Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma in a Lhasa Apso

Background: Lymphoma neoplasms originate from the lymphocytes. Anatomically, these tumors can be classified into multicentric, digestive, mediastinal, and cutaneous forms. The etiology of cutaneous lymphoma remains unclear; however, it has been associated with chronic skin inflammation. The definitive diagnosis is based on histological analysis and immunohistochemistry, although fine-needle aspiration cytology has shown good results. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinicopathological aspects of a case of cutaneous epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma, classified as mycosis fungoides, in a Lhasa Apso dog. Case: A 8-year-old bitch Lhasa Apso with multiple non-pruritic skin nodules and history of 10-day evolution was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo (UNESC), Colatina, ES, Brazil. The nodules were erythematous, exophytic, firm, circumscribed, and measured 0.2-4 cm in diameter in locations throughout the animal's body. An incisional biopsy was performed with an 8-mm punch and sent for histopathological examination. An infiltrative, poorly demarcated, non-encapsulated, densely cellular neoplasm, which was replacing the dermal collagen and displacing the adnexa, was observed in the dermis. The tumor was composed of a population of round cells, with generally distinct cell borders and a small-to-moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were irregularly rounded and occasionally edentulous, with vesicular chromatin, a visible nucleus, and 11 mitotic figures in an area of 2.37 mm2 . The immunohistochemical test, which was positive for the CD3 marker, confirmed the diagnosis of T cell lymphoma. On an ultrasound to identify metastasis, the liver showed heterogeneous parenchyma, heterogeneous expansive formation, areas of cavitary appearance, and cytology compatible with lymphoma. Antineoplastic chemotherapy was administered using the CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). However, the animal died after 45 days. Discussion: A diagnosis of the mycosis fungoides type of cutaneous epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma was established based on clinical, laboratory, anatomopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Pruritus is a common clinical condition in animals with mycosis fungoides, particularly in those with the erythrodermic form of the disease. Epitheliotropic lymphomas have no sexual or racial predilections and usually affect dogs over 9 years of age. The Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldog, Boxer, Golden Retriever, Scottish Terrier, Briard, English Springer Spaniel, Beagle, German Shepherd, and English Cocker Spaniel breeds are frequently affected by these lymphomas. These neoplasms can have a primary skin origin, or they can be secondary and associated with lymphoma found elsewhere in the body. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice, especially in cases with multifocal distribution. Protocol preference varies with disease stage, patient clinical and laboratory conditions, and the degree of toxicity. Commonly used chemotherapy regimens include L-CHOP (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, L-asparaginase, and prednisolone), CHOP, COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone), LAP (lomustine, L-asparaginase, and prednisolone), LOPP (lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolone), chlorambucil, and prednisolone. The prognosis of canine epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma is unfavorable, with a survival time ranging from a few months to 2 years. The animal in this study survived for 105 days. In addition, epitheliotropic cutaneous T cell lymphoma is aggressive, which may result in a shorter survival time in animals affected by this type of tumor.

Hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch - sonographic findings

Background: A 10-year-old spayed bitch with hip dysplasia was referred for periarticular ultrasound evaluation. A poorly marginated structure of mixed echogenicity, predominantly hypoechoic, with heterogeneous echotexture, was identified in the vastus lateralis muscle of the right pelvic limb with increased stiffness, assessed using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography, compared to that of the adjacent muscle tissues, and intense vascularization by pulsed Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Guided biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma. The objective of this study was to describe B-mode ultrasound, CEUS, and ARFI findings of hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch. Case: A 10-year-old spayed bitch Golden Retriever weighing 36 kg was evaluated for pelvic limb lameness. The patient presented with bilateral pain during hip extension. The primary diagnostic suspicion was degenerative joint disease and secondary hip dysplasia. The patient was referred for imaging evaluation of the hip joints (radiography and ultrasound) under anesthesia. Right lateral and ventrodorsal projections with the pelvic limbs extended were obtained to confirm the diagnosis. In the right pelvic limb, an amorphous hypoechoic structure with irregular contours and heterogeneous echotexture was observed in the vastus lateralis muscle. In ARFI elastography, it was possible to identify differences in tissue stiffness between healthy and compromised portions. Pulsed-wave Doppler evaluation demonstrated an arterial waveform pattern with a peak systolic velocity of 38.8 cm/s, end-diastolic velocity of 6.9 cm/s, pulsatility index of 1.76, and resistive index of 0.82. CEUS study identified a mean peak of 27.26 %, mean time to peak of 39.95 s, and mean transmission time of 49.96 s. The popliteal lymph node was hyperechoic and heterogeneous in B-mode. In ARFI elastography, the average stiffness was 2.52 m/s, and the CEUS obtained an average peak of 19.98%, average time to peak of 17.52 s, and mean transit time of 22.83 s. Doppler assessment revealed no clear vascularization in the lymph node. Thoracic radiography in 3 projections and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Radiographic evidence of pulmonary nodules was not observed. On abdominal ultrasound evaluation, it was possible to identify changes in the spleen, which presented with splenomegaly, mixed echogenicity, and heterogeneous echotexture. The animal underwent ultrasound-guided muscle biopsy, which confirmed the presence of hemangiosarcoma in the muscle. The bitch was referred for splenectomy and lymphadenectomy of the right popliteal, which confirmed neoplastic involvement of the same neoplasm. Discussion: On B-mode ultrasound, the observed changes were similar to those in a report of hemangiosarcoma in the muscles of the chest wall in dogs, which contributed to the diagnosis. Although it was only one patient, ARFI elastography results suggest that muscle hemangiosarcoma tends to follow the same elastographic characteristics as malignant lesions in other tissues. Additionally, the popliteal lymph node had a stiffness suggestive of malignancy (mean 2.52 m/s) because it presented a similar result and greater elasticity of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in bitches (>2.5 m/s) and women (> 1.44 m/s) with breast tumor. With CEUS, it was possible to identify vascularization in the sentinel lymph node that was not visible by pulsed Doppler, and in muscle mass. The findings of this report provided relevant results on muscle hemangiosarcoma in a bitch and demonstrated that the information obtained with the association of imaging methods supported the malignancy criteria described in other studies.

