quatro casos de encarceramento de forame epiploico (EFE), entre os casos: três machos e uma fêmea; dois da raça Quarto de Milha, um SRD e um Brasileiro de Hipismo; idade média de 11 anos; altura média de cernelha de 160,5cm; massa corporal média de 465kg. Todos os animais possuíam o hábito de aerofagia. A presença de refluxo enterogástrico e intestino delgado distendido à palpação transretal foi variável na dependência do segmento intestinal aprisionado. À laparotomia exploratória constataram-se: dois casos de aprisionamento jejunoileal; um de jejuno; e o outro de íleo. Todos os animais apresentaram EFE da esquerda para a direita, representando o sentido horário. Apenas o animal que apresentava o íleo aprisionado sobreviveu; os demais foram submetidos à eutanásia no período transoperatório devido à extensa isquemia intestinal e às lesões vasculares decorrentes da manobra de redução. A aerofagia é o fator de risco que apresenta maior correlação positiva com o EFE, fato corroborado pelos casos apresentados. Apesar de ser descrito um bom prognóstico para o EFE na literatura, foi obtido um desfecho ruim entre os casos atendidos, e salienta-se que a extensão da lesão e o sangramento da veia porta no transoperatório contribuíram para esse resultado.(AU)

Four cases of epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) are reported. Among the cases, three males and one female, two Quarter Horses, one mixed breed and one Brazilian Equestrian, aged between 3 to 20 years, mean 11 years. The average height was 160.5cm and 465kg. All horses had a previous record of crib-biting habit. The presence of enterogastric reflux and small intestine distended loops in transrectal palpation was variable in dependence of the trapped segment. In surgical exploration were identified two cases of jejunum and ileum entrapped, one of the ileum and one of jejunum. All animals showed EFE from left to right. The horse that had trapped the ileum has survived. The others were euthanized due to the extent of injury or rupture of large vessels during surgical reduction. Although there are many notes of possible risk factors for EFE occurrence, cribbing is the risk factor that has the highest positive correlation with EFE. This appointment was confirmed by the cases presented. Despite being described a good prognosis for the EFE, a bad outcome was achieved among the cases, and stresses that the extent of the injury and bleeding from the portal vein contributed to this outcome.(AU)

Encarceramento do intestino delgado em forame epiploico em equinos com hábito de aerofagia: relato de caso / Entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in crib-biting horses: case report

São relatados quatro casos de encarceramento de forame epiploico (EFE), entre os casos: três machos e uma fêmea; dois da raça Quarto de Milha, um SRD e um Brasileiro de Hipismo; idade média de 11 anos; altura média de cernelha de 160,5cm; massa corporal média de 465kg. Todos os animais possuíam o hábito de aerofagia. A presença de refluxo enterogástrico e intestino delgado distendido à palpação transretal foi variável na dependência do segmento intestinal aprisionado. À laparotomia exploratória constataram-se: dois casos de aprisionamento jejunoileal; um de jejuno; e o outro de íleo. Todos os animais apresentaram EFE da esquerda para a direita, representando o sentido horário. Apenas o animal que apresentava o íleo aprisionado sobreviveu; os demais foram submetidos à eutanásia no período transoperatório devido à extensa isquemia intestinal e às lesões vasculares decorrentes da manobra de redução. A aerofagia é o fator de risco que apresenta maior correlação positiva com o EFE, fato corroborado pelos casos apresentados. Apesar de ser descrito um bom prognóstico para o EFE na literatura, foi obtido um desfecho ruim entre os casos atendidos, e salienta-se que a extensão da lesão e o sangramento da veia porta no transoperatório contribuíram para esse resultado.(AU)

