Maternal instinct of imported meat direction cattle and ethology of their calves

The examination of maternal qualities in the ethology of cows and their young offspring, derived from the study on adaptability and productivity of second and third-generation Aberdeen Angus cattle imported to Kazakhstan from Canadian and European selection, is presented in this paper. The findings indicate that Canadian heifers, belonging to the second generation, displayed extended feeding behavior throughout the day, dedicating 33.2 minutes or 2.2% more time to feeding compared to their European counterparts (P < 0.001). Similar disparities between groups were observed in the duration of the ruminant process. Moreover, Canadian heifers consumed water for an additional 2 minutes or 0.6%, which can be attributed to their higher daily feed intake. The calving process of Aberdeen Angus cows generally proceeded smoothly, demonstrating a well-developed maternal instinct towards their offspring. Notably, calves born from Canadian cows exhibited greater agility and achieved the ability to stand on their feet in a shorter time, with an average duration of 41.0 ± 1.60 minutes, which was 11.7% faster than European calves. Additionally, Canadian calves displayed a shorter time to locate their mother's breast, with an average duration of 68.0 ± 7.70 minutes.(AU)

BIoecology of Oncideres cervina Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) / Bioecologia de Oncideres cervina Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) em Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae)

Cerambycidae beetles limit production and establishment of forest and fruit trees. Oncideres cervina Thomson, 1868 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most important species. The objective was to record O. cervina girdling branches of Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) for the first time, check the number of oviposition incisions (Noi) as a function of the diameter of branch sections, period of emergence, and describe the larval-pupal chamber. Individuals of O. cervina were observed, for the first time, in P. americana orchards in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The middle section of branches (40-60 cm interval) had higher number of incisions. Girdled branches with a diameter of 40-50 mm had higher number of them. Adults emerged from November through January. Larval-pupal boreholes had diameters between 9 and 11 mm, and average tunnel length was 28 mm, with a mean volume of consumed wood of 4.3 mL. This information is useful for establishing integrated pest management practices against O. cervina in P. americana since this crop has a high added value and can be significantly compromised by attack by Cerambycidae beetles.

Os besouros da família Cerambycidae limitam a produção e o estabelecimento de essências florestais e frutíferas. Oncideres cervina Thomson, 1868 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) é uma das espécies mais importantes. O objetivo foi registrar O. cervina danificando ramos de Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) pela primeira vez, verificar o número de incisões de postura em relação ao diâmetro das secções dos ramos, período de emergência e descrever a galeria larval-pupal. Indivíduos de O. cervina foram observados pela primeira vez em pomares de P. americana em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A secção média dos ramos (intervalo de 40-60 cm) apresentou maior número de incisões. Ramos danificados com diâmetro de 40-50 mm tiveram maior número delas. Adultos emergiram de novembro a janeiro. Os orifícios larvais-pupais tinham diâmetros entre 9 e 11 mm, e o comprimento médio da galeria era de 28 mm, com um volume médio de madeira consumida de 4,3 mL. Essas informações são úteis para estabelecer práticas integradas de manejo de pragas contra O. cervina em P. americana, já que essa cultura tem alto valor agregado e pode ser significativamente comprometida pelo ataque de besouros da família Cerambycidae.

Ingestive behavior of Holstein × Zebu cows managed on deferred supplemented pasture

This study aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior of F1 Holstein × Zebu cows grazing on deferred pasture receiving different supplementation strategies. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3×4 factorial, with three supplementation strategies and four evaluation periods. The ingestive behavior of 24 cows divided into three groups of supplementation provided at milking was observed, and two of these groups received protein in the pasture. Ingestive behavior was monitored every 10 minutes for 24 hours and analyzed in the form of periods (morning, afternoon, night, and dawn) and total time. The animals remained longer grazing during the afternoon when the BGHI presented values of 83.8. Protein consumption did not influence grazing time but interfered with forage consumption. For the total grazing time, the animals in group 2 spent less time grazing. The groups of animals presented no difference concerning the time spent on rumination and idleness. During night and dawn, when the climate was characterized as thermal comfort, the animals spent more time ruminating. The climatic conditions did not influence the ingestive behavior, as the grazing peak was observed at times of higher BGHI. However, supplementation of the animals in group 2 modified the ingestive behavior of F1 H × Z cows.

Testicular biometry and hierarchy of dominance of the white-lipped peccary (Mammalia, Tayassuidae) / Biometria testicular e hierarquia de dominância do queixada (Mammalia, Tayassuidae)

The objective of this study was to obtain data on the testicular biometry of the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) and to verify if there is a correlation between the individual's biometric data with their dominance rank. Data were collected from 16 adult males, aged between two and seven years, who made up the same group. By the agonistic interactions analyses we calculated the linearity indexes (h') of the dominance hierarchy and dominance rank. At the end of the behavioral observations, males were captured to collect biometric data from the testis. White-lipped peccaries showed testicles located in a perineal position, inclined cranio-ventrally with oval shape, flattened laterally and with tenso-elastic consistency (2.54±0.07). There was variance in the means (± standard deviation) of testis length (5.88±1.05cm), width (4.24 ± 0.98cm), height (4.44±0.86cm), and total scrotal width (8.78±17.05). The linear dominance hierarchy described the social structure of the males of this group (h'>0.9), with probability of linearity in the hierarchy greater than chance (P = 0.02). There was a correlation between dominance rank with the body mass, length and volume of the testicles. As in general the dimensions of the testicles are directly correlated with sperm production and also testosterone, this characteristic favors the reproductive performance of dominant white-lips males. Therefore, the characteristics of testicular biometry of white-lips should be considered for the selection of individuals more likely to reproduce in captivity favoring the conservation of this vulnerable species.(AU)

