Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma in a Lhasa Apso

Background: Lymphoma neoplasms originate from the lymphocytes. Anatomically, these tumors can be classified into multicentric, digestive, mediastinal, and cutaneous forms. The etiology of cutaneous lymphoma remains unclear; however, it has been associated with chronic skin inflammation. The definitive diagnosis is based on histological analysis and immunohistochemistry, although fine-needle aspiration cytology has shown good results. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinicopathological aspects of a case of cutaneous epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma, classified as mycosis fungoides, in a Lhasa Apso dog. Case: A 8-year-old bitch Lhasa Apso with multiple non-pruritic skin nodules and history of 10-day evolution was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo (UNESC), Colatina, ES, Brazil. The nodules were erythematous, exophytic, firm, circumscribed, and measured 0.2-4 cm in diameter in locations throughout the animal's body. An incisional biopsy was performed with an 8-mm punch and sent for histopathological examination. An infiltrative, poorly demarcated, non-encapsulated, densely cellular neoplasm, which was replacing the dermal collagen and displacing the adnexa, was observed in the dermis. The tumor was composed of a population of round cells, with generally distinct cell borders and a small-to-moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were irregularly rounded and occasionally edentulous, with vesicular chromatin, a visible nucleus, and 11 mitotic figures in an area of 2.37 mm2 . The immunohistochemical test, which was positive for the CD3 marker, confirmed the diagnosis of T cell lymphoma. On an ultrasound to identify metastasis, the liver showed heterogeneous parenchyma, heterogeneous expansive formation, areas of cavitary appearance, and cytology compatible with lymphoma. Antineoplastic chemotherapy was administered using the CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). However, the animal died after 45 days. Discussion: A diagnosis of the mycosis fungoides type of cutaneous epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma was established based on clinical, laboratory, anatomopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Pruritus is a common clinical condition in animals with mycosis fungoides, particularly in those with the erythrodermic form of the disease. Epitheliotropic lymphomas have no sexual or racial predilections and usually affect dogs over 9 years of age. The Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldog, Boxer, Golden Retriever, Scottish Terrier, Briard, English Springer Spaniel, Beagle, German Shepherd, and English Cocker Spaniel breeds are frequently affected by these lymphomas. These neoplasms can have a primary skin origin, or they can be secondary and associated with lymphoma found elsewhere in the body. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice, especially in cases with multifocal distribution. Protocol preference varies with disease stage, patient clinical and laboratory conditions, and the degree of toxicity. Commonly used chemotherapy regimens include L-CHOP (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, L-asparaginase, and prednisolone), CHOP, COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone), LAP (lomustine, L-asparaginase, and prednisolone), LOPP (lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolone), chlorambucil, and prednisolone. The prognosis of canine epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma is unfavorable, with a survival time ranging from a few months to 2 years. The animal in this study survived for 105 days. In addition, epitheliotropic cutaneous T cell lymphoma is aggressive, which may result in a shorter survival time in animals affected by this type of tumor.

Linfoma mediastinal em gato com vírus da leucemia felina / Mediastinal lymphoma in a cat with feline leukemia virus

Background: Mediastinal lymphoma occurs at a high incidence in cats positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV). It is a malignant lymphocytic neoplasm that may trigger clinical signs such as dyspnea, apathy, regurgitation, and weight loss. The objective of this work is to report a case of mediastinal lymphoma associated with FeLV in a cat, and describe the clinical, pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects that can help the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Case: A 3-year-old male neutered cat weighing 4.6 kg, positive for FeLV, and with a history of dyspnea and hyporexia was referred to a private veterinary clinic in the city of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. The only alteration found at the clinical examination was a muffled sound during lung auscultation. Radiographs of the thorax revealed the presence of pleural effusion; after drainage of the fluid, a mass located in the mediastinal area became radiographically observable. An analysis of the effusion fluid showed high cellularity characterized by a markedly pleomorphic population of individual round cells consistent with lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes with a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, round nucleus, condensed chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli were observed, along with medium and large lymphocytes. The medium and large lymphocytes were characterized by a variably increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio and a scant to moderate cytoplasm exhibiting moderate to intense basophilia and, occasionally, vacuoles. The nuclei were round, idented, or irregular; most of them were located eccentrically and contained coarse to finely granular chromatin. Nucleoli varied from single to multiple, round to angular, and central to peripheral and prominent. Macronucleoli and marked anisonucleosis were also observed, as well as binucleated cells and rare multinucleated cells. The conclusion was that it was a case of neoplastic effusion caused by a lymphoma. After an appointment with an oncologist, a chemotherapy protocol was established. The treatment of choice was CHOP, a combination of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg orally), doxorubicin (1 mg/kg intravenously), vincristine (0.5 mg/m2 intravenously), and prednisolone with a regressive dose starting at 2 mg/kg. The patient underwent 4 rounds of chemotherapy, and received a maintenance treatment thereafter. The patient's condition remained stable for 390 days without relevant clinical or hematological alterations. Discussion: The diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma was established by associating clinical finings, laboratory exams, and radiographic findings. Exams of utmost importance to reach this diagnosis were the thoracic radiography, which revealed the presence of a mass in the thorax, and the cytopathological analysis of the effusion fluid, as round cell neoplasms are easily dissociated. Young cats are the group most affected by FeLV, and mediastinal lymphoma is considered the most prevalent type of lymphoma in this species. The most common clinical sign is dyspnea; however, other signs such as apathy, weight loss, regurgitation (due to pressure on the esophagus), and Horner's syndrome (owing to pressure on the thoracic sympathetic innervation) may also occur. This disease is treated with chemotherapy, with CHOP frequently used as the chemotherapeutic protocol. The good therapeutic response for a longer time than the average estimated by studies on the prognostic of this disease indicates that a correct diagnosis along with an assertive approach and the cooperation of the tutor are essential in cases of mediastinal lymphoma.

Classification of lymphoma in cats and its relationship with the detection of feline leukemia vírus proviral DNA / Classificação do linfoma em gatos e sua relação com a detecção do DNA pró-viral do vírus da leucemia felina

In this retrospective and prospective study, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of 62 cases of lymphomas in cats were performed to classify the anatomic forms and subtypes, according to the WHO guidelines, and correlate it to FeLV proviral DNA detected using PCR. The most common anatomical form was gastrointestinal (40.3%, 25/62), followed by multicentric (29%, 18/62), mediastinal (17.7%, 11/62) and extranodal (12,9%, 8/62). Among the lymphoma subtypes, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (30.6%, 19/62) was the most commonly diagnosed followed by peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (29%, 18/62) and enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma type 2 (14.5%, 9/62). DNA extraction from paraffin-embedded neoplastic tissue was obtained in 28 cases and FeLV proviral DNA was detected by PCR, in 23 of these. Of the cases presenting with FeLV proviral DNA, nine (32%) were of the multicentric form, five (22%) of the mediastinal and extranodal forms and four (17%) of the gastrointestinal form. The most frequent subtypes with FeLV proviral DNA, independent of the anatomical form, were DLBCL (39.1%, 9/23) and PTCL (34.7%, 8/23). The presence of the FeLV proviral DNA in 23 cats of this study, probably had association with the multicentric form of lymphoma and higher occurrence in the DLBCL and PTCL subtypes.