Hipertireoidismo secundário à carcinoma de tireoide em um cão: relato de caso / Hyperthyroidism secondary to thyroid carcinoma in a dog: case report

Hipertireoidismo é uma doença causada pela disfunção do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-tireoide, na qual há um aumento na produção e secreção de T3 (triiodotironina) e T4 (tiroxina). É comum em gatos de meia idade a idosos, mas raro em cães, nos quais normalmente são causados por iatrogenia ou neoplasias da tireoide. O presente trabalho relata um caso de hipertireoidismo em um cão da raça golden retriever, secundário a um carcinoma folicular-compacto de tireoide. A enfermidade causa alterações em diversos sistemas, portanto é importante que o diagnóstico precoce seja firmado para o sucesso do tratamento e a avaliação do tamanho, da invasividade tumoral, da presença de metástases, bem como, das condições clínicas do paciente que são essenciais para a escolha da terapêutica.(AU)

Hyperthyroidism is a disease caused by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis dysfunction, in which there is an increased production and secretion of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). It is common in middle aged to old cats but is rare in dogs, in which are usually a result of iatrogenic cause or thyroid neoplasia. The present paper reports a case of hyperthyroidism in a golden retriever dog secondary to a thyroid follicular-compact carcinoma. The disease causes changes in several systems, so to achieve the treatment's success it must be performed an early diagnoses. The analyzis of the tumor size and invasion, presence of metastasis and the patient's clinical conditions are essential to the settlement of the therapeutic choice.(AU)

Leveling osteotomy of the tibial plateau at an inverted angle in a dog / Osteotomia de nivelamento do platô tibial em ângulo invertido em um cachorro

One dog, Golden Retriever, 5 months old, was seen complaining of lameness and pain in the left pelvic limb. Avulsion of the tibial crest was diagnosed by radiographic means, which was corrected with a tension band. The absence of postoperative radiographic monitoring and the non-removal of the apparatus led to the early closure of the cranial tibial physis with continuous flow growth, resulting in pain, functional loss of the limb after one year and at a 13.2º tibial plateau angle negative. The biomechanical alteration of the limb was corrected using the inverted TPLO technique, converting the angle of the tibial plateau to 5.3 positive, without a rockback evidenced in 30, 60, 90 days up to four months after the operation. The objective of this case report is to describe the surgical correction with the inverted TPLO technique in a case of angle of the negative tibial plateau secondary to not removing the tension band applied in avulsion of the growing tibial crest. After 120 days, the dog was presented fully recovery and weight-bearing without any complication.

Um cão, Golden Retriever, de 5 meses de idade, foi atendido com queixa de claudicação e dor em membro pélvico esquerdo. Diagnosticou-se por meio radiográfico a avulsão da crista da tíbia, a qual foi corrigida com banda de tensão. A ausência de acompanhamento radiográfico pós-operatório e a não retirada do aparato levou ao fechamento precoce da fise tibial cranial com crescimento contínuo da caudal, resultando em dor, perda funcional do membro após um ano e em um ângulo de platô tibial de 13,2º negativos. A alteração biomecânica do membro foi corrigida por meio da técnica de TPLO invertida, convertendo o ângulo do platô tibial em 5,3º positivos, sem rockback evidenciado em 30, 60, 90 dias até quatro meses de pós-operatório. O objetivo desse relato de caso é descrever a correção cirúrgica com a técnica de TPLO invertida em um caso de ângulo do platô tibial negativo secundário a não retirada de banda de tensão aplicada em avulsão da crista da tíbia em crescimento. Após 120 dias, o paciente apresentou recuperação total com adequado suporte do peso no membro, sem qualquer complicação.

Unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm in a golden retriever

Background: Atrial ectopic rhythm is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia, originating in two distinct points in the atrialregion. In the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, it is represented by independent depolarizations of sinus P waves andectopic P waves. The occurrence of this disorder is rare, and the diagnosis criteria are the presence of the described waveswithin the basal rhythm. In humans, there have been reports related to severe heart failure with an unfavorable prognosis.The present report aimed to describe the clinical case of a dog with unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm without any underlying cardiac disorder.Case: A 8-year-old male golden retriever was brought to a veterinary clinic for a preoperative evaluation for lipoma removalin the right forelimb. On clinical examination, the owner stated that the patient was active, with no signs of easy fatigueor cough. The canine displayed normophagy, normodipsia, normoquezia, and normouria. On physical examination, hedemonstrated a lymphatic temperament with tachypnea. The temperature and capillary filling time were within the normalrange, with a normokinetic pulse. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mild grade I/VI murmur in mitral focus and an 80-bpmheart rate. Respiratory auscultation revealed the presence of harshy lung sounds. The cough reflex was positive; the Piparotetest, negative. The blood test showed no noticeable changes in blood count and serum biochemistry. Systemic systolicblood pressure was 120 mmHg. On radiographic examination, no evidence of heart or lung abnormalities were identified.After the clinical evaluation, an ECG examination was performed; a unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm was observed withdifferent frequencies between atrial and ventricular rhythm and with P (164°) and P waves (80°). On echocardiographic...

Unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm in a golden retriever

Background: Atrial ectopic rhythm is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia, originating in two distinct points in the atrialregion. In the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, it is represented by independent depolarizations of sinus P waves andectopic P waves. The occurrence of this disorder is rare, and the diagnosis criteria are the presence of the described waveswithin the basal rhythm. In humans, there have been reports related to severe heart failure with an unfavorable prognosis.The present report aimed to describe the clinical case of a dog with unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm without any underlying cardiac disorder.Case: A 8-year-old male golden retriever was brought to a veterinary clinic for a preoperative evaluation for lipoma removalin the right forelimb. On clinical examination, the owner stated that the patient was active, with no signs of easy fatigueor cough. The canine displayed normophagy, normodipsia, normoquezia, and normouria. On physical examination, hedemonstrated a lymphatic temperament with tachypnea. The temperature and capillary filling time were within the normalrange, with a normokinetic pulse. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mild grade I/VI murmur in mitral focus and an 80-bpmheart rate. Respiratory auscultation revealed the presence of harshy lung sounds. The cough reflex was positive; the Piparotetest, negative. The blood test showed no noticeable changes in blood count and serum biochemistry. Systemic systolicblood pressure was 120 mmHg. On radiographic examination, no evidence of heart or lung abnormalities were identified.After the clinical evaluation, an ECG examination was performed; a unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm was observed withdifferent frequencies between atrial and ventricular rhythm and with P (164°) and P waves (80°). On echocardiographic...(AU)

Paniculite nodular com esteatonecrose subcutânea em Golden Retrivier: relato de caso / Nodular panniculitis with subcutaneous steatonecrosis in a Golden Retrivier: case report

Um paciente canino, da raça Golden Retriever, foi atendido em clínica veterinária particular, com uma extensa formação nodular cutânea em região ventro-lateral direita, com evolução de um ano. A lesão apresentava consistência mole e presença de nodulações sólidas e retilíneas no seu interior, entremeadas ao meio líquido. Foi realizada colheita do material, por meio de punção por aspiração com agulha fina e o resultado citopatológico foi inconclusivo para neoplasia. Não foram observadas alterações dignas de nota na ultrassonografia abdominal. Após a realização de tomografia computadorizada da formação cutânea, as imagens eram compatíveis com abscesso ou hematoma entre áreas de mineralização. O animal foi submetido ao procedimento cirúrgico para biópsia excisional, tendo como diagnóstico morfológico paniculite nodular estéril com esteatonecrose, processo de morte celular dos adipócitos. O procedimento cirúrgico foi considerado curativo, uma vez que após um ano não houve recidiva no local ou formação de outras nodulações cutâneas. Essa patologia é incomum em cães, principalmente da raça Golden Retrevier e em região abdominal do tecido subcutâneo. Embora sejam correlacionadas algumas hipóteses, a causa dessa patologia permanece idiopática.(AU)

Solid iridociliary carcinoma in a dog

Background: Iridociliary epithelial tumors (ICETs) originate from the iris epithelium or ciliary body. They comprise ciliary body adenoma, carcinoma, pleomorphic adenocarcinomas, medulloepitheliomas, and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors. They are the second most common primary intraocular tumors in dogs and have already been reported in sheep and humans. In dogs, they occur more frequently in middle-aged to elderly animals, and the Labrador and Golden Retriever seem to be more predisposed breeds. This study aimed to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of solid iridociliary carcinoma in a dog. Case: A 3-year-old Poodle bitch was treated for discomfort in the left eyeball region, increased intraocular pressure and moderate buphthalmia. A direct ophthalmological examination was performed without equipment, and a mass was visualized in the posterior chamber, distorting the pupillary cleft. We opted for unilateral enucleation and forwarded the material for histological analysis. Macroscopically, the eyeball measured 3.4 cm (anteroposterior) x 2.6 cm (vertical), with a brownish mass that occupied the entire anterior chamber and part of the posterior chamber. Histologically, there was a neoformation in the ciliary body and iris pigment epithelium, partially well-delimited and densely cellular. The neoplasm was organized into predominantly solid formations interspersed with a discrete amount of blood vessels, rare bundles of fibrous stroma, and amorphous eosinophilic material forming membranes that were positive for PAS. Sections of the neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-cytokeratin AE1/AE3, anti-S100 protein, anti-vimentin, and anti-Ki-67. Positive cytoplasmic immunostaining for cytokeratin and S-100 was observed. Only 45.6% of cells were positive for Ki-67 (500 cells). No immunostaining was observed for vimentin. Discussion: The diagnosis of solid iridociliary carcinoma was based on the histological features and positive immunostaining for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and protein S100. Iridociliary carcinomas present positive immunostaining for cytokeratin, whereas adenomas and normal iridociliary epithelium do not present this immunostaining. Moreover, the high rate of cell proliferation was indicative of malignant neoplasia, as observed by the high mitotic count and high positivity for Ki-67. The S100 protein helped in the diagnosis of ICETs, as the iridociliary epithelium showed positive staining for this protein. Some histological features are important to consider in the diagnosis of iridociliary tumors in dogs, such as noninvasive growth in the posterior chamber, pigment epithelium, and thick homogeneous membranes on the cell surface. Furthermore, the presence of positive PAS membranes favors the diagnosis of iridociliary epithelial tumors. ICETs must be differentiated from melanocytomas, anterior uveal melanoma, medulloepitheliomas, and metastatic and pleomorphic carcinomas. The histological characteristics, especially the presence of PAS-positive membranes, associated with the immunohistochemical profile of neoplasm cells, help differentiate the ICETs from these tumors. In general, the prognosis is poor for eyeball and vision maintenance in canine iridociliary tumors, and scleral invasion is associated with a higher recurrence rate.

