Breeding and productive qualities of ducks of the local population in northern Kazakhstan / As qualidades reprodutivas e produtivas dos patos da população local no norte do Cazaquistão

The production of duck meat in the republic was previously based on the use of 4-5 lines and populations of the Beijing breed, where the Medeo cross lines (M-1 paternal and M2-maternal) were the most widespread. At the same time, many domestic lines and populations, such as the cross "Bishkulskaya Tsvetnaya", "Kyzylzharsky", whose livestock is concentrated in the Northern region, represent rich genetic material and can be used to create new crosses. This article describes the productive and breeding qualities of ducks of the local population in the Northern region of Kazakhstan, the data obtained make it possible for further purposeful breeding work to create, preserve highly productive poultry, providing highly efficient production of eggs and meat, adapted to both industrial conditions and conditions of keeping in small-scale and farms. On the basis of "Bishkul Poultry Farm" LLP, we obtained results on the assessment of productive and breeding indicators of ducks of the local population.

A produção de carne de pato na república era anteriormente baseada no uso de 4 a 5 linhas e populações da raça de Pequim, onde as linhas de cruz Medeo (m-1 paterna e M2-materna) eram mais difundidas. No entanto, muitas linhas e populações domésticas, como cross "Bishkul Color" e "Kyzylzharsky", cuja população está concentrada na região Norte, representam um rico material genético e podem ser utilizados em novos cruzamentos. Este artigo descreve as qualidades produtivas e reprodutivas dos patos da população local na região norte do Cazaquistão. Os dados obtidos permitem um trabalho de criação mais focado na criação e preservação de aves altamente produtivas, garantindo a produção altamente eficiente de ovos e carne, adaptada tanto às condições industriais quanto às condições de detenção em pequenas fazendas. Com base na "Bishkul avicultura LLP", obtivemos resultados relacionados à avaliação dos indicadores produtivos e reprodutivos dos patos da população local.

Physical quality of eggs of four strains of poultry

The layer poultry is an important activity for food production with high biological value. Measuring egg quality has great relevance to ensure safety and quality products for consumers. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the egg physical quality of four laying hens strains. Were used 864 eggs from four laying hens lines (Hisex Brown®, Hy-Line Brown®, Isa Label®, and Lohmann Brown®). The experimental design was completely randomized composed of four treatments (strains) with nine replications with four eggs each. Egg weight, eggdiameter, egg length, specific gravity, yolk, albumen and shell weight and percentage, Haugh units, and shell thickness were evaluated. There was a significant difference for all parameters evaluated. The Hisex Brown®strain showed the best results for egg diameter, egg length, specific weight, albumen height, Haugh units, yolk weight, albumen%, shell weight, shell%, and shell thickness, while the Hy-Line Brown®produced bigger and heavier eggs, and Isa Label®presented the highest yolk%. The Hisex Brown®strain showed the better physical quality of eggs when compared to the other studied lines, the strain being indicated when the objective is to produce eggs with better internal and external quality.(AU)

Physical quality of eggs of four strains of poultry

The layer poultry is an important activity for food production with high biological value. Measuring egg quality has great relevance to ensure safety and quality products for consumers. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the egg physical quality of four laying hen’s strains. Were used 864 eggs from four laying hens’ lines (Hisex Brown®, Hy-Line Brown®, Isa Label®, and Lohmann Brown®). The experimental design was completely randomized composed of four treatments (strains) with nine replications with four eggs each. Egg weight, eggdiameter, egg length, specific gravity, yolk, albumen and shell weight and percentage, Haugh units, and shell thickness were evaluated. There was a significant difference for all parameters evaluated. The Hisex Brown®strain showed the best results for egg diameter, egg length, specific weight, albumen height, Haugh units, yolk weight, albumen%, shell weight, shell%, and shell thickness, while the Hy-Line Brown®produced bigger and heavier eggs, and Isa Label®presented the highest yolk%. The Hisex Brown®strain showed the better physical quality of eggs when compared to the other studied lines, the strain being indicated when the objective is to produce eggs with better internal and external quality.

Main causes of chicken carcass condemnations in Espírito Santo, Brazil / Principais causas de condenações de carcaça de frango no Espírito Santo, Brasil

Brazil is the third largest producer and the main exporter of chicken meat in the world. In 2019, it produced approximately 13.245 million tons of the product, generating more than six million dollars. According to the Poultry Association of the state of Espírito Santo, broiler production is carried out by 28 independent producers/companies, three integrator businesses, 42 integrated producers and seven slaughterhouses (structures with SIF, SIE/SISBI or SIE certification). Despite the growth of this sector, problems persist regarding the quality of carcasses and the number of condemnations. From the sanitary and industrial point of view, all products of animal origin must undergo prior inspection. The present study was developed using data generated by the Federal Inspection Service (Serviço de Inspeção Federal, SIF) and the State Inspection Service (Serviço de Inspeção Estadual, SIE). The main causes of condemnation of birds as inspected by SIF represented 9.26% of the slaughtered birds. Total condemnations corresponded to 1.35%. Overall, this study recorded a greater number of condemnations of non-pathological origin. In conclusion, there was consistency in the reasons why these products were condemned. Bruises/fractures and contamination were the most frequent causes according to both inspection services (SIF and SIE), indicating a common problem on the slaughter and inspection lines.(AU)