Neste estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo, análises histopatológicas e imuno-histoquímicas de 62 casos de linfomas em gatos foram realizadas para classificar as formas anatômicas o e subtipos do linfoma, de acordo com as diretrizes da OMS. Além disso, foi realizada a extração de DNA dos tumores incluídos na parafina para obtenção de DNA pró-viral do FeLV por PCR, e relacionada com os exames anteriores. A forma anatômica mais comum foi a gastrointestinal (40.3%, 25/62), seguida pela multicêntrica (29%, 18/62), mediastinal (17,7%, 11/62) e extranodal (12,9%, 8/62). Entre os subtipos de linfoma, o linfoma difuso de grandes células B (DLBCL) (30.6%, 19/62) foi o mais comumente diagnosticado, seguido por linfoma de células T periférico (PTCL) (29%, 18/62) e o linfoma de células T associado a enteropatia tipo 2 (14.5%, 9/62). A extração de DNA de tecido neoplásico emblocado em parafina foi obtida em 28 casos e o DNA pró-viral de FeLV foi detectado por PCR, em 23 deles. Dos casos com DNA pró-viral do FeLV, nove (32%) eram da forma multicêntrica, cinco (22%) das formas mediastinal e extranodal e quatro (17%) da forma gastrointestinal. Os subtipos mais frequentes com DNA pró-viral do FeLV, independente da forma anatômica, foram DLBCL (39.1%, 9/23) e PTCL (34.7%, 8/23). A presença do DNA pró-viral do FeLV em 23 gatos deste estudo, provavelmente teve associação com a forma multicêntrica do linfoma e maior ocorrência nos subtipos DLBCL e PTCL.

Uncommon anatomical sites and anatomopathological presentations of lymphoma in dogs / Sítios anatômicos e apresentações anatomopatológicas incomuns do linfoma em cães

Lymphomas are the tumors most frequently associated with the death or euthanasia of dogs in most parts of the world. In dogs, they almost always occur as disseminated (multicentric lymphoma), gastrointestinal (alimentary lymphoma), or nodal mediastinal (mediastinal lymphoma) diseases. However, other uncommon presentations can occasionally occur. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of these unusual types of lymphoma and demonstrate to veterinary pathologists how they present pathologically. From a total of 100 cases of lymphoma in dogs diagnosed between 1965 and 2017, 16 cases (16/100) were considered by us as non-traditional presentations of the disease: follicular lymphoma, (5/100), peripheral T-cell lymphoma, NOS (2/100), angiocentric lymphoma (2/100), intravascular large T-cell lymphoma (2/100), lymphomatoid granulomatosis (1/100), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (1/100), hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (1/100), and chronic small B-cell lymphocytic lymphoma, intermediate type (1/100). We hope that the results presented here can help veterinary pathologists to recognize such cases of "atypical lymphoma" in their diagnostic routines.(AU)

Linfomas são os tumores mais associados a morte ou eutanásia de cães na maior parte do mundo. Nessa espécie animal ocorrem quase sempre como uma doença disseminada (linfoma multicêntrico), gastrintestinal (linfoma alimentar) ou nodal mediastinal (linfoma mediastínico), entretanto, ocasionalmente, outras apresentações bem menos comuns podem ser encontradas. O objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer a prevalência desses pouco usuais tipos de linfoma e demonstrar aos patologistas veterinários como eles se apresentam anatomopatologicamente. De um total de 100 casos de linfoma em cães diagnosticados entre os anos de 1965 e 2017, 16 casos (16/100) foram considerados como apresentações não tradicionais da doença: linfoma folicular (5/100), linfoma de células T periférico inespecífico (2/100), linfoma angiocêntrico (2/100), linfoma intravascular de grandes células T (2/100), granulomatose linfomatoide (2/100), linfoma de grandes células anaplásicas (1/100), linfoma hepatoesplênico de células T (1/100) e linfoma linfocítico crônico de pequenas células B - tipo intermediário (1/100). Esperamos que os resultados aqui demonstrados auxiliem patologistas veterinários a reconhecerem tais casos de "linfomas atípicos" em suas rotinas diagnósticas.(AU)

Uncommon anatomical sites and anatomopathological presentations of lymphoma in dogs / Sítios anatômicos e apresentações anatomopatológicas incomuns do linfoma em cães

Lymphomas are the tumors most frequently associated with the death or euthanasia of dogs in most parts of the world. In dogs, they almost always occur as disseminated (multicentric lymphoma), gastrointestinal (alimentary lymphoma), or nodal mediastinal (mediastinal lymphoma) diseases. However, other uncommon presentations can occasionally occur. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of these unusual types of lymphoma and demonstrate to veterinary pathologists how they present pathologically. From a total of 100 cases of lymphoma in dogs diagnosed between 1965 and 2017, 16 cases (16/100) were considered by us as non-traditional presentations of the disease: follicular lymphoma, (5/100), peripheral T-cell lymphoma, NOS (2/100), angiocentric lymphoma (2/100), intravascular large T-cell lymphoma (2/100), lymphomatoid granulomatosis (1/100), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (1/100), hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (1/100), and chronic small B-cell lymphocytic lymphoma, intermediate type (1/100). We hope that the results presented here can help veterinary pathologists to recognize such cases of "atypical lymphoma" in their diagnostic routines.(AU)

Linfomas são os tumores mais associados a morte ou eutanásia de cães na maior parte do mundo. Nessa espécie animal ocorrem quase sempre como uma doença disseminada (linfoma multicêntrico), gastrintestinal (linfoma alimentar) ou nodal mediastinal (linfoma mediastínico), entretanto, ocasionalmente, outras apresentações bem menos comuns podem ser encontradas. O objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer a prevalência desses pouco usuais tipos de linfoma e demonstrar aos patologistas veterinários como eles se apresentam anatomopatologicamente. De um total de 100 casos de linfoma em cães diagnosticados entre os anos de 1965 e 2017, 16 casos (16/100) foram considerados como apresentações não tradicionais da doença: linfoma folicular (5/100), linfoma de células T periférico inespecífico (2/100), linfoma angiocêntrico (2/100), linfoma intravascular de grandes células T (2/100), granulomatose linfomatoide (2/100), linfoma de grandes células anaplásicas (1/100), linfoma hepatoesplênico de células T (1/100) e linfoma linfocítico crônico de pequenas células B - tipo intermediário (1/100). Esperamos que os resultados aqui demonstrados auxiliem patologistas veterinários a reconhecerem tais casos de "linfomas atípicos" em suas rotinas diagnósticas.(AU)

Linfoma multicêntrico canino: uma sinopse sobre os aspectos clinicopatológicos e alterações laboratoriais / Canine multicentric lymphoma: a synopsis of clinicopatholo-gical aspects and laboratory changes