Pituitary carcinoma in a bitch: clinical, tomographic, histopathological and immunohistochemistry findings

Background: Primary pituitary carcinoma is rarely reported in dogs and only few reports describe its malignancy. In veterinary literature, primary pituitary carcinomas correspond up to 2.4% to 3.4% of intracranial neoplasms found in dogs andinformation regarding its biological behavior is quite limited. In humans, primary pituitary carcinomas represent less than1.0% of all tumors found in the pituitary gland. The proposed classification for pituitary carcinoma in humans and dogsdetermines that the tumor must have its origin in adenohypophyseal region and disseminated metastasis by cerebrospinalfluid or systemically to other organs must be observed. In dogs, a few reports have described primary pituitary carcinoma.The goal of this report was to describe clinical, tomographic, histopathological and immunohistochemistry features of abitch with primary pituitary carcinoma with adjacent invasion.Case: A 7-year-old female spayed Golden Retriever dog was assessed by general practice due progressive weight loss,muscular atrophy, lethargy, blindness, head pressing, and hyporexia for 21 days. Computed tomography (CT) showeda cerebral parenchyma with expansive extra-axial base formation, originating from sella turcica topography, measuringabout 2.0 cm dorsally, displacing the third ventricle, suggesting the diagnosis of pituitary neoplasia. The hormones thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and total thyroxine (T4) as well as stimulation ACTH test were unremarkable. After 7 days,neurological clinical signs progressed and unfortunately the patient died ten days later after hospitalization. A necropsyexam revealed pituitary gland with increased dimensions (2.5 x 2.0 cm). Histopathological fi ndings revealed tumor proliferation in pituitary gland. The neoplasm showed invasion to the nervous parenchyma and metastatic foci between the brainlobes. Immunohistochemistry was positive for keratin and neuron-specifi c enolase...

Canal flare index evaluation for different dog breeds / Avaliação do canal flare index femoral de diferentes raças de cães

This study determined the canal flare index (CFI) of four dog breeds using two distinct femoral regions as a reference. Thirty-five radiographs of the hip joints of Golden Retrievers (GRG), German Shepherds (GSG), Labrador Retrievers (LRG), and Rottweilers (RG) of both sexes were used. Seventy experimental units were submitted to CFI calculation. Objective (CFIob) and subjective (CFIsub) values of the CFI of each experimental unit were determined according to the anatomical reference used for the calculation. A significant difference in the CFIob between the Golden Retriever and German Shepherd breeds (1.68 ± 0.16 and 1.49 ± 0.08), and in the CFIsub between Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, and Rottweiler breeds (2.09 ± 0.31, 1.86 ± 0.11, and 1.84 ± 0.18) was reported. The subjective form of measurement showed higher values than the objective form (GRG: 2.09 ± 0.31; GSG: 1.86 ± 0.11; LRG: 2.07 ± 0.12; RG: 1.84 ± 0.18). The CFI values of each breed were similar, suggesting a certain racial pattern. A significant difference in the interobserver assessment for both CFIsub and CFIob, in all races was observed. The CFI analysis identified morphological patterns of the proximal femur in the different races. Results indicated the need for standardization of the anatomical references used to calculate the CFI because there were statistical differences among the measurements among the observers.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar o canal flare index (CFI) de quatro raças específicas de cães, utilizando-se duas regiões femorais distintas como referência. Foram analisadas 35 radiografias de articulações coxofemorais de cães das raças Golden Retriever (GGR), Pastor Alemão (GPA), Labrador Retriever (GLR) e Rottweiler (GR), de ambos os sexos, configurando 70 unidades experimentais submetidas ao cálculo do CFI. Determinaram-se os valores objetivo (CFIob) e subjetivo (CFIsub) do CFI de cada unidade experimental de acordo com a referência anatômica utilizada para o cálculo. Houve diferença significativa do CFIob entre as raças Golden Retriever e Pastor Alemão (1,68 ± 0,16 e 1,49 ± 0,08), e do CFIsub entre as raças Golden Retriever, Pastor Alemão e Rottweiler (2,09 ± 0,31, 1,86 ± 0,11 e 1,84 ± 0,18). A forma subjetiva de mensuração apresentou valores maiores que a forma objetiva (GGR: 2,09 ± 0,31; GPA: 1,86 ± 0,11; GLR: 2,07 ± 0,12; GR: 1,84 ± 0,18). Os valores de CFI de cada raça se apresentaram similares, sugerindo haver determinado padrão racial. Houve diferença significativa na avaliação interobservadores, tanto do CFIsub quanto CFIob, em todas as raças. A análise do CFI identificou padrões morfológicos do fêmur proximal nas diferentes raças. Os resultados indicaram a necessidade de padronização dos referenciais anatômicos utilizados para o cálculo do CFI, uma vez que houve relevância estatística entre as diferentes mensurações entre os observadores.(AU)

Ressecção de cisto renal único por meio de videolaparoscopia em cão / Resection of simple kidney cyst through videolaparoscopy in dogs

As práticas cirúrgicas dentro da medicina veterinária vêm se aperfeiçoando ao longo do tempo com o desenvolvimento de técnicas cada vez menos invasivas, visando à diminuição da dor e a recuperação mais rápida da função das estruturas operadas. Este relato teve como objetivo evidenciar os benefícios da técnica de ressecção de um cisto renal por meio de videolaparoscopia em um canino, fêmea, da raça Golden Retriever, castradoe com 10 anos que apresentava histórico de apatia. No exame ultrassonográfico foi evidenciada estrutura cortical no rim direito, sugestiva de cisto renal. Foi realizada a confirmação do diagnóstico e posterior drenagem do cisto de forma percutânea videoassistida, seguida de sua ressecção e omentopexia por técnica laparoscópica a fim de garantir boa condição cicatricial, drenagem de urina e aporte de células de defesa. A técnica apresentou ausência de complicações durante o procedimento, mínima dor no pós-operatório e recuperação rápida do paciente. A análise histopatológica do fragmento retirado do cisto confirmou o diagnóstico de cisto epitelial benigno, que é a forma mais comum de cistos renais, fornecendo um bom prognóstico para o paciente. Não houve complicações ou sinais de recidiva três meses após o procedimento. Os cistos renais ocorrem com pouca frequência em animais domésticos e geralmente não causam sinais clínicos, porém se em grande número ou tamanho considerável podem causar doença renal crônica cursando com sinais clínicos sistêmicos além da deformação renal e dor abdominal. No caso relatado, a ressecção cirúrgica do cisto renal simples por videocirurgia foi eficaz, sem complicações e preservou a função do órgão.

