Brown propolis bioactive compounds as a natural antimicrobial in alginate films applied to Piper nigrum L / Potencial dos compostos bioativos da própolis marrom como antimicrobiano natural em filmes de alginato aplicados naPiper nigrumL

ABSTRACT: An edible coating of sodium alginate incorporated with brown propolis (2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) was applied to black pepper grains to improve microbiological quality over 30 days. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry identified 29 metabolites in the extract, mainly terpene compounds (51.74%), phenolic compounds (25.83%), and flavonoids (14.48%). Brown propolis showed greater antibacterial activity for Gram-positive bacteria (MIC from 0.1 to 0.5 mg.mL-1) and lower activity for Escherichiacoli (MIC 18 mg.mL-1). A 5% increase in propolis in the coating reduced Bacilluscereus counts by 7-fold, 9.4% for Staphylococcusaureus, and 5.4% for mesophilic bacteria. The edible sodium alginate coating containing brown propolis was effective in reducing microbes on black pepper, with a concentration of 15% propolis assuring the microbiological quality of the spice after 20 days.

RESUMO: Revestimento comestível de alginato de sódio incorporado com própolis marrom (2,5%, 5%, 10% e 15%) foi aplicado em grãos de pimenta-do-reino para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica ao longo de 30 dias. Análise de cromatografia gasosa associada à espectrometria de massa identificou 29 metabólitos no extrato, principalmente compostos terpênicos (51,74%), compostos fenólicos (25,83%) e flavonóides (14,48%). A própolis marrom apresentou maior atividade antibacteriana para bactérias Gram-positivas (CIM de 0,1 a 0,5 mg.mL-1) e menor atividade para Escherichia coli (CIM 18 mg.mL-1). Um aumento em 5% no revestimento da própolis reduziu a contagem de Bacillus cereus em sete vezes, 9,4% para Staphylococcus aureus e 5,4% para bactérias mesófilas. O revestimento comestível de alginato de sódio e própolis marrom foi eficaz na redução microbiana da pimenta-do-reino, em que a concentração de 15% de própolis garantiu a qualidade microbiológica da especiaria até 20 dias.

Edible coatings on the post-harvest conservation of orange 'Natal CNPMF 112 / Revestimentos comestíveis na conservação pós-colheita da laranja 'Natal CNPMF 112'

Citrus fruit have a lengthy post-harvest lifetime, however owing to water loss, they lose firmness and luster on the skin after being picked. In light of the foregoing, this study aimed to assess the effects of coatings on the post-harvest conservation of 'Natal CNPMF 112' oranges under refrigerated settings using aqueous and alcoholic propolis extracts and carnauba wax. Fruit of 'Natal CNPMF 112' orange tree grafted on 'Rangpur' lime were treated with carnauba wax (100%) and alcoholic and aqueous propolis extracts (30%). The experimental design was totally randomized, with the plots consisting of the coatings plus the control (distilled water), and the subplots separated by the storage time (0, 10, 20, and 30 days) at 12 ºC ± 2, with the exception of weight loss, which was assessed at three-day intervals (0 to 30 days). Loss of fruit mass, average fruit mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, maturity index, pH, and technical index were all examined. According to the findings, the alcoholic extract of propolis produced decreased fruit mass loss, a high maturity index, and balanced acidity. The coatings used in the postharvest conservation of refrigerated 'Natal CNPMF 112' oranges had no effect on the other parameters. As a result, propolis alcoholic extract is suggested for the preservation of 'Natal CNPMF 112' orange.