Four cases of epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) are reported. Among the cases, three males and one female, two Quarter Horses, one mixed breed and one Brazilian Equestrian, aged between 3 to 20 years, mean 11 years. The average height was 160.5cm and 465kg. All horses had a previous record of crib-biting habit. The presence of enterogastric reflux and small intestine distended loops in transrectal palpation was variable in dependence of the trapped segment. In surgical exploration were identified two cases of jejunum and ileum entrapped, one of the ileum and one of jejunum. All animals showed EFE from left to right. The horse that had trapped the ileum has survived. The others were euthanized due to the extent of injury or rupture of large vessels during surgical reduction. Although there are many notes of possible risk factors for EFE occurrence, cribbing is the risk factor that has the highest positive correlation with EFE. This appointment was confirmed by the cases presented. Despite being described a good prognosis for the EFE, a bad outcome was achieved among the cases, and stresses that the extent of the injury and bleeding from the portal vein contributed to this outcome.(AU)

Proptosis ocular en el ojo emú (Rhea americana) en cautiverio - reporte de un caso / Ocular proptosis in eye emu (Rhea americana) in captivity - case report / Proptose ocular em olho de ema (Rhea americana) mantida em cativeiro - relato de caso

Traumatismos oculares son comunes en animales salvajes. La proptosis ocular o protuberancia es el desplazamiento anterior del globo ocular, con su encarcelamiento por los párpados detrás de la línea ecuatorial, unilateral o bilateral. La reintroducción del globo ocular es un procedimiento obligatorio en proptoses excepto en los casos relacionados con la extrusión o la destrucción de sus estructuras internas. Con frecuencia se observa en los reptiles, las aves de caza y pescado ornamental sufriendo trauma, y la enucleación o evisceración puede ser la solución a muchos de estos casos. Para el procedimiento quirúrgico, una maniobra anestésico seguro y fácilmente reversible es necesario. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de proptosis ocular en emú (Rhea americana). El animal en cuestión, con protrusión del globo ocular izquierdo , desvitalizado y opacidad de la córnea, cautivo detenido con otro ejemplar de la misma especie en un gran recinto con vegetación natural. Se observó que el animal había sido contra la valla de la caja cada vez que el manejador apareció para llevar a cabo la gestión diária. Se realizó un examen clínico y instruimos tratamiento médico sin mejoría clínica significativa, así que optamos por la realización de la evisceración del globo ocularesquerdo . La proptosis es una enfermedad que puede ser tratada y con frecuencia el animal a preservar [...](AU)

Ocular traumas are common in wild animals. The proptosis or eye protrusion is an anterior displacement of the eyeball, with its imprisonment by the eyelids behind the equator, unilateral or bilateral. The reintroduction of the eyeball is mandatory procedure in proptoses except in cases associated with extrusion or the destruction of their internal structures. It is often observed in reptiles, birds of prey and ornamental fish suffering trauma, and enucleation or evisceration may be the solution to many of these cases. For the surgical procedure, a safe and easily reversible anesthetic maneuver is necessary. The aim of this study is to report a case of ocular proptosis in rhea (Rhea americana). The animal in question, with protrusion of the left eyeball, devitalized and corneal opacity, held captive with another copy of the same species in a large enclosure with natural vegetation. It was observed that the animal had been against the fence of the enclosure each time the attendant appeared to perform the daily management. We performed clinical examination and instructed medical treatment without significant clinical improvement, so we opted for the realization of gutting the left eyeball. The proptosis is a disease which can be treated and often preserve the animal's vision. However, in more severe or chronic cases, only surgical treatment as enucleation or evisceration should be [...](AU)

