Erratum

On page 1, where the text reads:Luisa Cunha Carneiro1; João Paulo Elsen Saut2; Mariana de Oliveira Almeida2; Sara Pedrosa Franco Barbosa2; Erin Jane Williams3; Eneiva Carla Carvalho Celeghini11 Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Campus Fernando Costa, Pirassununga ­ SP, Brazil2 Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia ­ MG, Brazil3 University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute e The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, ScotlandIt should read:Luisa Cunha Carneiro1; João Paulo Elsen Saut2,3; Mariana de Oliveira Almeida2; Sara Pedrosa Franco Barbosa2; Erin Jane Williams4; Hévila Dutra Barbosa de Cerqueira3; Eneiva Carla Carvalho Celeghini11 Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Campus Fernando Costa, Pirassununga ­ SP, Brazil2 Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia ­ MG, Brazil3 Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias,Valdivia, Chile4 University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, ScotlandOn page 2, where the text reads:How to cite: Carneiro LC, Saut JPE, Almeida MO, Barbosa SPF, Williams EJ, Celeghini ECC. The in vitro effects of n-3 fatty acids on immune response regulation of bovine ex vivo endometrial explants. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci. 2023;60:e202442. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2023.202442.It should read:How to cite: Carneiro LC, Saut JPE, Almeida MO, Barbosa SPF, Williams EJ, Cerqueira HDB, Celeghini ECC. The in vitro effects of n-3 fatty acids on immune response regulation of bovine ex vivo endometrial explants. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci. 2023;60:e202442. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2023.202442.The authors apologize for the errors.

Erratum of: Bone Growth and Meat Quality of Quails Submitted to Different Lighting Programs

In the article Bone Growth and Meat Quality of Quails Submitted to Different Lighting Programs, Doi: 10.1590/1806-9061-2022-1701, published in the Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícolas/Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, v25 (1):001-010, In page 01 to 09 where it was written: Bone Growth and Meat Quality of Quails Submitted to Different Lighting Programs The correct form is: Bone Growth and Quality of Meat Quails Submitted to Different Lighting Programmes

Distinct carbapenems susceptibility profiles in isogenic isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae presenting Ompk36 disruption and expression of down-regulated blaKPC-2 / Perfis distintos de suscetibilidade a carbapenêmicos em isolados isogênicos de Klebsiella pneumoniae apresentando interrupção de Ompk36 e expressão de blaKPC-2 negativamente regulada

The isolation of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospitals is a major public health threat, increasing patient hospitalization costs, morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this work investigated the resistance mechanisms that produced different carbapenems susceptibility profiles in two isogenic strains of K. pneumoniae isolated from the same patient in a public hospital in Recife, Pernambuco. The genes that encode the main porins in K. pneumoniae, ompK35 and ompK36, and several beta-lactamase genes were analyzed. The expression of these genes was evaluated by quantitative real time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with reverse transcriptase (RT-qPCR). SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate­polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was performed to analyze the outer membrane proteins. The analysis of the ompK36 genetic environment disclosed an IS903 insertion sequence disrupting this gene in the ertapenem resistant isolate (KPN133). The blaKPC-2 gene showed down-regulated expression in both isolates. Our findings show that changes in porins, especially OmpK36, are more determinant to carbapenems susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates than variations in blaKPC gene expression.