O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor e o principal exportador de carne de frango do mundo. Em 2019, produziu aproximadamente 13,245 milhões de toneladas, faturando mais de seis milhões de dólares. Segundo a Associação dos Avicultores do Estado do Espírito Santo, a avicultura de corte conta com 28 produtores/empresas independentes, três integradoras, 42 integrados além de 7 abatedouros (estruturas com SIF, SIE/SISBI ou SIE). Embora tenha havido crescimento neste setor, ainda persistem problemas relacionados com a qualidade das carcaças e com o quantitativo de condenações. Sob o ponto de vista sanitário e industrial todos os produtos de origem animal devem receber fiscalização prévia. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido mediante levantamento de dados gerados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) e pelo Serviço de Inspeção Estadual (SIE). As principais causas de condenações de aves inspecionadas pelo SIF representaram 9,26% das aves abatidas. Para as condenações totais foi registrado o percentual de 1,35%. Este estudo registrou, no geral, um maior número de condenações de origem não patológica. Conclui-se que houve uma constância nas razões pelas quais esses produtos sofreram condenações. As contusões/fraturas e contaminações foram as de maior ocorrência, em ambos os Serviços de Inspeção (SIF e SIE), indicando um problema comum na linha de abate e inspeção.(AU)

Effect of crushed sugarcane on performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of free-range chicken lines / Efeito da cana-de-açúcar triturada sobre desempenho, características ósseas e morfologia intestinal de linhagens de frangos caipiras

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crushed sugarcane in the diet on the performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of slow-growing broiler strains. A total of 448 chickens at 35 days of age were allotted to two randomized blocks in a 4×2 factorial arrangement (levels of feed replacement with crushed sugarcane, on a fresh-matter basis: 0, 15, 30, and 45%) and two strains (Pesadão and Label Rouge (LR)). Two replicates were used per block over time (containing the treatments and the strains), and 14 individuals were used per experimental unit. Weight gain and feed intake decreased linearly in response to the increasing sugarcane levels. Feed intake was higher in the Pesadão strain than in LR. Chicken foot weight was lower in Pesadão than in LR. There were no effects of sugarcane levels or strains on the tarsometatarsal bone weight, breaking strength, maximum load and deformation. The drymatter (DM) content of the tarsometatarsal bone was lower in LR than in Pesadão. The replacement of feed with sugarcane induced a linear increase in bone ash content and a decrease in bone phosphorus and calcium contents. Label Rouge chickens showed a greater crypt depth and lower values of villus/crypt ratio and mucosal layer thickness. The performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens are negatively affected by increasing sugarcane levels in the diet. In addition, the increasing intake of sugarcane changesthe bone mineral composition without reducing mechanical resistance, in both the Pesadão and Label Rouge strains.

O presente estudo foi realizado objetivando avaliar o desempenho, as características ósseas e a morfologia intestinal de duas linhagens de frangos tipo caipira alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar triturada. Foram utilizados 448 frangos aos 35 dias de idade, distribuídos em dois blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro níveis de substituição (0; 15; 30 e 45%) da ração por cana-de-açúcar triturada e duas linhagens (Pesadão e Label Rouge (LR)), em duas repetições por bloco e 14 aves por unidade experimental. Foi observado redução linear com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar sobre o ganho em peso e consumo de ração. O consumo de ração foi maior na linhagem Pesadão em relação à linhagem LR. No entanto, o peso do pé das aves foi menor para a linhagem Pesadão em comparação com a linhagem LR. Não foi observado efeitos da substituição da ração por cana-de-açúcar e das linhagens sobre o peso do osso tarsometatarso, carga de ruptura, força máxima e deformação. O teor de matéria seca do osso tarsometatarso foi menor para os animais LR em comparação com a linhagem Pesadão. A substituição da ração por cana-de-açúcar aumentou linearmente o teor de cinzas dos ossos e diminuiu o teor de fósforo e o de cálcio. A linhagem LR apresentou maior profundidade de criptas, menor relação vilosidade/cripta e espessura da camada da mucosa. O desempenho e a morfologia intestinal de frangos caipiras são afetados negativamente com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar na dieta. Além disso, o aumento da ingestão de cana-de-açúcar altera a composição mineral óssea, sem prejudicar a resistência mecânica das linhagens Pesadão e LR.