Os frutos cítricos apresentam prolongado período pós-colheita, no entanto, devido à perda de água, após colhidos, perdem a firmeza e ficam com pouco brilho na casca. Face ao exposto, objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar os efeitos dos revestimentos na conservação pós-colheita da laranja 'Natal CNPMF 112' com utilização de extratos de própolis aquoso e alcoólico e a cera de carnaúba em condição refrigerada. Frutos da laranjeira 'Natal CNPMF 112', enxertada em limoeiro 'Cravo', foram tratados com cera de carnaúba (100%) e extratos de própolis alcoólico e aquoso (30%). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas constituídas pelos revestimentos mais a testemunha (água destilada), e as subparcelas pelo período de armazenamento (0, 10, 20 e 30 dias) a 12 ºC ± 2, com exceção para perda de massa, a qual foi avaliada a intervalos de três dias (0 a 30 dias). Avaliaram-se: perda de massa dos frutos, massa média dos frutos, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico, índice de maturação, pH e índice tecnológico. Conforme os resultados, observou-se que o extrato alcoólico de própolis promoveu menor perda de massa do fruto, bom índice de maturação e acidez equilibrada. As demais características não foram afetadas pelos revestimentos utilizados na conservação pós-colheita da laranja 'Natal CNPMF 112' refrigerada. Portanto, recomenda-se o extrato alcoólico de própolis para a conservação da laranja 'Natal CNPMF 112'.

Propolis extract as a feed additive of the Nile tilapia juveniles / Extrato de própolis como aditivo alimentar para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary propolis alcohol extract supplementation on growth performance, digestibility, intestinal morphometry, and physiologic parameters Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) juveniles. For performance experiment and intestinal morphometry, 120 fish averaging 1.41±0.3g were randomly distributed into 24 tanks (70L each) in a closed recirculation water system with constant aeration and biofilter. The animals were distributed into four treatments using a completely randomized design with six replicates per treatment. The treatments consisted of four pellet feeds with different alcohol propolis concentrations extract (AEP) (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5gkg-1). The performance experiment period was conducted for 45 days. For the digestibility experiment, an inert marker in the feed and the adapted Guelph feces collecting system were used. The results showed no differences in the performance parameters, crude protein apparent digestibility and dry matter of the feeds, intestinal morphometry, and physiologic parameters. However, there was an increasing linear effect on the energy digestibility with increasing PAE concentrations in the fish feed. The usage of the propolis extract supplementation levels of 1% is recommended for optimum effect on villus morphometry in Nile tilapia.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da suplementação de extrato de própolis na dieta sobre o desempenho, a digestibilidade, a morfometria intestinal e os parâmetros fisiológicos de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). No desempenho e na morfometria intestinal, 120 peixes (1,41±0,3g) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 24 tanques (70L cada), em sistema de recirculação de água com aeração constante e biofiltro. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos, num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro rações, com concentrações de extrato de própolis (AEP) (0,0, 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5g kg-1). O período experimental foi de 45 dias. Para a digestibilidade, foi utilizado um sistema adaptado de Guelph para a coleta de excretas e um marcador inerte na ração. Os resultados não mostraram diferenças nos parâmetros de desempenho, digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e da matéria seca dos alimentos e morfometria intestinal, bem como nos parâmetros fisiológicos. No entanto, houve um efeito linear crescente sobre a digestibilidade da energia com o aumento das concentrações de AEP na ração. Os resultados também indicaram que a suplementação com 1% de própolis teve efeito positivo na morfometria intestinal de tilápia-do-nilo, sendo esse o nível recomendado na dieta.

Brown propolis bioactive compounds as a natural antimicrobial in alginate films applied to Piper nigrum L / Potencial dos compostos bioativos da própolis marrom como antimicrobiano natural em filmes de alginato aplicados na Piper nigrum L

An edible coating of sodium alginate incorporated with brown propolis (2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) was applied to black pepper grains to improve microbiological quality over 30 days. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry identified 29 metabolites in the extract, mainly terpene compounds (51.74%), phenolic compounds (25.83%), and flavonoids (14.48%). Brown propolis showed greater antibacterial activity for Gram-positive bacteria (MIC from 0.1 to 0.5 mg.mL-1) and lower activity for Escherichiacoli (MIC 18 mg.mL-1). A 5% increase in propolis in the coating reduced Bacilluscereus counts by 7-fold, 9.4% for Staphylococcusaureus, and 5.4% for mesophilic bacteria. The edible sodium alginate coating containing brown propolis was effective in reducing microbes on black pepper, with a concentration of 15% propolis assuring the microbiological quality of the spice after 20 days.

