Behavior and reproduction of belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas1769) in different stocking density and nurtured with different types offeed

Belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) is one of Indonesia's endemic fish that has high economic value so that the catch is so high and has begun to decline in population from nature. The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior and reproduction of belida fish that nurtured with stocking density and different types of feed. This study was conducted from April to June 2018 in the Fish hatchery and Breeding Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Riau University. The design used is a randomized complete design with stocking density treatment consisting of 5, 10, and 15 tail/m³ and type of feed consisting of pellet + vitamin E feed and trash fish feed (dumbo catfish cubs). The results showed that the best treatment was in the stocking density of 5 tail/m³ and trash fish feed (dumbo catfish cubs) showed aggressive fish behavior in chasing the feed given, resulting in reproductive value consisting of the fish number of gonad maturity (TKG IV) as many as 5 fishes, gonado somatic index value of 0.58%, the fecundity of 6,053 eggs, egg diameter of 2.49 mm and semen volume of 0.045ml.(AU)

Behavior and reproduction of belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas1769) in different stocking density and nurtured with different types offeed

Belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) is one of Indonesia's endemic fish that has high economic value so that the catch is so high and has begun to decline in population from nature. The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior and reproduction of belida fish that nurtured with stocking density and different types of feed. This study was conducted from April to June 2018 in the Fish hatchery and Breeding Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Riau University. The design used is a randomized complete design with stocking density treatment consisting of 5, 10, and 15 tail/m³ and type of feed consisting of pellet + vitamin E feed and trash fish feed (dumbo catfish cubs). The results showed that the best treatment was in the stocking density of 5 tail/m³ and trash fish feed (dumbo catfish cubs) showed aggressive fish behavior in chasing the feed given, resulting in reproductive value consisting of the fish number of gonad maturity (TKG IV) as many as 5 fishes, gonado somatic index value of 0.58%, the fecundity of 6,053 eggs, egg diameter of 2.49 mm and semen volume of 0.045ml.

Karyotypic and morphological divergence between two cryptic species of Eigenmannia in the Amazon basin with a new occurrence of XX/XY sex chromosomes (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae)

Eigenmannia species are widely distributed in the Neotropics, with eight valid species currently recognized. Populations of Eigenmannia from three locations in the eastern Amazon were investigated using cytogenetic and morphological techniques, revealing two taxa designated here as Eigenmannia sp. "A" and Eigenmannia sp. "B". The species differ in three morphometric characters, two meristic characters, and one osteological character. Eigenmannia sp. "A" presents 2n = 34 (22 m/sm+12 st/a) and Eigenmannia sp. "B" presents 2n = 38 (14 m/sm+24st/a) and simple differentiated sex chromosomes of the type XX/XY. In both species the Constitutive Heterochromatin (CH) rich in A-T bases is distributed in the centromeric region of all chromosomes. Eigenmannia sp. "B" also presents CH blocks in the interstitial region of chromosome pairs 8, 9 and X which are positively stained with CMA3, indicating G-C rich regions. The NOR is located on the short arm of chromosome pair 17 of Eigenmannia sp. "A" and on the short arm of pair 14 of Eigenmannia sp. "B". FISH with rDNA probes hybridized to different-sized regions between homologs, suggesting heteromorphism. The differentiation of the X chromosome in Eigenmannia sp. "B" could be the result of amplification of repetitive DNA sequences.(AU)

Espécies de Eigenmannia estão amplamente distribuídas na região Neotropical, com oito espécies válidas atualmente reconhecidas. Populações de Eigenmannia de três localidades do leste da Amazônia foram investigadas usando técnicas citogenéticas e morfológicas, revelando dois táxons designados aqui como Eigenmannia sp. "A" e Eigenmannia sp. "B". As espécies diferem em três caracteres morfométricos, dois merísticos e um osteológico. Eigenmannia sp. "A" apresenta 2n = 34 (22 m/sm+12st/a) e Eigenmannia sp. "B" apresenta 2n = 38 (14 m/sm+24st/a) e cromossomos sexuais de diferenciação simples, do tipo XX/XY. Em ambas espécies a Heterocromatina Constitutiva (HC) rica em bases A-T está distribuída na região centromérica de todos os cromossomos. Eigenmannia sp. "B" também apresenta blocos de HC na região intersticial dos pares cromossômicos 8, 9 e X que coraram positivamente para CMA3, indicando regiões ricas em G-C. A NOR está localizada no braço curto do par 17 em Eigenmannia sp. "A" e no braço curto do par 14 em Eigenmannia sp. "B". FISH com sondas de rDNA hibridizaram em regiões de tamanhos diferentes entre os homólogos, sugerindo heteromorfismo. A diferenciação do cromossomo X em Eigenmannia sp. "B" pode ser o resultado de amplificação de sequências repetitivas de DNA.(AU)

