The effect of androgen on wool follicles and keratin production in Hetian sheep / Efeito do androgênio na produção de folículos e queratina em ovinos Hetianos

To investigate the optimal androgen concentration for culturing Hetian sheep wool follicle and to detect effects of androgen concentration on wool follicle cell proliferation and apoptosis using immunofluorescence labeling and real-time quantitative fluorescence determinations of wool keratin-associated protein gene expression levels. Wool follicles were isolated by microdissection and wool follicles and skin pieces were cultured in various concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in culture medium. Next, daily lengthwise growth measurements of wool follicles were obtained using a microscopic micrometer. Cultured Hetian wool follicles were stained using the SACPIC method to reveal wool follicle structure, while sheep skin slices were used to observe cell proliferation by immunostaining and cell apoptosis using the TUNEL method. At the molecular biological level, keratin-associated protein (Kap) gene expression was studied using wool follicles cultured for various numbers of days in vitro. Effects of androgen concentrations on Hetian wool follicle growth and development were experimentally studied. EdU proliferation assays revealed that androgen promoted cell proliferation within wool follicle dermal papillae. TUNEL apoptosis detection demonstrated that androgen treatment could delay cell apoptosis. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results demonstrated that gene expression level patterns of Hetian mountain sheep super-high sulfur protein. Kap1.1, KIF1.2, Kap2.12 and Kap4.2 gene expression level of the mountainous experimental group was significantly higher than plains Hetian sheep. An androgen concentration of 100 nM can promote the growth of Hetian wool follicle cells in vitro, resulting in overexpression of some genes of the Kap family.(AU)

Investigar a concentração ideal de andrógenos em cultura de folículos pilosos de carneiro Hetiano e detectar os efeitos da concentração de andrógenos na proliferação e apoptose de células foliculares, por meio de imunofluorescência e de determinação quantitativa, em tempo real, da fluorescência dos níveis de expressão gênica de proteína associada à queratina. Folículos pilosos foram isolados por microdissecção, e folículos de lã e pedaços de pele foram cultivados em várias concentrações de di-hidrotestosterona (DHT) em meio de cultura. Em seguida, medições diárias de crescimento longitudinal dos folículos capilares foram obtidas usando um micrômetro microscópico. Folículos de lã cultivados de Hetianos foram corados pelo método SACPIC para revelar a estrutura do folículo piloso, enquanto fatias de pele de carneiro foram usadas para observar a proliferação celular por imunocoloração e apoptose celular por meio do método TUNEL. Em âmbito da biologia molecular, a expressão gênica da proteína associada à queratina (Kap) foi estudada usando folículos capilares cultivados por vários dias, in vitro. Os efeitos das concentrações de andrógenos no crescimento e desenvolvimento dos folículos de lã de Hetianos foram estudados experimentalmente. Ensaios de proliferação de EdU revelaram que o andrógeno promoveu a proliferação celular dentro das papilas dérmicas do folículo piloso. A detecção de apoptose por TUNEL demonstrou que o tratamento com andrógeno poderia atrasar a apoptose celular. Os resultados da reação em cadeia da polimerase transcrição reversa quantitativa (qPCR) demonstraram que os padrões de expressão gênica da proteína de enxofre Kap1.1, KIF1.2, Kap2.12 e Kap4.2 foram significativamente maiores no grupo de ovinos Hetianos de montanha. Uma concentração de androgênio de 100 nM pode promover o crescimento de células foliculares de lã de Hetianos in vitro, resultando na superexpressão de alguns genes da família Kap.(AU)

Masculinization in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by androgen immersion: the interaction effect of hormone concentration and immersion time / Masculinização na carpa comum (Cyprinuscarpio) por imersão em androgênio: efeito da interação da concentração hormonal e do tempo de imersão