Os traumas oculares são comuns em animais selvagens. A proptose ou protrusão ocular é o deslocamento anterior do bulbo ocular, com seu encarceramento pelas pálpebras atrás da região do equador, uni ou bilateral. A reintrodução do bulbo ocular é procedimento obrigatório nas proptoses, exceto nos casos associados à extrusão ou à destruição de suas estruturas internas. É frequentemente observada em répteis, aves de rapina e peixes ornamentais que sofrem traumas, e a enucleação ou a evisceração podem ser a solução para vários desses casos. Para a realização do procedimento cirúrgico, faz-se necessária uma manobra anestésica segura e facilmente reversível. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de proptose ocular em ema (Rhea americana). O animal em questão, com protrusão do globo ocular esquerdo, desvitalização e opacidade da córnea, era mantido em cativeiro com outro exemplar da mesma espécie em um recinto amplo e com vegetação natural. Foi observado que o animal vinha de encontro ao alambrado do recinto toda vez que o tratador aparecia para realização do manejo diário. Foi realizado exame clínico e instituído tratamento clínico sem melhora significativa, assim optou-se pela realização da evisceração do globo ocular esquerdo. A proptose do globo ocular é uma doença que pode ser tratada e muitas vezes preservar a visão do animal, no entanto, em casos mais graves ou [...](AU)

Proptosis ocular en el ojo emú (Rhea americana) en cautiverio - reporte de un caso / Ocular proptosis in eye emu (Rhea americana) in captivity - case report / Proptose ocular em olho de ema (Rhea americana) mantida em cativeiro - relato de caso

Traumatismos oculares son comunes en animales salvajes. La proptosis ocular o protuberancia es el desplazamiento anterior del globo ocular, con su encarcelamiento por los párpados detrás de la línea ecuatorial, unilateral o bilateral. La reintroducción del globo ocular es un procedimiento obligatorio en proptoses excepto en los casos relacionados con la extrusión o la destrucción de sus estructuras internas. Con frecuencia se observa en los reptiles, las aves de caza y pescado ornamental sufriendo trauma, y la enucleación o evisceración puede ser la solución a muchos de estos casos. Para el procedimiento quirúrgico, una maniobra anestésico seguro y fácilmente reversible es necesario. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de proptosis ocular en emú (Rhea americana). El animal en cuestión, con protrusión del globo ocular izquierdo , desvitalizado y opacidad de la córnea, cautivo detenido con otro ejemplar de la misma especie en un gran recinto con vegetación natural. Se observó que el animal había sido contra la valla de la caja cada vez que el manejador apareció para llevar a cabo la gestión diária. Se realizó un examen clínico y instruimos tratamiento médico sin mejoría clínica significativa, así que optamos por la realización de la evisceración del globo ocularesquerdo . La proptosis es una enfermedad que puede ser tratada y con frecuencia el animal a preservar [...]

Ocular traumas are common in wild animals. The proptosis or eye protrusion is an anterior displacement of the eyeball, with its imprisonment by the eyelids behind the equator, unilateral or bilateral. The reintroduction of the eyeball is mandatory procedure in proptoses except in cases associated with extrusion or the destruction of their internal structures. It is often observed in reptiles, birds of prey and ornamental fish suffering trauma, and enucleation or evisceration may be the solution to many of these cases. For the surgical procedure, a safe and easily reversible anesthetic maneuver is necessary. The aim of this study is to report a case of ocular proptosis in rhea (Rhea americana). The animal in question, with protrusion of the left eyeball, devitalized and corneal opacity, held captive with another copy of the same species in a large enclosure with natural vegetation. It was observed that the animal had been against the fence of the enclosure each time the attendant appeared to perform the daily management. We performed clinical examination and instructed medical treatment without significant clinical improvement, so we opted for the realization of gutting the left eyeball. The proptosis is a disease which can be treated and often preserve the animal's vision. However, in more severe or chronic cases, only surgical treatment as enucleation or evisceration should be [...]