O isolamento de Klebsiella pneumoniae multirresistente em hospitais é uma grande ameaça à saúde pública, aumentando os custos de internação, morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes. Portanto, este trabalho investigou os mecanismos de resistência que produziram diferentes perfis de suscetibilidade aos carbapenêmicos em duas cepas isogênicas de K. pneumoniae isoladas do mesmo paciente em um hospital público em Recife, Pernambuco. Foram analisados ​​os genes que codificam as principais porinas em K. pneumoniae, ompK35 e ompK36, e diversos genes de beta-lactamases. A expressão desses genes foi avaliada por PCR (reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa em tempo real) com transcriptase reversa (RT-qPCR). SDS-PAGE (dodecil sulfato de sódio-poliacrilamida gel eletroforese) foi realizada para analisar as proteínas da membrana externa. A análise do ambiente genético ompK36 revelou uma sequência de inserção IS903 interrompendo este gene no isolado resistente ao ertapenem (KPN133). O gene blaKPC-2 apresentou expressão negativamente regulada em ambos os isolados. Nossos achados mostram que alterações nas porinas, especialmente OmpK36, são mais determinantes no perfil de suscetibilidade aos carbapenêmicos de isolados bacterianos do que variações na expressão do gene blaKPC.

A catalog of Pipunculidae of Chile (Diptera)

An updated catalog of the Pipunculidae from Chile is provided. We present all valid names and synonyms for the 21 species belonging to six genera and three subfamilies distributed in the country. Information is given on name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type depository, type locality, Chilean localities, and references. Tomosvaryella Aczél and Eudorylas Aczél are the richest genera in Chile, with eight species each, followed by Protonephrocerus Collin with two species, and Chalarus Walker, Neocephalosphaera De Meyer and Elmohardyia Rafael with one species each. The geographical distribution of the species was compiled from the literature and the retrieval of distributional data from collections.

Mobilization of seed storage proteins is crucial to high vigor in common bean seeds / Mobilização das proteínas de reserva é crucial para o alto vigor em sementes de feijão

Seed germination is a complex process controlled by many factors, in which physical and biochemical mechanisms are involved and the mobilization of reserves is crucial for this process to occur. Although, seed reserve mobilization is usually thought to be a post-germination process, seed reserve proteins mobilization occurs during germination. This study quantified seed proteins of bean genotypes during different hydration times, in order to understand the process of protein mobilization and whether there is relationship of this biochemical component with seed vigor. This study was conducted using seeds with different levels of vigor, genotypes with highest (13, 42, 55 and 81) and lowest (07, 23, 44, 50, IPR-88-Uirapurú and Iapar 81) physiological quality. High vigor genotypes showed greater efficiency in hydrolysis and mobilization of protein component, because they presented low globulins content in cotyledons at radicle protrusion in relation to low vigor genotypes (07, 23 and 50). The protein alpha-amylase inhibitor, observed in all genotypes, is involved with the longer time needed for radicle protrusion, according to the band intensity difference in genotypes 07, 44 and Iapar 81.

A germinação de sementes é um processo complexo controlado por muitos fatores, nos quais mecanismos físicos e bioquímicos estão envolvidos e a mobilização de reservas é decisiva para que esse processo ocorra. Embora a mobilização de reservas de sementes seja considerada um processo pós-germinativo, a mobilização das proteínas de reserva de sementes ocorre durante a germinação. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar as proteínas de sementes de genótipos de feijão durante os diferentes tempos de hidratação, a fim de compreender o processo de mobilização proteica e se há relação desse componente bioquímico com o vigor das sementes. Este estudo foi realizado utilizando sementes com diferentes níveis de vigor, genótipos com maior (13, 42, 55 e 81) e menor (07, 23, 44, 50, IPR-88-Uirapurú e Iapar 81) qualidade fisiológica. Os genótipos de alto vigor apresentaram maior eficiência na hidrólise e mobilização do componente proteico, pois apresentaram baixo teor de globulinas nos cotilédones na protrusão radicular em relação aos genótipos de baixo vigor (07, 23 e 50). A proteína inibidora da alfa-amilase, observada em todos os genótipos, está envolvida com o maior tempo necessário para a protrusão da radícula, de acordo com a diferença de intensidade da banda nos genótipos 07, 44 e Iapar 81.