Revestimento comestível de alginato de sódio incorporado com própolis marrom (2,5%, 5%, 10% e 15%) foi aplicado em grãos de pimenta-do-reino para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica ao longo de 30 dias. Análise de cromatografia gasosa associada à espectrometria de massa identificou 29 metabólitos no extrato, principalmente compostos terpênicos (51,74%), compostos fenólicos (25,83%) e flavonóides (14,48%). A própolis marrom apresentou maior atividade antibacteriana para bactérias Gram-positivas (CIM de 0,1 a 0,5 mg.mL-1) e menor atividade para Escherichia coli (CIM 18 mg.mL-1). Um aumento em 5% no revestimento da própolis reduziu a contagem de Bacillus cereus em sete vezes, 9,4% para Staphylococcus aureus e 5,4% para bactérias mesófilas. O revestimento comestível de alginato de sódio e própolis marrom foi eficaz na redução microbiana da pimenta-do-reino, em que a concentração de 15% de própolis garantiu a qualidade microbiológica da especiaria até 20 dias.

Maintenance of quality of eggs submitted to treatment with propolis extract and sanitizers

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28,and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcusspp., Salmonellaspp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternativeproduct to chemical sanitizers.(AU)

Maintenance of quality of eggs submitted to treatment with propolis extract and sanitizers / Maintenance of quality of eggs submitted to treatment with propolis extract and sanitizers

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.

Maintenance of quality of eggs submitted to treatment with propolis extract and sanitizers

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.(AU)

Replacement of performance enhancers by propolis ethanol extract in broiler diets

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.(AU)

Replacement of performance enhancers by propolis ethanol extract in broiler diets / Replacement of performance enhancers by propolis ethanol extract in broiler diets

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.

Effect of dietary addition of phenolic compounds from propolis on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat fatty acid profile of feedlot beef cattle / Efeito da adição de compostos fenólicos da própolis na ração sobre o desempenho produtivo, características de carcaça e perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de bovinos confinados

Twenty-four male Nellore steers (445 ± 31 kg initial body weight) were used to evaluate the effects of different doses of phenolic compounds from a propolis-based product (PBP) on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat fatty acid (FA) profile. The total mixed ration consisted of 470 g kg-1 corn silage and 530 g kg-1 concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis), which were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (CON, without phenolic compounds from the propolis extract), PBP1 (225 mg of phenolic compounds g-1 of propolis dry extract), and PBP2 (300 mg of phenolic compounds g-1 of propolis dry extract). The animals were fed in a feedlot for 84 days and presented an average final body weight (FBW) of 542 kg. Dietary addition of phenolic compounds had no overall effect on growth performance. Mean values for dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were 9.99 kg d-1, 1.14 kg d-1 and 8.82 kg DM kg gain-1, respectively. Hot carcass weight and hot carcass yield had average values of 308 kg and 56.8%, respectively. In addition, carcass traits did not change after PBPs were added to the diet, except for the ribeye area, which was higher for PBP2 (21.5 cm2 100 kg-1) than for PBP1 (18.6 cm2 100 kg-1). Dietary addition of PBPs maintained redness better than the controls after 9 days in the refrigerator; no major changes were observed in the meat FA profile after the addition of PBPs to the diet. These results suggest that phenolic compounds present in propolis (300 mg g-1) have positive effects on meat color and improve the sensory quality of meat.(AU)