Effect of crushed sugarcane on performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of free-range chicken lines / Efeito da cana-de-açúcar triturada sobre desempenho, características ósseas e morfologia intestinal de linhagens de frangos caipiras

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crushed sugarcane in the diet on the performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of slow-growing broiler strains. A total of 448 chickens at 35 days of age were allotted to two randomized blocks in a 4×2 factorial arrangement (levels of feed replacement with crushed sugarcane, on a fresh-matter basis: 0, 15, 30, and 45%) and two strains (Pesadão and Label Rouge (LR)). Two replicates were used per block over time (containing the treatments and the strains), and 14 individuals were used per experimental unit. Weight gain and feed intake decreased linearly in response to the increasing sugarcane levels. Feed intake was higher in the Pesadão strain than in LR. Chicken foot weight was lower in Pesadão than in LR. There were no effects of sugarcane levels or strains on the tarsometatarsal bone weight, breaking strength, maximum load and deformation. The drymatter (DM) content of the tarsometatarsal bone was lower in LR than in Pesadão. The replacement of feed with sugarcane induced a linear increase in bone ash content and a decrease in bone phosphorus and calcium contents. Label Rouge chickens showed a greater crypt depth and lower values of villus/crypt ratio and mucosal layer thickness. The performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens are negatively affected by increasing sugarcane levels in the diet. In addition, the increasing intake of sugarcane changesthe bone mineral composition without reducing mechanical resistance, in both the Pesadão and Label Rouge strains.(AU)

O presente estudo foi realizado objetivando avaliar o desempenho, as características ósseas e a morfologia intestinal de duas linhagens de frangos tipo caipira alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar triturada. Foram utilizados 448 frangos aos 35 dias de idade, distribuídos em dois blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro níveis de substituição (0; 15; 30 e 45%) da ração por cana-de-açúcar triturada e duas linhagens (Pesadão e Label Rouge (LR)), em duas repetições por bloco e 14 aves por unidade experimental. Foi observado redução linear com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar sobre o ganho em peso e consumo de ração. O consumo de ração foi maior na linhagem Pesadão em relação à linhagem LR. No entanto, o peso do pé das aves foi menor para a linhagem Pesadão em comparação com a linhagem LR. Não foi observado efeitos da substituição da ração por cana-de-açúcar e das linhagens sobre o peso do osso tarsometatarso, carga de ruptura, força máxima e deformação. O teor de matéria seca do osso tarsometatarso foi menor para os animais LR em comparação com a linhagem Pesadão. A substituição da ração por cana-de-açúcar aumentou linearmente o teor de cinzas dos ossos e diminuiu o teor de fósforo e o de cálcio. A linhagem LR apresentou maior profundidade de criptas, menor relação vilosidade/cripta e espessura da camada da mucosa. O desempenho e a morfologia intestinal de frangos caipiras são afetados negativamente com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar na dieta. Além disso, o aumento da ingestão de cana-de-açúcar altera a composição mineral óssea, sem prejudicar a resistência mecânica das linhagens Pesadão e LR. (AU)

Causas de perdas em abatedouro de frango de corte relacionadas ao manejo pré-abate / Causes of losses and euthanasia of broilers in emergency poultry slaughterhouse related to pre-slaughter management

Os mercados importadores de carne de frango brasileira estão se tornando cada vez mais exigentes em termos de adesão aos princípios do bem-estar animal na criação e abate dos frangos. Um dos principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar animal na cadeia de produção do frango de corte é o manejo pré-abate. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi observar as principais causas de perdas e eliminação dos frangos de corte no abate emergencial em um abatedouro comercial e discutir possíveis formas de solucioná-las. Para tanto, foram implantados ábacos nas três linhas de abate ao lado do local da pendura das aves e registrado o número de aves que foram eliminadas ou estavam mortas, durante 10 dias, nos dois turnos de abate em um abatedouro comercial. Foram abatidas no experimento 4.563.293 aves, sendo que o total de perdas foi de 14.046 aves (0,3%). A mortalidade no transporte e/ou galpão de espera foi a principal causa de eliminação no abate emergencial (80,56%), seguida por aves pequenas refugos (19,1%), doentes injuriadas (0,18%) e lesionadas (0,11%). Conclui-se que para reduzir as perdas no pré-abate, os esforços devem ser direcionados principalmente na logística de transporte, visando assim à lucratividade do produto, pautado no contexto atual de bem-estar animal.(AU)

Brazilian chicken import markets are becoming increasingly demanding in terms of adhering to the principles of animal welfare in raising and slaughtering chicken. Thus, adapting the poultry to such requirements requires preslaughter failures control, that are main animal welfare problems in broiler production is preslaughter management. Therefore, the objective of this study wasto establish and quantify the main causes of losses related to pre-slaughter management in a commercial chicken slaughterhouse.In this way, abacuses were implanted next to the hanging in the three slaughter lines and the number of broilers eliminated or that were death on arrivals was recorded, for 10 days, in both slaughter shifts. 4.563.293 broilers were slaughtered in the experiment and the total number of boilers eliminated in the emergency slaughter were 14.039 birds (0.3%). The death on arrivals was the leading cause of elimination in emergency slaughter (80.56%), followed by small broilers (19.1%), injured broilers (0.18%) and fractured broilers (0.11%). It is concluded that to reduce preslaughter losses, efforts should be directed mainly to transport logistics andimprovements in the waiting shed, aiming to decrease mortality losses in this stage.(AU)

Causas de perdas em abatedouro de frango de corte relacionadas ao manejo pré-abate / Causes of losses and euthanasia of broilers in emergency poultry slaughterhouse related to pre-slaughter management