Erratum / Errata

In the article Impacts of a large hydroelectric dam on the Madeira River (Brazil) on floodplain avifauna, with DOI: 10.1590/1809-4392202100662, published in the journal Acta Amazonica, 51:298-310, on page 298: Where it reads: "Tomaz Nascimendo de MELO" Tomaz Nascimendo de MELO, Marconi Campos CERQUEIRA, Fernando Mendonça D'HORTA, Hanna TUOMISTO, Jasper Van DONINCK, Camila Cherem RIBAS Please read as: "Tomaz Nascimento de MELO" Tomaz Nascimento de MELO, Marconi Campos CERQUEIRA, Fernando Mendonça D'HORTA, Hanna TUOMISTO, Jasper Van DONINCK, Camila Cherem RIBAS

Erratum of: Possibilities of Using Chia Oil as an Omega-3 Source in Laying Quail Diets

In the article Possibilities of Using Chia Oil As an Omega-3 Source in Laying Quail Diets Chia Oil Supplementation on Quails, Doi: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1444, published in the Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícolas/Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, v24 (3):001-008, In page header 01 to 07 where it was written: Possibilities of Using Chia Oil As an Omega-3 Source in Laying Quail Diets Chia Oil Supplementation on Quails The correct form is: Possibilities of Using Chia Oil as an Omega-3 Source in Laying Quail Diets

Erratum / Errata

In the manuscript "Diet of Psalidodon aff. fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) (Teleostei: Characidae) in a neotropical river before reservoir formation" DOI: https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2022.48.e728, published in Fonseca et al., Bol. Inst. Pesca 2022, 48: e728, on pages 5 and 7:Page 5, figure 2Where it reads:Figure 2. Accumulation curve of the number of diet items that occurred as the number of analyzed stomachs increased for 536 individuals of Psalidodon aff. fasciatus from Tibagi River, Paraná, Brazil, collected from October 2017 to July 2019.It should read:Figure 2. Costello diagram, as modified by Amundsen et al. (1996), showing the relationships between the number of items (i.e., prey richness, PI) and the frequency of occurrence (FO) of items in the diet of Psalidodon aff. fasciatus from five sites in Tibagi River, Paraná, Brazil. (A) spring; (B) summer; (C) autumn; (D) winter.Page 7, figure 3Where it reads:Figure 3. Costello diagram, as modified by Amundsen et al. (1996), showing the relationships between the number of items (i.e., prey richness, PI) and the frequency of occurrence (FO) of items in the diet of Psalidodon aff. fasciatus from five sites in Tibagi River, Paraná, Brazil. (A) spring; (B) summer; (C) autumn; (D) winter.It should read:Figure 3. Accumulation curve of the number of diet items that occurred as the number of analyzed stomachs increased for 536 individuals of Psalidodon aff. fasciatus from Tibagi River, Paraná, Brazil, collected from October 2017 to July 2019.

Drying temperatures on the functional properties of purple-fleshed sweet potato / Efeito das temperaturas de secagem nas propriedades funcionais da batata doce de polpa roxa

Purple-fleshed sweet potatoes are rich in phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, and also exhibit hypoglycemic properties. Anthocyanins are natural antioxidants with the capacity to inhibit or delay injuries caused by free radicals. Drying is one of the most commonly used vegetable preservation methods; although,it has parameters that affect the sensory and physicochemical properties of the final product. The present study assessed the impact of drying temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C) on the purple-fleshed sweet potato. Cut, unpeeled potato slices of 4 cm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were dried in an oven with hot air circulation. The effect of the different temperatures on the antioxidant capacity, phenolic compound content, and total and monomeric quantities of anthocyanins in purple sweet potato were measured, and a mathematical model describing the drying kinetics was determined. According to the results observed, the process at 40 °C better preserved the phenolic compounds; however, drying at 50 °C was more efficient for conserving the antioxidant capacity measured by the H + capture method performed by DDPH, and for the total and monomeric quantities of anthocyanins. The mathematical models that best described the kinetic curves were those of Henderson and Pabis, and Page.