Foram utilizados vinte e quatro novilhos da raça Nelore (445 ± 31 kg de peso corporal inicial) para avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de compostos fenólicos obtidos a partir de produto a base de própolis (PBP) sobre o desempenho produtivo, características de carcaça e perfil de ácidos graxos (AG). A ração total foi constituída em 470 g kg-1 de silagem de milho e 530 g kg-1 de concentrado (com base na matéria seca) e os animais foram distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: controle (CON, sem compostos fenólicos do extrato seco de própolis), PBP1 (225 de compostos fenólicos g-1 de extrato seco de própolis) e PBP2 (300 mg de compostos fenólicos g-1 de extrato seco de própolis). Os animais foram alimentados em confinamento por 84 dias e apresentaram peso corporal final médio de 542 kg. A adição dos compostos fenólicos da própolis na ração não influenciou o desempenho produtivo. Os valores médios para consumo de matéria seca, ganho médio diário e conversão alimentar foram 9,99 kg d-1, 1,14 kg d-1 e 8,82 kg MS kg ganho-1, respectivamente. O peso de carcaça quente e o rendimento de carcaça quente apresentaram valores médios de 308 kg e 56,8%; respectivamente. Além disso, as características da carcaça não foram alteradas após a adição dos PBPs à dieta, exceto para a área de olho de lombo, que foi maior para o tratamento PBP2 (21,5 cm2 100 kg-1) quando comparada ao PBP1 (18,6 cm2 100 kg-1). A adição dos PBPs manteve a carne mais vermelha do que o CON após 9 dias na geladeira; não foram observadas grandes alterações no perfil de AG da carne após a adição dos PBPs à dieta. Os resultados sugerem que os compostos fenólicos presentes na própolis (300 mg g-1) têm efeitos positivos na coloração da carne, melhorando sua qualidade sensorial.(AU)

Replacement of performance enhancers by propolis ethanol extract in broiler diets

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positivecontrol, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21,and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.(AU)

Application of propolis in agriculture

ABSTRACT This work carried out a literary review of the different aspects related to the use of propolis in the management of plant crops and their advances in agriculture. Propolis is a product widely known for its therapeutic capacity. Due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, among other biological activities, its use has been studied in agriculture. Studies they show that the use of propolis via ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) provides beneficial effects on crops. These benefits are associated with the control of phytopathogens, postharvest preservation and conservation of fruits and vegetables and promotion of plant growth. There is evidence that benefits are the result of the propolis chemical composition that is especially rich in phenolic compounds and nutrients. In addition, the typical waxy property of propolis results in an efficient biofilm in plant tissues. There are still scarce reports showing that the use of EEP in crop management controls the presence of insects and reduces water stress in plants. Generally, studies are mainly focused on in vivo and greenhouse evaluations, requiring further research to elucidate the full potential of the use of propolis in crop management.

Standardization of resazurin use in susceptibility testing of natural products against yeasts in planktonic cells and in biofilms formation

Natural products, such as the ethanolic propolis extract (PE), have been shown to be a safe and effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of fungal skin and nail diseases. However, the presence of the resin and the physicochemical characteristics of the extract sometimes difficult the reading and determination of breakpoints of the in vitrotests, evidencing the need for alternatives that facilitate the reading. The present study aimed to standardize the use of resazurin in tests of susceptibility of PE with planktonic yeast cells and biofilm forms. The antifungal activity of PE was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and we observed that, for all Candida spp. tested, the most reproducible MIC results were obtained when resazurin was placed after 24 hours of incubation and remained more 24 hourswith yeasts plus PE. For encapsulated yeasts, there was no dye reduction and color transition. Resazurin was also used for the evaluation of minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimal biofilm eradication concentration and it was metabolized and reproducedthe action of PE on Candida biofilms. In addition, microdilution checkerboard plates were made with the dye, which assisted reading the result of the interaction between PE and nystatin. We observed that the resin, the color and the turbidity of the PE slightly changed the color of the resazurin in high concentrations of the extract and did not impair the reading. Therefore, the resazurin standardization tests were proven to be efficient and grounds that it should be used as an auxiliary methodology for reading and interpretation of the susceptibility tests for non-encapsulated yeasts with natural products, which form turbidity or precipitation, such as propolis.