Surgical practices within veterinary medicine have been improving over time with the development of increasingly less invasive techniques, aimed at reducing pain and faster recovery of the function of operated structures. This report aimed to highlight the benefits due a technique of resection of a simple renal cyst through video laparoscopy. A ten years old canine, female, Golden Retriever had history of apathy. Ultrasound examination found a cortical structure in the right kidney, suggestive of renal cyst. Diagnosis was confirmed and the cyst was drained through percutaneously video-assisted technique, followed by its resection and omentopexy by laparoscopic technique in order to ensure a good healing condition, urine drainage and supply of defense cells. The technique showed no complications during the procedure, less pain in the postoperative period and faster recovery of the patient. Histopathology of the fragment removed from the cyst was performed and the diagnosis of benign epithelial cyst was confirmed, which is the most common form of renal cysts, providing a good prognosis for the patient. There were no complications or signs of recurrence three months after the procedure. Renal cysts occur infrequently in domestic animals and generally do not cause clinical signs, but if in large numbers or considerable size is presented, they can cause chronic kidney disease with systemic clinical signs in addition to renal deformation and abdominal pain. In this case, laparoscopic resection of the simple renal cyst was effective, without complications and preserved the organ's function.

Comparison of digestibility parameters of commercial dry dog foods with different contents / [Comparação dos parâmetros de digestibilidade de alimentos secos comerciais para cães com diferentes conteúdos]

This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the nutrient digestibility of grain-inclusive and grain-free commercial dry dog foods using the method of total fecal collection and also explore their effects on fecal consistency. 21 different foods, including 14 grain-inclusive (7 grain-chicken meat, 7 grain-lamb meat) and 7 grain-free were investigated. 12 adult Golden retriever dogs (age 3-4 years, body weight=22.5±1.7kg) were divided into 3 groups. The results of digestibility trials indicated that the grain-lamb meat foods showed the highest digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude fiber. Overall, in the grain-inclusive and grain-free group evaluation, grain-inclusive foods showed higher digestibility of crude fibers while grain-free foods had higher ether extract digestibility whereas the differences in the scores of fecal consistencies between the groups were insignificant. Contrary to popular belief, grain-inclusive foods were more digestive than grain-free foods in terms of dry matter and organic matter. There are studies involving starch sources in the dog food formulations, but there is a need to study the digestibility of complete dog food to supply them with adequate nutrients. Also, each diet should be assessed based on its overall nutrient profile and digestibility rather than individual ingredients.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar as digestibilidades de nutrientes de alimentos secos para cães comerciais, com grãos e livres de grãos, usando o método de coleta fecal total, bem como explorar seus efeitos na consistência fecal. Vinte e um alimentos diferentes, incluindo 14 grãos inclusivos (sete grãos de carne de frango, sete grãos de carne de cordeiro) e sete livres de grãos, foram investigados. Doze cães Golden Retriever adultos (idade de três-quatro anos, peso corporal = 22,5 ± 1,7kg) foram divididos em três grupos. Os resultados dos ensaios de digestibilidade indicaram que os alimentos cárneos de cordeiro apresentaram as maiores digestibilidades de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e fibra bruta. Em geral, na avaliação do grupo com grãos inclusivos e do grupo sem grãos, os alimentos com grãos inclusivos mostraram maior digestibilidade das fibras brutas, enquanto os alimentos sem grãos tiveram maior digestibilidade do extrato etéreo; já as diferenças nos escores de consistência fecal entre os grupos foram insignificantes. Ao contrário da crença popular, os alimentos com inclusão de grãos eram mais digestivos do que os sem grãos, em termos de matéria seca e matéria orgânica. Existem estudos envolvendo fontes de amido em formulações de rações, mas é necessário estudar a digestibilidade de rações completas para fornecer nutrientes adequados. Além disso, cada dieta deve ser avaliada com base em seu perfil geral de nutrientes e digestibilidade, em vez de ingredientes individuais.(AU)

Mast cells in the pathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Golden Retriever dogs / O papel dos mastócitos na patogênese da distrofia muscular de Duchenne em cães Golden Retriever

The Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is one of the best models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), with similar genotypic and phenotypic manifestations. Progressive proliferation of connective tissue in the endomysium of the muscle fibers occurs in parallel with the clinical course of the disease in GRMD animals. Previous studies suggest a relationship between mast cells and the deposition of fibrous tissue due to the release of mediators that recruit fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of mast cells and their relationship with muscle injury and fibrosis in GRMD dogs of different ages. Samples of muscle groups from six GRMD and four control dogs, aged 2 to 8 months, were collected and analyzed. The samples were processed and stained with HE, toluidine blue, and Azan trichrome. Our results showed that there was a significant increase in infiltration of mast cells in all muscle groups of GRMD dogs compared to the control group. The average number of mast cells, as well as the deposition of fibrous tissue, decreased with age in GRMD dogs. In the control group, all muscle types showed a significant increase in the amount of collagenous tissue. This suggests increased mast cell degranulation occurred in younger GRMD dogs, resulting in increased interstitial space and fibrous tissue in muscle, which then gradually decreased over time as the dogs aged. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.(AU)