O objetivo neste estudo foi obter dados sobre a biometria testicular do queixada (Tayassu pecari) e verificar se há correlação entre os dados biométricos do indivíduo com seu posto de dominância. Os dados foram coletados de 16 queixadas adultos, com idades entre dois e sete anos, que compunham o mesmo grupo. Por meio de análises das interações agonísticas foram calculados os índices de linearidade (h') da hierarquia de dominância e determinado o rank dos indivíduos. Ao final das observações comportamentais, os machos foram capturados para coleta de dados biométricos do testículo. Os queixadas apresentaram testículos localizados em posição perineal, inclinados cranioventralmente com formato oval, achatados láterolateralmente e com consistência tensoelástica (2,54±0,07). Houve variação nas médias (± desvio padrão) do comprimento testicular (5,88±1,05cm), largura (4,24±0,98cm), altura (4,44±0,86cm) e largura escrotal total (8,78±17,05). A hierarquia de dominância linear descreveu a estrutura social dos machos desse grupo (h'>0,9), com probabilidade de linearidade na hierarquia maior que o acaso (P = 0,02). Houve correlação entre a classificação de dominância com a massa corporal, comprimento e volume dos testículos. Como em geral as dimensões dos testículos estão diretamente correlacionadas com a produção de esperma e também de testosterona, essa característica favorece o desempenho reprodutivo de machos de queixadas brancos dominantes. Portanto, as características da biometria testicular de queixadas devem ser consideradas para a seleção de indivíduos com maior probabilidade de reprodução em cativeiro favorecendo a conservação desta espécie vulnerável.(AU)

Modulation of sexual behavior of Morada Nova ewe by the season of the year in a semiarid equatorial environment

he objective was to evaluate the effect of the season on the sexual behavior patterns adopted by Morada Nova sheep in the Brazilian semiarid region. A total of 55 and 59 female sheep were used in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, attended by four males of the same breed in rotation. The females identified in oestrus were released in a pasture, together with the breeder of the day for each season, and aspects of sexual behavior were measured for an uninterrupted period of 11 hours/day. Assuming a negative binomial distribution, the behavioral frequencies were subjected to deviation analysis and compared using the chi-square. Heading in the male was observed more frequently during the rainy season (0.12) and shifts with higher temperatures; the turn of the head in relation to the man was observed more frequently during the dry season (2.49). The interactions between seasons and shifts significantly affected the following behaviors: sniffing the male, sniffing the male's urogenital region, wagging the tail, lifting the tail, and urinating. Behavioral variables were influenced by the season. Morada Nova sheep reduce their water intake and grazing time to engage more efficiently in reproductive activities, thus demonstrating an ability to adapt to the Caatinga.(AU)

Acoustic analysis of vocalization and the behavioral response associated to sound production of the nine banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Mammalia, Cingulata, Dasypodidae) in an agonistic context

Although communication capabilities are displayed by many vertebrate groups, some repertoires are poorly known, such as the case of xenarthrans, particularly armadillos, for which vocalization as a source of communicating to others remains poorly understood and relies on punctual reports of sounds. Here we provide the first description of a behavioral response associated with sound emission of two subjects of Dasypus novemcinctus. Both audio and visual registration was performed to subsequent analyses of expressed behaviors and emitted calls, which accounted for 76 vocalizations from a total of eight video recordings randomly collected from 2017 to 2019. Sound is acoustically characterized by both inhale and exhale phases composed of two vocal units, and no harmonic structure was observed. Once the subjects have always produced these vocalizations while cornered and exhibiting defensive behavior against another subject/human disturbance, these vocalizations were termed as distress. Subjects produced a hiss-purr-like sound while trying to avoid contact with another by bowing or lowering their bodies, humping, or even moving elsewhere when sound production ceased. This shows that the sound repertoire of armadillos is still to be unveiled and seems to be much more complex than previously thought.(AU)

Elaboração de etograma para poedeiras criadas em gaiolas / Preparationof ethogram for laying hens reared in cages

A avicultura, no Brasil, evoluiu muito nas últimas décadas, sendo ainda proeminente, contribuindo de maneira significativa para o agronegócio brasileiro. Um dos fatores importantes para o sucesso da produção avícola é o monitoramento e o controle eficiente do ambiente de criação, que colaboram para a promoção de maior nível de bem-estar para as aves criadas em sistema de confinamento. O estudo do comportamento animal é, tradicionalmente, realizado através de observações visuais dos animais, o que consome tempo e gera decisões subjetivas e susceptíveis ao erro humano. O objetivo geral deste projeto foi elaborar um etograma e avaliar de maneira eficiente o comportamento de galinhas poedeiras alojadas em gaiolas, por meio de gravações digitais. Foram utilizadas aves da linhagem comercial Hisex Browne Hisex Whitecom 51 semanas de vida, criadas em gaiolas com capacidade para duas aves. Para analisar as imagens, foi proposto um etograma composto por 12 eventos comuns neste tipo de sistema, o qual registrou os seguintes comportamentos: "sentada", "comendo", "bebendo", "explorando penas", "bicagem não agressiva", "bicagem agressiva", "movimentos de conforto", "ócio", "postura", "estereotipia", "bico aberto" e "asas abertas". A partir da avaliação deste etograma, percebeu-se que o comportamento "comendo" ocupou a maior parte do tempo das aves (58%), seguido pelo comportamento "parada" (17,3%) e "movimentos de conforto" (8,8%). Os outros 16% foram distribuídos entre os eventos: "bebendo", "explorando penas", "bicagem não agressiva", "bicagem agressiva" e "bico aberto". Nas condições de ambiência e temperatura em que o experimento foi realizado, as galinhas manifestaram comportamento de "bico aberto" em 100% do tempo no período da tarde, indicando clara situação de estresse calórico. Dessa maneira, o etograma funcionou como uma aferição indireta do grau de ambiência destes animais, o que reflete de maneira direta no atendimento aos preceitos de bem-estar animal, quesito fundamental para a produçãomoderna de ovos.(AU)