Os mercados importadores de carne de frango brasileira estão se tornando cada vez mais exigentes em termos de adesão aos princípios do bem-estar animal na criação e abate dos frangos. Um dos principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar animal na cadeia de produção do frango de corte é o manejo pré-abate. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi observar as principais causas de perdas e eliminação dos frangos de corte no abate emergencial em um abatedouro comercial e discutir possíveis formas de solucioná-las. Para tanto, foram implantados ábacos nas três linhas de abate ao lado do local da pendura das aves e registrado o número de aves que foram eliminadas ou estavam mortas, durante 10 dias, nos dois turnos de abate em um abatedouro comercial. Foram abatidas no experimento 4.563.293 aves, sendo que o total de perdas foi de 14.046 aves (0,3%). A mortalidade no transporte e/ou galpão de espera foi a principal causa de eliminação no abate emergencial (80,56%), seguida por aves pequenas refugos (19,1%), doentes injuriadas (0,18%) e lesionadas (0,11%). Conclui-se que para reduzir as perdas no pré-abate, os esforços devem ser direcionados principalmente na logística de transporte, visando assim à lucratividade do produto, pautado no contexto atual de bem-estar animal.

Brazilian chicken import markets are becoming increasingly demanding in terms of adhering to the principles of animal welfare in raising and slaughtering chicken. Thus, adapting the poultry to such requirements requires preslaughter failures control, that are main animal welfare problems in broiler production is preslaughter management. Therefore, the objective of this study wasto establish and quantify the main causes of losses related to pre-slaughter management in a commercial chicken slaughterhouse.In this way, abacuses were implanted next to the hanging in the three slaughter lines and the number of broilers eliminated or that were death on arrivals was recorded, for 10 days, in both slaughter shifts. 4.563.293 broilers were slaughtered in the experiment and the total number of boilers eliminated in the emergency slaughter were 14.039 birds (0.3%). The death on arrivals was the leading cause of elimination in emergency slaughter (80.56%), followed by small broilers (19.1%), injured broilers (0.18%) and fractured broilers (0.11%). It is concluded that to reduce preslaughter losses, efforts should be directed mainly to transport logistics andimprovements in the waiting shed, aiming to decrease mortality losses in this stage.

Comparison of Some Biomechanical Properties of Tibiotarsus in Four Different Feather Color Lines of 60-Day Old Female Quails

This study aimed to compare some morphological and mechanical measurements of four different color female quails to contribute to the formation of the morphological database. Quails are the smallest farmed avian species which are becoming more important for the poultry industry. They are also used as experimental animals and are valuable birds for researches. Genetic factors are important determinants of bone strength. Thus, skeletal disorders may be reduced by breeding selection in quails. Forty female quails with four different feather colors, including wild, white, yellow, and black, were compared at 60 days of age. Each quail group contained ten individuals. A three-point bending test was performed with a custom-made testing machine designed for low strength materials. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of body weight. The tibiotarsus weight in wild and black (0,665±0,055g and 0,687±0,025g, respectively) was significantly lower than in the others but, the significant highest value was in white quails (0,758±0,063g) (p=0.001). Significantly shorter tibiotarsus was observed in the black quails (51,286±1,374mm), while the tibiotarsi of the white and yellow quails were the tallest (53,216±1,796mm and 53,083±1,092mm, respectively) (p=0.005). There were no significant differences among the groups in the biomechanical properties of tibiotarsus, except stiffness. Stiffness was the highest in the white quails (109,500±3,807 N/mm) and the lowest in the black quails (99,000±9,498 N/mm) (p=0.042). In conclusion, white quails have been observed to have relatively better bone biomechanical properties compared to the other color groups at 60 days of age.(AU)

Comparison of Some Biomechanical Properties of Tibiotarsus in Four Different Feather Color Lines of 60-Day Old Female Quails

This study aimed to compare some morphological and mechanical measurements of four different color female quails to contribute to the formation of the morphological database. Quails are the smallest farmed avian species which are becoming more important for the poultry industry. They are also used as experimental animals and are valuable birds for researches. Genetic factors are important determinants of bone strength. Thus, skeletal disorders may be reduced by breeding selection in quails. Forty female quails with four different feather colors, including wild, white, yellow, and black, were compared at 60 days of age. Each quail group contained ten individuals. A three-point bending test was performed with a custom-made testing machine designed for low strength materials. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of body weight. The tibiotarsus weight in wild and black (0,665±0,055g and 0,687±0,025g, respectively) was significantly lower than in the others but, the significant highest value was in white quails (0,758±0,063g) (p=0.001). Significantly shorter tibiotarsus was observed in the black quails (51,286±1,374mm), while the tibiotarsi of the white and yellow quails were the tallest (53,216±1,796mm and 53,083±1,092mm, respectively) (p=0.005). There were no significant differences among the groups in the biomechanical properties of tibiotarsus, except stiffness. Stiffness was the highest in the white quails (109,500±3,807 N/mm) and the lowest in the black quails (99,000±9,498 N/mm) (p=0.042). In conclusion, white quails have been observed to have relatively better bone biomechanical properties compared to the other color groups at 60 days of age.