O cão Golden Retriever distrófico (Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy - GRMD) é um dos melhores modelos da distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD), com manifestações genotípicas e fenotípicas similares. A proliferação progressiva de tecido conjuntivo no endomísio das fibras musculares ocorre paralelamente ao curso clínico da doença em animais GRMD. Estudos anteriores sugerem uma relação entre os mastócitos e a deposição de tecido fibroso devido à liberação de mediadores que recrutam fibroblastos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de mastócitos e sua relação com a lesão muscular e fibrose em cães GRMD de diferentes idades. Amostras de grupos musculares de seis GRMD e quatro controles, com idade entre 2 a 8 meses, foram coletadas e analisadas. As amostras foram processadas e coradas com HE, azul de toluidina e tricrômico de Azan. Nossos resultados mostraram que houve um aumento significativo na infiltração de mastócitos em todos os grupos musculares de cães GRMD em comparação com o grupo controle. O número médio de mastócitos, assim como a deposição de tecido fibroso, diminuiu com a idade em cães GRMD. No grupo controle, todos os tipos musculares mostraram um aumento significativo na quantidade de tecido colágeno. Isto sugere o aumento da degranulação de mastócitos em cães GRMD mais jovens, resultando em aumento do espaço intersticial e tecido fibroso no músculo, que então gradualmente diminuiu com o tempo à medida que os cães envelheceram. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer o papel dos mastócitos na patogênese da fibrose.(AU)

Mast cells in the pathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Golden Retriever dogs / O papel dos mastócitos na patogênese da distrofia muscular de Duchenne em cães Golden Retriever

The Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is one of the best models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), with similar genotypic and phenotypic manifestations. Progressive proliferation of connective tissue in the endomysium of the muscle fibers occurs in parallel with the clinical course of the disease in GRMD animals. Previous studies suggest a relationship between mast cells and the deposition of fibrous tissue due to the release of mediators that recruit fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of mast cells and their relationship with muscle injury and fibrosis in GRMD dogs of different ages. Samples of muscle groups from six GRMD and four control dogs, aged 2 to 8 months, were collected and analyzed. The samples were processed and stained with HE, toluidine blue, and Azan trichrome. Our results showed that there was a significant increase in infiltration of mast cells in all muscle groups of GRMD dogs compared to the control group. The average number of mast cells, as well as the deposition of fibrous tissue, decreased with age in GRMD dogs. In the control group, all muscle types showed a significant increase in the amount of collagenous tissue. This suggests increased mast cell degranulation occurred in younger GRMD dogs, resulting in increased interstitial space and fibrous tissue in muscle, which then gradually decreased over time as the dogs aged. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.(AU)

O cão Golden Retriever distrófico (Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy - GRMD) é um dos melhores modelos da distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD), com manifestações genotípicas e fenotípicas similares. A proliferação progressiva de tecido conjuntivo no endomísio das fibras musculares ocorre paralelamente ao curso clínico da doença em animais GRMD. Estudos anteriores sugerem uma relação entre os mastócitos e a deposição de tecido fibroso devido à liberação de mediadores que recrutam fibroblastos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de mastócitos e sua relação com a lesão muscular e fibrose em cães GRMD de diferentes idades. Amostras de grupos musculares de seis GRMD e quatro controles, com idade entre 2 a 8 meses, foram coletadas e analisadas. As amostras foram processadas e coradas com HE, azul de toluidina e tricrômico de Azan. Nossos resultados mostraram que houve um aumento significativo na infiltração de mastócitos em todos os grupos musculares de cães GRMD em comparação com o grupo controle. O número médio de mastócitos, assim como a deposição de tecido fibroso, diminuiu com a idade em cães GRMD. No grupo controle, todos os tipos musculares mostraram um aumento significativo na quantidade de tecido colágeno. Isto sugere o aumento da degranulação de mastócitos em cães GRMD mais jovens, resultando em aumento do espaço intersticial e tecido fibroso no músculo, que então gradualmente diminuiu com o tempo à medida que os cães envelheceram. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer o papel dos mastócitos na patogênese da fibrose.(AU)

Utrophin, MHC and M1/M2 macrophages in GRMD dogs / Utrofina, MHC e macrófagos M1 e M2 em cães DMGR

Muscular dystrophies are hereditary diseases that lead to progressive degeneration of the skeletal musculature. Golden Retriever dogs are used as animal models because they show a hereditary muscle disease similar to muscular dystrophy in humans. Aims: To evaluate the immunostaining of M1 (CD68) and M2 (CD163) macrophages, MHC I, MHC II and, utrophin in muscles of Golden Retriever dogs affected by muscular dystrophy (GRMD). Methods: Samples from 17 male dogs affected by GRMD were divided into GI - dystrophic dogs up to one year of age; and GII - dystrophic dogs over one-year-old. Results: Immunostaining of CD163 was higher than CD68 in both GI and GII. CD68 showed no variation between groups of dystrophic animals. MHC class I immunostaining was most evident in the biceps femoris and triceps brachialis. MHC class II was expressed mildly in four dystrophic muscle types in GI and GII. Utrophin immunostaining was higher in GII. Conclusion: M2 macrophages were one of the main mononuclear inflammatory cells found in dystrophic muscles. The number of M2 in muscles of dogs with GRMD increases with age, linking this cell subtype to permanent muscle damage.