Os traumas oculares são comuns em animais selvagens. A proptose ou protrusão ocular é o deslocamento anterior do bulbo ocular, com seu encarceramento pelas pálpebras atrás da região do equador, uni ou bilateral. A reintrodução do bulbo ocular é procedimento obrigatório nas proptoses, exceto nos casos associados à extrusão ou à destruição de suas estruturas internas. É frequentemente observada em répteis, aves de rapina e peixes ornamentais que sofrem traumas, e a enucleação ou a evisceração podem ser a solução para vários desses casos. Para a realização do procedimento cirúrgico, faz-se necessária uma manobra anestésica segura e facilmente reversível. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de proptose ocular em ema (Rhea americana). O animal em questão, com protrusão do globo ocular esquerdo, desvitalização e opacidade da córnea, era mantido em cativeiro com outro exemplar da mesma espécie em um recinto amplo e com vegetação natural. Foi observado que o animal vinha de encontro ao alambrado do recinto toda vez que o tratador aparecia para realização do manejo diário. Foi realizado exame clínico e instituído tratamento clínico sem melhora significativa, assim optou-se pela realização da evisceração do globo ocular esquerdo. A proptose do globo ocular é uma doença que pode ser tratada e muitas vezes preservar a visão do animal, no entanto, em casos mais graves ou [...]

"Avaliação do bem estar dos cãesfarejadores da Polícia do Estado de São Paulomensurdos pelas dosagens de cortisol salivar no descanso e após o trabalho".

O projeto consistiu em avaliar o Bem Estar dos cães farejadores do Canil da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo por meio da dosagem de cortisol salivar e comparar seu stress em repouso e atividade operativa. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar mediante níveis do cortisol salivar, o grau de estresse, e, consequentemente, o bem estar dos cães, os quais contribuem diretamente para a qualidade do serviço prestado por eles à sociedade. A saliva foi coletada mediante a utilização de rolos de algodão odontológico, os quais foram colocados na cavidade oral de 13 cães (9 machos e 4 fêmeas) de 2 a 8 anos de idade das raças Pastor Alemão (1), Pastor Holandês (1) Pastor Belga de Malinois (9), Bloodhound (1) e Labrador (1). As coletas foram realizadas antes do embarque dos animais na viatura policial, imediatamente após o desembarque da sua chegada do trabalho, bem como no dia seguinte (descanso) tanto no período da manhã, quanto no período da tarde. Assim os rolos de algodão foram retirados da cavidade oral dos animais, embebidos de saliva, e, colocados em Tubos Falcon, congelados a -20ºC. Após o descongelamento e centrifugação foram dosados os níveis de cortisol salivar através do kit de ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) da marca Salimetrics®. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho revelaram que não houve diferença significativa nos níveis de cortisol entre os momentos manhã e tarde durante o descanso e entre os momentos manhã e tarde durante o trabalho e nem no período da manhã entre os momentos de descanso e trabalho. No entanto, houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) nos níveis de cortisol no período da tarde entre os momentos de descanso e trabalho. Estes resultados mostram que o período de repouso é mais estressante em relação ao período de trabalho e por isso sugere-se que ocorra uma mudança de manejo destes animais, sendo que o período de descanso seja apenas o descanso do trabalho propriamente dito, e não de atividades sócio educativas com enriquecimento de ambiente. Desta forma, o enriquecimento ambiental, utilizando-se de jogos, brincadeiras, simulações de situações reais e interações com adestradores, que é a criação de um ambiente dinâmico, complexo e interativo retiraria, em parte, os animais do encarceramento dos canis e também proporcionaria "desafios" físicos e mentais similares, aqueles encontrados no trabalho proporcionados aos cães durante as 36 horas de descanso, além da diminuição da ociosidade e encarceramento nos canis, uma redução dos níveis de estresse.