Poultry farming in Brazil has evolved significantlyin the last decades, being still prominent, and contributing significantly to Brazilian agribusiness. One of the important factors for the success of poultry production is the efficient monitoring and control of the breeding environment, in addition to contributing to the promotion of a higher level of welfare for birds in confinement. However, the study of animal behavior is traditionally carried out through visual observations of animals, which consumes time and generates subjective decisions that are susceptible to human error. The general objective of this project is to elaborate an ethogram and to efficiently evaluate the behaviorof laying hens housed in cages, through digital recordings. Birds of the commercial line Hisex Brownand Hisex White, 51 weeks old, reared in cages with capacity for two birds were used. An ethogram composed of 12 common events in this type of system was proposedto analysisthe images. This ethogramrecorded the following behaviors: "sitting", "eating", "drinking", "exploring feathers", "non-aggressive pecking", "aggressive pecking", "comfort movements", "stopping", "posture", "stereotype", "Open beak" and"open wings". From the evaluation of this ethogram, it was noticed that the "eating" behavior occupied most of the birds'time (58% of the time), being followed by the "stop" behavior (17.3%) and "comfort movements" (8.8%). In theambience and temperature conditions that the experiment was carried out, the chickens showed "open beak" behavior 100% of the time in the afternoon, indicating a clear situation of heat stress. In this way, the ethogram functioned as an indirect measurement of the degree of ambiance of these animals, which directly reflects in the care for animal welfare, a fundamental requirement for modern egg production.(AU)

Modulation of sexual behavior of Morada Nova ewe by the season of the year in a semiarid equatorial environment

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the season on the sexual behavior patterns adopted by Morada Nova sheep in the Brazilian semiarid region. A total of 55 and 59 female sheep were used in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, attended by four males of the same breed in rotation. The females identified in oestrus were released in a pasture, together with the breeder of the day for each season, and aspects of sexual behavior were measured for an uninterrupted period of 11 hours/day. Assuming a negative binomial distribution, the behavioral frequencies were subjected to deviation analysis and compared using the chi-square. Heading in the male was observed more frequently during the rainy season (0.12) and shifts with higher temperatures; the turn of the head in relation to the man was observed more frequently during the dry season (2.49). The interactions between seasons and shifts significantly affected the following behaviors: sniffing the male, sniffing the male's urogenital region, wagging the tail, lifting the tail, and urinating. Behavioral variables were influenced by the season. Morada Nova sheep reduce their water intake and grazing time to engage more efficiently in reproductive activities, thus demonstrating an ability to adapt to the Caatinga.

Ethological behavior of Bos taurus, Bos indicus,and Caqueteño Creole cattle in three tree cover systems of Brachiaria decumbenspaddocks at the Amazon foothills in Colombia / Comportamento etológico do gado Bos taurus, Bos indicuse crioulo Caqueteño em três sistemas de cobertura de árvores de Brachiaria decumbenspaddocks no sopé da Amazônia na Colômbia

The study was conducted at the Amazon Research Center CIMAZ -MACAGUAL of the University of Amazonia, Colombia, with a tropical rain forest climate (Af). The behavior of Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and Caqueteño Creole cattle, the animals were observed in paddocks with three levels of scattered tree cover density. The pasture was composed of Braquiaria decumbenswith 35 days of regrowth. Direct observations were made from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. with 10-minute intervals between the recording of the activities. The activity performed most often during the day by all of the animals was grazing under the sun, and those who pasture the most arethe Caqueteño Creole, followed by the Bos indicusand, finally, the Bos taurus. Ruminating was the second most important activity performed by the cattle, having presented the same tendency. In the paddocks with a low level of tree cover, the animals pasture more in the shade; this trend is more relevant among B. taurus cattle.Caqueteño Creole cattle dedicate less time to water consumption and rest, spending more time grazing, in the high and medium cover levels, they interrupt the grazing at noon for a shorter time compared to B. indicusand B. taurus; after 2 p.m., the creoles vertiginously increase grazing. At the high cover level, the peak of grazing of the Caqueteño Creoles is at 9 a.m. and from 1-1:30 p.m., while at the medium tree cover level, the peak of pasturing was at noon, 1:30 p.m., and 4:30 p.m., at the high tree level of cover, the peak for the three breeds was at 11 a.m. Only at the average tree level of cover did the Caquetaño creoles and B. indicuspresent a similar peak. In 9-9:30 a.m. and 4-5 p.m., the breeds substantially reduce rumination.(AU)