Standardization of resazurin use in susceptibility testing of natural products against yeasts in planktonic cells and in biofilms formation

Natural products, such as the ethanolic propolis extract (PE), have been shown to be a safe and effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of fungal skin and nail diseases. However, the presence of the resin and the physicochemical characteristics of the extract sometimes difficult the reading and determination of breakpoints of the in vitrotests, evidencing the need for alternatives that facilitate the reading. The present study aimed to standardize the use of resazurin in tests of susceptibility of PE with planktonic yeast cells and biofilm forms. The antifungal activity of PE was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and we observed that, for all Candida spp. tested, the most reproducible MIC results were obtained when resazurin was placed after 24 hours of incubation and remained more 24 hourswith yeasts plus PE. For encapsulated yeasts, there was no dye reduction and color transition. Resazurin was also used for the evaluation of minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimal biofilm eradication concentration and it was metabolized and reproducedthe action of PE on Candida biofilms. In addition, microdilution checkerboard plates were made with the dye, which assisted reading the result of the interaction between PE and nystatin. We observed that the resin, the color and the turbidity of the PE slightly changed the color of the resazurin in high concentrations of the extract and did not impair the reading. Therefore, the resazurin standardization tests were proven to be efficient and grounds that it should be used as an auxiliary methodology for reading and interpretation of the susceptibility tests for non-encapsulated yeasts with natural products, which form turbidity or precipitation, such as propolis.(AU)

Application of propolis in agriculture

This work carried out a literary review of the different aspects related to the use of propolis in the management of plant crops and their advances in agriculture. Propolis is a product widely known for its therapeutic capacity. Due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, among other biological activities, its use has been studied in agriculture. Studies they show that the use of propolis via ethanolic propolis extract (EEP) provides beneficial effects on crops. These benefits are associated with the control of phytopathogens, postharvest preservation and conservation of fruits and vegetables and promotion of plant growth. There is evidence that benefits are the result of the propolis chemical composition that is especially rich in phenolic compounds and nutrients. In addition, the typical waxy property of propolis results in an efficient biofilm in plant tissues. There are still scarce reports showing that the use of EEP in crop management controls the presence of insects and reduces water stress in plants. Generally, studies are mainly focused on in vivo and greenhouse evaluations, requiring further research to elucidate the full potential of the use of propolis in crop management.

Effect of green propolis on the productivity, nutrient utilisation, and intestinal morphology of Japanese laying quail

In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of ethanolic extract of green propolis (EEGP) on productivity, egg quality, nutrient utilization, and duodenal morphology of 120 Japanese laying quail. The quail were randomly distributed into five treatment groups: one group with no EEGP in the diet (control diet) and four groups with increasing EEGP levels (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg EEGP/kg diet) in the diets. Excreta and diet samples were collected on day 40 and were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, gross energy (GE), calcium, and phosphorus to evaluate the nutrient and energy use. At the end of the study period, productive performance, egg quality, and duodenum morphology were evaluated. Duodenal sections were obtained from four birds per treatment and were processed for optical microscopy. The EEGP did not affect DM, GE utilization, apparent metabolizable energy, ash retention, feed intake, feed conversion, egg mass, egg quality, crypt depth, or villus height:crypt depth ratio in the duodenum. However, EEGP did increase laying rate, CP, EE, calcium, and phosphorus utilization, as well as villus height and absorption surface area in the duodenum when provided to birds at 1500 and 2000 mg/kg in the diet. Thus, the inclusion of EEGP at 1500 ppm in the diet of Japanese laying quail improves productivity, egg quality, nutrient utilization ability, and duodenal morphology.(AU)

Chemical characterization and in vitro antimicrobial activity of honeybee propolis and Scaptotrigona jujuyensis geopropolis against tomato pathogenic bacteria / Caracterização química e atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de própolis de abelhas e de geoprópolis de Scaptotrigona jujuyensis contra bactérias patogênicas do tomate