Causas de perdas em abatedouro de frango de corte relacionadas ao manejo pré-abate / Causes of losses and euthanasia of broilers in emergency poultry slaughterhouse related to pre-slaughter management

Os mercados importadores de carne de frango brasileira estão se tornando cada vez mais exigentes em relação aos princípios do bem-estar animal na criação e abate de frangos de corte. Desta forma, adaptar a cadeia avícola a tais exigências depende do controle de falhas no manejo pré-abate, que são os principais problemas relacionados ao bem-estar animal na cadeia de produção do frango de corte. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer e quantificar as principais causas de perdas relacionadas a falhas no manejo pré-abate em um abatedouro de frangos comerciais. Para tanto, foram implantados ábacos nas três linhas de abate ao lado do local da pendura das aves e registrado o número daquelas que foram eliminadas ou estavam mortas, durante 10 dias, em dois turnos de abate. Durante o estudo foram abatidos 4.563.293 frangos e o total de aves mortas no pré-abate foi de 14.039 aves (0,3%). A mortalidade no transporte e/ou galpão de espera foi a principal causa de descarte (80,56%), seguida por refugos (19,1%), injuriadas (0,18%) e fraturadas (0,11%). Conclui-se que para reduzir as perdas no pré-abate, os esforços devem ser direcionados principalmente na logística de transporte e em melhorias no galpão de espera, visando a diminuição de perdas por mortalidade nessa etapa.

Brazilian chicken import markets are becoming increasingly demanding in terms of adhering to the principles of animal welfare in raising and slaughtering chicken. Thus, adapting the poultry to such requirements requires preslaughter failures control, that are main animal welfare problems in broiler production is preslaughter management. Therefore, the objective of this study wasto establish and quantify the main causes of losses related to pre-slaughter management in a commercial chicken slaughterhouse.In this way, abacuses were implanted next to the hanging in the three slaughter lines and the number of broilers eliminated or that were death on arrivals was recorded, for 10 days, in both slaughter shifts. 4.563.293 broilers were slaughtered in the experiment and the total number of boilers eliminated in the emergency slaughter were 14.039 birds (0.3%). The death on arrivals was the leading cause of elimination in emergency slaughter (80.56%), followed by small broilers (19.1%), injured broilers (0.18%) and fractured broilers (0.11%). It is concluded that to reduce preslaughter losses, efforts should be directed mainly to transport logistics andimprovements in the waiting shed, aiming to decrease mortality losses in this stage.

Bone parameters and organ morphometry of two broiler chicken lines exposed to heat for different periods / Parâmetros ósseos e morfometria de órgãos de duas linhagens de frangos de corte mantidos sob diferentes tempos de exposição ao calor

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different times of exposure to heat on bone parameters and organ morphometry of Cobb Slow® and Hubbard Flex® broilers exposed to high temperatures for 1, 2 or 3 h daily, from 14 days of age. A total of 1120 one-day-old male chicks (half of each line; average weight of 44 g) were housed into 32 cages with 35 birds each, in a randomized-block experimental design. From the first to the 13th day of age, the birds remained under the thermal conditions recommended for their lines; thereafter, from the 14th day, the shed was separated into four parallel sections of 5.60 × 10.20 × 2.8 m delimited by double-sided plastic curtains along the width of the shed. Cyclic heat stress was generated by average temperatures of 36 ºC from 14-20 days, 35 °C from 21-27 days, 34 °C from 28-34 days and 33 °C from 35-42 days. The total length, width, density and mineral matter of the tibia; the size of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum; and the weights of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen were measured. No interaction effect between thermal environment and line was observed. Heat stress for up to 3 h daily, from the 14th to the 41st day of age, led to a longer but narrower tibia. There was no influence on small intestine morphometry. The Hubbard line presented longer and wider tibiae as well as higher relative and absolute weights of the bursa. In conclusion, heat stress from 2 h daily modifies the structure of the tibia in broilers, which increases in length and reduces in width, but heat exposure has no influence on the small intestine or lymphoid organs. The Hubbard line shows better tibia development than the Cobb line as well as different primary lymphoid responses, represented by a heavier bursa.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tempos de exposição ao calor sobre os parâmetros ósseos e morfometria de órgãos de frango de corte Cobb Slow® e Hubbard Flex® expostos à temperatura elevada por 1h, 2h e 3h diárias a partir de 14 dias de idade. Foram alojados 1120 pintos de cortes machos de um dia, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, sendo metade de cada linhagem (peso médio de 44g) em 32 boxes com 35 aves cada. Do primeiro ao 13º dia de idade as aves permaneceram em condições térmicas de acordo com o recomendado para a linhagem, a partir do 14º dia, o galpão foi separado em quatro seções paralelas de 5,60 x 10,20 x 2,8m delimitadas por cortinas plásticas dupla face ao longo da largura do galpão. O estresse cíclico por calor foi gerado com temperaturas médias de 14-20 dias: 36 ºC; 21-27 dias: 35 ºC; 28-34 dias: 34 ºC e 35-42 dias: 33 ºC. O comprimento total, largura, densidade e matéria mineral do osso tíbia; tamanho do duodeno, jejuno e íleo e o peso da bursa e do baço foram determinados. Não foi observado interação entre ambiente térmico e linhagens. O estresse por calor no período de até 3 horas diárias, do 14º ao 41º dia de idade aumentou o comprimento e reduziu a largura do osso tíbia. Não houve influência na morfometria do intestino delgado. A linhagem Hubbard apresentou maiores comprimento e largura da tíbia, bem como maiores pesos relativo e absoluto da bursa. Concluiu-se que o estresse por calor a partir de 2 horas diárias modifica a estrutura da tíbia de frangos de corte, com aumento de seu comprimento e redução de sua largura, porém não há influência da exposição ao calor sobre o intestino delgado e órgãos linfoides. A linhagem Hubbard apresenta melhor desenvolvimento do osso tíbia em relação à Cobb, bem como respostas linfoides primárias diferentes, representada por maior peso da bursa.(AU)