A batata doce roxa de polpa roxa é rica em compostos fenólicos, como as antocianinas além de possuir também propriedades hipoglicêmicas. As antocianinas são antioxidantes naturais capazes de inibir ou retardar lesões causadas por radicais livres. Um dos métodos de conservação de vegetais mais utilizados é a secagem. Mesmo sendo um método de execução simples, possui parâmetros de processo que interferem amplamente em termos sensoriais e nas propriedades físico-químicas do produto final. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto de três temperaturas de secagem (40, 50 e 60 °C), em rodelas de batata doce roxa de polpa roxa com casca, com diâmetro de 4cm e espessura de 3mm, em desidratador com circulação de ar quente sobre a capacidade antioxidante, teor de compostos fenólicos, antocianinas totais e monoméricas, além de determinar um modelo matemático que pudesse descrever as cinéticas de secagem. De acordo com os resultados obtidos a secagem a 40 °C se mostrou mais conveniente em termos de compostos fenólicos, porém a secagem a 50 °C se mostrou mais eficiente para o resultado de capacidade antioxidante pelo método de captura de H+ realizado por DPPH e para antocianinas totais e monoméricas. Os modelos matemáticos que descreveram melhor as curvas de cinética foram o modelos de Henderson e Pabis e o de Page.

Comparative venomic profiles of three spiders of the genus Phoneutria

Abstract Background: Spider venoms induce different physio-pharmacological effects by binding with high affinity on molecular targets, therefore being of biotechnological interest. Some of these toxins, acting on different types of ion channels, have been identified in the venom of spiders of the genus Phoneutria, mainly from P. nigriventer. In spite of the pharmaceutical potential demonstrated by P. nigriventer toxins, there is limited information on molecules from venoms of the same genus, as their toxins remain poorly characterized. Understanding this diversity and clarifying the differences in the mechanisms of action of spider toxins is of great importance for establishing their true biotechnological potential. This prompted us to compare three different venoms of the Phoneutria genus: P. nigriventer (Pn-V), P. eickstedtae (Pe-V) and P. pertyi (Pp-V). Methods: Biochemical and functional comparison of the venoms were carried out by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, mass spectrometry, enzymatic activities and electrophysiological assays (whole-cell patch clamp). Results: The employed approach revealed that all three venoms had an overall similarity in their components, with only minor differences. The presence of a high number of similar proteins was evident, particularly toxins in the mass range of ~6.0 kDa. Hyaluronidase and proteolytic activities were detected in all venoms, in addition to isoforms of the toxins Tx1 and Tx2-6. All Tx1 isoforms blocked Nav1.6 ion currents, with slight differences. Conclusion: Our findings showed that Pn-V, Pe-V and Pp-V are highly similar concerning protein composition and enzymatic activities, containing isoforms of the same toxins sharing high sequence homology, with minor modifications. However, these structural and functional variations are very important for venom diversity. In addition, our findings will contribute to the comprehension of the molecular diversity of the venoms of the other species from Phoneutria genus, exposing their biotechnological potential as a source for searching for new active molecules.

A catalogue of the Lonchaeidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) and Teratomyzidae (Diptera: Opomyzoidea) of Chile

A catalogue of the Lonchaeidae and Teratomyzidae of Chile is presented. This paper comprises two genera with five species of Lonchaeidae and two genera with two species of Teratomyzidae known from Chile, including information about the name of the taxon, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type depository, type locality, and references. The geographical distributions of each species were determined by examination of bibliographic data and of label data on specimens in collections.(AU0

The payment of compensation in the closed season in Brazil: a spatio-temporal analysis of the last five years / O Pagamento do seguro defeso no Brasil: uma análise espaço-temporal dos últimos cinco anos