O linfoma é uma neoplasia caracterizada pela proliferação de células linfoides malignas, que pode se desenvolver em qualquer órgão, acometendo inicialmente linfonodos, baço e fígado. Sua causa não é bem elucidada, porém acredita-se na etiologia multifatorial, fatores genéticos, deficiência imunológica e carcinógenos químicos. Existem quatro classificações anatômicas para o linfoma: multicêntrico, alimentar ou digestiva, mediastínico e extranodal, sendo que 80% dos casos em cães são classificados como linfomas multicêntricos. O diagnóstico é baseado em análises citológicas, histológicas e biologia molecular, que auxiliam no estabelecimento do prognóstico do animal considerando o grau de malignidade do linfoma e o tipo celular de origem. Os exames laboratoriais, como os perfis hematológicos e bioquímicos, fornecem dados para o acompanhamento do animal, acometimento e estadiamento da doença. Perante o exposto, constata-se que o linfoma é uma afecção de grande relevância dentre aquelas que acometem cães, portanto, este estudo tem o objetivo de aliar a base teórica frente à apresentação clínica do linfoma, fornecendo o conhecimento das principais alterações descritas para gerar um diagnóstico precoce, estabelecendo uma ponte de sucesso com o clínico e permitindo ao paciente melhor qualidade de vida e sobrevida perante a doença.(AU)

Lymphoma is a tumor characterized by the proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells, which can occur in any organ, initially affecting lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Its cause is not elucidate, but it might be a multifactorial etiology, including genetic factors, immune deficiency and chemical carcinogens. There are four anatomical classifications for lymphoma: multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal and extranodal, but, 80% of the cases in dogs are classified as multicentric lymphomas. The diagnosis is based on cytological, histological and molecular biology sample analyzes, that assist in settlement the animals prognosis considering the degree of malignancy of the lymphoma and the cell of origin. Laboratory tests such as hematological and biochemical profiles provide data for monitoring the animal, disease involvement and staging. Lymphoma is a condition of great relevance within the conditions that affect dogs, making it necessary to educate veterinarians to combine the academic basis with the clinical presentation of lymphoma, with the knowledge of the main changes described to create an early diagnosis, establishing a conjunction of success with the clinical and allowing the patient a better quality of life and survival in the face of the disease.(AU)

Linfoma multicêntrico canino: uma sinopse sobre os aspectos clinicopatológicos e alterações laboratoriais / Canine multicentric lymphoma: a synopsis of clinicopatholo-gical aspects and laboratory changes

O linfoma é uma neoplasia caracterizada pela proliferação de células linfoides malignas, que pode se desenvolver em qualquer órgão, acometendo inicialmente linfonodos, baço e fígado. Sua causa não é bem elucidada, porém acredita-se na etiologia multifatorial, fatores genéticos, deficiência imunológica e carcinógenos químicos. Existem quatro classificações anatômicas para o linfoma: multicêntrico, alimentar ou digestiva, mediastínico e extranodal, sendo que 80% dos casos em cães são classificados como linfomas multicêntricos. O diagnóstico é baseado em análises citológicas, histológicas e biologia molecular, que auxiliam no estabelecimento do prognóstico do animal considerando o grau de malignidade do linfoma e o tipo celular de origem. Os exames laboratoriais, como os perfis hematológicos e bioquímicos, fornecem dados para o acompanhamento do animal, acometimento e estadiamento da doença. Perante o exposto, constata-se que o linfoma é uma afecção de grande relevância dentre aquelas que acometem cães, portanto, este estudo tem o objetivo de aliar a base teórica frente à apresentação clínica do linfoma, fornecendo o conhecimento das principais alterações descritas para gerar um diagnóstico precoce, estabelecendo uma ponte de sucesso com o clínico e permitindo ao paciente melhor qualidade de vida e sobrevida perante a doença.

Lymphoma is a tumor characterized by the proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells, which can occur in any organ, initially affecting lymph nodes, spleen and liver. It’s cause is not elucidate, but it might be a multifactorial etiology, including genetic factors, immune deficiency and chemical carcinogens. There are four anatomical classifications for lymphoma: multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal and extranodal, but, 80% of the cases in dogs are classified as multicentric lymphomas. The diagnosis is based on cytological, histological and molecular biology sample analyzes, that assist in settlement the animal’s prognosis considering the degree of malignancy of the lymphoma and the cell of origin. Laboratory tests such as hematological and biochemical profiles provide data for monitoring the animal, disease involvement and staging. Lymphoma is a condition of great relevance within the conditions that affect dogs, making it necessary to educate veterinarians to combine the academic basis with the clinical presentation of lymphoma, with the knowledge of the main changes described to create an early diagnosis, establishing a conjunction of success with the clinical and allowing the patient a better quality of life and survival in the face of the disease.

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma in the oral cavity of a cow

Background: Squamous cell carcinomas and lymphomas are the most prevalent neoplasms in cattle, the latter usually being attributed to infection by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Neoplasms of the oral cavity are sporadic in cattle, with but asingle case of lymphoma involving this anatomic site in a bovine reported to date. This paper reports a case of lymphomainvolving the oral cavity of a dairy cow. The clinical and pathological aspects of the tumor are described and discussed.Case: A 39-month-old Holstein-Friesian cow was presented with weight loss and a tumorous growth in the left masseterregion, tearing in the left eye, and mild ipsilateral exophthalmos. Treatment with antibiotics was unsuccessful. The tumorgrowth was 16 x 11 cm, with a soft center and firm periphery, multilobulated, with white intercalated with black and friableareas from which a fetid odor emanated. The cut surface was predominantly white-yellow. A cross-section of the head,caudal to the second molar, revealed a mass infiltrating and almost completely obliterating the left nasal cavity, destroyingthe frontal sinus, the ventral conchae, and the middle and ventral meatus, and compressing the common meatus. The tracheobronchial, mediastinal, and internal iliac lymph nodes were enlarged and masses with similar characteristics to thosein the oral cavity replace their parenchyma. Microscopically, the mass consisted of large neoplastic lymphocytes arrangedin a non-encapsulated and infiltrative mantle and supported by scarce fibrovascular tissue. The cytoplasm of neoplasticcells was scarce and had distinct boundaries; the nuclei were round or oval, the chromatin was finely granulated, and theprominent nucleolus had occasionally multiplied. Nuclear pleomorphism was marked and there were, on average, five mitotic figures per microscopic field of 400x. Similar neoplastic cells obliterated the normal...