The antimicrobial activity of four concentrations of hydroalcoholic extracts from honeybee propolis and Scaptotrigona jujuyensis geopropolis was screened in vitro against five tomato pathogenic bacteria. The agar-well diffusion method was used and the tested bacteria were Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas corrugata, and Pseudomonas mediterranea. The main chemical characteristics of propolis and geopropolis, including the polyphenol profile through HPLC-DAD, were also determined. Geopropolis raw sample presented higher values of moisture (7.78%), waxes (50.79%) and ashes (3.69%) than propolis (4.59%, 31.16% and 2.42% respectively). The total polyphenol content and the dry extract were higher in propolis hydroalcoholic extract (3.83 mg eq galic acid mL-1 and 7.87%, respectively) than in the extract of geopropolis (0.16 mg eq galic acid mL-1 and 0.15%, respectively). Chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of caffeic acid, quercetin, 1,5,7-trihydroxy-flavanone, apigenin, pinobanksin, chrysin, pinocembrin, and galangin in both extracts. The antimicrobial assay showed significant differences between the hydroalcoholic extract activities, as well as between the sensitivity of the tested bacteria. Propolis hydroalcoholic extract dilutions had an inhibitory effect over four of the five tested bacteria, while geopropolis hydroalcoholic extract dilutions were only effective against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, and to a lesser extent. The sequence of bacteria sensitivity to propolis treatments was: C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis > X. gardneri > X. vesicatoria > P. corrugata. Pseudomonas mediterranea was not sensitive to any of the hydroalcoholic extracts. The antimicrobial activity of both extracts was dose-dependent where the most concentrated treatments were the most effective (15.0 mg mL−1 of geopropolis and 78.7 mg mL−1 of propolis dry extract, respectively). The polyphenol content and the HPLC-DAD profile of the hydroalcoholic extracts disclosed differences in chemical composition that helped to explain the outcomes of the in vitro assay. These results are a contribution to the characterization of bee bioactive products, specifically to propolis and geopropolis. This study indicates the likelihood of using propolis as a non-conventional strategy to control tomato bacterial diseases.(AU)

A atividade antimicrobiana de quatro concentrações de extratos hidroalcoólicos de própolis de abelha e de geoprópolis de Scaptotrigona jujuyensis foi avaliada in vitro contra cinco bactérias patogênicas do tomate. Foi utilizado o método de difusão em ágar e as bactérias testadas foram Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas corrugata, e Pseudomonas mediterranea. As principais características químicas da própolis e da geoprópolis, incluindo o perfil de polifenóis por meio de HPLC-DAD, foram também determinados. A amostra bruta de geoprópolis apresentou mais altos valores de umidade (7,78%), ceras (50,79%) e cinzas (3,69%) do que a amostra de própolis (4,59%, 31,16% e 2,42%, respectivamente). O conteúdo de fenólicos totais e do extrato seco foi superior no extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis (3,83 mg eq ácido gálico ml-1 e 7,87%, respectivamente) do que no extrato hidroalcoólico de geoprópolis (0,16 mg eq ácido gálico ml-1 e 0,15%, respectivamente). A análise cromatográfica confirmou a presença de ácido cafeico, quercetina, 1,5,7-tri-hidroxi-flavanona, apigenina, pinobaksina, crisina, pinocembrina, e galangina em ambos os extratos. O ensaio antibacteriano mostrou diferenças significativas entre as atividades dos extratos hidroalcoólicos assim como entre a sensibilidade das bactérias testadas. As diluições do extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis tiveram efeito inibitório sobre quatro das cinco bactérias testadas enquanto as diluições do extrato hidroalcoólico de geoprópolis foram eficientes somente contra C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis e em menor extensão. A sequência de sensibilidade das bactérias aos tratamentos com própolis foi: C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis > X. gardneri > X. vesicatoria > P. corrugata. Pseudomonas mediterranea não foi sensível a nenhum dos extratos hidroalcoólicos. A atividade antibacteriana de ambos os extratos foi dependente da dose, sendo que os tratamentos com maior concentração foram os mais efetivos (15,0 mg mL-1 de geoprópolis e 78,7 mg mL-1 de própolis, extrato seco, respectivamente). O conteúdo de polifenóis e o perfil HPLC-DAD dos extratos hidroalcoólicos mostraram diferenças na composição química, as quais podem ajudar a explicar os resultados do ensaio in vitro. Estes resultados contribuem para a caracterização de produtos bioativos de abelhas, especificamente própolis e geoprópolis. O presente estudo indica a possibilidade de usar própolis como uma estratégia não-convencional para controlar doenças do tomate causadas por bactérias.(AU)