The policy of a closed season with compensation consists of the payment of a minimum wage to the artisanal fishers during the months in which fishing is prohibited. Despite its relevance, there are re-ports of illegal practices in this system and, as such, this study aimed to carry out an assessment of the closed season compensation payment (CSC) from 2016 to 2020. Data were obtained from the official Federal Government web page. They were tabulated and thematic maps were prepared with the value of the CSC payed by state of Brazil and by municipality of the two states that collected the most benefit. The number of fishers in each state was also assessed. Between 2016 and 2020, US$ 2,955,844,475.74 was provided in the form of CSC. The largest part (47.7%) was paid to the states of Pará and Maranhão. In Pará, Cametá received the greatest amount, while in Maranhão, the municipality of Viana received the greatest amount. The number of fishers increased 58% over the years and, in 2020, 733,422 were registered. The closed season is an important management tool, but it needs to be supervised, othe-rwise, it may present infringements. (AU)

O seguro defeso consiste no pagamento de um salário mínimo ao pescador artesanal durante os meses em que a pesca fica proibida. Apesar da sua relevância, existem relatos de ilegalidades no sistema e este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma avaliação do pagamento do seguro defeso (SD) de 2016 a 2020. Os dados foram coletados no portal oficial do Governo Federal e tabulados. Foram elabora-dos mapas temáticos com o valor do SD arrecadado por estado do Brasil e por município dos dois estados que mais arrecadaram o benefício. Também foi avaliado o número de pescadores de cada es-tado. Entre 2016 a 2020 foi realizado o pagamento de US$ 2.955.844.475,74 na forma de SD. A maior quantidade de recurso (47,7%) foi destinada aos estados do Pará e Maranhão. No Pará, Cametá rece-beu o maior pagamento, enquanto no Maranhão foi o município de Viana. O número de pescadores aumentou 58% ao longo dos anos e em 2020 foram registrados 733.422. O defeso é um importante instrumento de manejo, porém precisa ser fiscalizado; caso contrário, pode apresentar ilegalidades. (AU)

The changing of gelatin properties from tra catfish skin (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) by alkaline replacement to enzyme in pretreated process / Alterações das propriedades da gelatina da pele do bagre tra (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) pela substituição alcalina por enzima no processo pré-tratado

The effect of pretreated method to remove the non-collagenous protein by using alkaline and enzyme Alcalase, as well as the temperature and time for extracting on the properties of gelatin from tra catfish skin were investigated. Yields of gelatin extracted at 70 °C for 1h from pretreated skin by enzyme method (16.2%) was significantly higher than that of the sample by alkaline method (12.14%). However, the gel strength of gelatin from skin treated via enzyme Alcalase was lower than gelatin sample pretreated by alkaline while the turbidity values was higher than gelatin from skin pretreated via alkaline. From SDS-PAGE profile, gelatin from skin pretreated by alkaline consisted of two different α- chains in protein pattern while enzymatic gelatin had low molecular weight peptides. The FT-IR spectra showed the lower wavenumber in amide I and III of enzymatic gelatin in compare to alkaline gelatin by the loss of triple helical structure during enzyme treatment. From the results, the using enzyme for pretreated material has potential to replace the alkaline method for gelatin production with purpose to reduce chemical waste caused serious ecological issues.

Investigou-se o efeito do método pré-tratado para remoção da proteína não colágena com a utilização da alcalina e da enzima Alcalase, bem como a temperatura e o tempo de extração sobre as propriedades da gelatina da pele do bagre tra. O rendimento da gelatina extraída a 70 °C por 1h da pele pré-tratada pelo método enzimático (16,2%) foi significativamente superior ao da amostra pelo método alcalino (12,14%). No entanto, a força do gel da gelatina da pele tratada com a enzima Alcalase foi menor do que a amostra de gelatina pré-tratada com alcalina, enquanto os valores de turbidez foram maiores do que a gelatina da pele pré-tratada com alcalina. A partir do perfil SDS-PAGE, a gelatina da pele pré-tratada com alcalina consistia em duas cadeias α diferentes no padrão de proteína, enquanto a gelatina enzimática tinha peptídeos de baixo peso molecular. Os espectros de FT-IR mostraram o menor número de onda na amida I e III da gelatina enzimática em comparação com a gelatina alcalina pela perda da estrutura helicoidal tripla durante o tratamento enzimático. Pelos resultados obtidos, a utilização de enzimas para material pré-tratado tem potencial para substituir o método alcalino para produção de gelatina com objetivo de reduzir o desperdício químico causado por sérios problemas ecológicos.

