A comprehensive case study on the sustainability of tropical dairy cattle farming in Oaxaca, Mexico / Um estudo de caso abrangente sobre a sustentabilidade da pecuária leiteira tropical em Oaxaca, México

Tropical dairy cattle farming is one the most relevant economic activities for food production; although, currently faces increasing scrutiny from society due to its potential harm to natural resources and the environment. Moreover, some factors are paramount for the evaluation of the sustainability and productive potential of any given tropical dairy farm: soil quality, profitability, and energy efficiency. This study carried out a sustainability analysis in four types of tropical dairy cattle ranches, through three key indicators (economic profitability, energy efficiency and soil quality) and with a comprehensive approach in the Costa region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Therefore, four farms of different sizes (i.e., small, medium, large, and very large) were selected in Costa de Oaxaca, Mexico. The data collection was carried out for daily milk production, the dynamics of farm inputs (introduction or removal) from the production system, alongside with collection of soil samples. The agroecosystems evaluated were economically profitable, and those with greater intensification of their pasture areas display higher profit margins and energy efficiency. In terms of soil quality, there is a regular potential for its rational utilization.

A pecuária leiteira tropical é uma das atividades econômicas mais relevantes para a produção de alimentos, embora atualmente enfrente crescente discussão da sociedade devido ao seu potencial dano aos recursos naturais e ao meio ambiente. Além disso, alguns fatores são primordiais para a avaliação da sustentabilidade e potencial produtivo de qualquer popriedade leiteira tropical: qualidade do solo, rentabilidade e eficiência energética. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise de sustentabilidade em quatro tipos de propriedades de gado leiteiro tropical, por meio de três indicadores chave (rentabilidade econômica, eficiência energética e qualidade do solo) e com uma abordagem abrangente na região da Costa de Oaxaca, México. Portanto, quarto propriedades de diferentes tamanhos (isto é, pequenas, médias, grandes e muito grandes) foram selecionadas na Costa de Oaxaca, México. A coleta de dados foi realizada para a produção diária de leite, a dinâmica dos insumos da fazenda (introdução ou retirada) do sistema de produção, juntamente com coleta de amostras de solo. Os agroecossistemas avaliados foram economicamente rentáveis, sendo que aqueles com maior intensificação de suas áreas de pastagens apresentam maiores margens de lucro e eficiência energética. Em termos de qualidade do solo, existe um potencial regular para a sua utilização racional.

Renovação de diluidor na tecnologia de sêmen de pequenos ruminantes / Extender renewal in the technology of small ruminants semen

O objetivo desta revisão foi compilar o que se tem na literatura a respeito do efeito da renovação de diluidor seminal, mediante centrifugação, na qualidade do sêmen refrigerado de caprinos e ovinos e no tempo de viabilidade seminal. Um dos primeiros estudos publicados com essa metodologia foi realizado com sêmen de cão, em 2005, por Verstegen et al., seguido por estudos em outras espécies, como a equina e suína. Nosso grupo de pesquisa desenvolveu alguns estudos com diferentes metodologias para avaliar a eficiência do método, a necessidade do uso da centrífuga refrigerada nesse processo, o uso de antioxidantes no diluidor para renovação e o tempo de renovação do diluidor em pequenos ruminantes.(AU)

The objective of this revision was to compile what exists in literature regarding the effect of seminal diluent renewal, through centrifugation, in the quality of cooled semen of goat and sheep and during seminal viability time. One of the first studies published with this methodology was performed with dog semen in 2005 by Verstegen et al., followed by studies in other species, such as equine and swine. Our research group developed some studies using different methodologies to evaluate method efficiency, the need to use a cooled centrifuge in this process, the use of antioxidants in the diluent for renewal and the diluent renewal time in small ruminants.(AU)

Refrigeração de sêmen canino em meio diluente à base de água de coco (Cocos nucifera) natural / Canine semen refrigeration in a natural coconut water (Cocos nucifera)-based extender / Refrigeración de semen canino en un medio diluyente natural a base de agua de coco (Cocos nucifera)

A inseminação artificial em cadelas contribui para o melhoramento genético da espécie, previne algumas doenças sexualmente transmissíveis a partir da cópula e possibilita a reprodução de animais que não poderiam copular de forma natural, seja por motivos anatômicos, geográficos ou comportamentais. Todavia, nem sempre é possível utilizar o sêmen fresco, sendo assim necessário um diluente para resfriar e mantê-lo viável por determinado período. Diante disso, o objetivo com este trabalho foi analisar o sêmen canino diluído em água de coco e refrigerado, à 5 ºC em diferentes tempos. Foram utilizados cinco cães da raça Hounds do Brasil, realizando três colheitas de sêmen de cada animal, com intervalos de sete dias. Os ejaculados foram mantidos a temperatura de 37ºC e realizado análises macroscópicas (volume, cor, aspecto e odor) e microscópicas (motilidade, vigor, concentração e morfologia espermática). Em seguida, os ejaculados foram diluídos em água de coco natural a uma concentração de 200 milhões de espermatozoides/mL, e mantidos à temperatura de 5 °C, por até 72 horas. Nos intervalos de seis, doze, vinte e quatro, trinta e seis, quarenta e oito, e setenta e duas horas, as amostras foram avaliadas quanto a motilidade e vigor espermático. Os ejaculados frescos apresentaram em média volume de 6,2 mL, cor branca, aspecto aquoso a leitoso, odor "sui generis", motilidade espermática de 89,5 %, vigor espermático 4,3, concentração média de 418 x106espermatozoides/mL e 7,3% de alterações patológicas. Após o início do resfriamento à 5 ºC, os valores de motilidade e vigor diminuíram com o passar do tempo, sendo os menores valores encontrados após 48 e 72 horas. O diluente a água de coco in natura mostrou-se eficiente para refrigeração de sêmen canino, à 5 ºC, conservando-o por um período de até 36h após a colheita, conforme preconizado pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal.(AU)