As distrofias musculares são doenças hereditárias que levam à degeneração progressiva da musculatura esquelética. Cães Golden Retriever são usados como modelos animais, pois desenvolvem uma doença muscular hereditária semelhante à distrofia muscular em humanos. Objetivos: Avaliar a imunomarcação dos macrófagos M1 (CD68) e M2 (CD163), MHC I, MHC II e utrofina nos músculos de cães Golden Retriever afetados pela distrofia muscular (DMGR). Métodos: Amostras de 17 cães machos afetados por DMGR foram divididas em cães distróficos GI - até um ano de idade; e GII - cães distróficos com mais de um ano de idade. Resultados: a imunomarcação de CD163 foi maior que CD68 nos grupos GI e GII. CD68 não mostrou variação entre os grupos de animais distróficos. A imunomarcação de MHC classe I foi mais evidente no bíceps femoral e tríceps braquial. O MHC classe II foi expresso discretamente nos quatro tipos de músculo distrófico no GI e GII. A imunomarcação de utrofina foi maior no GII. Conclusão: Os macrófagos M2 foram uma das principais células inflamatórias mononucleares encontradas nos músculos distróficos. O número de M2 nos músculos de cães com DMGR aumentou com a idade, ligando esse subtipo de célula a danos musculares permanentes.

Utrophin, MHC and M1/M2 macrophages in GRMD dogs / Utrofina, MHC e macrófagos M1 e M2 em cães DMGR

Muscular dystrophies are hereditary diseases that lead to progressive degeneration of the skeletal musculature. Golden Retriever dogs are used as animal models because they show a hereditary muscle disease similar to muscular dystrophy in humans. Aims: To evaluate the immunostaining of M1 (CD68) and M2 (CD163) macrophages, MHC I, MHC II and, utrophin in muscles of Golden Retriever dogs affected by muscular dystrophy (GRMD). Methods: Samples from 17 male dogs affected by GRMD were divided into GI - dystrophic dogs up to one year of age; and GII - dystrophic dogs over one-year-old. Results: Immunostaining of CD163 was higher than CD68 in both GI and GII. CD68 showed no variation between groups of dystrophic animals. MHC class I immunostaining was most evident in the biceps femoris and triceps brachialis. MHC class II was expressed mildly in four dystrophic muscle types in GI and GII. Utrophin immunostaining was higher in GII. Conclusion: M2 macrophages were one of the main mononuclear inflammatory cells found in dystrophic muscles. The number of M2 in muscles of dogs with GRMD increases with age, linking this cell subtype to permanent muscle damage.(AU)

As distrofias musculares são doenças hereditárias que levam à degeneração progressiva da musculatura esquelética. Cães Golden Retriever são usados como modelos animais, pois desenvolvem uma doença muscular hereditária semelhante à distrofia muscular em humanos. Objetivos: Avaliar a imunomarcação dos macrófagos M1 (CD68) e M2 (CD163), MHC I, MHC II e utrofina nos músculos de cães Golden Retriever afetados pela distrofia muscular (DMGR). Métodos: Amostras de 17 cães machos afetados por DMGR foram divididas em cães distróficos GI - até um ano de idade; e GII - cães distróficos com mais de um ano de idade. Resultados: a imunomarcação de CD163 foi maior que CD68 nos grupos GI e GII. CD68 não mostrou variação entre os grupos de animais distróficos. A imunomarcação de MHC classe I foi mais evidente no bíceps femoral e tríceps braquial. O MHC classe II foi expresso discretamente nos quatro tipos de músculo distrófico no GI e GII. A imunomarcação de utrofina foi maior no GII. Conclusão: Os macrófagos M2 foram uma das principais células inflamatórias mononucleares encontradas nos músculos distróficos. O número de M2 nos músculos de cães com DMGR aumentou com a idade, ligando esse subtipo de célula a danos musculares permanentes.(AU)

Carcinoma écrino e apócrino em cães / Eccrine and apocrine carcinoma in dogs

Background: Sweat gland carcinomas divide into eccrine, apocrine, mixed origin (eccrine and apocrine). Eccrine carcinoma(EC) is a rare malignant neoplasm of the sweat glands that can affect dogs, cats, and humans. EC can present itself as asolitary swelling in the pads, digits, or distal limbs. EC is more common in elder animals, and exhibits no predispositionaccording to breed. In humans, EC is more frequent in the head and neck, and is more likely to occur in mid-aged people;metastases can develop in any site of the body. A diagnosis of this type of tumor can be determined by histopathologicalexamination. Apocrine carcinomas occur most frequently in the axillary areas even though they may occur in other regionsof the body, and affect mainly elder animals.Case: A 13-year-old male mongrel dog with a history of presence of smooth reddish infiltrative nodule in the skin of thethorax, but with no history of progression, was examined. After running complementary tests, a fragment of the skin onthe thorax was taken for biopsy. The second animal was an 8-year-old female Golden Retriever, which was presented witha history of presence of a nodule on the right digital pad. After running complementary tests, a fragment of this nodulewas collected. In both cases, the excised fragments were placed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed forthe preparation of histological slides, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and subjected to histopathologicalevaluation. Light microscopy analysis revealed, in both cases, the presence of a poorly delimited, non-encapsulated massinfiltrating the muscle and adipose tissue. Necrotic areas, and presence of eosinophilic material in the nucleus were observed.Additionally, the samples from both cases were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin (CK Pan).Discussion: A definitive diagnosis of sweat gland carcinoma...

