Treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus in a dog with human intravenous immunoglobulin

Background: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a common canine autoimmune skin disease, in which systemic manifestations are absent. Skin Lesions are usually present on the nasal planum, and characterised by erythema, depigmentation, erosion, ulceration, and crusting. The diagnosis is based on histopathological results, which should demonstrate lymphoplasmacytic lichenoid-interface dermatitis. Human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIg) has been used in veterinary medicine to treat cutaneous diseases including erythema multiforme, PF, and severe adverse cutaneous drug reactions. In human medicine, it has been effective to treat DLE. This report firstly describes the clinical response to hIVIg in a dog with DLE resistant to common immunosuppressive drugs. Case: A 5-year-old, intact female Shih Tzu presented with a 1-month history of slowly progressive black crusting on the nasal planum, chin, and claw. Based on the results of a dermatologic examination, superficial pyoderma was diagnosed. The skin lesions did not improve during and after anti-infective treatment. After removing the crusts, a skin biopsy was obtained from the muzzle. Histopathology of lesional skin biopsy specimens revealed lymphoplasmacytic interface dermatitis at the dermoepidermal junction. Microscopic examination also revealed vacuolar changes and pigmentary incontinence of the basal layer as a lichenoid tissue reaction. No mites or fungi were detected on the skin section. The absence of acantholytic cells excluded pemphigus foliaceus, which is also characterised by the lesions of the nasal planum. Based on the distribution of the lesions, histopathology and exclusion of other dermatoses, the dog was diagnosed with DLE. The skin lesions temporarily improved after treatment with prednisolone (2 mg/kg PO q12h). However, after tapering the dose of prednisolone, new black crusts developed on the nasal planum and claw. Although the dog was successively treated with other immunosuppressive drugs, including azathioprine, cyclosporin with dexamethasone, and mycophenolate mofetil, black crusts still remained. Due to the low efficacy of these immunosuppressive drugs, hIVIg was administered at 0.5 g/kg once daily for 4 days, for a total dose of 2 g/kg. During hIVIg administration, the crusted lesions gradually improved. After the hIVIg administration, the dog was treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg PO q12h). The lesions were almost in complete remission at 21 days after an additional application of prednisolone. The skin lesions did not recur, and the treatment was eventually discontinued after 6 weeks of additional prednisolone application. Discussion: The standard treatment of canine DLE includes glucocorticoids, and second-line immunosuppressive drugs, such as azathioprine and cyclosporine, are usually added in cases resistant to steroids. This case suggests that hIVIg may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment option for canine DLE, especially when the application of standard immunosuppressive drugs is limited due to adverse effects or low efficacy. There is evidence from several studies that the steroid-sparing effect of hIVIg is significant in human patients. In the current case, the effective dose of prednisolone was reduced to 2 mg/kg/day after hIVIg administration, and prednisolone therapy was finally discontinued completely. The hIVIg appears to lower the daily steroid dose requirement in this dog.

Pemphigus foliaceous in a dog - clinical and laboratorial assessment

Background: The pemphigus complex is defined as a group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affects skin and mucous membrane. Pemphigus foliaceous is the most common disease in this group, being characterized by the productionof autoantibodies against keratinocyte adhesion molecules. The treatment is based on the use of immunosuppressive drugsand requires constant monitoring to assess inflammatory control as well as side effects of therapy. Based on that, the aimof this study was to report the clinical and laboratorial follow-up of a canine with pemphigus foliaceous.Case: An 11-year-old male neutered mongrel dog, weighing 9.8 kg, was presented with a main complaint related to disseminated pruritus and lesions in face, trunk and limbs. Dermatological examination revealed meliceric crusts, epidermalcollars and diffuse pustules in inguinal, abdominal, face, limbs, ears and thoraco-lumbar regions. Cytological examinationwas performed, revealing inflammatory and acantholytic cells and absence of bacterial cells. Biopsy procedure revealedsubcorneal pustule with presence of epithelial acantholytic cells and neutrophils, compatible with canine pemphigusfoliaceous. Hemato-biochemical analysis revealed a leukocytosis due to increased neutrophil count. Systemic treatmentwith high dose of prednisolone (2.0 mg/kg) and azathioprine (2.5 mg/kg) was proposed, while topical therapy with a 3%chlorhexidine shampoo was used to prevent secondary bacterial infections. The patient improved the dermatological clinicalsigns, being possible to observe a reduction of systemic and tissue inflammatory process. After 90 days of therapy, therewas a partial loss of hair body coverage, associated with follicular lesions, and after 180 days of therapy it was possibleto notice a new hair mantle, without visible areas of inflammation...