Synthetic androgens (male hormones) administered to fish nursery are being used in aquaculture to avoid sexual differentiation and unwanted spawning at the eggs or the first feeding fry stage of fish. Present trial was conducted with the aim to produce male common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by egg immersion technique. Through this little insight, the effect of different hormone concentrations (17-methyltestosterone @ HC:150, 300, 450 and 600 µgl-1) with immersion times (IT: 24, 48 and 72 hrs) and their interaction effect (HC x IT) on the hatching percentage of Cyprinus carpio eggs, percent survival and percent of males production was evaluated specifically. Results showed that egg hatching percentage decreased with increased IT likewise, survival of treated fry was affected by increasing the IT (P 0.001). The main interaction effect of HC x IT showed that the highest percent of male individuals (95%) was obtained at 450-600 µgl-1 HC for 72 hrs IT, followed by 88-92.50% at 150-300 µgl-1 HC for 72-hrsof IT, 87.50% at 48-hrs of IT for rest of the hormone treatments, and lowest 47.50% was recorded in control (P 0.05). Increased percent male of Cyprinus carpio was obtained with increasing HC across all ITs. It was observed that the immersion treatment at 600µgl-1 for 72 hours was more effective to change the sex ratio of pre hatch Cyprinus carpio. A comparative outlook made from this experimental trial that sex induction of Cyprinus carpio by eggs immersion using synthetic male steroid hormone is an alternative safe technique of fish sex reversal in contrast to oral administration of hormone in fish feed.(AU)

Andrógenos sintéticos (hormônios masculinos) administrados ao viveiro de peixes estão sendo usados na aquicultura para evitar a diferenciação sexual e a desova indesejada nos ovos ou no primeiro estágio de alimentação dos peixes. O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de produzir carpa comum masculina (Cyprinuscarpio) pela técnica de imersão em ovos. Com essa pequena percepção, o efeito de diferentes concentrações hormonais (17-metiltestosterona @ HC: 150, 300, 450 e 600 µgl-1) com tempos de imersão (IT: 24, 48 e 72 horas) e seu efeito de interação (HC x IT) na porcentagem de eclosão dos ovos de Cyprinuscarpio, a porcentagem de sobrevivência e a porcentagem da produção masculina foram avaliadas especificamente. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem de incubação de ovos diminuiu com o aumento da TI da mesma forma, a sobrevivência dos alevinos tratados foi afetada pelo aumento da TI (P 0,001). O principal efeito de interação do HC x IT mostrou que o maior percentual de indivíduos do sexo masculino (95%) foi obtido com 450-600 µgl-1 HC por 72 horas de TI, seguido por 88-92,50% com 150-300 µgl-1 HC para 72 horas de TI, 87,50% às 48 horas de TI para o restante dos tratamentos hormonais, e 47,50% mais baixos foram registrados no controle (P 0,05). A porcentagem aumentada de macho de Cyprinuscarpio foi obtida com o aumento do HC em todas as TIs. Observou-se que o tratamento de imersão a 600µgl-1 por 72 horas foi mais efetivo na alteração da razão sexual do Cyprinuscarpio antes da eclosão. Uma perspectiva comparativa feita a partir deste ensaio experimental de que a indução sexual de Cyprinuscarpio por imersão de ovos usando hormônio esteróide masculino sintético é uma técnica alternativa segura de reversão do sexo em peixes, em contraste com a administração oral de hormônio na alimentação de peixes.(AU)

Masculinization in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by androgen immersion: The interaction effect of hormone concentration and immersion time / Masculinização na carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio) por imersão em androgênio: Efeito da interação da concentração hormonal e do tempo de imersão

Synthetic androgens (male hormones) administered to fish nursery are being used in aquaculture to avoid sexual differentiation and unwanted spawning at the eggs or the first feeding fry stage of fish. Present trial was conducted with the aim to produce male common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by egg immersion technique. Through this little insight, the effect of different hormone concentrations (17α-methyltestosterone @ HC:150, 300, 450 and 600 µgl-1) with immersion times (IT: 24, 48 and 72 hrs) and their interaction effect (HC x IT) on the hatching percentage of Cyprinus carpio eggs, percent survival and percent of male's production was evaluated specifically. Results showed that egg hatching percentage decreased with increased IT likewise, survival of treated fry was affected by increasing the IT (P<0.001). The main interaction effect of HC x IT showed that the highest percent of male individuals (95%) was obtained at 450-600 µgl-1 HC for 72 hrs IT, followed by 88-92.50% at 150-300 µgl-1 HC for 72-hrsof IT, 87.50% at 48-hrs of IT for rest of the hormone treatments, and lowest 47.50% was recorded in control (P<0.05). Increased percent male of Cyprinus carpio was obtained with increasing HC across all ITs. It was observed that the immersion treatment at 600µgl-1 for 72 hours was more effective to change the sex ratio of pre hatch Cyprinus carpio. A comparative outlook made from this experimental trial that sex induction of Cyprinus carpio by eggs immersion using synthetic male steroid hormone is an alternative safe technique of fish sex reversal in contrast to oral administration of hormone in fish feed.