Can intramammary infections change immunoglobulins and acute phase proteins of colostrum and transition milk in dairy goats? / A infecção intramamária pode alterar imunoglobulinas e proteínas de fase aguda do colostro e do leite de transição de cabras leiteiras?

Proteiongram analysis is useful for the early diagnosis of intramammary infections during the period of colostrogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of total proteins, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the colostrum of dairy goats with intramammary infections. Animals were divided in groups: GI (n=12) of goats without mammary gland infections, and GII (n=8) of goats with mammary gland infections. Intramammary infections were diagnosed using microbiological isolations and somatic cell counts Cs). Total protein was evaluated in the samples using SDS-PAGE shortly after parturition, and 24 and 48 hours after that event. Non-aureus Staphylococcus (NAS) were detected all isolates. At 48 h, GII had high IgG levels and a SCC of 1660.25 x 103/mL. Levels of total protein were high in this group at 24 and 48 h. Albumin levels were high in goats with mastitis at 24 h. Overall, the IgG, lactoferrin, and albumin levels differed between animals with and without intramammary infections at M0. GGT activity was not influenced by the intramammary infection. The results of this study reinforce the importance of the proteinogram as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of mastitis in dairy goats.

O proteinograma do colostro/leite pode ser útil para diagnóstico precoce de infecções intramamárias, assim como para a avaliação da intensidade da resposta inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil de proteínas, imunoglobulinas, lactoferrina e gamaglutamiltransferase no colostro de cabras leiteiras portadoras s de infecções intramamárias. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, GI (n 12), composto por cabras sem isolamento microbiológico das glândulas mamárias, e GII (n 8), composto por cabras com resultados positivos na cultura do leite de pelo menos uma das glândulas mamárias. O diagnóstico de infecção intramamária foi realizado logo após o parto, por meio de isolamento microbiológico e de contagem de células somáticas (CCS). Os níveis de proteína total, imunoglobulina A (IgA), imunoglobulina (G) (IgG), lactoferrina, albumina e atividade da gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) foram avaliados em amostras de colostro/leite de transição, usando-se SDS-PAGE logo após o parto bem como às 24 e às 48 horas após esse evento. Staphylococcus não aureus (NAS) foram encontrados em todos os isolamentos. A concentração de IgG de 186 foi superior no GII apenas às 48h, ao mesmo tempo em que o CCS foi de 1660,25 x 10/mL. No entanto, a proteína total foi maior neste grupo às 24 e às 48h. A albumina foi maior nas cabras com mastite às 24h, e a lactoferrina no momento 0h (M0) e às 48h. Em geral, os valores de IgG, lactoferrina e albumina diferiram entre os animais com e sem infecções intramamárias no M0. A atividade da gamaglutamiltransferase não foi influenciada pela infecção intramamária. Os resultados deste estudo reforçam a importância do proteinograma como uma ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico da mastite em cabras leiteiras.

Chicken recombinant adiponectin enhances fatty acid metabolism in oleic acid- and palmitic acid-treated LMH cells

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of recombinant adiponectin on chicken liver cells. The full-length chicken adiponectin gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into the vector pET-32a, followed by the transformation of the vector into Escherichia coli BL21. SDS-PAGE was used to detect and analyze the purity of the expressed recombinant protein. Induction was performed with 1 mM IPTG at 30 °C for 3 h, and the recombinant thioredoxin­adiponectin fusion protein was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Chicken adiponectin was successfully expressed and purified in a bacterial system. In addition, the chicken recombinant adiponectin demonstrated that it ameliorates palmitic acid- and oleic acid-induced adipogenesis, in which an increase in ß-oxidation and a decrease in lipogenesis-related genes may be involved. In summary, chicken recombinant adiponectin enhances fatty acid metabolism in LMH cells.(AU)