Pemphigus foliaceous in a dog - clinical and laboratorial assessment

Background: The pemphigus complex is defined as a group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affects skin and mucous membrane. Pemphigus foliaceous is the most common disease in this group, being characterized by the productionof autoantibodies against keratinocyte adhesion molecules. The treatment is based on the use of immunosuppressive drugsand requires constant monitoring to assess inflammatory control as well as side effects of therapy. Based on that, the aimof this study was to report the clinical and laboratorial follow-up of a canine with pemphigus foliaceous.Case: An 11-year-old male neutered mongrel dog, weighing 9.8 kg, was presented with a main complaint related to disseminated pruritus and lesions in face, trunk and limbs. Dermatological examination revealed meliceric crusts, epidermalcollars and diffuse pustules in inguinal, abdominal, face, limbs, ears and thoraco-lumbar regions. Cytological examinationwas performed, revealing inflammatory and acantholytic cells and absence of bacterial cells. Biopsy procedure revealedsubcorneal pustule with presence of epithelial acantholytic cells and neutrophils, compatible with canine pemphigusfoliaceous. Hemato-biochemical analysis revealed a leukocytosis due to increased neutrophil count. Systemic treatmentwith high dose of prednisolone (2.0 mg/kg) and azathioprine (2.5 mg/kg) was proposed, while topical therapy with a 3%chlorhexidine shampoo was used to prevent secondary bacterial infections. The patient improved the dermatological clinicalsigns, being possible to observe a reduction of systemic and tissue inflammatory process. After 90 days of therapy, therewas a partial loss of hair body coverage, associated with follicular lesions, and after 180 days of therapy it was possibleto notice a new hair mantle, without visible areas of inflammation...(AU)

Pemphigus foliaceus in a sheep / Pênfigo foliáceo em uma ovelha

Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune disease of the skin and is the most common form of pemphigus in domestic animals. This work reports a case of pemphigus foliaceus in a Santa Inês hair sheep. The ewe presented with multifocal bilateral crusted alopecic dermatitis affecting the chest, abdomen, and pelvic and thoracic limbs. Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, in addition to subcorneal pustules, were observed histologically, and acantholytic cells and neutrophils were observed within the pustules. In the superficial and deep dermal tissues, there was intense eosinophilic infiltration and the presence of rare macrophages. These microscopic findings were characteristic of PF, and treatment with dexamethasone was ineffective. This disease is rare in sheep, and this is the first case report to be published in Brazil.(AU)

Pênfigo foliáceo (PF) é uma doença autoimune da pele e é a forma mais comum de pênfigo em animaisdomésticos. Este trabalho relata um caso de pênfigo foliáceo em uma ovelha Santa Inês. A ovelhaapresentava dermatite alopécica crostosa bilateral e assimétrica no tórax, abdômen, e membros pélvicose torácicos. Hiperceratose paraqueratótica e acantose, além de pústulas subcorneais, foram observadoshistologicamente, e células acantolíticas e neutrófilos foram observadas dentro das pústulas. Naderme superficial e profunda, havia intenso infiltrado de eosinófilos e raros macrófagos. Os achadosmicroscópicos são característicos de PF, e o tratamento com dexametasona foi ineficiente. Esta doençaé rara em ovinos e este é o primeiro relato de caso a ser publicado no Brasil.(AU)