improvement of the species, prevents some sexually transmitted diseases through copulation and allows the reproduction of animals that could not copulate naturally, either for anatomical, geographic or behavioral reasons. However, it is not always possible to use fresh semen, thus requiring a diluent to cool and keep it viable for a certain period. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze canine semen diluted in coconut water and refrigerated at 5 ºC at different times. Five Brazilian Hounds were used, performing three semen collections from each animal, with intervals of seven days. The ejaculates were kept at a temperature of 37 ºC and macroscopic (volume, color, appearance and odor) and microscopic (motility, vigor, concentration and sperm morphology) analyzes were performed. Then, the ejaculates were diluted in natural coconut water at a concentration of 200 million sperm/mL, and kept at a temperature of 5 °C for up to 72 hours. At intervals of six, twelve, twenty-four, thirty-six, forty-eight, and seventy-two hours, samples were evaluated for sperm motility and vigor. Fresh ejaculates had an average volume of 6.2 mL, white color, watery to milky appearance, "sui generis" odor, 89.5% sperm motility, 4.3 sperm vigor, average concentration of 418 x106 spermatozoa/mL and 7.3%pathological changes. After the beginning of cooling at 5 °C, the values of motility and vigor decreased over time, with the lowest values found after 48 and 72 hours. The in natura coconut water extender proved to be efficient for cooling canine semen at5 ºC, keeping it for a period of up to 36 hours after harvest, as recommended by the Brazilian College of Animal Reproduction.(AU)

Artificial insemination in bitches contributes to the genetic La inseminación artificial en perras contribuye a la mejora genética de la especie, previene algunas enfermedades de transmisión sexual a través de la cópula y permite la reproducción de animales que no podrían copular de forma natural, ya sea por razones anatómicas, geográficas o de comportamiento. Sin embargo, no siempre es posible utilizar semen fresco, por lo que se requiere un diluyente para enfriarlo y mantenerlo viable durante un cierto período. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar semen canino diluido en agua de coco y refrigerado a 5 ºC en diferentes tiempos. Se utilizaron cinco sabuesos brasileños, realizándose tres colectas de semen de cada animal, con intervalos de siete días. Los eyaculados se mantuvieron a una temperatura de 37 ºC y se realizaron análisis macroscópicos (volumen, color, apariencia y olor) y microscópicos (motilidad, vigor, concentración y morfología espermática). Luego, los eyaculados se diluyeron en agua de coco natural a una concentración de 200 millones de espermatozoides/mL y se mantuvieron a una temperatura de 5 °C hasta por 72 horas. A intervalos de seis, doce, veinticuatro, treinta y seis, cuarenta y ocho y setenta y dos horas, se evaluó la motilidad y el vigor de los espermatozoides en las muestras. Los eyaculados frescos tuvieron un volumen promedio de 6,2 mL, color blanco, apariencia acuosa a lechosa, olor "sui generis", motilidad espermática de 89,5%, vigor espermático de 4,3, concentración promedio de 418 x106 espermatozoides/mL y cambios patológicos de 7,3%. Después del inicio del enfriamiento a 5 °C, los valores de motilidad y vigor disminuyeron con el tiempo, encontrándose los valores más bajos a las 48 y 72 horas. El diluyente de agua de coco in natura demostró ser eficaz para enfriar el semen canino a5 ºC, manteniéndolo por un período de hasta 36 horas después de la cosecha, según lo recomendado por el Colegio Brasileño de Reproducción Animal.(AU)

Heterozygosity as a factor of increasing the meat productivity of kalmyk steers / Heterozigosidade como fator de aumento da produtividade da carne de bois kalmyk

The present work carried out full-genome SNP genotyping of 16-month-old Kalmyk steers to study their productive characteristics and beef quality indicators in the leading farms of the Republic of Kalmykia (Group I was located at the Agrofirma Aduchi farm; Group II at the Kirovsky breeding plant, and Group III at the Plodovitoye agricultural cooperative). As a result of investigating the frequencies of some homozygous alleles, the study established that the heterozygous allele A/A varied considerably along the lines from 0.2785 to 0.3146, while B/B varied from 0.3697 to 0.4125. Meanwhile, the heterozygous allele A/B varied from 0.2986 to 0.3197. Estimated inbreeding coefficients were 1.35, 1.28 and 1.27%. The conducted studies established a higher natural resistance determined by lysozyme, bactericidal and phagocytic activities of steers raised at the Agrofirma Aduchi as farm than their counterparts at the other agricultural enterprises. Over the entire period of the experiment, the steers from 8 to 16 months of age in Group I exceeded the indices of their counterparts in Groups II and III by 30.46g, or 3.31% and 38.04g, or 4.16%, respectively. It is concluded that an increase in the heterozygosity of the studied Kalmyk steers not only results in higher meat productivity, but also improves the quality of carcass and beef quality, increases the yield of more valuable meat grades, and optimizes the fractional composition of proteins.

O presente trabalho realizou a genotipagem de bois Kalmyk de 16 meses de idade para estudar suas características produtivas e indicadores de qualidade da carne bovina nas principais fazendas da República de Kalmykia (o Grupo I estava localizado na fazenda Agrofirma Aduchi; Grupo II - na planta de criação Kirovsky; Grupo III - na cooperativa agrícola Plodovitoye). Como resultado da investigação das freqüências de alguns alelos homozigotos, o estudo estabeleceu que o alelo heterozigotos A/A variou consideravelmente de 0,2785 a 0,3146, enquanto o B/B variou de 0,3697 a 0,4125. Enquanto isso, o alelo heterozigoto A/B variou de 0,2986 a 0,3197. Os coeficientes estimados de consanguinidade foram de 1,35, 1,28 e 1,27%. Os estudos realizados estabeleceram uma maior resistência natural determinada pelas atividades lisozóides, bactericidas e fagocitárias dos bois criados na Agrofirma Aduchi como fazenda do que suas contrapartes nas outras empresas agrícolas. Durante todo o período do experimento, os bois de 8 a 16 meses de idade no Grupo I excederam os índices de suas contrapartes nos Grupos II e III em 30,46g, ou 3,31% e 38,04g, ou 4,16%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que um aumento na heterozigosidade dos bois Kalmyk estudados não só resulta em maior produtividade da carne, mas também melhora a qualidade da carcaça e da carne bovina, aumenta o rendimento das carnes de maior valor e otimiza a composição fracionária das proteínas.