O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Pesquisa Amazônica CIMAZ -MACAGUAL da Universidade da Amazônia, Colômbia, com um clima de floresta tropical úmida (Af). O comportamento do gado Bos taurus, Bos indicuse Caqueteño crioulo, os animais foram observados em cercados com três níveis de densidade de cobertura arbórea dispersa. A pastagem era composta de Braquiaria decumbenscom 35 dias de recrescimento. Observações diretas foram feitas das 9h às 17h com intervalos de 10 minutos entre o registro das atividades.A atividade mais executada durante o dia por todos os animais era o pasto sob o sol, e aqueles que mais pastam são os Caqueteñocrioulo, seguido pelo Bos indicuse, finalmente, o Bos taurus. A ruminação foi a segunda atividade mais importante desempenhada pelo gado, tendo apresentado a mesma tendência. Nos cercados com um baixo nível de cobertura arbórea, os animais pastam mais à sombra; esta tendência é mais relevante entre o gado B. taurus.O gado crioulo Caqueteñodedica menos tempo ao consumo de água e descanso, passando mais tempo pastando, nos níveis de cobertura alta e média, interrompem o pastoreio ao meio-dia por um tempo mais curto em comparação com o B. indicuse B. taurus; depois das 14 horas, os crioulos aumentam vertiginosamente o pastoreio. No nível de cobertura alta, o pico de pastagem dos Caqueteñocrioulosé às 9h e das 13h30, enquanto no nível médio de cobertura de árvores, o pico de pastagem era ao meio-dia, 13h30 e 16h30, no nível alto de cobertura de árvores, o pico para as três raças era às 11h. Nas 9-9h30 e16-17h, as raças reduzem substancialmente a ruminação.(AU)

Thermal and behavioral response of horses submitted to functional exercises and acupuncture / Resposta térmica e comportamental de equinos submetidos a exercícios funcionais e acupuntura

The present research evaluated muscle activation degrees and relaxation of patrolling horses submitted to dynamic mobilization exercises, associated or not with acupuncture. Twelve mixed breed gelding, aged 10 ± 2.0 years, were distributed in three treatments. Treatment with a single session of dynamic mobilization exercises (longitudinal cervical flexion of head between hooves, between carpus and to up to chest); treatment with a single acupuncture session during 20 minutes, and treatment with a single session of dynamic mobilization exercises with acupuncture. Thermographic images were analyzed before and after applying treatments to the cervical, thoracic, dorsal, abdominal and pelvic regions. Animal behavior was assessed through five minutes filming, before and ten minutes after the end of each treatment application, in an uninterrupted way. Increase in animals body temperature at the end of the single session of functional exercises (P < 0.0001) at all animal regions were reported, being cervical and thoracic areas with highest final temperature values. There was no temperature variation for other treatments (P > 0.05). All treatments stimulated higher expression frequency (P < 0.05) of relaxation behaviors. A single dynamic mobilization exercises session is enough to promote intense muscular response in entire horse body; and with acupuncture, individually or associated, promoted muscle and mental relaxation, interfering positively in animal welfare.

Objetivou-se avaliar o grau de ativação e relaxamento muscular de equinos de patrulhamento submetidos à exercícios de mobilização dinâmica associados ou não à acupuntura. Doze cavalos castrados, sem raça definida, com idade de 10 ± 2,0 anos, foram distribuídos em três tratamentos: tratamento com uma sessão única de exercícios de mobilização dinâmica (flexão cervical longitudinal da cabeça entre os cascos, entre os carpos e até o peito); tratamento com sessão única de acupuntura (20 minutos); e tratamento com sessão única composta por exercícios de mobilização dinâmica associados a acupuntura. Foram analisadas imagens termográficas antes e após a aplicação dos tratamentos das regiões cervical, torácica, dorsal, abdominal e pélvica. A avaliação comportamental foi obtida por meio de filmagens 5 minutos antes e 10 minutos após o término da aplicação dos tratamentos, de maneira ininterrupta. Houve aumento (P < 0,0001) na temperatura corporal dos animais ao final da sessão única de exercícios funcionais para todas as regiões estudadas, sendo a cervical e torácica aquelas com maior valor de temperatura final. Não houve variação da temperatura nos demais tratamentos (P > 0,05). Todos os tratamentos geraram maior frequência (P < 0,05) na expressão de comportamentos relacionados ao relaxamento. A realização de uma sessão única de exercícios de mobilização dinâmica é suficiente para promover uma intensa resposta muscular em todo o corpo do equino, e tanto os exercícios funcionais quanto a acupuntura, de maneira individual ou associada, foram capazes de promover relaxamento muscular e mental, interferindo de maneira positiva no bem-estar dos animais.

Dung avoidance behavior in Crioula Lanada lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes in a rotational pasture system / Comportamento de afastamento do bolo fecal em cordeiros Crioula Lanada naturalmente infectados com nematoides gastrintestinais em sistema de pastoreio rotacionado