Mupirocin pemphigus-like drug reaction in a dog

Background: Pharmacodermia is defined as adverse reaction in skin, mucosa and appendages, which generates morphofunctional alterations in cutaneous barrier, inducing autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus foliaceous, which is known asthe most common autoimmune skin disease in dogs. This disease involves autoantibodies against desmoglein and desmocolinmolecules, being induced by the use of certain drugs. Mupirocin (pseudomonic acid A) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic withbacteriostatic activity, being effective against Gram-positive pathogens and used to control superficial bacterial folliculitis.Based on that, the aim of this study was to report a pemphigus-like lesions after topical use of mupirocin in dog.Case: An 1-year-old, uncastrated male, Poodle dog, weighing 13.8 kg was treated in a private clinic in Fortaleza. The maincomplaint was related to pruritus in abdominal and inguinal region, in addition of legs licking. Dermatological examination revealed melanic crusts, epidermal collars and diffuse pustules in inguinal, abdominal, perianal and thoraco-lumbarregions. The therapy was based on topical use of Mupirocin in form of 0.2% aquous spray. After drug administration, theanimal presented urticaria, diffuse epidermal collars, papulo-crusted and pustular lesions, which were more evident inabdominal and inguinal region. Nasal erythema, binocular blepharitis, apathy and fever were also observed. Cytologicalexamination and bacterial culture were performed, revealing inflammatory and acantholytic cells and no bacterial growth.Biopsy procedure revealed subcorneal pustule with presence of epithelial acantholytic cells and neutrophils, compatiblewith canine pemphigus foliaceous. The topical treatment of ocular lesions with 0.1% Tacrolimus associated with systemictreatment with high dose of prednisolone (1.2 mg kg-1)...

Mupirocin pemphigus-like drug reaction in a dog

Background: Pharmacodermia is defined as adverse reaction in skin, mucosa and appendages, which generates morphofunctional alterations in cutaneous barrier, inducing autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus foliaceous, which is known asthe most common autoimmune skin disease in dogs. This disease involves autoantibodies against desmoglein and desmocolinmolecules, being induced by the use of certain drugs. Mupirocin (pseudomonic acid A) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic withbacteriostatic activity, being effective against Gram-positive pathogens and used to control superficial bacterial folliculitis.Based on that, the aim of this study was to report a pemphigus-like lesions after topical use of mupirocin in dog.Case: An 1-year-old, uncastrated male, Poodle dog, weighing 13.8 kg was treated in a private clinic in Fortaleza. The maincomplaint was related to pruritus in abdominal and inguinal region, in addition of legs licking. Dermatological examination revealed melanic crusts, epidermal collars and diffuse pustules in inguinal, abdominal, perianal and thoraco-lumbarregions. The therapy was based on topical use of Mupirocin in form of 0.2% aquous spray. After drug administration, theanimal presented urticaria, diffuse epidermal collars, papulo-crusted and pustular lesions, which were more evident inabdominal and inguinal region. Nasal erythema, binocular blepharitis, apathy and fever were also observed. Cytologicalexamination and bacterial culture were performed, revealing inflammatory and acantholytic cells and no bacterial growth.Biopsy procedure revealed subcorneal pustule with presence of epithelial acantholytic cells and neutrophils, compatiblewith canine pemphigus foliaceous. The topical treatment of ocular lesions with 0.1% Tacrolimus associated with systemictreatment with high dose of prednisolone (1.2 mg kg-1)...(AU)

O exame de sangue e a anemia hemolítica em cães e gatos - revisão / Citologic characteristics of hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats - review / El examen de sangre y la anemia hemolítica en perros y gatos - revisión

A investigação da causa e a instituição do tratamento mais eficaz de anemias hemolíticas constituem desafios para o clínico veterinário. Em cães e gatos, essa enfermidade pode ser desencadeada por intoxicações e por processos infecciosos e autoimunes. A análise microscópica do esfregaço sanguíneo gera informações que auxiliam o diagnóstico de anemia hemolítica e, em alguns casos, permitem identificar sua possível causa. Embora seja parte do hemograma completo, a introdução de analisadores hematológicos em clínicas veterinárias tem suprimido a realização dessa etapa, a mais importante do diagnóstico. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é revisar os principais achados citológicos do esfregaço associados às causas de anemias hemolíticas em cães e gatos.(AU)