Carcinoma écrino e apócrino em cães / Eccrine and apocrine carcinoma in dogs

Background: Sweat gland carcinomas divide into eccrine, apocrine, mixed origin (eccrine and apocrine). Eccrine carcinoma(EC) is a rare malignant neoplasm of the sweat glands that can affect dogs, cats, and humans. EC can present itself as asolitary swelling in the pads, digits, or distal limbs. EC is more common in elder animals, and exhibits no predispositionaccording to breed. In humans, EC is more frequent in the head and neck, and is more likely to occur in mid-aged people;metastases can develop in any site of the body. A diagnosis of this type of tumor can be determined by histopathologicalexamination. Apocrine carcinomas occur most frequently in the axillary areas even though they may occur in other regionsof the body, and affect mainly elder animals.Case: A 13-year-old male mongrel dog with a history of presence of smooth reddish infiltrative nodule in the skin of thethorax, but with no history of progression, was examined. After running complementary tests, a fragment of the skin onthe thorax was taken for biopsy. The second animal was an 8-year-old female Golden Retriever, which was presented witha history of presence of a nodule on the right digital pad. After running complementary tests, a fragment of this nodulewas collected. In both cases, the excised fragments were placed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed forthe preparation of histological slides, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and subjected to histopathologicalevaluation. Light microscopy analysis revealed, in both cases, the presence of a poorly delimited, non-encapsulated massinfiltrating the muscle and adipose tissue. Necrotic areas, and presence of eosinophilic material in the nucleus were observed.Additionally, the samples from both cases were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin (CK Pan).Discussion: A definitive diagnosis of sweat gland carcinoma...(AU)

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of double pelvic osteotomy to treat canine hip dysplasia / Avaliação clínica e radiográfica da osteotomia dupla da pelve no tratamento da displasia coxofemoral canina

The purpose of this study was to describe our initial experience with double pelvic osteotomy (DPO) in young dogs affected by hip dysplasia (HD) and to report their postoperative outcome. Seven dogs (four females and three males) were included in our study with mean age 8.3 (±1.7) months, and mean body weight 29.5 (±7.4)Kg. Breeds involved were: Rottweiler (n = 1), Labrador Retriever (n = 3), Golden Retriever (n = 1), Great Dane (n=1) and São Miguel Cattle Dog (n = 1). The most common history complaints were: pelvic limb lameness and pain at hip extension and hip abduction. All surgical procedures consisted of osteotomy of the ilium and pubis, acetabular ventroversion and iliac stabilization with a customized bone plate with seven screws, four screws placed at the cranial fragment and the remaining three in the caudal aspect. Average surgical time was 65.8 (±10.4) minutes and median follow-up assessment was 68 (±15) days. Fracture healing was observed within mean period of 26.3 (±8.9) days. Six patients (86%) had satisfactory outcome and one patient didn’t improve after surgery and had to undergo a total hip replacement. Our results showed that DPO is an effective treatment for HD due to the preservation of pelvic geometry and low postoperative morbidity. Since it is a recent technique, further studies are recommended.

O objetivo do estudo é a descrição da osteotomia dupla da pelve (ODP) em pacientes com displasia coxofemoral (DCF) e relatar a evolução pós-operatória. As raças acometidas foram: Rottweiler (n=1), Labrador (n=3), Golden Retriver (n=1), Dogue alemão (n=1) e Fila de São Miguel (n=1). O total foi de sete animais, sendo três machos e quatro fêmeas; a média de idade e peso dos cães foi de 8,3±1,7 meses e 29,5±7,4Kg, respectivamente. As queixas iniciais mais comuns antes da cirurgia foram: claudicação em membro pélvico e dor à extensão e abdução do quadril. A cirurgia constou em realizar a osteotomia do ílio e púbis, rotacão axial do acetábulo sobre a cabeça do fêmur e osteossíntese do ílio com a utilização de placa fixada com sete parafusos, quatro destes no segmento cranial e três no segmento caudal. Após a cirurgia um animal não apresentou melhora do quadro, caracterizado por agravamento da subluxação coxofemoral, sendo submetido à prótese total de quadril. O tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 65,8±10,4 minutos e o período de acompanhamento médio pós operatório foi de 68,0±15,0dias, visibilizando a reação osteoproliferativa no foco de osteotomia ilíaca em um período médio de 26,3±8,9 dias. Dos sete animais envolvidos no estudo, seis tiveram recuperação satisfatória após o primeiro procedimento no período avaliado. Os resultados apontam a técnica de OPD como procedimento eficiente no tratamento de DCF devido à preservação da geometria pélvica e baixa morbidade pós-operatória. Por se tratar de uma recente técnica, ainda pouco difundida, é interessante a realização de maiores estudos.

Hepatite lobular dissecante em um canino após administração de Dipropionato de Imidocarb / Dissecting lobular hepatitis in a canine after administration of Imidocarb Dipropionate

A hepatite lobular dissecante é uma desordem inflamatória de causa idiopática, caracterizada como uma hepatite crônica. Desenvolve-se no fígado jovem após lesões recorrentes ao órgão, possui prognóstico desfavorável, com a menor sobrevida dentro das hepatopatias. Foi encaminhado ao Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária (HCV) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) um canino macho, da raça Golden Retriever, de sete meses, com apatia, inapetência, abaulamento do abdômen e mucosas ictéricas. O exame clínico e exames complementares apontaram uma desordem hepática. Três dias após internação o paciente veio a óbito e foi encaminhado para a realização de necropsia, no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da UFPel, onde foi diagnosticado com hepatite lobular dissecante. Tendo como provável fator desencadeante a administração de dipropionato de imidocarb, utilizado para tratamento de um quadro anterior de babesiose.

Lobular hepatitis dissecans is an inflammatory disorder of idiopathic cause, characterized as chronic hepatitis. It develops in the young liver after recurrent lesions to the organ, has an unfavorable prognosis, with the shortest survival within liver diseases. A seven-month Golden Retriever male canine with apathy, inappetence, abdomen bulging and icteric mucosa was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital (HCV) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel). Clinical examination and laboratory test indicated hepatic disorder. Three days after admission, the patient died and was referred for necropsy at the UFPel Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD). The diagnosis was lobular hepatitis probably due to the use of dipropionate of imidocarb for primary treatment of babesiosis, which is also used for parasitic diseases in cattle and horses, has been suggested as the cause of the disease.