Bone parameters and organ morphometry of two broiler chicken lines exposed to heat for different periods / Parâmetros ósseos e morfometria de órgãos de duas linhagens de frangos de corte mantidos sob diferentes tempos de exposição ao calor

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different times of exposure to heat on bone parameters and organ morphometry of Cobb Slow® and Hubbard Flex® broilers exposed to high temperatures for 1, 2 or 3 h daily, from 14 days of age. A total of 1120 one-day-old male chicks (half of each line; average weight of 44 g) were housed into 32 cages with 35 birds each, in a randomized-block experimental design. From the first to the 13th day of age, the birds remained under the thermal conditions recommended for their lines; thereafter, from the 14th day, the shed was separated into four parallel sections of 5.60 × 10.20 × 2.8 m delimited by double-sided plastic curtains along the width of the shed. Cyclic heat stress was generated by average temperatures of 36 ºC from 14-20 days, 35 °C from 21-27 days, 34 °C from 28-34 days and 33 °C from 35-42 days. The total length, width, density and mineral matter of the tibia; the size of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum; and the weights of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen were measured. No interaction effect between thermal environment and line was observed. Heat stress for up to 3 h daily, from the 14th to the 41st day of age, led to a longer but narrower tibia. There was no influence on small intestine morphometry. The Hubbard line presented longer and wider tibiae as well as higher relative and absolute weights of the bursa. In conclusion, heat stress from 2 h daily modifies the structure of the tibia in broilers, which increases in length and reduces in width, but heat exposure has no influence on the small intestine or lymphoid organs. The Hubbard line shows better tibia development than the Cobb line as well as different primary lymphoid responses, represented by a heavier bursa.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tempos de exposição ao calor sobre os parâmetros ósseos e morfometria de órgãos de frango de corte Cobb Slow® e Hubbard Flex® expostos à temperatura elevada por 1h, 2h e 3h diárias a partir de 14 dias de idade. Foram alojados 1120 pintos de cortes machos de um dia, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, sendo metade de cada linhagem (peso médio de 44g) em 32 boxes com 35 aves cada. Do primeiro ao 13º dia de idade as aves permaneceram em condições térmicas de acordo com o recomendado para a linhagem, a partir do 14º dia, o galpão foi separado em quatro seções paralelas de 5,60 x 10,20 x 2,8m delimitadas por cortinas plásticas dupla face ao longo da largura do galpão. O estresse cíclico por calor foi gerado com temperaturas médias de 14-20 dias: 36 ºC; 21-27 dias: 35 ºC; 28-34 dias: 34 ºC e 35-42 dias: 33 ºC. O comprimento total, largura, densidade e matéria mineral do osso tíbia; tamanho do duodeno, jejuno e íleo e o peso da bursa e do baço foram determinados. Não foi observado interação entre ambiente térmico e linhagens. O estresse por calor no período de até 3 horas diárias, do 14º ao 41º dia de idade aumentou o comprimento e reduziu a largura do osso tíbia. Não houve influência na morfometria do intestino delgado. A linhagem Hubbard apresentou maiores comprimento e largura da tíbia, bem como maiores pesos relativo e absoluto da bursa. Concluiu-se que o estresse por calor a partir de 2 horas diárias modifica a estrutura da tíbia de frangos de corte, com aumento de seu comprimento e redução de sua largura, porém não há influência da exposição ao calor sobre o intestino delgado e órgãos linfoides. A linhagem Hubbard apresenta melhor desenvolvimento do osso tíbia em relação à Cobb, bem como respostas linfoides primárias diferentes, representada por maior peso da bursa.