Precise diagnosis and treatment of hemolytic anemia is a challenge to veterinarians. Toxins, infectious, and autoimmune diseases can cause hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats. Blood smears provide information that can assist in the diagnosis and help to identify the possible etiology of the condition. In many veterinary clinics, the introduction of automated blood cell count has led to abandoning the routine of evaluating blood smears. This article reviews the citologic characteristics of different types of hemolytic anemias in dogs and cats.(AU)

Las anemias hemolíticas representan un desafío para el médico veterinario, tanto en lo que se refiere al diagnóstico como en el tratamiento. Tanto en perros como en gatos, esta enfermedad puede ser provocada por intoxicaciones, infección o procesos autoinmunes. El análisis del frotis sanguíneo ofrece informaciones que ayudan en el diagnóstico de la anemia hemolítica autoinmune y, en algunos casos, permite determinar su origen. Si bien el frotis forma parte del examen de hemograma, la llegada de analizadores hematológicos ha llevado a que sea un examen menos utilizado, cuando del mismo depende el diagnóstico de ciertas enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar las principales alteraciones hematológicas relacionadas con la anemia hemolítica en perros y gatos.(AU)

O exame de sangue e a anemia hemolítica em cães e gatos - revisão / Citologic characteristics of hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats - review / El examen de sangre y la anemia hemolítica en perros y gatos - revisión

A investigação da causa e a instituição do tratamento mais eficaz de anemias hemolíticas constituem desafios para o clínico veterinário. Em cães e gatos, essa enfermidade pode ser desencadeada por intoxicações e por processos infecciosos e autoimunes. A análise microscópica do esfregaço sanguíneo gera informações que auxiliam o diagnóstico de anemia hemolítica e, em alguns casos, permitem identificar sua possível causa. Embora seja parte do hemograma completo, a introdução de analisadores hematológicos em clínicas veterinárias tem suprimido a realização dessa etapa, a mais importante do diagnóstico. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é revisar os principais achados citológicos do esfregaço associados às causas de anemias hemolíticas em cães e gatos.

Precise diagnosis and treatment of hemolytic anemia is a challenge to veterinarians. Toxins, infectious, and autoimmune diseases can cause hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats. Blood smears provide information that can assist in the diagnosis and help to identify the possible etiology of the condition. In many veterinary clinics, the introduction of automated blood cell count has led to abandoning the routine of evaluating blood smears. This article reviews the citologic characteristics of different types of hemolytic anemias in dogs and cats.

Las anemias hemolíticas representan un desafío para el médico veterinario, tanto en lo que se refiere al diagnóstico como en el tratamiento. Tanto en perros como en gatos, esta enfermedad puede ser provocada por intoxicaciones, infección o procesos autoinmunes. El análisis del frotis sanguíneo ofrece informaciones que ayudan en el diagnóstico de la anemia hemolítica autoinmune y, en algunos casos, permite determinar su origen. Si bien el frotis forma parte del examen de hemograma, la llegada de analizadores hematológicos ha llevado a que sea un examen menos utilizado, cuando del mismo depende el diagnóstico de ciertas enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar las principales alteraciones hematológicas relacionadas con la anemia hemolítica en perros y gatos.