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma in the oral cavity of a cow

Background: Squamous cell carcinomas and lymphomas are the most prevalent neoplasms in cattle, the latter usually being attributed to infection by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Neoplasms of the oral cavity are sporadic in cattle, with but asingle case of lymphoma involving this anatomic site in a bovine reported to date. This paper reports a case of lymphomainvolving the oral cavity of a dairy cow. The clinical and pathological aspects of the tumor are described and discussed.Case: A 39-month-old Holstein-Friesian cow was presented with weight loss and a tumorous growth in the left masseterregion, tearing in the left eye, and mild ipsilateral exophthalmos. Treatment with antibiotics was unsuccessful. The tumorgrowth was 16 x 11 cm, with a soft center and firm periphery, multilobulated, with white intercalated with black and friableareas from which a fetid odor emanated. The cut surface was predominantly white-yellow. A cross-section of the head,caudal to the second molar, revealed a mass infiltrating and almost completely obliterating the left nasal cavity, destroyingthe frontal sinus, the ventral conchae, and the middle and ventral meatus, and compressing the common meatus. The tracheobronchial, mediastinal, and internal iliac lymph nodes were enlarged and masses with similar characteristics to thosein the oral cavity replace their parenchyma. Microscopically, the mass consisted of large neoplastic lymphocytes arrangedin a non-encapsulated and infiltrative mantle and supported by scarce fibrovascular tissue. The cytoplasm of neoplasticcells was scarce and had distinct boundaries; the nuclei were round or oval, the chromatin was finely granulated, and theprominent nucleolus had occasionally multiplied. Nuclear pleomorphism was marked and there were, on average, five mitotic figures per microscopic field of 400x. Similar neoplastic cells obliterated the normal...(AU)

Linfoma mediastinal em equino - relato de caso / Equine mediastinal lymphoma - case report

Uma égua SRD, com 20 anos de idade, foi encaminhada ao hospital veterinário com histórico de emagrecimento, perda de apetite e aumento de volume na região peitoral e no pescoço. Aos exames físico e laboratorial, constatou-se que o animal apresentava taquicardia, taquipneia, hiperproteinemia, hiperfibrinogenemia e hipoalbuminemia. À auscultação cardíaca, os sons das válvulas pulmonar e aórtica não foram audíveis. Realizaram-se as avaliações eletrocardiográfica e ecodopplercardiográfica transtorácica bilateral, nas quais se observaram presença de efusão pleural e deslocamento caudal do coração. Na varredura ultrassonográfica ao redor do coração, constatou-se a presença de uma massa na base do coração. Para tentar amenizar o quadro respiratório, foi realizada drenagem torácica. A efusão pleural apresentava característica serossanguinolenta, com padrão citológico inflamatório. Algumas horas após retornar a baia, o animal veio a óbito. Realizou-se a necropsia, na qual pôde ser observada a presença da massa posicionada ao redor do tronco braquiocefálico. Na análise histopatológica, diagnosticou-se o linfoma difuso de células pequenas e médias.(AU)

A 20-year-old mixed breed mare was referred to the veterinary hospital with history of weight loss, loss of appetite, and swelling of the chest and neck. On physical exam the patient was in tachycardia and tachypnea and laboratory results indicated hyperproteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia and hypoalbuminemia. On cardiac auscultation, the pulmonary and aortic valves sounds were not audible. Presence of pleural effusion and heart caudal displacement were identified on electrocardiographic and Doppler echocardiography evaluation and a mass at the base of the heart was oberved through ultrasound scanning around the heart. To alleviate the respiratory condition, thoracic drainage was performed. The pleural effusion presented characteristic serosanguineous with cytologic inflammatory. After returning to stall, the animal died. In necropsy, the presence of a mass positioned around the brachiocephalic trunk was identified and histopathology results were compatible with diffuse small and medium cell lymphoma.(AU)

Linfoma mediastinal em equino - relato de caso / Equine mediastinal lymphoma - case report

Uma égua SRD, com 20 anos de idade, foi encaminhada ao hospital veterinário com histórico de emagrecimento, perda de apetite e aumento de volume na região peitoral e no pescoço. Aos exames físico e laboratorial, constatou-se que o animal apresentava taquicardia, taquipneia, hiperproteinemia, hiperfibrinogenemia e hipoalbuminemia. À auscultação cardíaca, os sons das válvulas pulmonar e aórtica não foram audíveis. Realizaram-se as avaliações eletrocardiográfica e ecodopplercardiográfica transtorácica bilateral, nas quais se observaram presença de efusão pleural e deslocamento caudal do coração. Na varredura ultrassonográfica ao redor do coração, constatou-se a presença de uma massa na base do coração. Para tentar amenizar o quadro respiratório, foi realizada drenagem torácica. A efusão pleural apresentava característica serossanguinolenta, com padrão citológico inflamatório. Algumas horas após retornar a baia, o animal veio a óbito. Realizou-se a necropsia, na qual pôde ser observada a presença da massa posicionada ao redor do tronco braquiocefálico. Na análise histopatológica, diagnosticou-se o linfoma difuso de células pequenas e médias.(AU)

A 20-year-old mixed breed mare was referred to the veterinary hospital with history of weight loss, loss of appetite, and swelling of the chest and neck. On physical exam the patient was in tachycardia and tachypnea and laboratory results indicated hyperproteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia and hypoalbuminemia. On cardiac auscultation, the pulmonary and aortic valves sounds were not audible. Presence of pleural effusion and heart caudal displacement were identified on electrocardiographic and Doppler echocardiography evaluation and a mass at the base of the heart was oberved through ultrasound scanning around the heart. To alleviate the respiratory condition, thoracic drainage was performed. The pleural effusion presented characteristic serosanguineous with cytologic inflammatory. After returning to stall, the animal died. In necropsy, the presence of a mass positioned around the brachiocephalic trunk was identified and histopathology results were compatible with diffuse small and medium cell lymphoma.(AU)

Linfoma renal primario en gato doméstico (Felis catus): reporte de caso / Primary renal lymphoma in domestic cat (Felis catus): case report / Linfoma renal primário em gato doméstico (Felis catus): relato de caso

Neoplasias primarias renales en los gatos son raros y representan menos del 2% de todos los tipos de cáncer, siendo el más maligno. Tumores hematopoyéticos son las más comunes en los gatos y el 90% son diagnosticados de linfoma, siendo entre el 30 y el 50% de todos los tumores malignos en esta especie. Este tipo de cáncer que se origina en células linfoides de órganos sólidos, como los ganglios linfáticos, el hígado y los intestinos, y en la actualidad es el tipo de cáncer más común en los gatos domésticos con una edad promedio de 11 años. Las formas más comunes de presentación son nodal, mediastínica, extranodal y digestivo. Los signos clínicos son muy variados y relacionados con la localización anatómica donde se desarrolla la enfermedad. La quimioterapia es el tratamiento dado a la forma sistémica, mientras que la radioterapia y la cirugía asociada o no a quimioterapia están indicadas para formas localizadas. El pronóstico de esta enfermedad es variable y depende de la condición clínica del animal, el tipo y la etapa del linfoma y respuesta al tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el caso clínico de un gato macho, raza mezclada, castrado, de 13 años, que tenía los siguientes signos clínicos: caquexia, aumento de volumen del abdomen, deshidratación, poliuria, polidipsia y pérdida de apetito. Los hallazgos clínicos y patológicos confirmaron linfoma renal [...](AU)