Venom composition of Trimeresurus albolabris, T. insularis, T. puniceus and T. purpureomaculatus from Indonesia

Background: Several studies have been published on the characterization of Trimeresurus venoms. However, there is still limited information concerning the venom composition of Trimeresurus species distributed throughout Indonesia, which contributes to significant snakebite envenomation cases. The present study describes a comparative on the composition of T. albolabris, T. insularis, T. puniceus, and T. purpureomaculatus venoms originated from Indonesia. Methods: Protein content in the venom of four Trimeresurus species was determined using Bradford assay, and the venom proteome was elucidated using one-dimension SDS PAGE nano-ESI- LCMS/MS shotgun proteomics. Results: The venom of T. albolabris contained the highest protein content of 11.1 mg/mL, followed by T. puniceus, T. insularis and T. purpureomaculatus venom with 10.7 mg/mL, 8.9 mg/mL and 5.54 mg/mL protein, respectively. In total, our venomic analysis identified 65 proteins belonging to 16 protein families in T. purpureomaculatus; 64 proteins belonging to 18 protein families in T. albolabris; 58 different proteins belonging to 14 protein families in T. puniceus; and 48 different proteins belonging to 14 protein familiesin T. insularis. Four major proteins identified in all venoms belonged to snake venom metalloproteinase, C-type lectin, snake venom serine protease, and phospholipase A2. There were 11 common proteins in all venoms, and T. puniceus venom has the highest number of unique proteins compared to the other three venoms. Cluster analysis of the proteins and venoms showed that T. puniceus venom has the most distinct venom composition. Conclusions: Overall, the results highlighted venom compositional variation of four Trimeresurus spp. from Indonesia. The venoms appear to be highly similar, comprising at least four protein families that correlate with venom's toxin properties and function. This study adds more information on venom variability among Trimeresurus species within the close geographic origin and may contribute to the development of optimum heterologous antivenom.(AU)

Biochemical and proteomic analyses of venom from a new pit viper, Protobothrops kelomohy

Background: A new pit viper, Protobothrops kelomohy, has been recently discovered in northern and northwestern Thailand. Envenoming by the other Protobothrops species across several Asian countries has been a serious health problem since their venom is highly hematotoxic. However, the management of P. kelomohy bites is required as no specific antivenom is available. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical properties and proteomes of P. kelomohy venom (PKV), including the cross-neutralization to its lethality with antivenoms available in Thailand. Methods: PKV was evaluated for its neutralizing capacity (ER50), lethality (LD50), procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects with three monovalent antivenoms (TAAV, DSAV, and CRAV) and one polyvalent (HPAV) hematotoxic antivenom. The enzymatic activities were examined in comparison with venoms of Trimeresurus albolabris (TAV), Daboia siamensis (DSV), Calloselasma rhodostoma (CRV). Molecular mass was separated on SDS-PAGE, then the specific proteins were determined by western blotting. The venom protein classification was analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results: Intravenous LD50 of PKV was 0.67 µg/g. ER50 of HPAV, DSAV and TAAV neutralize PKV at 1.02, 0.36 and 0.12 mg/mL, respectively. PKV exhibited procoagulant effect with a minimal coagulation dose of 12.5 ± 0.016 µg/mL and hemorrhagic effect with a minimal hemorrhagic dose of 1.20 ± 0.71 µg/mouse. HPAV was significantly effective in neutralizing procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects of PKV than those of TAAV, DSAV and CRAV. All enzymatic activities among four venoms exhibited significant differences. PKV proteome revealed eleven classes of putative snake venom proteins, predominantly metalloproteinase (40.85%), serine protease (29.93%), and phospholipase A2 (15.49%). Conclusions: Enzymatic activities of PKV are similarly related to other viperid venoms in this study by quantitatively hematotoxic properties. Three major venom toxins were responsible for coagulopathy in PKV envenomation. The antivenom HPAV was considered effective in neutralizing the lethality, procoagulant and hemorrhagic effects of PKV.(AU)