Sinais dermatológicos clássicos na medicina veterinária / Classic dermatological signs in veterinary medicine

Arrolam-se os sinais dermatológicos evidenciados na rotina da clínica dermatológica, que permitem aventar um diagnóstico presuntivo ou até estabelecê-lo cabalmente. Os dezesseis sinais reunidos envolvem quadros dermatopáticos etiologicamente relacionados às enfermidades autoimunes, infecciosas, parasitárias, alérgicas, endócrinas, psicopáticas, disqueratinizantes, neoplásicas e genodermatóxicas.(AU)

Dermatological signals observed in routine dermatologic clinical practice, which allow producing any presumptive diagnosis or to establish it fully, are listed. The 16 signals gathered are related to autoimmune, infectious, parasitic, allergic, endocrine, psychopathic, neoplasic, genetic and of abnormal cornification diseases.(AU)

Penfigo foliaceo em um felino: relato de caso / Pemphigus foliaceus in a cat: case report / Pénfigo foliáceo en un gato: reporte de un caso

O pênfigo foliáceo é uma das formas mais importantes de dermatoses imunomediadas vesico-pustulosas em cães e gatos. A patogênese da doença está bem documentada em humanos e cães e sugere-se que em felinos o comportamento seja similar, caracterizado pela produção de anticorpos direcionados contra estruturas responsáveis pela manutenção da adesão intercelular. Embora haja relatos de diversas opções de tratamento descritos na literatura para esta dermatopatia, a maioria não foi utilizada em estudos envolvendo um grande número de animais. Descreve-se um caso de pênfigo foliáceo em um gato que respondeu satisfatoriamente apenas à corticoterapia e sem apresentar efeitos adversos.

Pemphigus foliaceus is one of the most important immune-mediated dermatoses in dogs and cats. The pathogenesis of the disease is well documented in humans and dogs and it is suggested its behavior in felines is similar, characterized by the production of antibodies directed against structures responsible for the maintenance of intercellular adhesion. Although there are reports of several treatment options described in literature for this dermatopathy, most have not been used in studies involving an increased number of animals. Here, we report a case of pemphigus foliaceus in a cat which responded favorably only to corticosteroids and without presenting adverse effects.

Pénfigo foliáceo es una de las formas más importantes de dermatosis mediada por la inmunidad en perros y gatos. La patogénesis de la enfermedad está bien documentada en seres humanos y perros, y se sugiere que el comportamiento en los gatos es similar, caracterizada por la producción de anticuerpos dirigidos contra las estructuras responsables del mantenimiento de la adesión intercelular. Aunque hay informes de diversas opciones de tratamiento descritos en la literatura para este dermatopatía más, no se han utilizado en estudios que implican un gran número de animales. Se describe un caso de pénfigo foliáceo en un gato que respondió satisfactoriamente sólo a los corticosteroides y sin presentar efectos adversos.

Oclacitinib em processos dermatológicos da medicina veterinária - revisão de literatura / Oclacitinib in dermatological disease processes in veterinary medicine - a literature review / El oclacitinib para cuadros dermatológicos en medicina veterinaria - revisión de literatura

Muitas citocinas, incluindo as interleucinas (ILs), os interferons (IFNs) e outras moléculas, utilizam a via de transdução e transcrição Janus-kinase (Janus-kinase/signal transducers activators of transcription – JAK-STAT) para a transmissão de sinais da membrana citoplamástica para o núcleo das células. Essas citocinas inflamatórias dependem dessa sinalização JAK-STAT, que é indispensável para a função imune e hematopoiética. Sendo assim, desenvolveram-se inibidores de JAKs para o tratamento de diversas doenças inflamatórias autoimunes e hematológicas em seres humanos. Os inibidores de JAKs têm se mostrado eficazes no tratamento de dermatite atópica, alopecia areata, psoríase e vitiligo em seres humanos. Dentre os inibidores de JAK incluem-se: tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib e oclacinitib. O oclacinitib é de uso exclusivo da medicina veterinária, e estudos recentes demonstram que esse fármaco tem um efeito rápido na redução do prurido e nas lesões de cães com dermatite atópica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar essa nova e promissora classe de medicamentos, com foco no oclacinitib usado na medicina veterinária.

The Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is utilized by cytokines, including interleukins, interferons (IFNs), and other molecules to transmit signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Inflammatory cytokines rely on JAK-STAT signaling, which is indispensable for immune and hematopoietic function. JAK inhibitors were developed for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory, immune-mediated, and hematopoietic disorders in humans. Evidence suggests that JAK inhibitors are efficacious in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, psoriasis, and vitiligo. The first generation of JAK inhibitors includes tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib, and oclacitinib. Oclacitinib is used exclusively in veterinary medicine, and recent studies have shown that this drug has a rapid effect on pruritus and lesion reduction in dogs with atopic dermatitis. This article aimed to review this new class of drugs, focusing on the use of oclacitinib in veterinary medicine.

Muchas citocinas, entre ellas las interleucinas (ILs), interferones (IFNs) y otras moléculas utilizan la vía de la transducción y transcripción Janus-quinasa (Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators oftranscription - JAK-STAT) para la transmisión de señales desde la membrana citoplasmática hacia el núcleo celular. Esas citocinas inflamatorias dependen de esa señalización JAK-STAT, indispensable para la función inmune y hematopoyética. En seres humanos, se han desarrollado inhibidores de JAKs para el tratamiento de diferentes tipos de enfermedades inflamatorias autoinmunes y hematológicas. También en humanos, los inhibidores de JAKs se han mostrado eficientes para el tratamiento de dermatitis atópica, alopecia areata, psoriasis y vitíligo. Algunos de estos inhibidores son el tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib y el oclacitinib. Esta última droga, oclacitinib, es de uso exclusivo en medicina veterinaria y estudios recientes han demostrado que tiene rápido efecto en la disminución deli prurito y lesiones de perros con dermatitis atópica. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura relacionada con esta nueva y prometedora clase de medicamentos, haciendo foco en el oclacitinib utilizado en medicina veterinaria.

Oclacitinib em processos dermatológicos da medicina veterinária - revisão de literatura / Oclacitinib in dermatological disease processes in veterinary medicine - a literature review / El oclacitinib para cuadros dermatológicos en medicina veterinaria - revisión de literatura

Muitas citocinas, incluindo as interleucinas (ILs), os interferons (IFNs) e outras moléculas, utilizam a via de transdução e transcrição Janus-kinase (Janus-kinase/signal transducers activators of transcription JAK-STAT) para a transmissão de sinais da membrana citoplamástica para o núcleo das células. Essas citocinas inflamatórias dependem dessa sinalização JAK-STAT, que é indispensável para a função imune e hematopoiética. Sendo assim, desenvolveram-se inibidores de JAKs para o tratamento de diversas doenças inflamatórias autoimunes e hematológicas em seres humanos. Os inibidores de JAKs têm se mostrado eficazes no tratamento de dermatite atópica, alopecia areata, psoríase e vitiligo em seres humanos. Dentre os inibidores de JAK incluem-se: tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib e oclacinitib. O oclacinitib é de uso exclusivo da medicina veterinária, e estudos recentes demonstram que esse fármaco tem um efeito rápido na redução do prurido e nas lesões de cães com dermatite atópica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar essa nova e promissora classe de medicamentos, com foco no oclacinitib usado na medicina veterinária.(AU)

The Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is utilized by cytokines, including interleukins, interferons (IFNs), and other molecules to transmit signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Inflammatory cytokines rely on JAK-STAT signaling, which is indispensable for immune and hematopoietic function. JAK inhibitors were developed for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory, immune-mediated, and hematopoietic disorders in humans. Evidence suggests that JAK inhibitors are efficacious in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, psoriasis, and vitiligo. The first generation of JAK inhibitors includes tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib, and oclacitinib. Oclacitinib is used exclusively in veterinary medicine, and recent studies have shown that this drug has a rapid effect on pruritus and lesion reduction in dogs with atopic dermatitis. This article aimed to review this new class of drugs, focusing on the use of oclacitinib in veterinary medicine.(AU)