Avanços aplicados à reprodução de aves domésticas e silvestres / Progress towards reproduction of domestic and wild birds

Técnicas reprodutivas em aves de produção e silvestres possuem objetivos e desafios distintos, visto que um nicho visa resultados econômicos enquanto o outro almeja a conservação de espécies raras e ameaçadas. Por essa razão, as biotecnologias desenvolvidas e empregadas na avicultura industrial buscam melhorar a performance reprodutiva de linhas puras, bisavós, avós e matrizes (p.e. fertilidade, produção de ovos, eclodibilidade, etc.), além de métodos operáveis em larga escala para avaliação de reprodutores (ambos machos e fêmeas) e incubação de ovos. Em contraste, a principal meta daqueles que trabalham com aves selvagens é a formação e utilização de bancos de germoplasma, dado que aproximadamente 12% de todas as espécies aviárias do mundo encontram-se atualmente ameaçadas de extinção. Considerando ambos cenários, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever alguns dos principais desafios e avanços relacionados a reprodução de aves domésticas e selvagens, de aspectos pretensamente mais conhecidos como a coleta e análise seminal ou manejo de ovos em incubatórios industriais, até métodos mais inovadores como transplantes interespecíficos de células germinativas e transplantes de tecido ovariano.(AU)

Reproductive techniques applied to poultry and wild birds have very different goals and challenges as one niche aims economical benefits while the other seeks to conserve rare and endangered species. Therefore, the development and application of biotechnologies in poultry industry strive to improve reproductive performance of pure lines, great grandparents, grandparents and parents (e.g. fertility, egg production, hatchability, etc.), in addition to feasible methods for large-scale operations with regard to breeders assessment (both males and females) and egg incubation. Conversely, the ultimate goal of those who work with wild birds is the development and use of germplasm banks since about 12% of the bird species worldwide are considered endangered. Taking both scenarios into consideration, we attempted to outline some challenges and advances in breeding domestic and wild birds, from supposedly well-known aspects such as semen collection and analysis or egg incubation, to more innovative techniques such germ cell and tissue transplantation.(AU)

Avanços aplicados à reprodução de aves domésticas e silvestres / Progress towards reproduction of domestic and wild birds

Técnicas reprodutivas em aves de produção e silvestres possuem objetivos e desafios distintos, visto que um nicho visa resultados econômicos enquanto o outro almeja a conservação de espécies raras e ameaçadas. Por essa razão, as biotecnologias desenvolvidas e empregadas na avicultura industrial buscam melhorar a performance reprodutiva de linhas puras, bisavós, avós e matrizes (p.e. fertilidade, produção de ovos, eclodibilidade, etc.), além de métodos operáveis em larga escala para avaliação de reprodutores (ambos machos e fêmeas) e incubação de ovos. Em contraste, a principal meta daqueles que trabalham com aves selvagens é a formação e utilização de bancos de germoplasma, dado que aproximadamente 12% de todas as espécies aviárias do mundo encontram-se atualmente ameaçadas de extinção. Considerando ambos cenários, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever alguns dos principais desafios e avanços relacionados a reprodução de aves domésticas e selvagens, de aspectos pretensamente mais conhecidos como a coleta e análise seminal ou manejo de ovos em incubatórios industriais, até métodos mais inovadores como transplantes interespecíficos de células germinativas e transplantes de tecido ovariano.

Reproductive techniques applied to poultry and wild birds have very different goals and challenges as one niche aims economical benefits while the other seeks to conserve rare and endangered species. Therefore, the development and application of biotechnologies in poultry industry strive to improve reproductive performance of pure lines, great grandparents, grandparents and parents (e.g. fertility, egg production, hatchability, etc.), in addition to feasible methods for large-scale operations with regard to breeders’ assessment (both males and females) and egg incubation. Conversely, the ultimate goal of those who work with wild birds is the development and use of germplasm banks since about 12% of the bird species worldwide are considered endangered. Taking both scenarios into consideration, we attempted to outline some challenges and advances in breeding domestic and wild birds, from supposedly well-known aspects such as semen collection and analysis or egg incubation, to more innovative techniques such germ cell and tissue transplantation.

On the controlling of temperature: A proposal for a real-time controller in broiler houses

Environmental conditions in broiler houses, specifically temperature, are key factors that should be controlled to ensure appropriate environment for broiler rearing. In countries with tropical/subtropical climate, like Brazil, high temperatures produce heat stress to animals, affecting the production process. This research proposes a real-time model to control temperature inside broiler houses. The controller is a self-correcting model that makes real-time decisions on the ventilation system operation (exhaust fans) together with temperature prediction at the facility. The model involves partial differential equations (PDE) whose parameters are updated according to data registered in real-time. Some experiments were carried out at a pilot farm in the municipality of Jundiaí, São Paulo State, Brazil, for different periods during winter and summer. The results based on simulations in comparison with the current automatic ventilation system show that the model is consistent to keep temperature under control for an efficient production. The model achieved a bias of 0.6 °C on average in comparison with the ideal temperature, whereas the automatic controller measured a bias of 3.3 °C, respectively. Future lines suggest that this approach could be useful in many other situations that involve environmental control for livestock production.(AU)

ATP-Bioluminescence and conventional microbiology for hygiene evaluation of cutting room surfaces in poultry slaughterhouse