Evaluation of some microbiological attributes of the soil in two different management systems / Avaliação de atributos microbiológicos do solo em dois diferentes sistemas de manejo

The maintenance of organic matter in tropical soils and the use of soil quality indicators that can express its changes in sustainable agricultural systems is very important for monitoring the health of these ecosystems with high productivity and longevity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate, through enzymatic responses of microbiological activity, variations resulting from different cultivation systems under sandy soil conditions in western of São Paulo State. In this purpose, the measurement of the parameters microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (NBM), dehydrogenase (DNSE), basal respiration (BR) and the metabolic quotient (qCO2) in two culture systems characterized by being a succession of annual crops with soybean/corn (annual crops) and the other under perennial pasture of the genus Urochloa (pasture), respectively. It was verified that the two systems presented different behaviors related to the evaluated microbiological attributes, showing higher values in the evaluated microbial attributes in the area where Urochloa grass was cultivated.

A manutenção da matéria orgânica em solos tropicais e o uso de indicadores de qualidade do solo que possam expressar suas alterações em sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis é de grande importância para o monitoramento da saúde desses ecossistemas com alta produtividade e longevidade. Buscou-se neste experimento avaliar dois diferentes sistemas de cultivo sob condições de solos arenosos do oeste paulista, respostas diferentes nas atividades microbiológicas, decorrentes destes manejos. Neste sentido, procedeu-se a mensuração dos parâmetros carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (NBM), desidrogenase (DNASE), respiração basal (RB) e o quociente metabólico (qCO2), em dois sistemas de cultivo agrícola caracterizados por serem sucessão de culturas anuais com soja/milho (cultivos anuais) e o outro sob pastagem perene do gênero Urochloa (pastagens), respectivamente. Verificou-se que os dois sistemas apresentaram comportamentos diferentes relacionados aos atributos microbiológicos avaliados, apresentando maiores valores dos atributos biológicos na área onde havia o cultivo da gramínea do gênero Urochloa.

Sperm cell capacitation status of ram semen after cooling

Background: The use of conventional artificial insemination (AI) in sheep production is usually associated with lower fertility rates when frozen semen is used. Cooled ram semen has been an alternative over frozen semen due to the higher viability, seminal quality and fertility rates following AI. The semen preservation process promotes sperm cell modifications similar to capacitation (capacitation-like) that causes cell damage affecting viability and seminal quality, but such effects are unclear for cooled semen. The aim of this study was to determine the status of sperm cell capacitation (CA) and acrosome reaction (AR) during ram semen processing and cooling under different extenders, dilution factors, and aerobiosis conditions as a function of storage time at 5o C. Materials, Methods & Results: Two consecutive ejaculates per day per male were collected from 2 adult rams by artificial vagina at 48-72 h intervals, in three replications. After macro- and microscopic evaluations, semen was segregated into groups under 3 extenders (Tris-egg yolk or TY, citrate-egg yolk or CY, skimmed milk or SM), 2 dilution factors (1 x 109 or Bi, 100 x 106 or Mi cells/mL), and 2 aerobiosis conditions (aerobic or A, semi-anaerobic or SA). Diluted semen was cooled to 5ºC and stored for up to 72 h, with evaluations every 24 h. Aliquots of fresh ejaculates and of each cooled diluted subgroup, according to extender, dilution, and aerobiosis, were collected at times T0 and T72 for determination of acrosome status and membrane integrity by the chlortetracycline (CTC) and trypan blue-Giemsa stainings, respectively. No differences were detected in sperm cell motility (M) and motility vigor (V) between fresh and diluted semen. After cooling, a significant decrease in M was observed after 48 h in CY and SM compared with fresh semen and 0 h of cooling, while V started to decrease after 24 h in CY compared with TY. Likewise, M/V from different dilutions and aerobic conditions decreased more significantly after 48 and 24 h of cooling, respectively. The sperm capacitation status did not show differences in the proportion of non-capacitated (NCA), CA and AR sperm cells between TY, CY, and SM extenders (NCA: 75.0%, 71.3%, 74.0%; CA: 15.7%, 17.2%, 15.9%; AR: 9.3%, 11.5%, 10.2%) or between Bi and Mi dilutions (NCA: 74.0%, 72.9%; CA: 15.9%, 16.6%; AR: 10.1%, 10.5%), respectively. However, differences (P < 0.05) were observed between A and SA aerobic conditions, with CA (17.0% vs. 15.5%) and AR (11.9% vs. 8.7%) rates being higher in A than SA, respectively, with no differences in NCA (71.1% vs. 75.8%), irrespective of the storage time. Sperm cell viability decreased after 48 h, especially in CY (P < 0.05). Discussion: Ram sperm cells can suffer irreversible damage due to thermal shock during cooling. Egg yolk-based extenders provide phospholipids and cholesterol to protect the sperm cell membrane during the thermal shock caused by the change in temperature. In this study, sperm cells had irreversible decreases in M/V, with increase in acrosome and plasma membrane damage after cooling to 5ºC. The largest and smallest decreases in M and V over time were observed in the CY and TY extenders, respectively. In addition to the extender type, the semen preservation method and storage time promoted changes in the capacitation status, AR and in sperm cell viability, which per se were associated with a decrease in semen fertility. In fact, the proportions of CA and/or AR sperm cells gradually increased over time after dilution and storage at 5ºC, with a negative correlation between sperm cell viability and M/V over time. In summary, extender and cooling time affected mostly M/V, while aerobiosis condition and dilution factor were more associated with acrosome status and sperm survival, with the extender having less impact on the acrosome status as a function of time.

Quality indicators in colonoscopy: observational study in a supplementary health system

Purpose: Colorectal cancer is responsible for 9.4% of cancer deaths, and low polyp detection rate and cecal intubation rate increase the risks of interval colorectal cancer. Despite several population studies that address colonoscopy quality measures, there is still a shortage of these studies in Latin America. The aim of this study was to assess quality indicators in colonoscopy, enabling future strategies to improve colorectal cancer prevention. Methods: An observational retrospective study, in which all colonoscopies performed in 11 hospitals were evaluated through a review of medical records. Information such as procedure indication, colorectal polyp detection rate, cecal intubation rate, quality of colonic preparation, and immediate adverse events were collected and analyzed. Results: In 17,448 colonoscopies performed by 86 endoscopists, 57.9% were in patients aged 50 to 74 years old. Colon preparation was adequate in 94.4% procedures, with rates of cecal intubation and polyp detection of 94 and 36.6%, respectively. Acute adverse events occurred in 0.2%. In 53.9%, high-definition imaging equipment was used. The procedure location, colon preparation and high-definition equipment influenced polyp detection rates (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The extraction and analysis of electronic medical records showed that there are opportunities for improvement in colonoscopy quality indicators in the participating hospitals.