Digestibilidade e palatabilidade de dietas com extrato de própolis para cães / Digestibility and palatability of diets with propolis extract for dogs

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de extrato de própolis na digestibilidade e na palatabilidade de dietas para cães. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro constituído por um ensaio de digestibilidade, com a inclusão de diferentes extratos de própolis (FT0,55, FT0,59, FT2,59, FT2,11). Com base nos resultados do primeiro ensaio, foi definido o extrato FT0,59 a ser utilizado nos demais experimentos, misturado em crescentes níveis à dieta, resultando em outras concentrações de apiginina. Ambos os ensaios de digestibilidade utilizaram dez cães da raça Beagles, os quais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. A palatabilidade foi avaliada pela preferência alimentar e pela primeira escolha, sendo utilizados 20 cães de quatro diferentes raças. No primeiro ensaio de digestibilidade, somente a inclusão do extrato de própolis FT2,11 diminuiu o valor do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS). Já no segundo ensaio, a inclusão crescente do extrato de própolis FT0,79 melhorou linearmente os CDA da proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida (EEA), extrativos não nitrogenados (ENN), MS e energia metabolizável (EM) das dietas. A inclusão de extrato de própolis favoreceu a palatabilidade da dieta. Os flavonoides podem ser adicionados na dieta de cães como nutracêuticos em concentrações menores do que 2,11mg/kg de MS da dieta, sem alterar a digestibilidade.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of propolis extract digestibility and palatability. Two experiments were conducted, the first consisting of a digestibility trial with the inclusion of different propolis extracts (FT0,55, FT0,59, FT2,59, FT2,11). Based on the results of the first test, the extract being used in the other experiments, so the chosen FT0,59 extract was mixed in increasing levels in diets resulting in different apiginin concentrations. the diet was defined. Both digestibility assays beagle dogs 10, which were housed in metabolic cages were used. Palatability was assessed by food preference and first choice, 20 dogs of different breeds being used. In the first digestibility trial, only the inclusion of propolis extract FT2,11 decreased the value of the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM). In the second trial, increasing inclusion of propolis extract FT0,59 linearly improved the ADC of crude protein (CP), ether extract in acid hydrolysis (EEA), nitrogen free extract (NFE), MS and metabolizable energy (ME) of the diets. The inclusion of propolis extract favored the palatability of the diet. Flavonoids can be added in the diet of dogs as nutraceuticals in concentrations lower than 2.11mg/kg of DM of the diet without altering digestibility.

Digestibilidade e palatabilidade de dietas com extrato de própolis para cães / Digestibility and palatability of diets with propolis extract for dogs