Renal primary neoplasms in cats are rare and account for less than 2% of all cancers, the majority of malignant feature. Hematopoietic tumors are the most common in cats and 90% are diagnosed as lymphoma, being between 30 and 50% of all malignant tumors found in this species. This cancer originates in lymphoid cells found in solid organs such as lymph nodes, liver and intestine, and is currently the most common cancer in domestic cats with an average age of 11 years. The most common forms of presentation are mediastinal, nodal, extranodal and digestive. Clinical signs are diverse and related to the anatomical site in which the disease develops. Chemotherapy is the treatment for systemic forms, while radiotherapy and surgery associated or not with chemotherapy treatments are indicated for localized forms. The prognosis of this disease is variable, depending on the clinical condition of the animal, the type and stage of lymphoma and response to treatment. The objective of this study was to conduct a case report of a cat, male, mixed breed, neutered, 13 years old, who presented the following clinical signs: cachexia, increased abdominal volume, dehydration, polyuria, polydipsia and loss of appetite. The pathology and clinical findings confirmed the renal lymphoma; the primary renal lymphoma was confirmed primarily by the lack of involvement of other sites of cancer. (AU)

Neoplasias primárias renais em gatos são raras e representam menos de 2% de todos os tipos de câncer, sendo a maioria maligna. Tumores hematopoiéticos são os mais comuns em gatos e 90% são diagnosticados como linfoma, estando entre 30 e 50% de todos os tumores malignos encontrados nesta espécie. Esse tipo de câncer se origina nas células linfóides encontrados em órgãos sólidos, como gânglios linfáticos, fígado e intestino, e atualmente é o câncer mais comum em gatos domésticos com idade média de 11 anos. As formas mais comuns de apresentação são mediastinal, nodal, extranodal e digestiva. Os sinais clínicos são variados e relacionados com a localização anatômica em que a doença se desenvolve. A quimioterapia é o tratamento indicado para as formas sistêmicas, enquanto a radioterapia e a cirurgia associada ou não à quimioterapia são indicados para formas localizadas. O prognóstico desta doença é variável e depende da condição clínica do animal, o tipo e estádio de linfoma e da resposta ao tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o relato de caso de um gato macho, sem raça definida, castrado, de 13 anos, que apresentava os seguintes sinais clínicos: caquexia, aumento do volume abdominal, desidratação, poliúria, polidipsia e perda de apetite. Os achados clínicos e patológicos confirmaram o linfoma renal; o linfoma renal primário foi confirmado principalmente pela falta de [...](AU)

Linfoma renal primario en gato doméstico (Felis catus): reporte de caso / Primary renal lymphoma in domestic cat (Felis catus): case report / Linfoma renal primário em gato doméstico (Felis catus): relato de caso

Neoplasias primarias renales en los gatos son raros y representan menos del 2% de todos los tipos de cáncer, siendo el más maligno. Tumores hematopoyéticos son las más comunes en los gatos y el 90% son diagnosticados de linfoma, siendo entre el 30 y el 50% de todos los tumores malignos en esta especie. Este tipo de cáncer que se origina en células linfoides de órganos sólidos, como los ganglios linfáticos, el hígado y los intestinos, y en la actualidad es el tipo de cáncer más común en los gatos domésticos con una edad promedio de 11 años. Las formas más comunes de presentación son nodal, mediastínica, extranodal y digestivo. Los signos clínicos son muy variados y relacionados con la localización anatómica donde se desarrolla la enfermedad. La quimioterapia es el tratamiento dado a la forma sistémica, mientras que la radioterapia y la cirugía asociada o no a quimioterapia están indicadas para formas localizadas. El pronóstico de esta enfermedad es variable y depende de la condición clínica del animal, el tipo y la etapa del linfoma y respuesta al tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el caso clínico de un gato macho, raza mezclada, castrado, de 13 años, que tenía los siguientes signos clínicos: caquexia, aumento de volumen del abdomen, deshidratación, poliuria, polidipsia y pérdida de apetito. Los hallazgos clínicos y patológicos confirmaron linfoma renal [...]

Renal primary neoplasms in cats are rare and account for less than 2% of all cancers, the majority of malignant feature. Hematopoietic tumors are the most common in cats and 90% are diagnosed as lymphoma, being between 30 and 50% of all malignant tumors found in this species. This cancer originates in lymphoid cells found in solid organs such as lymph nodes, liver and intestine, and is currently the most common cancer in domestic cats with an average age of 11 years. The most common forms of presentation are mediastinal, nodal, extranodal and digestive. Clinical signs are diverse and related to the anatomical site in which the disease develops. Chemotherapy is the treatment for systemic forms, while radiotherapy and surgery associated or not with chemotherapy treatments are indicated for localized forms. The prognosis of this disease is variable, depending on the clinical condition of the animal, the type and stage of lymphoma and response to treatment. The objective of this study was to conduct a case report of a cat, male, mixed breed, neutered, 13 years old, who presented the following clinical signs: cachexia, increased abdominal volume, dehydration, polyuria, polydipsia and loss of appetite. The pathology and clinical findings confirmed the renal lymphoma; the primary renal lymphoma was confirmed primarily by the lack of involvement of other sites of cancer.

Neoplasias primárias renais em gatos são raras e representam menos de 2% de todos os tipos de câncer, sendo a maioria maligna. Tumores hematopoiéticos são os mais comuns em gatos e 90% são diagnosticados como linfoma, estando entre 30 e 50% de todos os tumores malignos encontrados nesta espécie. Esse tipo de câncer se origina nas células linfóides encontrados em órgãos sólidos, como gânglios linfáticos, fígado e intestino, e atualmente é o câncer mais comum em gatos domésticos com idade média de 11 anos. As formas mais comuns de apresentação são mediastinal, nodal, extranodal e digestiva. Os sinais clínicos são variados e relacionados com a localização anatômica em que a doença se desenvolve. A quimioterapia é o tratamento indicado para as formas sistêmicas, enquanto a radioterapia e a cirurgia associada ou não à quimioterapia são indicados para formas localizadas. O prognóstico desta doença é variável e depende da condição clínica do animal, o tipo e estádio de linfoma e da resposta ao tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o relato de caso de um gato macho, sem raça definida, castrado, de 13 anos, que apresentava os seguintes sinais clínicos: caquexia, aumento do volume abdominal, desidratação, poliúria, polidipsia e perda de apetite. Os achados clínicos e patológicos confirmaram o linfoma renal; o linfoma renal primário foi confirmado principalmente pela falta de [...]