Background: The hygiene procedures in poultry slaughterhouses consist in the use of hot water, detergent and sanitizing, configuring Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP). These actions control contamination in food processing environments, especially by pathogenic microorganisms, which cause diseases with impact on public health and economic losses. The microbiological control of aerobic mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, are used as indicators of contamination. The hygienic-sanitary conditions on the surfaces of the poultry slaughterhouse cuttting room were evaluated, before and after cleaning and sanitizing procedures.Materials, Methods & Results: Conventional microbiology (Rodac plates and sponge for quantification of aerobic mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and ATP-Bioluminescence were used to analyze the action of hot water and the active principles peracetic acid, quaternary ammonia and biguanide in the standard pre-operational hygiene procedure in the cutting room of the poultry slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection with slaughter capacity of more than 20.000 birds/h. The evaluations were performed on three lines of chicken thigh cuts at the same time and in a completely randomized manner on stainless steel surfaces, polyurethane belts and polyethylene boards. Samples were made in four replicates at the three surface totaling 108 assay for each microorganism. The samples were collected at the end of the cutting process, before and after washing the surfaces with hot water (between 45 and 50ºC) and after sanitization with 0.5% peracetic acid, 2% quaternary ammonia and 1% biguanide. The ATP-Bioluminescence method detected organic matter at all collected points and Rodac plates allowed a better recovery of microorganisms than sponges for quantification of aerobic mesophiles, E. coli and S. aureus.[...]

ATP-Bioluminescence and conventional microbiology for hygiene evaluation of cutting room surfaces in poultry slaughterhouse

Background: The hygiene procedures in poultry slaughterhouses consist in the use of hot water, detergent and sanitizing, configuring Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP). These actions control contamination in food processing environments, especially by pathogenic microorganisms, which cause diseases with impact on public health and economic losses. The microbiological control of aerobic mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, are used as indicators of contamination. The hygienic-sanitary conditions on the surfaces of the poultry slaughterhouse cuttting room were evaluated, before and after cleaning and sanitizing procedures.Materials, Methods & Results: Conventional microbiology (Rodac plates and sponge for quantification of aerobic mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and ATP-Bioluminescence were used to analyze the action of hot water and the active principles peracetic acid, quaternary ammonia and biguanide in the standard pre-operational hygiene procedure in the cutting room of the poultry slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection with slaughter capacity of more than 20.000 birds/h. The evaluations were performed on three lines of chicken thigh cuts at the same time and in a completely randomized manner on stainless steel surfaces, polyurethane belts and polyethylene boards. Samples were made in four replicates at the three surface totaling 108 assay for each microorganism. The samples were collected at the end of the cutting process, before and after washing the surfaces with hot water (between 45 and 50ºC) and after sanitization with 0.5% peracetic acid, 2% quaternary ammonia and 1% biguanide. The ATP-Bioluminescence method detected organic matter at all collected points and Rodac plates allowed a better recovery of microorganisms than sponges for quantification of aerobic mesophiles, E. coli and S. aureus.[...](AU)

Behavioral and physiological responses of different genetic lines of free-range broiler raised on a semi-intensive system

The aim of the study was evaluate the ability of adaptation of seven different genetic lines of free-range broilers to a semi-intensive raising system. Four hundred and twenty chicks of the Pescoço Pelado (PP), Carijó (CG), Colorpak (CPK), Tricolor (TRC), Caboclo (CBC), Gigante Negro (GNG) and Pesadão Vermelho (PS) genetic groups were used. At 28 days of age the birds were allowed access the paddocks and after three days of adaptation the monitoring of the animals has started, being performed behavioral visual observations from 07:00 to 17:00. Cloacal temperature (CT) and respiratory rate (RR) were collected once a week. The environment was monitored considering the temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature at various points of the paddocks and the shed. The physiological variables were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement. Behavioral variables were analyzed using nonparametric Friedman test. Birds of Carijó and Colorpak genetic line presented greater RR, 34.6 mov/min and 36.0 mov/min respectively, compared to the birds of the Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line, 29.0 mov/min and 28.4 mov/min respectively. The average values of RR and CT for all genetic lines were higher in the afternoon. At 7:00 and 17:00 the foraging behavior was more intense. The Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line were those that stood out in the behavior of foraging, consequently, they are more able to adapt to the semi-intensive raising system.(AU)

Behavioral and physiological responses of different genetic lines of free-range broiler raised on a semi-intensive system

The aim of the study was evaluate the ability of adaptation of seven different genetic lines of free-range broilers to a semi-intensive raising system. Four hundred and twenty chicks of the Pescoço Pelado (PP), Carijó (CG), Colorpak (CPK), Tricolor (TRC), Caboclo (CBC), Gigante Negro (GNG) and Pesadão Vermelho (PS) genetic groups were used. At 28 days of age the birds were allowed access the paddocks and after three days of adaptation the monitoring of the animals has started, being performed behavioral visual observations from 07:00 to 17:00. Cloacal temperature (CT) and respiratory rate (RR) were collected once a week. The environment was monitored considering the temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature at various points of the paddocks and the shed. The physiological variables were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement. Behavioral variables were analyzed using nonparametric Friedman test. Birds of Carijó and Colorpak genetic line presented greater RR, 34.6 mov/min and 36.0 mov/min respectively, compared to the birds of the Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line, 29.0 mov/min and 28.4 mov/min respectively. The average values of RR and CT for all genetic lines were higher in the afternoon. At 7:00 and 17:00 the foraging behavior was more intense. The Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line were those that stood out in the behavior of foraging, consequently, they are more able to adapt to the semi-intensive raising system.