A portable bio-amplifier for electric fish research: design and construction

The weak electric organ discharges (EODs) of gymnotiform knife fishes can be readily amplified with a wideband amplifier connected to submerged electrodes. The output from such an amplifier can then be monitored with audio speakers or digitized for subsequent analysis. Commercially available devices are expensive and usually require mains electrical power. Here we provide design notes and instructions for the construction and calibration of a cheap, portable, battery-powered, AC-coupled wideband bio-amplifier. This device was designed to allow electric fishes to be located in the field, and also to permit the relatively noise-free acquisition of EOD waveforms from specimens held in temporary captivity. This contribution is intended to encourage students of neotropical ichthyology to explore electric signaling in gymnotiform fishes.

As fracas descargas dos órgãos elétricos (EODs) dos gimnotiformes podem ser facilmente amplificadas com um amplificador de banda larga conectado a eletrodos submersos. A saída do amplificador pode ser monitorada com auto-falantes ou digitalizada para análise subsequente. Equipamentos disponíveis comercialmente são caros e requerem fontes elétricas potentes. Nós fornecemos aqui o esquema e as instruções para a construção e calibragem de um bio-amplificador barato, portátil, energizado à bateria recarregável. Este equipamento foi desenhado para permitir a localização de peixes elétricos no campo, além de permitir a aquisiçào relativamente sem ruídos de ondas de EODs de espécimes mantidos temporariamente em cativeiro. Esta contribuição pretende encorajar estudantes de Ictiologia Neotropical a explorar sinais elétricos em peixes gymnotiformes.

A portable bio-amplifier for electric fish research: design and construction

The weak electric organ discharges (EODs) of gymnotiform knife fishes can be readily amplified with a wideband amplifier connected to submerged electrodes. The output from such an amplifier can then be monitored with audio speakers or digitized for subsequent analysis. Commercially available devices are expensive and usually require mains electrical power. Here we provide design notes and instructions for the construction and calibration of a cheap, portable, battery-powered, AC-coupled wideband bio-amplifier. This device was designed to allow electric fishes to be located in the field, and also to permit the relatively noise-free acquisition of EOD waveforms from specimens held in temporary captivity. This contribution is intended to encourage students of neotropical ichthyology to explore electric signaling in gymnotiform fishes.

As fracas descargas dos órgãos elétricos (EODs) dos gimnotiformes podem ser facilmente amplificadas com um amplificador de banda larga conectado a eletrodos submersos. A saída do amplificador pode ser monitorada com auto-falantes ou digitalizada para análise subsequente. Equipamentos disponíveis comercialmente são caros e requerem fontes elétricas potentes. Nós fornecemos aqui o esquema e as instruções para a construção e calibragem de um bio-amplificador barato, portátil, energizado à bateria recarregável. Este equipamento foi desenhado para permitir a localização de peixes elétricos no campo, além de permitir a aquisiçào relativamente sem ruídos de ondas de EODs de espécimes mantidos temporariamente em cativeiro. Esta contribuição pretende encorajar estudantes de Ictiologia Neotropical a explorar sinais elétricos em peixes gymnotiformes.

Biochemical and hematological responses of the banded knife fish Gymnotus carapo (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to environmental hypoxia

Oxygen of tropical freshwater environments fluctuates drastically. Eutrophic lakes and ponds of warm waters frequently reach very low oxygen concentrations. This is the most common habitat of the banded knife fish "tuvira" Gymnotus carapo. This electric fish is reported to present bimodal breathing to cope with low environmental oxygen. Biochemical responses can be also observed in fishes facing hypoxia but none were studied in tuvira. In the present study, haematological and metabolic changes were investigated in two groups of fish exposed to hypoxia for 1 and 3 hours. Haematocrit, red blood cells and haemoglobin concentration indicated erythrocyte release from hematopoietic organs and swelling of red blood cells. Glycogen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and amino acids were quantified in liver, kidney and white muscle. The metabolic profile of G. carapo to cope with hypoxia suggested liver gluconeogenesis probably supported by proteolysis. The kidney and liver presented the same biochemical trend suggesting similar metabolic role for both organs. Glucogenolysis followed by glucose fermentation and protein mobilisation was observed in the white muscle. The air breathing behaviour of tuvira works in parallel with metabolism to prevent damages from hypoxia. Metabolic adjustments are observed when the air taking is avoided.