Linfoma cutâneo em equino Quarto de Milha / Cutaneous lymphoma in a Quarter Mile horse

Background: Lymphoma, although rare, is the most common hematopoietic neoplasia in horses. The overall incidence of lymphoma is between 1.3-2.8% of all equine neoplasia and it has a prevalence of 0.002-0.5% in the equine population. Lymphoma can be classified as multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, cutaneous and solitary. The cutaneous is the rarest form and it usually presents with multifocal skin lesions, with no other clinical signs. The diagnoses is accomplished by histopathological examination of a biopsy or cytological examination of a fine needle aspirate. The aim of the current study is to report a case of the rarest form of equine lymphoma, the cutaneous. Case: An 8-year-old equine female, Quarter Mile, was evaluated due to volumes increase and subcutaneous nodules disseminated along the body. These lesions developed gradually during 2 years. The mare was used for ridding, it was kept in the field with 10 other equines and was the only one affected. The mare was vaccinated for influenza and was negative for glanders and equine infectious anemia. During clinical exam, all vital parameters were within limits and body condition score was classified as 6 (Henneke Chart). It was observed bilateral nasal secretion and depigmentation in ocular and vulvar mucous. It was observed multiple delimited areas with size ranging from few cm up to 7 cm, hard, mobile, painless, located in the subcutaneous and disseminated in the body (including head, neck, thorax, limbs and perineum). Red blood cell, leucocytes, fibrinogen, total plasmatic protein were within normal limits. Due to clinical signs and the potential risk of a zoonosis, the glanders test was repeated (complement fixation test) and the result was negative. Differential diagnoses also included insect hypersensitive, which was discarded since the female did not presented pruritus nor alopecia, lesions gradually increased in size and no […](AU)

Linfoma cutâneo em equino Quarto de Milha / Cutaneous lymphoma in a Quarter Mile horse

Background: Lymphoma, although rare, is the most common hematopoietic neoplasia in horses. The overall incidence of lymphoma is between 1.3-2.8% of all equine neoplasia and it has a prevalence of 0.002-0.5% in the equine population. Lymphoma can be classified as multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, cutaneous and solitary. The cutaneous is the rarest form and it usually presents with multifocal skin lesions, with no other clinical signs. The diagnoses is accomplished by histopathological examination of a biopsy or cytological examination of a fine needle aspirate. The aim of the current study is to report a case of the rarest form of equine lymphoma, the cutaneous. Case: An 8-year-old equine female, Quarter Mile, was evaluated due to volume’s increase and subcutaneous nodules disseminated along the body. These lesions developed gradually during 2 years. The mare was used for ridding, it was kept in the field with 10 other equines and was the only one affected. The mare was vaccinated for influenza and was negative for glanders and equine infectious anemia. During clinical exam, all vital parameters were within limits and body condition score was classified as 6 (Henneke Chart). It was observed bilateral nasal secretion and depigmentation in ocular and vulvar mucous. It was observed multiple delimited areas with size ranging from few cm up to 7 cm, hard, mobile, painless, located in the subcutaneous and disseminated in the body (including head, neck, thorax, limbs and perineum). Red blood cell, leucocytes, fibrinogen, total plasmatic protein were within normal limits. Due to clinical signs and the potential risk of a zoonosis, the glanders test was repeated (complement fixation test) and the result was negative. Differential diagnoses also included insect hypersensitive, which was discarded since the female did not presented pruritus nor alopecia, lesions gradually increased in size and no […]

Classificação imunofenotípica do linfoma de gatos domésticos e sua correlação com vírus da leucemia felina .

O linfoma é a neoplasia mais comum em gatos, apresenta várias formas anatômicas, sendo a mais comum a gastrointestinal. Entretanto, envolvimento do gammaretrovírus pode predispor a apresentação de outras formas anatômicas como a mediastinal e a multicêntrica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo retrospectivo do linfoma felino e correlacionar a forma anatômica, o imunofenótipo com a presença do DNA proviral do vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV), para tanto foram avaliados 56 casos. A forma do linfoma mais comum foi a gastrointestinal. Não houve diferença significativa na proporção entre linfoma de células T (28) e o de células B (26). Utilizando DNA extraído de tecido parafinizados de 29 gatos, foram obtidos 24 positivos para o DNA proviral do FeLV através do PCR semi nested. A forma anatômica multicêntrica apresentou maior percentual (37,5%) da presença do DNA proviral do FeLV, seguida da mediastinal. O imunofenótipo que teve maior correlação com a presença do vírus foi o linfoma de células T (50%). Aparentemente no Brasil, existe uma alta relação entre o linfoma e a presença do DNA proviral do FeLV.

Lymphoma is the most common neoplasm in cats, presenting several anatomical forms, the most common being the gastrointestinal. However, involvement of the gammaretrovirus may predispose the presentation of other anatomical forms such as the mediastinal and multicentric. The objective of this work was to conduct a retrospective study of feline lymphoma and to correlate the anatomical form, the immunophenotype with the presence of feline leukemia virus proviral DNA (FeLV), for which 56 cases were evaluated. The most common form of lymphoma was gastrointestinal. There was no significant difference in the proportion between T-cell lymphoma (50%) and B-cell lymphoma (46.40%). The DNA of the paraffinized tissue was extracted from 29 cases, being 82.75% positive for the proviral DNA of FeLV through semi nested PCR. The multicentric anatomical form had a higher percentage (37.5%) of the presence of FeLV proviral DNA, followed by mediastinal. The immunophenotype that had the highest correlation with the presence of the virus was T-cell lymphoma (50%). It is concluded that in Brazil, there is a high correlation between lymphoma and the presence of the proviral DNA of FeLV

Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos do linfoma em bovinos: 128 casos (1965-2013) / Epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of lymphoma in cattle: 128 cases (1965-2013)

Por meio de um estudo retrospectivo, os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de 128 casos de linfoma bovino são descritos. Dos protocolos que informavam o sexo (n=111), 84,7% correspondiam a fêmeas e 15,3% a machos. Dos protocolos em que constava a raça (n=108), a mais prevalente foi a holandesa (63%). Em relação à idade (n=107), houve uma variação entre um e 14 anos. A maioria dos bovinos era adulta (89,7%) e a maior concentração dos casos ocorreu ao redor de 5-8 anos (57,9%). Em relação aos sinais clínicos (n=89), linfadenomegalia foi o achado mais frequentemente observado (74,1%). Outros sinais clínicos, principalmente aqueles relacionados com os sistemas respiratório (dispneia, estertoração pulmonar e taquipneia), cardiovascular (taquicardia, edema subcutâneo e pulso venoso positivo), digestório (atonia ruminal, timpanismo e diarreia) e nervoso (paresia dos membros pélvicos e andar cambaleante), foram pouco prevalentes. Na necropsia (n=125), 71,2% dos bovinos apresentavam aumento de volume dos linfonodos; essa linfadenomegalia foi classificada como localizada em 89,6% dos casos e generalizada em 10,3% dos casos. Dos protocolos que informavam os linfonodos acometidos (n=58), a distribuição foi a seguinte: mesentéricos (51,7%), mediastínicos (37,9%), pré-escapulares (29,3%), ilíacos internos (27,6%), inguinais superficiais (25,8%) e traqueobrônquicos (18,9%). Além dos linfonodos, outros órgãos comumente afetados pelo linfoma neste estudo incluíram: coração (40%), fígado (15,2%), rim (14,4%), abomaso (12,8%), útero (11,2%), intestino (10,4%) e pulmão (7,2%). A presença de massas tumorais no canal vertebral foi observada em poucos casos (3,2%). Com base na epidemiologia e na localização das lesões, a maioria dos casos (96%) foi classificada como linfoma enzoótico e o restante (4%) como linfoma esporádico. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo irão auxiliar clínicos de grandes animais e patologistas veterinários na suspeita e no diagnóstico definitivo do linfoma na espécie bovina.(AU)

The epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of 128 cases of bovine lymphoma are described in this study. Out of the cases were the gender was informed (n=111), 84.7% of affected animals were females and 15.3% were males. Out of the cases were breed was informed (n=108), 63% of affected animals were Holstein cows. The age of affected cows (n=107) varied from 1 to 14 years (57.9%), with most animals being adults (89.7%) with 5 to 8 years of age (57.9%). The most common clinical sign (n=89) was lymphadenomegaly (74.1%). Other clinical signs associated with the respiratory system (dyspnea, pulmonary stridor, and tachypnea), cardiovascular system (tachycardia, subcutaneous edema, and positive venous pulse), digestive system (ruminal atony, bloat, and diarrhea), and nervous system (pelvic limb paresis and staggering pace) were less prevalent. Gross findings (n=125) included enlargement of lymph nodes in 71.2% of the cases; this finding was classified as localized in 89.6% of the cases and generalized in 10.3% of the cases. Out of the cases where the affected lymph nodes were identified (n=58) the distribution of the lymphadenomegaly was the following: mesenteric (51.7%), mediastinal (37.9%), prescapular (29.3%), internal iliac (27.6%), superficial inguinal (25.8%), and tracheobronchial (18.9%). Other commonly affected organs included heart (40%), liver (15.2%), kidney (14.4%), abomasum (12.8%), uterus (11.2%), intestine (10.4%), and lung (7.2%). Tumor masses within the vertebral canal were observed in a few cases (3.2%). Based on the epidemiology and localization of the lesions, the majority of the cases (96%) in this study were classified as enzootic lymphoma (96%) and the remainder of the cases (4%) as sporadic lymphoma. The results herein presented will serve as a guide to large animal practitioners and veterinary pathologists and will help in the confirmation of their suspicion when dealing with cases of bovine lymphoma.(AU)

Hipercalcemia humoral maligna secundária a linfoma mediastinal em cães / Malignant humoral hypercalcemia secondary to mediastinal lymphoma in dogs / Hipercalcemia humoral maligna secundaria a linfoma mediastinal en perros

Hipercalcemia é o aumento de cálcio total ou ionizado na corrente sanguínea e é um marcador para algumas doenças como as neoplasias malignas. Quando ocorre o aumento de cálcio secundário a neoplasias, ele se caracteriza como uma síndrome paraneoplásica. Dentre as neoplasias malignas que causam a hipercalcemia, o linfoma aparece em grande porcentagem dos achados clínicos, sendo o linfoma mediastinal o que é mais associado com a hipercalcemia gerando a hipercalcemia humoral maligna. O linfoma mediastinal é associado à produção de células T por envolver o timo e atinge os linfonodos mediastinais. Através da produção de células neoplásicas ocorre o aumento de cálcio no organismo que é resultado da ligação de proteína relacionada ao paratormônio (PTHrP) aos receptores de paratormônio (PTH) causando reabsorção óssea e por síntese de outras substâncias que agem como ativadores de osteoclastos. A melhor forma de combate a hipercalcemia humoral maligna é o uso de protocolos de quimioterapia. É indicado realização de suporte para o excesso de cálcio no organismo, pois o mesmo causa alterações fisiologicamente indesejáveis.(AU)

Hypercalcemia is the high total or ionized calcium in the circulatory system and it is a marker for some diseases such as malignant neoplasms. When neoplastic secondary high calcium occurs, it characterizes as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Among malignant neoplasms that cause hypercalcemia Iynphoma appears in a huge porcent of clinical findigns, which mediastinal Iymphoma is the most hypercalcemia associated generating the malignant humoural hypercalcemia. Mediastinallymphoma is associated with the production of T cells by envolving thymus and reaches the mediastinallymphs. Throughout the production of neoplastic cells high cálcio in the organismo occurs, which is a result of the linkage of the protein related to parathyroid hormone (PTH) with the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH) causing bone resorption and by the synthesis of other substances that work as osteoclast activators. The best way to fight malignant humoural hypercalcemia is to use chemotherapy protocols. The support for calcium excesso is indicated since it causes unwelcoming physiologically altereations.(AU)

Hipercalcemia es el aumento de calcio total o ionizado en la corriente sanguínea y es un marcador para algunas enfermedades como las neoplasias malignas. Cuando ocurre el aumento de calcio secundario a neoplasias, se caracteriza como un síndrome paraneoplásica. Entre las neoplasias malignas que causan la hipercalcemia, el linfoma aparece en un gran porcentaje de lós hallazgos clínicos siendo el linfoma mediastinal lo que es más asociado con la hipercalcemia generando la hipercalcemia humoral maligna. EI linfoma mediastinal está asociado a la producción de células T por envolver el timo y alcanza los ganglios linfáticos mediastínicos. A través de la producción de células neoplásicas ocurre el aumento de calcio en el organismo que es resultado de la unión de proteína relacionada al paratormonio (PTHrP) a los receptores de paratormonio (PTH) causando la reabsorción ósea y por síntesis de otras sustancias que actúan como activadores de osteoclastos. La mejor forma de combatir la hipercalcemia humoral maligna es el uso de protocolos de quimioterapia. Se indica la realización de soporte para el exceso de calcio en el organismo pues el mismo, causa alteraciones fisiológicamente indeseables.(AU)

Hipercalcemia humoral maligna secundária a linfoma mediastinal em cães / Malignant humoral hypercalcemia secondary to mediastinal lymphoma in dogs / Hipercalcemia humoral maligna secundaria a linfoma mediastinal en perros

Hipercalcemia é o aumento de cálcio total ou ionizado na corrente sanguínea e é um marcador para algumas doenças como as neoplasias malignas. Quando ocorre o aumento de cálcio secundário a neoplasias, ele se caracteriza como uma síndrome paraneoplásica. Dentre as neoplasias malignas que causam a hipercalcemia, o linfoma aparece em grande porcentagem dos achados clínicos, sendo o linfoma mediastinal o que é mais associado com a hipercalcemia gerando a hipercalcemia humoral maligna. O linfoma mediastinal é associado à produção de células T por envolver o timo e atinge os linfonodos mediastinais. Através da produção de células neoplásicas ocorre o aumento de cálcio no organismo que é resultado da ligação de proteína relacionada ao paratormônio (PTHrP) aos receptores de paratormônio (PTH) causando reabsorção óssea e por síntese de outras substâncias que agem como ativadores de osteoclastos. A melhor forma de combate a hipercalcemia humoral maligna é o uso de protocolos de quimioterapia. É indicado realização de suporte para o excesso de cálcio no organismo, pois o mesmo causa alterações fisiologicamente indesejáveis.