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate foraging distance (FD) from the dung, parasitological and physiological factors in 18 Crioula Lanada lambs naturally infected by nematodes with three infection levels (IL) in a Voisin Grazing System. In the pre-experimental phase animal feces collection, deworming, observer training, animal adaptation and dung demarcation were carried out; in the experimental phase, grazing distance, feces, pasture and blood sampling. An initial exploratory analysis was carried out (Kruskal-Wallis test). Fixed predictors were selected with a cumulative logit regression model; an ordinal logistic regression mixed model identified influencing factors of ordinal responses for (i) FD, (ii) infective larvae quantity (L3). Animals approached the dung when the radiation or temperature were more intense (P < 0.05). Paddock entry/exit, IgG and L3 influenced FD over time (P < 0.05). L3, in turn, was influenced by IL, FEC and corpuscular volume (CV). In the High IL group, FD varied between 60-100 cm. Greater L3 and FEC were found in the High and Low IL from the 4th week (P < 0.05). Naturally infected Crioula Lanada lambs increased the distance from the dung, which was not related to IL but to the dynamics of solar radiation and parasitological and immunological factors.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distância de forrageamento do bolo fecal (DF), fatores parasitológicos e fisiológicos em 18 cordeiros Crioula Lanada, naturalmente infectados por nematoides com três níveis de infecção (NI) em sistema Pastoreio Racional Voisin (PRV). Na fase pré-experimental, houve coleta de fezes dos animais, vermifugação, treinamento de observadores, adaptação dos animais e demarcação do bolo fecal; na fase experimental, distância, fezes, pastagem e sangue. Um modelo de regressão "logit" cumulativa selecionou preditores fixos; um modelo misto de regressão logística ordinal identificou fatores influenciadores das respostas ordinais para (i) DF (ii) quantidade de larva infectante (L3). Os cordeiros se aproximaram do bolo fecal quando a radiação ou temperatura foram mais intensas (P < 0,05). A entrada e a saída dos piquetes, a ingestão de L3 e IgG influenciaram DF (P < 0,05). L3 foi influenciada por NI, OPG e volume corpuscular. O grupo NI Alta variou a distância entre 60-100 cm. Maior L3 e a FEC foram encontrados nos grupos NI Alta e Baixa a partir da 4ª semana (P < 0,05). Cordeiros Crioula Lanada, naturalmente infectados, aumentaram a DF, sem relação com nível, de infecção, mas com a dinâmica da radiação solar e dos fatores parasitológicos e imunológicos.

Effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral expression of pumas (Puma concolor) under human care / Efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental na expressão comportamentalde onças-pardas (Puma concolor) mantidas sob cuidados humanos

The maintenance of pumas under human care imposes different conditions from those found in the natural environment, which may result in stress and impaired welfare. The objective was to evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment on the welfare of four jaguar specimens (Puma concolor), kept under human care. The enrichment techniques addressed were food, sensory, and mixed (physical-cognitive) enrichment. The research was divided into three phases: Phase 1, pre-enrichment; Phase 2, application of enrichment; and Phase 3, post-enrichment. The observation of the activities was performed using the focal animal method, and the behaviors were recorded to compose an ethogram. The sampling effort totaled 96 hours, with a 24-hour observation time for each specimen. During phases 2 and 3, the animals showed increased expression of natural behaviors, increased exploration and interaction with the enclosure, as well as, with other individuals. In addition, the applied activities provided cognitive challenges and reduced the animals' idle time. Although puma 4 showed stereotyped behavior, during the three phases of this study, this individual was healthy and active. Thus, the results demonstrate the beneficial effects of environmental enrichment on the well-being of pumas held in captivity.(AU)

A manutenção de onças-pardas mantidas sob cuidados humanos impõe condições diferentes daquelas encon-tradas no ambiente natural, o que pode resultar em estresse e prejuízo ao bem-estar. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental no bem-estar de quatro espécimes de Onça-parda (Puma concolor), mantidos sob cuidados humanos. As técnicas de enriquecimento abordadas foram o enriquecimento alimentar, sensorial e misto (físico-cogni-tivo). A pesquisa foi dividida em três fases: Fase 1; Pré-enriquecimento, Fase 2; Aplicação dos enriquecimentos e Fase 3; Pós-enriquecimento. A observação das atividades foi realizada através do método animal focal, sendo registrados os comportamentos para composição de um etograma. O esforço amostral totalizou 96 horas, com o tempo de observação de 24 horas para cada espécime. Durante as fases 2 e 3, os animais apresentaram aumento da expressão de comporta-mentos naturais, aumento da exploração e interação com o recinto, assim como, com os outros indivíduos. Além disso, as atividades aplicadas proporcionaram desafios cognitivos e reduziram o tempo ocioso dos animais. Embora a Onça-parda 4 tenha apresentado comportamento estereotipado, durante as três fases deste estudo, este indivíduo mostrou-se saudável e ativo. Dessa forma, os resultados demonstram os efeitos benéficos do enriquecimento ambiental no bem-estar de onças-pardas mantidas em cativeiro.(AU)

Stress indicators in cattle submitted to different pre-slaughter rest times / Indicadores de estresse em bovinos submetidos a diferentes tempos de descanso no pré-abate

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pre-slaughter time about some blood constituents used as stress indicators in the evaluation of animal welfare in cattle. In the practice of ethology, animal welfare is assessed through physiological and behavioral indicators. For the determination of serum biomarkers of animal stress, a total of 180 animals was used, divided into two major groups according to the time of pre-slaughter. In the acceptable group, the animals had a pre-slaughter time up to 24 hours and in the not acceptable group the pre-slaughter time was greater than 24 h. These two groups were split up into three animal categories (males, females and castrated males). In this study, 30 samples were collected from each animal category of the two groups, acceptable and not acceptable, totaling 180 samples. Samples were separated for analysis of muscle enzymes creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (CK and LDH), glucose and cortisol. Physiological values, regardless of the animal category and pre-slaughter time, were higher than the normal values of reference, expressing the prior management effect on animal welfare. The data clearly show a need to update and adapt the entire production chain to animal welfare practices, with the objective of producing competitive quality meat in the world market.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de pré-abate sobre alguns constituintes sanguíneos utilizados como indicadores de estresse na avaliação do bem-estar animal em bovinos. Na prática da etologia, o bem-estar animal é avaliado por meio de indicadores fisiológicos e comportamentais. Para a determinação sérica de biomarcadores de estresse animal utilizaram-se 180 animais, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo de pré-abate: até 24 horas ou acima de 24 horas. Esses dois grupos subdividiram-se em três categorias animais (machos não-castrados, machos castrados ou fêmeas). Foram coletadas 30 amostras de cada categoria animal nos dois grupos, totalizando 180 amostras. Foram separadas amostras para análise de enzimas musculares creatina quinase e lactato desidrogenase (CK e LDH), glicose e cortisol. Os valores fisiológicos, independentemente da categoria animal e do tempo de pré-abate, foram superiores aos valores de referência, expressando o efeito do manejo prévio sobre o bem-estar dos animais. Os dados evidenciam claramente a necessidade de atualização e adequação de toda a cadeia produtiva às práticas de bem-estar animal, com o objetivo de produzir carne de qualidade competitiva no mercado mundial.(AU)