Muchas citocinas, entre ellas las interleucinas (ILs), interferones (IFNs) y otras moléculas utilizan la vía de la transducción y transcripción Janus-quinasa (Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators oftranscription - JAK-STAT) para la transmisión de señales desde la membrana citoplasmática hacia el núcleo celular. Esas citocinas inflamatorias dependen de esa señalización JAK-STAT, indispensable para la función inmune y hematopoyética. En seres humanos, se han desarrollado inhibidores de JAKs para el tratamiento de diferentes tipos de enfermedades inflamatorias autoinmunes y hematológicas. También en humanos, los inhibidores de JAKs se han mostrado eficientes para el tratamiento de dermatitis atópica, alopecia areata, psoriasis y vitíligo. Algunos de estos inhibidores son el tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, baricitinib y el oclacitinib. Esta última droga, oclacitinib, es de uso exclusivo en medicina veterinaria y estudios recientes han demostrado que tiene rápido efecto en la disminución deli prurito y lesiones de perros con dermatitis atópica. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura relacionada con esta nueva y prometedora clase de medicamentos, haciendo foco en el oclacitinib utilizado en medicina veterinaria.(AU)

Pênfigo Foliáceo em felino: relato de caso / Pemphigus Foliaceus in a feline: case report / Pénfigo Foliáceo en un gato: report de un caso

As dermatopatias estão entre as afecções mais comuns na rotina clínica veterinária. As dermatoses autoimunes em felinos são consideradas raras e dentre elas, o pênfigo foliáceo é o de maior incidência na espécie. Por não ser comum muitas vezes acaba não sendo uma suspeita durante a busca pelo diagnóstico, que é concluído somente após os achados histológicos. O tratamento com glucocorticoides pode ser efetivo, no entanto, estudos revelaram cerca de 35 a 50% de sucesso. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar o caso de um felino diagnosticado com pênfigo foliáceo e que obteve remissão completa das lesões após 30 dias de monoterapia com prednisolona na dose de 1mg/kg/dia. A dose foi reduzida gradualmente e não houve recidiva nem foram observadas reações adversas do uso de glucocorticoides até o presente momento.(AU)

The skin diseases are among the most common conditions in veterinary clinic routine. Feline autoimmune dermatoses are considered rare and among them, pemphigus foliaceus is the most prevalent in cats. Once it is unusual, the pemphigus is not always a suspect during the search for diagnosis, which is only completed after the histological findings. The glucocorticoids may be effective, however, have been reported about 35 to 50% of success. The aim of this research was to report a case of pemphigus foliaceus in a cat that achieved complete remission of the lesions after 30 days using prednisolone as monotherapy at 1 mg/kg/day. The dose was gradually reduced and adverse effects of glucocorticoids use or recurrence not occurred to date.(AU)

Las enfermedades de la piel son extremadamente comunes en la rutina clínica veterinaria. Enfermedades autoinmunes de la piel en gatos domésticos son considerados raros, entre ellos, el pénfigo foliáceo es el más frecuente en la especie. Por qué no es común frecuente termina no siendo un sospechoso durante la búsqueda de diagnóstico, que se concluye después de exámenes histológicos. Los glucocorticoides pueden ser eficaces, sin embargo, los estudios han revelado aproximadamente de 30 a 50% de éxito. el objetivo de este trabajo es exponer el caso de un gato con diagnóstico de pénfigo foliáceo y logró éxito con la remisión total de las lesiones después de 30 días de monoterapia con prednisolona a una dosis de 1 mg/kg. La dosis se redujo gradualmente y las reacciones adversas por el uso de glucocorticoides no ha vuelto a aparecer y no observado hasta la fecha.(AU)

Pênfigo Foliáceo em felino: relato de caso / Pemphigus Foliaceus in a feline: case report / Pénfigo Foliáceo en un gato: report de un caso

As dermatopatias estão entre as afecções mais comuns na rotina clínica veterinária. As dermatoses autoimunes em felinos são consideradas raras e dentre elas, o pênfigo foliáceo é o de maior incidência na espécie. Por não ser comum muitas vezes acaba não sendo uma suspeita durante a busca pelo diagnóstico, que é concluído somente após os achados histológicos. O tratamento com glucocorticoides pode ser efetivo, no entanto, estudos revelaram cerca de 35 a 50% de sucesso. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar o caso de um felino diagnosticado com pênfigo foliáceo e que obteve remissão completa das lesões após 30 dias de monoterapia com prednisolona na dose de 1mg/kg/dia. A dose foi reduzida gradualmente e não houve recidiva nem foram observadas reações adversas do uso de glucocorticoides até o presente momento.