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de extrato de própolis na digestibilidade e na palatabilidade de dietas para cães. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro constituído por um ensaio de digestibilidade, com a inclusão de diferentes extratos de própolis (FT0,55, FT0,59, FT2,59, FT2,11). Com base nos resultados do primeiro ensaio, foi definido o extrato FT0,59 a ser utilizado nos demais experimentos, misturado em crescentes níveis à dieta, resultando em outras concentrações de apiginina. Ambos os ensaios de digestibilidade utilizaram dez cães da raça Beagles, os quais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. A palatabilidade foi avaliada pela preferência alimentar e pela primeira escolha, sendo utilizados 20 cães de quatro diferentes raças. No primeiro ensaio de digestibilidade, somente a inclusão do extrato de própolis FT2,11 diminuiu o valor do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS). Já no segundo ensaio, a inclusão crescente do extrato de própolis FT0,79 melhorou linearmente os CDA da proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida (EEA), extrativos não nitrogenados (ENN), MS e energia metabolizável (EM) das dietas. A inclusão de extrato de própolis favoreceu a palatabilidade da dieta. Os flavonoides podem ser adicionados na dieta de cães como nutracêuticos em concentrações menores do que 2,11mg/kg de MS da dieta, sem alterar a digestibilidade.(AU)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of propolis extract digestibility and palatability. Two experiments were conducted, the first consisting of a digestibility trial with the inclusion of different propolis extracts (FT0,55, FT0,59, FT2,59, FT2,11). Based on the results of the first test, the extract being used in the other experiments, so the chosen FT0,59 extract was mixed in increasing levels in diets resulting in different apiginin concentrations. the diet was defined. Both digestibility assays beagle dogs 10, which were housed in metabolic cages were used. Palatability was assessed by food preference and first choice, 20 dogs of different breeds being used. In the first digestibility trial, only the inclusion of propolis extract FT2,11 decreased the value of the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM). In the second trial, increasing inclusion of propolis extract FT0,59 linearly improved the ADC of crude protein (CP), ether extract in acid hydrolysis (EEA), nitrogen free extract (NFE), MS and metabolizable energy (ME) of the diets. The inclusion of propolis extract favored the palatability of the diet. Flavonoids can be added in the diet of dogs as nutraceuticals in concentrations lower than 2.11mg/kg of DM of the diet without altering digestibility.(AU)

Seasonal variation of propolis from southern Brazil: / Variação sazonal da própolis do Sul do Brasil:

Previous studies have reported on the phytotherapeutic potential of propolis from southern Brazil (Urupema, Santa Catarina State), in particular, its efficacy in the treatment of bovine mastitis. The present study evaluates the effect of seasonal variation on the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil and its resultant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities in the context of treating bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed, along with the cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells. With the exception of spring propolis, the flavonoid quercetin was the main compound present in all samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of propolis against S. aureus from mastitic milk was 140 g/mL for samples collected during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons, but 280 g/mL for samples collected in summer. For MAC-T cells, the spring propolis extract was more toxic with an IC50 of 120 g/mL. However, for 120 g/mL of spring propolis extract, only 0.77% of necrotic and 37% of apoptotic MAC-T cells were found, respectively. Nonetheless, the induction of cell deaththrough apoptosis by propolis extract suggests less severe damage to bovine mammary glands. Moreover, only negligible seasonal variation was found in the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil, and no biological

Estudos prévios tem demonstrado o potencial terapêutico da propolis do Sul do Brasil (Urupema, Santa Catarina), em particular no tratamento da mastite bovina. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da variação sazonal sobre a composição química da própolis de Urupema do Sul do Brasil e suas atividades antimicrobiana e citotóxica visando o tratamento da mastite bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus foi avaliada, juntamente com a citotoxicidade e indução de apoptose em células epiteliais mamárias bovina da linhagem MAC-T. Com exceção da própolis da primavera, o flavonóide quercetina foi o composto majoritário em todas as amostras. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) da propolis contra S. aureus de leite mastítico foi 140 g/mL para as amostras de primavera, outono e inverno e 280 g/mL para a amostra coletada no verão. Para as células MAC-T, o extrato de própolis da primavera foio mais tóxico, sendo a IC50 120 g/mL. Entretanto, com 120 g/mL do extrato de própolis primaveril, somente 0,77% de células MAC-T necróticas e 37% apoptóticas foram encontradas. Portanto, a indução da morte celular por apoptose pelo extrato de própolis sugere danos possivelmente menos graves a glândula mamária bovina. Além disso, somente uma pequena variação sazonal foi encontrada para a composição química da propolis do Sul do Brasil, a qual não prejudicou suas