Distúrbio de comportamento: uma visão integrada da etologia e análise do comportamento / Disorder of behavior: an integrated view of ethology and analysis of behavior

Diante de uma demanda crescente em relação ao bem-estar animal, técnicas e pesquisas necessitam de suporte teórico para compreender e intervir em comportamentos descritos como anômalos ou distúrbios de conduta. Tendo em vista a prevenção do prejuízo ao organismo e os efeitos colaterais provenientes de uma condição de baixo nível de bem-estar, compreender como um comportamento anormal surge no repertório de um indivíduo é imprescindível para intervenções eficazes. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir dois modelos teóricos de áreas distintas do conhecimento, mas que possuem em comum o estudo do comportamento, a Etologia e o Behaviorismo Radical. A partir do modelo de Comportamento Apetitivo da Etologia e do Comportamento Adjuntivo do Behaviorismo, é possível compreender os mecanismos fisiológicos e funcionais que envolvem os distúrbios de comportamento.

Faced a growing demand for animal welfare, techniques and research need a theoretical support to understand and intervene in behaviors described as anomalous or behavioral disorders. In order to prevent damage to the body and the side effects arising from a low level of well-being, understanding how abnormal behavior appears in an individual's repertoire is essential for effective interventions. The aim of this article is to discuss two theoretical models from different areas of knowledge, but which have in common the study of behavior, Ethology and Radical Behaviorism. From the Appetitive Behavior model of ethology and the Adjunctive Behavior of Behaviorism, it is possible to understand the physiological and functional mechanisms that involve behavioral disorders.

Distúrbio de comportamento: uma visão integrada da etologia e análise do comportamento / Disorder of behavior: an integrated view of ethology and analysis of behavior

Diante de uma demanda crescente em relação ao bem-estar animal, técnicas e pesquisas necessitam de suporte teórico para compreender e intervir em comportamentos descritos como anômalos ou distúrbios de conduta. Tendo em vista a prevenção do prejuízo ao organismo e os efeitos colaterais provenientes de uma condição de baixo nível de bem-estar, compreender como um comportamento anormal surge no repertório de um indivíduo é imprescindível para intervenções eficazes. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir dois modelos teóricos de áreas distintas do conhecimento, mas que possuem em comum o estudo do comportamento, a Etologia e o Behaviorismo Radical. A partir do modelo de Comportamento Apetitivo da Etologia e do Comportamento Adjuntivo do Behaviorismo, é possível compreender os mecanismos fisiológicos e funcionais que envolvem os distúrbios de comportamento.(AU)

Faced a growing demand for animal welfare, techniques and research need a theoretical support to understand and intervene in behaviors described as anomalous or behavioral disorders. In order to prevent damage to the body and the side effects arising from a low level of well-being, understanding how abnormal behavior appears in an individual's repertoire is essential for effective interventions. The aim of this article is to discuss two theoretical models from different areas of knowledge, but which have in common the study of behavior, Ethology and Radical Behaviorism. From the Appetitive Behavior model of ethology and the Adjunctive Behavior of Behaviorism, it is possible to understand the physiological and functional mechanisms that involve behavioral disorders.(AU)

Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with guava agro-industrial waste ( Psidium guajava ) / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com resíduo agroindustrial de goiaba (Psidium guajava)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW) on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs. Forty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg, and at the age of 120 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and fed with increasing GAW levels (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P <0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. Among the variables, idleness, feeding, and total chewing time had a significant effect (P<0.05); animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means of the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30% inclusion level of GAW. The 30.0% GAW feed for lambs in confinement reduces feed time, and total chewing prolongs idleness and increases feed efficiency without compromising dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, and ADG.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de resíduo agroindustrial de goiabeira (RAG) no comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros não castradas da raça Santa Inês, com peso inicial de 21,33 ± 2,62 kg e idade de 120 dias, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e alimentados com níveis crescentes de GAW (0,0; 7,5, 15,0, 22,5 e 30,0%). O ganho médio diário (GMD) apresentou contraste ortogonal (P <0,05), no qual os animais que ingeriram a dieta controle tiveram desempenho inferior. Os animais com GAW adicionado à dieta obtiveram maiores ganhos de peso refletidos em uma melhor conversão alimentar. Entre as variáveis, ociosidade, alimentação e tempo total de mastigação tiveram efeito significativo (P <0,05); os animais passaram mais tempo ociosos no nível de inclusão de 30,0% e menos tempo no grupo controle. No entanto, as médias dos níveis de inclusão de 7,5, 15,0 e 22,5% no GAW foram estatisticamente semelhantes às do grupo controle e ao nível de 30,0%. Houve efeito significativo (P <0,05) na eficiência alimentar, com os menores valores sendo apresentados para o grupo controle e os maiores valores no nível de inclusão de 30% do GAW. A alimentação de 30,0% GAW para cordeiros em confinamento reduz o tempo de alimentação e mastigação total, prolonga a ociosidade e aumenta a eficiência alimentar sem comprometer o consumo de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutron e GMD.(AU)

Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with guava agro-industrial waste ( Psidium guajava )

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW) on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs. Forty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg, and at the age of 120 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and fed with increasing GAW levels (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P 0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. Among the variables, idleness, feeding, and total chewing time had a significant effect (P 0.05); animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means of the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level. There was a significant effect (P 0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30% inclusion level of GAW. The 30.0% GAW feed for lambs in confinement reduces feed time, and total chewing prolongs idleness and increases feed efficiency without compromising dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, and ADG.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de resíduo agroindustrial de goiabeira (RAG) no comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros não castradas da raça Santa Inês, com peso inicial de 21,33 ± 2,62 kg e idade de 120 dias, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e alimentados com níveis crescentes de GAW (0,0; 7,5, 15,0, 22,5 e 30,0%). O ganho médio diário (GMD) apresentou contraste ortogonal (P 0,05), no qual os animais que ingeriram a dieta controle tiveram desempenho inferior. Os animais com GAW adicionado à dieta obtiveram maiores ganhos de peso refletidos em uma melhor conversão alimentar. Entre as variáveis, ociosidade, alimentação e tempo total de mastigação tiveram efeito significativo (P 0,05); os animais passaram mais tempo ociosos no nível de inclusão de 30,0% e menos tempo no grupo controle. No entanto, as médias dos níveis de inclusão de 7,5, 15,0 e 22,5% no GAW foram estatisticamente semelhantes às do grupo controle e ao nível de 30,0%. Houve efeito significativo (P 0,05) na eficiência alimentar, com os menores valores sendo apresentados para o grupo controle e os maiores valores no nível de inclusão de 30% do GAW. A alimentação de 30,0% GAW para cordeiros em confinamento reduz o tempo de alimentação e mastigação total, prolonga a ociosidade e aumenta a eficiência alimentar sem comprometer o consumo de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutron e GMD.

Physiological and behavioral responses of feedlot sheep with and without access to artificial shade / Respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de ovinos mestiços confinados com e sem acesso ao sombreamento artificial

Artificial shading is widely used to provide thermal comfort to animals and has been extensively researched due to its relationship with their welfare and performance. This study examines the physiological and behavioral traits of sheep in a feedlot system with and without access to shade. Twenty male Santa Inês × Dorper crossbred sheep with an initial average weight of 25 kg were used in the experiment. The animals were kept in two collective stalls, one of which was equipped with a polypropylene mesh shade net with 80% light interception capacity. The experiment was conducted in the feedlot of the Fazenda Escola farm at UEG, São Luís de Montes Belos Campus, state of Goiás, Brazil. Environmental indices (ambient temperature, relative humidity, temperature-humidity index), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and surface temperature (ST) were measured once weekly and behavioral assessments were performed one day after the physiological assessment, between 07h00 and 19h00. The following behaviors were evaluated: feeding, rumination, rest/sleep, social, play and anomalous activities. There were no significant differences for the analyzed variables and treatments. Animals with access to shade had the following physiological results: RR - 75.06 mov. min-¹; ST - 33.03 ºC; and RT - 39.21 ºC. Those without access to shade, in turn, showed the following indices: RR - 81.52 mov. min-¹; ST - 33.45 ºC; and RT - 39.43 ºC. The evaluated behaviors did not differ significantly, averaging 226.11 and 225.44 min (feeding), 153.33 and 149.44 min (rumination), 341.39 and 339.72 min (rest/sleep) and 152.50 and 154.72 min (other activities) recorded in the sheep with and without access to shade, respectively. Despite the lack of differences between the analyzed responses, the animals with access to artificial shade showed greater comfort, welfare and quality of life.

O sombreamento artificial é muito utilizado para proporcionar conforto térmico aos animais, e tem sido muito estudado em função da sua relação com o bem-estar e desempenho dos mesmos. Objetivou-se avaliar as características fisiológicas e comportamentais de ovinos em sistema de confinamento com e sem acesso a sombra. Foram avaliados 20 ovinos machos mestiços Santa Inês x Dorper com peso médio inicial de 25 Kg, mantidos em duas baias coletivas, com implantação do sombrite de malha de polipropileno, 80% de interceptação luminosa em uma das baias. O experimento foi conduzido no confinamento da Fazenda Escola da UEG, Campus São Luís de Montes Belos, Goiás, Brasil. Avaliações ambientais, temperatura ambiente (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), frequência respiratória (FR) e de superfície (TS) foram realizadas uma vez por semana e avaliações de comportamento foram realizadas um dia após a avaliação fisiológica, entre 7h e 19h. Os comportamentos avaliados foram o alimentar, ruminação, descanso e sono, social, lúdico e anormal. Em relação aos resultados obtidos, não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação as variáveis e tratamentos analisados. Os animais com acesso a sombra apresentaram em relação à FR, TS e TR, valores de 75,06 mov. min-¹, 33,03ºC e 39,21ºC, respectivamente, enquanto os animais sem acesso ao sombreamento apresentaram 81,52 mov. min-¹, 33,45ºC de TS e 39,43ºC de TC. Os comportamentos avaliados não diferiram significativamente, com médias em minutos para os comportamentos alimentar de 226,11 e 225,44, ruminação de 153,33 e 149,44, descanso e sono de 341,39 e 339,72 e outras atividades de 152,50 e 154,72, para os animais com e sem acesso ao sombreamento, respectivamente. Apesar de não observar diferenças entre as respostas analisadas, pode-se observar um maior conforto, bem-estar e qualidade de vida para os animais com acesso ao sombreamento artificial.