The skin diseases are among the most common conditions in veterinary clinic routine. Feline autoimmune dermatoses are considered rare and among them, pemphigus foliaceus is the most prevalent in cats. Once it is unusual, the pemphigus is not always a suspect during the search for diagnosis, which is only completed after the histological findings. The glucocorticoids may be effective, however, have been reported about 35 to 50% of success. The aim of this research was to report a case of pemphigus foliaceus in a cat that achieved complete remission of the lesions after 30 days using prednisolone as monotherapy at 1 mg/kg/day. The dose was gradually reduced and adverse effects of glucocorticoids use or recurrence not occurred to date.

Las enfermedades de la piel son extremadamente comunes en la rutina clínica veterinaria. Enfermedades autoinmunes de la piel en gatos domésticos son considerados raros, entre ellos, el pénfigo foliáceo es el más frecuente en la especie. Por qué no es común frecuente termina no siendo un sospechoso durante la búsqueda de diagnóstico, que se concluye después de exámenes histológicos. Los glucocorticoides pueden ser eficaces, sin embargo, los estudios han revelado aproximadamente de 30 a 50% de éxito. el objetivo de este trabajo es exponer el caso de un gato con diagnóstico de pénfigo foliáceo y logró éxito con la remisión total de las lesiones después de 30 días de monoterapia con prednisolona a una dosis de 1 mg/kg. La dosis se redujo gradualmente y las reacciones adversas por el uso de glucocorticoides no ha vuelto a aparecer y no observado hasta la fecha.

Enterovirus infections and type 1 diabetes mellitus: is there any relationship?

Several health organizations have classified diabetes mellitus, a metabolic syndrome, as the epidemic of the century, since it affects millions of people worldwide and is one of the top ten causes of death. Type 1 diabetes is considered to be an autoimmune disease, in which autoaggressive T cells infiltrate the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to the destruction of insulin producing beta cells. The risk of the disease is modulated by genetic factors, mainly genes coding for human leukocyte antigens (HLA). However, the incidence of this disease has increased significantly during the recent decades, which cannot be explained only by genetic factors. Environmental perturbations have also been associated to the development of diabetes. Among these factors, viral triggers have been implicated; particularly enteroviruses, which have been associated to the induction of the disease. Supporting the hypothesis, numerous lines of evidence coming from mouse models and patients with this type of diabetes have shown the association. The present review aims to provide some understanding of how type 1 diabetes occurs and the possible role of enterovirus in this pathology.(AU)

Pênfigo foliáceo canino: estudo retrospectivo de 43 casos clínicos e terapia (2000-2005) / Canine Pemphigus foliaceus: a retrospective study of 43 clinical cases and therapy (2000-2005)

No período de agosto de 2000 a julho de 2005 foram atendidos 43 casos de Pênfigo Foliáceo (PF) canino no Serviço de Dermatologia do Hospital Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo. Com este estudo retrospectivo visou-se atualizar dados referentes à caracterização sexual, definição racial e raça, idade, tipo e topografia lesional, quadro sintomático e resposta aos tratamentos isolados com prednisona e com a associação desta à azatioprina, além de demonstrar o aumento na ocorrência do PF relativamente à série histórica pretérita (1986-2000) do mesmo Serviço.(AU)

From August 2000 to July 2005 were attended 43 cases of canine Pemphigus foliaceous (PF) by the Dermatology Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of São Paulo. The aim of the present study was to update the records referred to sex, breed, age, type and location of the lesions, clinical signs, and response to treatments with prednisone or combination with prednisone and azathioprine, and also to demonstrate the increase of occurrence of PF compared with the former series (1986-2000) observed in the same Service.(AU)