Análises computadorizadas da motilidade espermática (CASA): conceitos e possibilidades de padrões / Computerized analysis of sperm motility (CASA): concepts and possibilities of standards

O melhoramento genético possibilitou a evolução da eficiência e taxas de desfrute da pecuária nacional. A biotécnica da IATF (Inseminação Artificial por Tempo Fixo) consolidou-se como a principal ferramenta de disseminação de genética melhorada em rebanhos de leite e de corte. A avaliação espermática laboratorial tem o objetivo de analisar o potencial de reprodutores/partidas de sêmen e buscar a desafiadora tarefa de determinar e estabelecer características confiáveis que possam ser utilizadas como indicadores de fertilidade. Nesse contexto emerge o sistema CASA (Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis) como ferramenta promissora para obtenção de parâmetros indicativos de fertilidade seminal.(AU)

Genetic improvement enabled the evolution and efficiencies of national livestock activity. The IATF (Fixed Time Artificial Insemination) biotechnology, has established itself as the main tool for the dissemination of improved genetics in dairy and beef herds. Laboratory sperm evaluation aims to analyze the potential of a sires/semen batches and seek the challenging task of determining and establishing reliable characteristics that can be used as fertility indicators. In this context, the computerized system of sperm motility (CASA) emerges as a promising tool for obtaining parameters indicative of seminal fertility.(AU)

Macrozoobenthos in an altitudinal gradient in North Patagonian Cautín River (Araucanía Region, Chile) / Macrozoobentos em gradiente altitudinal no norte da Patagônia, Rio Cautín (38° S, região da Araucanía, Chile)

The Cautín River is closely related with the economic development of Temuco city, (38°S; Chile). Existing knowledge of the Cautín River is limited to information about its biological characteristics as a reference for the evaluation and assessment of water quality. The object of this study was to develop taxonomic characterisation of the benthic macroinvertebrates along the main course of the Cautín River, and to study the community structure using correlation analysis between community parameters. To carry out this research, the macroinvertebrate community was studied in 10 sampling sites distributed along the main course of the river. The samples were taken in summer (1997 and 2000), when optimal hydrological conditions existed. Analysis of the samples showed that the benthic fauna was composed of 56 taxa, the dominant group being insects with 48 taxa. Three main sectors were recognised in the course of the Cautín River: high, middle and low. Each sector has restricted-distribution species, while other species are widely distributed along the river. These distribution patterns seem to be influenced by dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, altitudinal distribution and anthropo-cultural activity, present at every sampling site. Finally, this research provides a first approach to the biology of the Cautín River. Further studies could be planned on the basis of this knowledge to investigate water quality indicators based on macroinvertebrate communities.

O rio Cautín está intimamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento econômico da cidade de Temuco (38°S; Chile). Quanto ao conhecimento total do rio Cautín, existem informações limitadas sobre as características biológicas que podem servir de referência para a avaliação da qualidade da água. Este estudo tem o objetivo de caracterizar os macroinvertebrados bentônicos taxonomicamente ao longo do curso principal do rio Cautín e estudar a estrutura da comunidade usando análise de correlação entre os parâmetros dela. Para realizar esta pesquisa, a comunidade de macroinvertebrados foi estudada em dez locais de estudo distribuídos ao longo do rio principal. As amostras foram coletadas no verão (1997 e 2000), em razão das condições hidrológicas ideais. A análise das amostras mostrou que a fauna bentônica é composta de 56 táxons, sendo o grupo dominante o de insetos com 48 táxons. Na distribuição do principal no curso do rio, três setores são reconhecidos: alto, médio e baixo no rio Cautín. Cada setor possui espécies de distribuição restrita e outro com ampla distribuição ao longo do rio. Esses padrões de distribuição parecem influenciar a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, a temperatura, a distribuição altitudinal e a atividade antropocultural desenvolvida em todos os locais de amostragem. Finalmente, esta pesquisa fornece uma primeira abordagem biológica do rio Cautín e, de acordo com esses conhecimentos, um estudo posterior pode ser planejado em relação aos indicadores de qualidade da água e com base nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados.

Macrozoobenthos in an altitudinal gradient in North Patagonian Cautín River (Araucanía Region, Chile) / Macrozoobentos em gradiente altitudinal no norte da Patagônia, Rio Cautín (38° S, região da Araucanía, Chile)

The Cautín River is closely related with the economic development of Temuco city, (38°S; Chile). Existing knowledge of the Cautín River is limited to information about its biological characteristics as a reference for the evaluation and assessment of water quality. The object of this study was to develop taxonomic characterisation of the benthic macroinvertebrates along the main course of the Cautín River, and to study the community structure using correlation analysis between community parameters. To carry out this research, the macroinvertebrate community was studied in 10 sampling sites distributed along the main course of the river. The samples were taken in summer (1997 and 2000), when optimal hydrological conditions existed. Analysis of the samples showed that the benthic fauna was composed of 56 taxa, the dominant group being insects with 48 taxa. Three main sectors were recognised in the course of the Cautín River: high, middle and low. Each sector has restricted-distribution species, while other species are widely distributed along the river. These distribution patterns seem to be influenced by dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, altitudinal distribution and anthropo-cultural activity, present at every sampling site. Finally, this research provides a first approach to the biology of the Cautín River. Further studies could be planned on the basis of this knowledge to investigate water quality indicators based on macroinvertebrate communities.(AU)