Hypercalcemia is the high total or ionized calcium in the circulatory system and it is a marker for some diseases such as malignant neoplasms. When neoplastic secondary high calcium occurs, it characterizes as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Among malignant neoplasms that cause hypercalcemia Iynphoma appears in a huge porcent of clinical findigns, which mediastinal Iymphoma is the most hypercalcemia associated generating the malignant humoural hypercalcemia. Mediastinallymphoma is associated with the production of T cells by envolving thymus and reaches the mediastinallymphs. Throughout the production of neoplastic cells high cálcio in the organismo occurs, which is a result of the linkage of the protein related to parathyroid hormone (PTH) with the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH) causing bone resorption and by the synthesis of other substances that work as osteoclast activators. The best way to fight malignant humoural hypercalcemia is to use chemotherapy protocols. The support for calcium excesso is indicated since it causes unwelcoming physiologically altereations.

Hipercalcemia es el aumento de calcio total o ionizado en la corriente sanguínea y es un marcador para algunas enfermedades como las neoplasias malignas. Cuando ocurre el aumento de calcio secundario a neoplasias, se caracteriza como un síndrome paraneoplásica. Entre las neoplasias malignas que causan la hipercalcemia, el linfoma aparece en un gran porcentaje de lós hallazgos clínicos siendo el linfoma mediastinal lo que es más asociado con la hipercalcemia generando la hipercalcemia humoral maligna. EI linfoma mediastinal está asociado a la producción de células T por envolver el timo y alcanza los ganglios linfáticos mediastínicos. A través de la producción de células neoplásicas ocurre el aumento de calcio en el organismo que es resultado de la unión de proteína relacionada al paratormonio (PTHrP) a los receptores de paratormonio (PTH) causando la reabsorción ósea y por síntesis de otras sustancias que actúan como activadores de osteoclastos. La mejor forma de combatir la hipercalcemia humoral maligna es el uso de protocolos de quimioterapia. Se indica la realización de soporte para el exceso de calcio en el organismo pues el mismo, causa alteraciones fisiológicamente indeseables.

ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS, PATOLÓGICOS E IMUNO-HISTOQUÍMICOS DE LINFOMA EM FELINOS NO SUL DO BRASIL

Os aspectos epidemiológicos, patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos do linfoma em felinos no Sul do Brasil foram avaliados através de um estudo retrospectivo em um período de 12 anos (2004-2016). Em 1356 necropsias de felinos, 125 diagnósticos de linfoma foram revisados com intuito de determinar idade, raça e sexo, topografia tumoral, presença do vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e do vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e imunofenótipo do neoplasma por imuno-histoquímica, além da categorização dos tumores de acordo com o sistema da Organização de Saúde Mundial, aplicado para uso em animais. O linfoma alimentar (33,6%) foi a mais comum, seguido do linfoma mediastinal (28%). A imuno-histoquímica do tecido neoplásico revelou 50,4% de gatos positivos para FeLV e 21.6% positivos para FIV, e 52,8% dos linfomas consistiam de células T e 47,2% de células B. A faixa etária dos gatos com linfoma de células T variou de 10 a 240 (mediana 120) meses e 6 a 204 (mediana 60) meses para gatos com linfoma de células B; 90,4% dos gatos não tinha raça definida. Entre os linfomas alimentares, o linfoma de células T associado à enteropatia do tipo 1 foi o mais frequente e, entre os linfomas mediastinais, o linfoma difuso de grandes células B foi o principal tipo de linfoma encontrado. Considerando apenas linfomas mediastinais e alimentares, houve associação estatística significativa (p0,05) entre infecção por FeLV e as categorias de idade. A prevalência de linfoma mediastinal entre os gatos positivos para FeLV foi de 3,21 vezes a do linfoma mediastinal entre gatos negativos para FeLV. Embora não seja estatisticamente significativo, a prevalência de linfoma de células B entre os gatos positivos para FeLV foi 1,44 vezes maior que a prevalência de linfoma de células B entre os gatos negativos para FeLV. A respeito dos padrões histológicos de infiltração pulmonar pelo linfoma, avaliamos retrospectivamente 125 casos com diagnóstico de linfoma, nos quais 16 casos apresentaram infiltração pulmonar (12,8%). Desses casos, 9 gatos eram fêmeas e 7 machos e todos não tinham raça definida. As lesões macroscópicas observadas nos pulmões consistiram em massas (25%) e nódulos (18,7%). No entanto, a maioria dos casos (56,2%) não exibiu alteração macroscópica. O padrão de infiltração neoplásico peribronquial-vascular (93,7%) foi o mais frequente, seguido do pleural (56,2%), intersticial (50%), nodular (37,5%) e alveolar (12,5%), sendo que 75% dos linfomas tiveram mais do que um padrão de infiltração. Entre os linfomas que exibiram infiltração pulmonar, 14 (87,5%) casos foram identificados como linfoma de células B e 2 (12,5%) de células T; o linfoma difuso de grandes células B foi o tipo mais frequente, representando 56% desses casos.

The epidemiological, pathological and immunohistochemical aspects of lymphoma in felines in southern Brazil were evaluated through a retrospective study over a 12-year period (2004-2016). In 1,356 necropsies, 125 cats with lymphoma diagnosis were review to determine age, breed and sex, tumor topography, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and immunodeficiency feline virus (FIV) immunohistochemistry status, immunophenotype of lymphomas, and categorization of the tumors according to World Health Organizations system applied for use in animals. Alimentary lymphoma (33.6%) was the most common, followed by mediastinal lymphoma (28%). Immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissue revealed 50.4% FeLV-positive and 21.6% FIV-positive cats, and 52.8%T-cell lymphoma and 47.2% B-cell lymphoma. The range of age of cats with T-cell varied from 10 to 240 (median of 120) months and 6 to 204 (median of 60) months for cats with B-cell lymphoma, and mixed-breed was the most frequent with 90.4% among all breeds. Alimentary lymphoma exhibited the enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (type 1) as the most common and mediastinal lymphoma showed the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma as the main type of lymphoma. Considering only mediastinal and alimentary lymphomas, there was significantly statistical association (p0.05) between FeLV status and the categories of age. The prevalence of mediastinal lymphoma among FeLV-positive cats was 3.21 times the higher than FeLV-negative cats. Although not statistically significant, the prevalence of B-cell lineage among FeLV-positive cats was 1.44 times the prevalence of B-cell lineage among FeLV-negative cats. Regarding the histological patterns of pulmonary infiltration by lymphoma, it was retrospectively assessed 125 reports with lymphoma diagnosis, in which 16 cases showed pulmonary infiltration (12.8%). Of these, 9 cats were females and 7 were males; all of them were mixed-breed cats. Gross lesions observed in the lungs consisted of masses (25%) and nodules (18.7%); however, the majority of cases (56.2%) did not show any gross abnormality. The peribronchial-vascular infiltration pattern (93.7%) was the most frequent pattern, followed by pleural (56.2%), interstitial (50%), nodular (37.5%) and alveolar (12.5%), and 75% of the lymphomas had more than one infiltration pattern. Among the lymphomas with pulmonary involvement, there were 14 (87.5%) B-cell and 2 (12.5%) T-cell lymphomas and the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most frequent type accounting for 56% of these cases.