This project consists of assessing the welfare of sniffer dogs in the Military Police Kennel of the State of São Paulo by measuring salivary cortisol and comparing their stress at rest and operative activity. The objective of the study was to verify, through salivary cortisol levels, the degree of stress, and, consequently, the well-being of dogs, which directly contribute to the quality of the service provided by them to society, these services include the search for narcotics or explosive material and the search for missing persons. Saliva was collected using dental cotton rolls, which were placed in the oral cavity of 13 dogs (9 males and 4 females) from 2 to 8 years old of the German Shepherd (1), Dutch Shepherd (1) Belgian Malinois (9), Bloodhound (1) and Labrador (1). The collections were carried out before the animals boarded the police vehicle, immediately after disembarking from their arrival from work, as well as the following day (rest) both in the morning and in the afternoon. Thus, the cotton rolls were removed from the animals' oral cavity, soaked in saliva, and placed in Falcon tubes, frozen at -20ºC. After thawing and centrifuging, salivary cortisol levels were measured using the Salimetrics® immunoassay kit (ELISA). The results obtained in this work revealed that there was no significant difference in the levels of cortisol between the morning and afternoon moments during rest and between the morning and afternoon moments during work or in the morning between rest and work moments, however , there was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the cortisol levels in the afternoon between the moments of rest and work. These results show that the rest period is more stressful than their working period and that is why it is suggested that there should be a change in the management of these animals, with the rest period being only the rest of the work itself, and not socio-educational activities with environment enrichment. In this way, environmental enrichment, using games, games, simulations of real situations and interactions with trainers, which is the creation of a dynamic, complex and interactive environment, would partly remove animals from kennel incarceration and also provide Similar physical and mental "challenges", those found at work provided to dogs during the 36 hours of rest (12-hour shift and 36 hours of rest), in addition to the reduction of idleness and incarceration in kennels, a reduction in stress levels.

Jejunocecostomia em equino: relato de caso

Os distúrbios gastrointestinais constituem um dos principais receios de quem lida com equinos. Apesar dos avanços científicos quanto à nutrição e saúde animal, esta enfermidade ainda se destaca como causa de óbito nos equinos. Assim sendo, é responsável por perdas econômicas significativas em decorrências de gastos com tratamento e serviços profissionais, tempo de afastamento do animal das atividades normais e óbito. As alterações decorrentes do intestino delgado podem ocorrer devido a lesões estrangulantes como o encarceramento através de fendas no mesentério ou forame epiplóico, tornando-se uma emergência cirúrgica.

Hérnia inguino-escrotal neonatal associada ao criptorquismo unilateral na idade adulta: relato de caso

A hérnia inguino-escrotal e o criptorquismo representam sérios problemas em alguns grupos raciais de equinos. Nos casos de hérnias inguino-escrotais ocorrem, com frequencia, encarceramento/estrangulamento de alças intestinais associados ou não à comprometimento testicular que desencadeam a necessidade emergencial de orquiectomia. Já em relação ao criporquidismo, unilateral ou bilateral, a regra é que animais não recebam os registros denitivos, sendo excluídos da reprodução. Este resumo tem como objetivo relatar o caso de uma cria que ao nascer apresentava-se com uma hérnia inguino-escrotal e quando atingiu a idade de reprodução apresentou criporquidismo unilateral.

Uso do ultrassom em bovinos com enfermidades intestinais e dos anexos do tubo digestivo / Ultrasound of bovine gut disorders

Esta revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo apresentar um levantamento sobre o uso da ultrassonografia em enfermidades intestinais e dos anexos do tubo digestivos de bovinos. A utilização da ultrassonografia apresenta grande aplicabilidade na clínica veterinária, sendo uma boa técnica no auxílio do diagnóstico das enfermidades intestinais mais comuns dos bovinos, destacando-se íleo, intussuscepção, encarceramento, dilatação do ceco, etc. A ultrassonografia é uma técnica eficiente para avaliar diversos aspectos morfológicos e funcionais relacionados com o trato intestinal dos bovinos, por exemplo, tamanho, posição, conteúdo, presença de corpos estranhos, presença de líquido inflamatório, abscessos, motilidade.

This study aimed to review the use of ultrasound on the diagnosis and evaluation of intestinal disorders on bovine. Ultrasound examinations present huge applicability on veterinary clinical sciences, assisting on the diagnosis of the most common bovine intestinal disorders, such as Ileum, intussusception, and dilated cecum. Ultrasound examinations are efficient techniques in order to evaluate multiples morphologic and functional aspects of the intestinal tract (e.g., size, position, content, foreign bodies, inflammatory liquids, motility).