O rio Cautín está intimamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento econômico da cidade de Temuco (38°S; Chile). Quanto ao conhecimento total do rio Cautín, existem informações limitadas sobre as características biológicas que podem servir de referência para a avaliação da qualidade da água. Este estudo tem o objetivo de caracterizar os macroinvertebrados bentônicos taxonomicamente ao longo do curso principal do rio Cautín e estudar a estrutura da comunidade usando análise de correlação entre os parâmetros dela. Para realizar esta pesquisa, a comunidade de macroinvertebrados foi estudada em dez locais de estudo distribuídos ao longo do rio principal. As amostras foram coletadas no verão (1997 e 2000), em razão das condições hidrológicas ideais. A análise das amostras mostrou que a fauna bentônica é composta de 56 táxons, sendo o grupo dominante o de insetos com 48 táxons. Na distribuição do principal no curso do rio, três setores são reconhecidos: alto, médio e baixo no rio Cautín. Cada setor possui espécies de distribuição restrita e outro com ampla distribuição ao longo do rio. Esses padrões de distribuição parecem influenciar a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, a temperatura, a distribuição altitudinal e a atividade antropocultural desenvolvida em todos os locais de amostragem. Finalmente, esta pesquisa fornece uma primeira abordagem biológica do rio Cautín e, de acordo com esses conhecimentos, um estudo posterior pode ser planejado em relação aos indicadores de qualidade da água e com base nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados.(AU)

Management tools applied to milk quality in cattle farming in the Western Amazon / Ferramentas de gestão aplicadas à qualidade do leite na bovinocultura na Amazônia Ocidental

This study aimed to analyze the applicability of management tools such as SWOT matrix, GUT matrix, Brainstorming, PDCA, Ishikawa diagram, and 5W2H in improving milk quality in rural properties for family labor. The survey was conducted in 18 properties in the municipality of Senador Guiomard, State of Acre, Brazil, during the period from January to December 2019. The properties were divided into two groups (treatment group-TG and control group-CG) and the data obtained through a form with 255 questions for diagnosis and analysis (LQL-GO) for somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) were tabulated in spreadsheets (Excel®) and subjected to statistical analysis by the Wilcoxon test. Nineteen weaknesses were obtained through the GUT matrix. The implementation of milking practices using tools obtained an average reduction of 31.4% for SCC and 63% for TBC in TG and a reduction of 39.3% for SCC and an increase of 33.7% for TBC in CG. Thus, the management tools applied to milk quality are capable of generating positive results (p < 0.05) in microbiological control, facilitating quick decision-making, aiming at the correction of weaknesses, and, consequently, an increase in profitability.

Objetivou-se analisar a aplicabilidade de algumas ferramentas de gestão como: matriz SWOT, matriz GUT, Brainstorming, PDCA, diagrama de Ishikawa e 5W2H na melhoria da qualidade do leite em 18 propriedades rurais em regime de economia familiar, localizadas no município de Senador Guiomard, Acre, durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. As propriedades foram divididas em dois grupos (grupo tratamento-GT e controle-GC), e os dados foram obtidos utilizando-se um formulário com 255 questões para o diagnóstico, e por meio de análises (LQL-GO) para contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT); posteriormente tabulados em planilhas (Excel®) e submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Obteve-se, por meio da Matriz GUT, 19 pontos fracos. A implantação das práticas de ordenha por meio das ferramentas obteve redução média de 31,4% para CCS e 63% para CBT no GT, enquanto o GC obteve redução de 39,3% para CCS e aumento de 33,7% para CBT. Conclui-se que as ferramentas de gestão aplicadas à qualidade do leite são capazes de gerar resultados positivos (p < 0,05) no controle microbiológico, facilitando a tomada rápida de decisões visando à correção de pontos falhos e, consequentemente, o aumento da rentabilidade.

Management tools applied to milk quality in cattle farming in the Western Amazon / Ferramentas de gestão aplicadas à qualidade do leite na bovinocultura na Amazônia Ocidental

This study aimed to analyze the applicability of management tools such as SWOT matrix, GUT matrix, Brainstorming, PDCA, Ishikawa diagram, and 5W2H in improving milk quality in rural properties for family labor. The survey was conducted in 18 properties in the municipality of Senador Guiomard, State of Acre, Brazil, during the period from January to December 2019. The properties were divided into two groups (treatment group-TG and control group-CG) and the data obtained through a form with 255 questions for diagnosis and analysis (LQL-GO) for somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) were tabulated in spreadsheets (Excel®) and subjected to statistical analysis by the Wilcoxon test. Nineteen weaknesses were obtained through the GUT matrix. The implementation of milking practices using tools obtained an average reduction of 31.4% for SCC and 63% for TBC in TG and a reduction of 39.3% for SCC and an increase of 33.7% for TBC in CG. Thus, the management tools applied to milk quality are capable of generating positive results (p < 0.05) in microbiological control, facilitating quick decision-making, aiming at the correction of weaknesses, and, consequently, an increase in profitability.(AU)

Objetivou-se analisar a aplicabilidade de algumas ferramentas de gestão como: matriz SWOT, matriz GUT, Brainstorming, PDCA, diagrama de Ishikawa e 5W2H na melhoria da qualidade do leite em 18 propriedades rurais em regime de economia familiar, localizadas no município de Senador Guiomard, Acre, durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. As propriedades foram divididas em dois grupos (grupo tratamento-GT e controle-GC), e os dados foram obtidos utilizando-se um formulário com 255 questões para o diagnóstico, e por meio de análises (LQL-GO) para contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT); posteriormente tabulados em planilhas (Excel®) e submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Obteve-se, por meio da Matriz GUT, 19 pontos fracos. A implantação das práticas de ordenha por meio das ferramentas obteve redução média de 31,4% para CCS e 63% para CBT no GT, enquanto o GC obteve redução de 39,3% para CCS e aumento de 33,7% para CBT. Conclui-se que as ferramentas de gestão aplicadas à qualidade do leite são capazes de gerar resultados positivos (p < 0,05) no controle microbiológico, facilitando a tomada rápida de decisões visando à correção de pontos falhos e, consequentemente, o aumento da rentabilidade.(AU)

Consumo seguro de pipoca comercializada na região metropolitana do Recife- RMR / Safe consume of popcorn commercialized on the great Recife area

A pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a segurança do consumidor quanto ao consumo de pipoca industrializada comercializada por ambulantes nos semáforos da Região Metropolitana do Recife ­ Pernambuco. Foram analisadas 75 amostras de 5 diferentes marcas de pipoca de milho degerminado, quanto aos indicadores higiênico-sanitários (Coliformes totais-CT, Escherichia coli-EC e Fungos: bolores e leveduras), conforme métodos da Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Os resultados demonstraram grandes variações nas contagens. Os padrões microbiológicos determinados pela legislação brasileira para indicadores higiênico-sanitários em cereais extrusados são referentes apenas a Escherichia coli, o qual limita em 10UFC/g e não contempla limites para Coliformes totais e Fungos. Ao comparar os resultados desta pesquisa (CT: <3,0 UFC/g a 70 UFC/g, EC: <3,0 UFC/g e Fungos ­ Bolores e Leveduras: 102 UFC/g a 106 UFC/g) com os padrões estabelecidos, pode-se observar que a não detecção do indicador EC, em todas as amostras, indica a segurança do produto quanto à contaminação por material fecal. Sendo um produto obtido mediante tecnologia simples, com baixos teores de umidade e de atividade de água, variações observadas nas contagens de fungos não levam a comprometer a segurança do produto, uma vez que, a legislação atual não estabelece padrões para este parâmetro. Evidências levaram a predizer que a carga microbiana e os níveis de microrganismos indicadores higiênico-sanitários detectados nas amostras não comprometem a comercialização e a saúde dos consumidores de pipoca industrializada e que casos isolados de contaminação mais elevada não representam uma constância e podem ser mitigados mediante práticas adequadas de produção.(AU)

The research had the purpose to evaluate the consumer's safety regarding the consumption of popcorn extruded commercialized by the walking salesman in the traffic lights of the Great Recife region ­ Pernambuco. There were analyzed 75 samples, of 5 different brands of degerminated popcorn, as for the hygienic sanitary indicators (Total Coliforms -CT, Escherichia coli-EC and Fungus: molds and yeasts), accordingly to methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The results showed great counting variations. The Brazilian legislation does not establish specific microbiologic patterns for the popcorn. When comparing the results of this research (CT: <3.0 MPN/g to 70 MPN/g, EC: <3.0 MPN/g and Fungus: molds and yeast: 102 CFU/g to 106 CFU/g) with the established patterns for similar products, it can be observed that, the non detection of the EC indicator in all samples, indicates the safety regarding the product contamination by fecal material. Being a product obtained through simple technology and with low humidity and water activity levels, the variations observed in the. Fungus counting do not lead to compromise the product safety, once that, in most of the cases, the contamination are found in the level of 104 UFC/g, close to the maximum standard in the current legislation for elaborated products, such as cookies (104 UFC/g). Evidence led us to predict that the microbial hygienic sanitary levels detected in the samples should not compromise the popcorn commercialization and the consumer's health. Isolated high contamination cases do not show a constancy that lead to compromise the product's harmlessness and safety.(AU)

Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the Midwestern and Southeastern regions of Brazil / Comunidades de zooplâncton e sua relação com a qualidade da água em oito reservatórios das regiões Centro-Oeste e Sudeste do Brasil

Zooplankton are widely recognised as being regulated primarily by predators and food availability. In reservoirs, the quantity and quality of food resources are generally affected by the characteristics of the water, which in turn are controlled by the flow pulse generated by operation of the dams. In this study, we investigated the relationship between zooplankton, water quality and food availability (phytoplankton) in eight hydroelectric reservoirs located in Brazil. Samples were collected during the rainy and dry periods between 2008 and 2009. In general, the reservoirs exhibited mesotrophic conditions and Cyanobacteria were the predominant phytoplankton. The results showed that the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp., and Polyarthra vulgaris were present, indicating nutrient-rich environments. In addition, the copepod Thermocyclops decipiens occurred in eutrophic environments. In contrast, the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri and copepod Notodiaptomus henseni were considered indicators of more desirable water quality, owing to their relationship with waters with lower levels of nutrients and suspended solids. The results support the use of these organisms as a useful tool for understanding changes in water quality and in the ecosystem processes involved.(AU)

O zooplâncton é amplamente reconhecido como sendo regulado principalmente por predadores e pela disponibilidade de alimento. Em reservatórios, a quantidade e a qualidade de recursos alimentares são afetadas pelas características da água que, por sua vez, são controladas pelo pulso de fluxo gerado pela operação das barragens. Neste estudo, investigamos a relação entre o zooplâncton, qualidade dágua e a disponibilidade de alimento (fitoplâncton) em oito reservatórios hidrelétricos localizados no Brasil. Amostras foram coletadas durante os períodos chuvoso e seco, entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. Em geral, os reservatórios exibiram condições mesotróficas e Cyanobacteria foi o fitoplâncton predominante. Os resultados mostraram que os rotíferos Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp. e Polyarthra vulgaris foram indicadores de ambientes ricos em nutrientes. Além disso, o copépode Thermocyclops decipiens ocorreu em ambientes eutróficos. Por outro lado, o cladócero Daphnia gessneri e o copépode Notodiaptomus henseni foram considerados indicadores de melhor qualidade da água, devido a sua relação com águas com baixos níveis de nutrientes e sólidos em suspensão. Os resultados suportam o uso desses organismos como uma ferramenta útil para o entendimento das mudanças na qualidade dágua e nos processos ecossistêmicos envolvidos.(AU)

Microbial contamination and antimicrobial resistance profiles indicate potential risks of infection at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Background: This study aimed to assess the level of bacterial contamination in the Small Animals Sector of the VeterinaryMedical Teaching Hospital (HCV) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Firstly, a committee wasinvited to complete a questionnaire and to list critical sample sites for collection. With the identification of the places to besampled, collections were made with sterile swabs on different surfaces of environments of the HCV. The identification ofimportant bacteria in the veterinary area, in the different sampled environments, raises the concern for hygiene proceduresin the veterinary hospital environment.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen samples were collected from these different areas, and microbiological analyses wereperformed. Standard counts of viable and strictly aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were realized. Collections were madeto assess ambient air quality. With the microbiological analysis performed, bacteria of clinical importance were identified.To assess the resistance profile of the bacteria, the susceptibility test to antimicrobials was performed. MALDI-TOF/MSmeasurement identified 29 bacteria at the genus level and 10 bacteria at the species level and the antimicrobial susceptibility test was realized. Most of the isolates identified (60%) were bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp. Regardingantimicrobial susceptibility analysis the 10 bacteria identified at the species level were assessed. Test results showed thatthe isolates S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus - collected from treatment room 2 - and S. haemolyticus, whichhad been isolated from samples from treatment room 2 of the cattery, presented multiresistance. Pantoea ananatis isolatesfrom room 5 also showed a multiresistant profile for erythromycin, cephalothin, vancomycin and ampicillin. Micrococcusluteus isolates from the x-ray room and the kennel showed resistance to ceftazidime. Staphylococcus equorum isolates...