Comparative venomic profiles of three spiders of the genus Phoneutria

Spider venoms induce different physio-pharmacological effects by binding with high affinity on molecular targets, therefore being of biotechnological interest. Some of these toxins, acting on different types of ion channels, have been identified in the venom of spiders of the genus Phoneutria, mainly from P. nigriventer. In spite of the pharmaceutical potential demonstrated by P. nigriventer toxins, there is limited information on molecules from venoms of the same genus, as their toxins remain poorly characterized. Understanding this diversity and clarifying the differences in the mechanisms of action of spider toxins is of great importance for establishing their true biotechnological potential. This prompted us to compare three different venoms of the Phoneutria genus: P. nigriventer (Pn-V), P. eickstedtae (Pe-V) and P. pertyi (Pp-V). Methods: Biochemical and functional comparison of the venoms were carried out by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, mass spectrometry, enzymatic activities and electrophysiological assays (whole-cell patch clamp). Results: The employed approach revealed that all three venoms had an overall similarity in their components, with only minor differences. The presence of a high number of similar proteins was evident, particularly toxins in the mass range of ~6.0 kDa. Hyaluronidase and proteolytic activities were detected in all venoms, in addition to isoforms of the toxins Tx1 and Tx2-6. All Tx1 isoforms blocked Nav1.6 ion currents, with slight differences. Conclusion: Our findings showed that Pn-V, Pe-V and Pp-V are highly similar concerning protein composition and enzymatic activities, containing isoforms of the same toxins sharing high sequence homology, with minor modifications. However, these structural and functional variations are very important for venom diversity. In addition, our findings will contribute to the comprehension of the molecular diversity of the venoms of the other species from Phoneutria genus, exposing their biotechnological potential as a source for searching for new active molecules.(AU)

Catalogue of Pyrgotidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) from Chile

Abstract A catalogue of the Pyrgotidae (Diptera) from Chile is provided. All valid names are presented, comprising three species in two genera for the country. All references known to us from the taxonomic and biological literature, to the included names, are provided, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality, distribution, and references.

Comparison of biological activities of Tityus pachyurus venom from two Colombian regions

Background: In the present study, we have tested whether specimens of the medically relevant scorpion Tityus pachyurus, collected from two climatically and ecologically different regions, differ in the biological activities of the venom. Methods: Scorpions were collected in Tolima and Huila, Colombia. Chemical profiles of the crude venom were obtained from 80 scorpions for each region, using SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. Assays for phospholipase A2, direct and indirect hemolytic, proteolytic, neuromuscular, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities were carried out. Results: The electrophoretic profiles of venom from the two regions showed similar bands of 6-14 kDa, 36-45 kDa, 65 kDa and 97 kDa. However, bands between 36 kDa and 65 kDa were observed with more intensity in venoms from Tolima, and a 95 kDa band occurred only in venoms from Huila. The chromatographic profile of the venoms showed differences in the intensity of some peaks, which could be associated with changes in the abundance of some components between both populations. Phospholipase A2 and hemolytic activities were not observable, whereas both venoms showed proteolytic activity towards casein. Insecticidal activity of the venoms from both regions showed significant variation in potency, the bactericidal activity was variable and low for both venoms. Moreover, no differences were observed in the neuromuscular activity assay. Conclusion: Our results reveal some variation in the activity of the venom between both populations, which could be explained by the ecological adaptations like differences in feeding, altitude and/or diverse predator exposure. However more in-depth studies are necessary to determine the drivers behind the differences in venom composition and activities.(AU)