Physiological and behavioral responses of feedlot sheep with and without access to artificial shade / Respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de ovinos mestiços confinados com e sem acesso ao sombreamento artificial

Artificial shading is widely used to provide thermal comfort to animals and has been extensively researched due to its relationship with their welfare and performance. This study examines the physiological and behavioral traits of sheep in a feedlot system with and without access to shade. Twenty male Santa Inês × Dorper crossbred sheep with an initial average weight of 25 kg were used in the experiment. The animals were kept in two collective stalls, one of which was equipped with a polypropylene mesh shade net with 80% light interception capacity. The experiment was conducted in the feedlot of the Fazenda Escola farm at UEG, São Luís de Montes Belos Campus, state of Goiás, Brazil. Environmental indices (ambient temperature, relative humidity, temperature-humidity index), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and surface temperature (ST) were measured once weekly and behavioral assessments were performed one day after the physiological assessment, between 07h00 and 19h00. The following behaviors were evaluated: feeding, rumination, rest/sleep, social, play and anomalous activities. There were no significant differences for the analyzed variables and treatments. Animals with access to shade had the following physiological results: RR - 75.06 mov. min-¹; ST - 33.03 ºC; and RT - 39.21 ºC. Those without access to shade, in turn, showed the following indices: RR - 81.52 mov. min-¹; ST - 33.45 ºC; and RT - 39.43 ºC. The evaluated behaviors did not differ significantly, averaging 226.11 and 225.44 min (feeding), 153.33 and 149.44 min (rumination), 341.39 and 339.72 min (rest/sleep) and 152.50 and 154.72 min (other activities) recorded in the sheep with and without access to shade, respectively. Despite the lack of differences between the analyzed responses, the animals with access to artificial shade showed greater comfort, welfare and quality of life.(AU)

O sombreamento artificial é muito utilizado para proporcionar conforto térmico aos animais, e tem sido muito estudado em função da sua relação com o bem-estar e desempenho dos mesmos. Objetivou-se avaliar as características fisiológicas e comportamentais de ovinos em sistema de confinamento com e sem acesso a sombra. Foram avaliados 20 ovinos machos mestiços Santa Inês x Dorper com peso médio inicial de 25 Kg, mantidos em duas baias coletivas, com implantação do sombrite de malha de polipropileno, 80% de interceptação luminosa em uma das baias. O experimento foi conduzido no confinamento da Fazenda Escola da UEG, Campus São Luís de Montes Belos, Goiás, Brasil. Avaliações ambientais, temperatura ambiente (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), frequência respiratória (FR) e de superfície (TS) foram realizadas uma vez por semana e avaliações de comportamento foram realizadas um dia após a avaliação fisiológica, entre 7h e 19h. Os comportamentos avaliados foram o alimentar, ruminação, descanso e sono, social, lúdico e anormal. Em relação aos resultados obtidos, não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação as variáveis e tratamentos analisados. Os animais com acesso a sombra apresentaram em relação à FR, TS e TR, valores de 75,06 mov. min-¹, 33,03ºC e 39,21ºC, respectivamente, enquanto os animais sem acesso ao sombreamento apresentaram 81,52 mov. min-¹, 33,45ºC de TS e 39,43ºC de TC. Os comportamentos avaliados não diferiram significativamente, com médias em minutos para os comportamentos alimentar de 226,11 e 225,44, ruminação de 153,33 e 149,44, descanso e sono de 341,39 e 339,72 e outras atividades de 152,50 e 154,72, para os animais com e sem acesso ao sombreamento, respectivamente. Apesar de não observar diferenças entre as respostas analisadas, pode-se observar um maior conforto, bem-estar e qualidade de vida para os animais com acesso ao sombreamento artificial.(AU)

Traditional knowledge and perception of birds in the Parnaíba Delta environmental protection area, Northeast Brazil

Local inhabitants retain a vast knowledge about the bird richness surrounding them, as well as many of their ethological and ecological aspects, and can identify the importance of those birds to the maintenance of ecosystem integrity. The present study sought to document the traditional knowledge retained by members of the Labino community concerning the avifauna of the Delta do Rio Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area (APA), Piauí State, Brazil. We interviewed 76 male (51% of the sample) and 74 female (49%) residents. The interviewees indicated the occurrence of 97 bird species belonging to 21 orders and 40 families. Men could identify more bird species than women. Older individuals recognize more bird species than younger members of the community. Individuals with less schooling demonstrated greater knowledge of species richness than those with more formal educations. A very significant percentage (45%, n = 68) of the interviewees reported consuming native birds, principally Aramides cajaneus, Columbina squammata, and Zenaida auriculata. A total of 48 species were perceived as having their populations reduced in recent years, principally Mimus gilvus, Icterus jamacaii, Aramides cajaneus, Turdus rufiventris, and Cacicus cela. The residents of the Labino community were therefore found to have a detailed knowledge of the local avifauna and perceived impacts caused mainly by hunting in the Parnaiba River Delta region.