Uso do ultrassom em bovinos com enfermidades intestinais e dos anexos do tubo digestivo / Ultrasound of bovine gut disorders

Esta revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo apresentar um levantamento sobre o uso da ultrassonografia em enfermidades intestinais e dos anexos do tubo digestivos de bovinos. A utilização da ultrassonografia apresenta grande aplicabilidade na clínica veterinária, sendo uma boa técnica no auxílio do diagnóstico das enfermidades intestinais mais comuns dos bovinos, destacando-se íleo, intussuscepção, encarceramento, dilatação do ceco, etc. A ultrassonografia é uma técnica eficiente para avaliar diversos aspectos morfológicos e funcionais relacionados com o trato intestinal dos bovinos, por exemplo, tamanho, posição, conteúdo, presença de corpos estranhos, presença de líquido inflamatório, abscessos, motilidade.(AU)

This study aimed to review the use of ultrasound on the diagnosis and evaluation of intestinal disorders on bovine. Ultrasound examinations present huge applicability on veterinary clinical sciences, assisting on the diagnosis of the most common bovine intestinal disorders, such as Ileum, intussusception, and dilated cecum. Ultrasound examinations are efficient techniques in order to evaluate multiples morphologic and functional aspects of the intestinal tract (e.g., size, position, content, foreign bodies, inflammatory liquids, motility).(AU)

Encarceramento em forame epiplóico em equino: relato de caso / The epiploic incarceration in horses: case report / Encarcelamiento en forame epiplóico en equinos: estúdio de caso

O encarceramento em forame epiplóico em equinos é observado em 2-10% das cólicas encaminhadas para a cirurgia, causando um comprometimento vascular que pode levar a necessidade de ressecção do segmento de alça intestinal afetado ou, até mesmo, eutanásia do animal. Um equino, macho, castrado, 400 kg, 5 anos de idade, da raça Mangalarga foi admitido com sinais de cólica, que tinha duração de 24 horas. Após os exames pertinentes, foi indicada a cirurgia, a qual foi negada pelo proprietário. Após tentativa de manutenção da vida do animal, foi indicada a eutanásia, sendo diagnosticado encarceramento de íleo no forame epiplóico na necropsia. Foi avaliado que o animal possuiria um bom prognóstico caso a laparotomia fosse realizada.

The epiploic incarceration in horses is observed in 2-10% of the cramps referred for surgery, causing vascular impairment that may lead to the need for resection of the affected intestinal segment or even euthanasia of the animal. A horse, 400 kg, male, 5-year-old, Mangalarga was admitted with signs of colic, which lasted 24 hours. After the pertinent examinations, the surgery was indicated, which was denied by the owner. After trying to maintain the life of the animal, euthanasia was indicated, being diagnosed incarceration of ileus in the epiploic foramen at necropsy. It was evaluated that the animal would have a good prognosis if the laparotomy was performed.

El encarcelamiento en foramen epiplóico en equinos se observa en el 2-10% de los cólicos derivados a la cirugía, generando un compromiso vascular que puede llevar a la necesidad de resección del segmiento de las asas intestinales afectadas o, y incluso, la eutanasia del animal. Un equino, macho, castrado, 400 kg, 5 anos de edad, de la raza Mangalarga fue admitido con seriales de cólico, que tenía una duración de 24 horas. Después de los exámenes pertinentes, fue indicada la cirugía, la cual fue negada por el propietario. Después de un intento de mantenimiento de la vida del animal, fue indicada la eutanasia, siendo diagnosticado encarcelamiento de íleo en el foramen epiplóico en la necropsia. Se evaluó que el animal tendría un buen pronóstico si se realizaba la laparotomía.