Microbial contamination and antimicrobial resistance profiles indicate potential risks of infection at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Background: This study aimed to assess the level of bacterial contamination in the Small Animals Sector of the VeterinaryMedical Teaching Hospital (HCV) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Firstly, a committee wasinvited to complete a questionnaire and to list critical sample sites for collection. With the identification of the places to besampled, collections were made with sterile swabs on different surfaces of environments of the HCV. The identification ofimportant bacteria in the veterinary area, in the different sampled environments, raises the concern for hygiene proceduresin the veterinary hospital environment.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen samples were collected from these different areas, and microbiological analyses wereperformed. Standard counts of viable and strictly aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were realized. Collections were madeto assess ambient air quality. With the microbiological analysis performed, bacteria of clinical importance were identified.To assess the resistance profile of the bacteria, the susceptibility test to antimicrobials was performed. MALDI-TOF/MSmeasurement identified 29 bacteria at the genus level and 10 bacteria at the species level and the antimicrobial susceptibility test was realized. Most of the isolates identified (60%) were bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp. Regardingantimicrobial susceptibility analysis the 10 bacteria identified at the species level were assessed. Test results showed thatthe isolates S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus - collected from treatment room 2 - and S. haemolyticus, whichhad been isolated from samples from treatment room 2 of the cattery, presented multiresistance. Pantoea ananatis isolatesfrom room 5 also showed a multiresistant profile for erythromycin, cephalothin, vancomycin and ampicillin. Micrococcusluteus isolates from the x-ray room and the kennel showed resistance to ceftazidime. Staphylococcus equorum isolates...(AU)

Assessment of welfare indicators in grazing dairy cows in Northeast Brazil / Avaliação de indicadores de bem-estar em vacas leiteiras a pasto no Nordeste do Brasil

The welfare of dairy cows is a major global concern, due to its impact on cow health and productivity, as well as public health. The aim of this study was to identify the main problems related to welfare in dairy herds managed on pasture in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For this investigation, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 dairy farms in the municipalities of Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria, and Pilões, Paraíba, Brazil. Each farm was visited only once, recording the number of cows in the herd, type and number of milkings per day, daily milk yield, and access time to the pasture. Body conditionscore, cleanliness score, bodily injuries, and qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) were measured. A total of 335 dairy cows were evaluated; herds ranged from 14 to 43 lactating cows, with an average milk yield of 8.4 ± 3.25 kg day-¹. Of the 335 cows observed, 26% had a low body condition score, 82% had bodily injuries, and 20% had dirt on their legs. For the QBA, a principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PC1 had a high correlation mainly with positive body expressions (e.g., sociable, active, and happy), and PC2 was associated with negative terms of body expression (e.g., apathetic, frustrated, and fearful). In conclusion, evaluating indicators of cows' body condition, bodily injury, and cleanliness highlighted the importance of promoting improvements in pasture, management, and housing conditions to enable better performance, health, and welfare of the animals.

O bem-estar de vacas leiteiras é uma preocupação global, devido ao seu impacto na saúde e produtividade das vacas, bem como na saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar em rebanhos leiteiros manejados a pasto no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para esta investigação, foi realizado um estudo transversal em 12 fazendas leiteiras nos municípios de Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria e Pilões, Paraíba, Brasil. Cada fazenda foi visitada apenas uma vez, registrando se o número de vacas do rebanho, tipo e número de ordenhas por dia, produção diária de leite e tempo de acesso à pastagem. Escore de condição corporal, escore de limpeza, injúrias corporais e avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (AQC) foram medidos. Um total de 335 vacas leiteiras foram avaliadas; os rebanhos variaram de 14 a 43 vacas em lactação, com produção média de leite de 8,4 ± 3,25 kg dia-1.Das 335 vacas observadas, 26% apresentaram baixo escore de condição corporal, 82% sofreram injúrias corporais e 20% apresentaram sujeira nas pernas. Para o AQC, uma análise de componentes principais(ACP) indicou que o CP1 teve alta correlação com expressões corporais positivas (por exemplo, sociável, ativo e contente), e CP2 foi associado a termos negativos de expressão corporal (por exemplo, apático, frustrado e com medo). Em conclusão, a avaliação de indicadores da condição corporal das vacas, injúrias corporais e limpeza destacou a importância de promover melhorias nas pastagens, manejo e condições de alojamento para permitir melhor desempenho, saúde e bem-estar dos animais.

Assessment of welfare indicators in grazing dairy cows in Northeast Brazil / Avaliação de indicadores de bem-estar em vacas leiteiras a pasto no Nordeste do Brasil

The welfare of dairy cows is a major global concern, due to its impact on cow health and productivity, as well as public health. The aim of this study was to identify the main problems related to welfare in dairy herds managed on pasture in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For this investigation, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 dairy farms in the municipalities of Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria, and Pilões, Paraíba, Brazil. Each farm was visited only once, recording the number of cows in the herd, type and number of milkings per day, daily milk yield, and access time to the pasture. Body conditionscore, cleanliness score, bodily injuries, and qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) were measured. A total of 335 dairy cows were evaluated; herds ranged from 14 to 43 lactating cows, with an average milk yield of 8.4 ± 3.25 kg day-¹. Of the 335 cows observed, 26% had a low body condition score, 82% had bodily injuries, and 20% had dirt on their legs. For the QBA, a principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PC1 had a high correlation mainly with positive body expressions (e.g., sociable, active, and happy), and PC2 was associated with negative terms of body expression (e.g., apathetic, frustrated, and fearful). In conclusion, evaluating indicators of cows' body condition, bodily injury, and cleanliness highlighted the importance of promoting improvements in pasture, management, and housing conditions to enable better performance, health, and welfare of the animals.(AU)