O oxigênio de água doce dos ambientes tropicais flutua drasticamente. Lagos e lagoas eutróficos de ambientes temperados freqüentemente atingem baixas concentrações de oxigênio. Este é o habitat mais comum da tuvira Gymnotus carapo. Neste peixe elétrico é descrita a respiração bimodal para enfrentar baixos níveis de oxigênio. Em peixes, as respostas bioquímicas também podem ser observadas, mas nenhuma foi estudada em tuvira. Neste estudo foram investigadas as alterações hematológicas e metabólicas em dois grupos de peixes expostos à hipóxia por 1 e 3 horas. O hematócrito, os eritrócitos e a concentração de hemoglobina indicaram liberação de hemácias por órgãos hematopoiéticos e intumescimento celular. Glicogênio, glicose, lactato, piruvato e aminoácidos foram quantificados no fígado, no rim e em músculo branco. O perfil metabólico de G. carapo para enfrentar a hipóxia sugeriu neoglicogênese hepática por proteólise. O rim e o fígado apresentaram a mesma tendência metabólica, sugerindo o mesmo papel metabólico de ambos os órgãos em hipóxia. Foi observada neoglicogênese em músculo branco, seguida da fermentação de glicose e da mobilização protéica. O comportamento de respiração área em tuvira funciona paralelamente ao metabolismo adaptativo para prevenir os danos da hipóxia. Os ajustes metabólicos foram observados a partir do momento em que a tomada de ar foi bloqueada.

Biochemical and hematological responses of the banded knife fish Gymnotus carapo (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to environmental hypoxia

Oxygen of tropical freshwater environments fluctuates drastically. Eutrophic lakes and ponds of warm waters frequently reach very low oxygen concentrations. This is the most common habitat of the banded knife fish "tuvira" Gymnotus carapo. This electric fish is reported to present bimodal breathing to cope with low environmental oxygen. Biochemical responses can be also observed in fishes facing hypoxia but none were studied in tuvira. In the present study, haematological and metabolic changes were investigated in two groups of fish exposed to hypoxia for 1 and 3 hours. Haematocrit, red blood cells and haemoglobin concentration indicated erythrocyte release from hematopoietic organs and swelling of red blood cells. Glycogen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and amino acids were quantified in liver, kidney and white muscle. The metabolic profile of G. carapo to cope with hypoxia suggested liver gluconeogenesis probably supported by proteolysis. The kidney and liver presented the same biochemical trend suggesting similar metabolic role for both organs. Glucogenolysis followed by glucose fermentation and protein mobilisation was observed in the white muscle. The air breathing behaviour of tuvira works in parallel with metabolism to prevent damages from hypoxia. Metabolic adjustments are observed when the air taking is avoided.

O oxigênio de água doce dos ambientes tropicais flutua drasticamente. Lagos e lagoas eutróficos de ambientes temperados freqüentemente atingem baixas concentrações de oxigênio. Este é o habitat mais comum da tuvira Gymnotus carapo. Neste peixe elétrico é descrita a respiração bimodal para enfrentar baixos níveis de oxigênio. Em peixes, as respostas bioquímicas também podem ser observadas, mas nenhuma foi estudada em tuvira. Neste estudo foram investigadas as alterações hematológicas e metabólicas em dois grupos de peixes expostos à hipóxia por 1 e 3 horas. O hematócrito, os eritrócitos e a concentração de hemoglobina indicaram liberação de hemácias por órgãos hematopoiéticos e intumescimento celular. Glicogênio, glicose, lactato, piruvato e aminoácidos foram quantificados no fígado, no rim e em músculo branco. O perfil metabólico de G. carapo para enfrentar a hipóxia sugeriu neoglicogênese hepática por proteólise. O rim e o fígado apresentaram a mesma tendência metabólica, sugerindo o mesmo papel metabólico de ambos os órgãos em hipóxia. Foi observada neoglicogênese em músculo branco, seguida da fermentação de glicose e da mobilização protéica. O comportamento de respiração área em tuvira funciona paralelamente ao metabolismo adaptativo para prevenir os danos da hipóxia. Os ajustes metabólicos foram observados a partir do momento em que a tomada de ar foi bloqueada.