O bem-estar de vacas leiteiras é uma preocupação global, devido ao seu impacto na saúde e produtividade das vacas, bem como na saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar em rebanhos leiteiros manejados a pasto no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Para esta investigação, foi realizado um estudo transversal em 12 fazendas leiteiras nos municípios de Areia, Alagoa Grande, Serraria e Pilões, Paraíba, Brasil. Cada fazenda foi visitada apenas uma vez, registrando se o número de vacas do rebanho, tipo e número de ordenhas por dia, produção diária de leite e tempo de acesso à pastagem. Escore de condição corporal, escore de limpeza, injúrias corporais e avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (AQC) foram medidos. Um total de 335 vacas leiteiras foram avaliadas; os rebanhos variaram de 14 a 43 vacas em lactação, com produção média de leite de 8,4 ± 3,25 kg dia-1.Das 335 vacas observadas, 26% apresentaram baixo escore de condição corporal, 82% sofreram injúrias corporais e 20% apresentaram sujeira nas pernas. Para o AQC, uma análise de componentes principais(ACP) indicou que o CP1 teve alta correlação com expressões corporais positivas (por exemplo, sociável, ativo e contente), e CP2 foi associado a termos negativos de expressão corporal (por exemplo, apático, frustrado e com medo). Em conclusão, a avaliação de indicadores da condição corporal das vacas, injúrias corporais e limpeza destacou a importância de promover melhorias nas pastagens, manejo e condições de alojamento para permitir melhor desempenho, saúde e bem-estar dos animais.(AU)

Evaluating Journal Impact Factor: a systematic survey of the pros and cons, and overview of alternative measures

Journal Impact Factor (JIF) has several intrinsic flaws, which highlight its inability to adequately measure citation distributions or indicate journal quality. Despite these flaws, JIF is still widely used within the academic community, resulting in the propagation of potentially misleading information. A critical review of the usefulness of JIF is needed including an overview of the literature to identify viable alternative metrics. The objectives of this study are: (1) to assess the usefulness of JIF by compiling and comparing its advantages and disadvantages; (2) to record the differential uses of JIF within research environments; and (3) to summarize and compare viable alternative measures to JIF. Methods: Three separate literature search strategies using MEDLINE and Web of Science were completed to address the three study objectives. Each search was completed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results were compiled in tabular format and analyzed based on reporting frequency. Results: For objective (1), 84 studies were included in qualitative analysis. It was found that the recorded advantages of JIF were outweighed by disadvantages (18 disadvantages vs. 9 advantages). For objective (2), 653 records were included in a qualitative analysis. JIF was found to be most commonly used in journal ranking (n = 653, 100%) and calculation of scientific research productivity (n = 367, 56.2%). For objective (3), 65 works were included in qualitative analysis. These articles revealed 45 alternatives, which includes 18 alternatives that improve on highly reported disadvantages of JIF. Conclusion: JIF has many disadvantages and is applied beyond its original intent, leading to inaccurate information. Several metrics have been identified to improve on certain disadvantages of JIF. Integrated Impact Indicator (I3) shows great promise as an alternative to JIF. However, further scientometric analysis is needed to assess its properties.(AU)

Soil macrofauna associated with cover crops in an Oxisol from the southwest of Piauí state, Brazil / Macrofauna edáfica associada a plantas de cobertura em um Latossolo Amarelo do sudoeste do estado do Piauí, Brasil

The soil macrofauna is fundamental for the maintenance of soil quality. The aim of this study was to characterize the soil macrofauna under different species of cover crops, including monoculture or intercropping associated to two types of soil management in the southwest region of Piauí state. The study was carried out in an Oxisol (Latossolo Amarelo, according to Brazilian Soil Classification System) in the municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, distributed in 30 m2 plots. Testing and evaluation of the soil macrofauna were conducted in a 9 × 2 strip factorial design, with combinations between cover crops/consortia and soil management (with or without tillage), with four replications. Soil monoliths (0.25 × 0.25 m) were randomly sampled in each plot for macrofauna at 0‒0.1, 0.1‒0.2, and 0.2‒0.3 m depth, including surface litter. After identification and counting of soil organims, the relative density of each taxon in each depth was determined. The total abundance of soil macrofauna quantified under cover crops in the conventional and no-tillage system was 2,408 ind. m-2, distributed in 6 classes, 16 orders, and 31 families. The results of multivariate analysis show that grass species in sole cropping systems and no-tillage presents higher macrofauna density, in particular the taxonomic group Isoptera. No-tillage also provided higher richness of families, where Coleoptera adult were the second more abundant group in no-tillage and Hemiptera in conventional tillage.(AU)

Os organismos da macrofauna edáfica são fundamentais para a manutenção da qualidade do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a macrofauna edáfica sob diferentes espécies de plantas de cobertura, incluindo monocultura ou cultivo consorciado associados a dois tipos de manejo do solo no sudoeste do Piauí. O estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Amarelo (Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos) no município de Bom Jesus, Piauí, distribuídos em parcelas de 30 m2. O experimento e avaliação da macrofauna edáfica foram conduzidos em um ensaio fatorial em faixas 9 × 2, com combinações entre culturas /consórcios de cobertura e manejo do solo (com ou sem preparo), com quatro repetições. Os monólitos de solo (0,25 × 0,25 m) foram retirados aleatoriamente de cada parcela, para contagem da macrofauna, nas camadas de 0‒0,1, 0,1‒0,2, e 0,2-0,3 m de profundidade, inclusive liteira de superfície. Após a identificação e contagem dos organismos, foi determinada a densidade relativa de cada táxon em cada profundidade. A abundância total da macrofauna edáfica quantificada no experimento foi de 2.408 ind.m-2, distribuídos em 6 classes, 16 ordens e 31 famílias. Os resultados da análise multivariada revelaram que espécies de gramíneas em sistemas de cultivo solteiro e plantio direto favoreceram maior densidade da macrofauna, em especial do grupo taxonômico Isoptera. A ausência de preparo também proporcionou maior riqueza de famílias, destacando-se o grupo taxonômico Coleoptera adulto em plantio direto e Hemiptera em plantio convencional.(AU)