Andrógenos sintéticos (hormônios masculinos) administrados ao viveiro de peixes estão sendo usados ​​na aquicultura para evitar a diferenciação sexual e a desova indesejada nos ovos ou no primeiro estágio de alimentação dos peixes. O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de produzir carpa comum masculina (Cyprinuscarpio) pela técnica de imersão em ovos. Com essa pequena percepção, o efeito de diferentes concentrações hormonais (17α-metiltestosterona @ HC: 150, 300, 450 e 600 µgl-1) com tempos de imersão (IT: 24, 48 e 72 horas) e seu efeito de interação (HC x IT) na porcentagem de eclosão dos ovos de Cyprinuscarpio, a porcentagem de sobrevivência e a porcentagem da produção masculina foram avaliadas especificamente. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem de incubação de ovos diminuiu com o aumento da TI da mesma forma, a sobrevivência dos alevinos tratados foi afetada pelo aumento da TI (P <0,001). O principal efeito de interação do HC x IT mostrou que o maior percentual de indivíduos do sexo masculino (95%) foi obtido com 450-600 µgl-1 HC por 72 horas de TI, seguido por 88-92,50% com 150-300 µgl-1 HC para 72 horas de TI, 87,50% às 48 horas de TI para o restante dos tratamentos hormonais, e 47,50% mais baixos foram registrados no controle (P <0,05). A porcentagem aumentada de macho de Cyprinuscarpio foi obtida com o aumento do HC em todas as TIs. Observou-se que o tratamento de imersão a 600µgl-1 por 72 horas foi mais efetivo na alteração da razão sexual do Cyprinuscarpio antes da eclosão. Uma perspectiva comparativa feita a partir deste ensaio experimental de que a indução sexual de Cyprinuscarpio por imersão de ovos usando hormônio esteróide masculino sintético é uma técnica alternativa segura de reversão do sexo em peixes, em contraste com a administração oral de hormônio na alimentação de peixes.

Effects of androgens and rutting season on drug metabolizing enzymes in dromedary camels

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of rutting season on metabolism of testosterone (T) and its effect on drug metabolizing enzymes in dromedary camels. Serum and tissue samples were collected from liver, testes and poll glands of rutting and non- rutting camels treated with T at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, given intramuscularly for 7 days. Liver samples were also used to monitor drug metabolizing enzymes. Testosterone and DHT concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) increased in testicular tissue and peripheral circulation of rutting camels compared to non-rutting camels and in non-rutting camels treated with T or DHT. Drug metabolizing enzymes of phase-1 reaction were significantly (P<0.05) inhibited in livers of rutting camels and in non-rutting camels treated with T and DHT. It is suggested that co-administration of drugs metabolized by oxidation with androgens should be avoided. Such drugs may cause adverse drug reaction in rutting camels.

Effects of androgens and rutting season on drug metabolizing enzymes in dromedary camels

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of rutting season on metabolism of testosterone (T) and its effect on drug metabolizing enzymes in dromedary camels. Serum and tissue samples were collected from liver, testes and poll glands of rutting and non- rutting camels treated with T at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, given intramuscularly for 7 days. Liver samples were also used to monitor drug metabolizing enzymes. Testosterone and DHT concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) increased in testicular tissue and peripheral circulation of rutting camels compared to non-rutting camels and in non-rutting camels treated with T or DHT. Drug metabolizing enzymes of phase-1 reaction were significantly (P<0.05) inhibited in livers of rutting camels and in non-rutting camels treated with T and DHT. It is suggested that co-administration of drugs metabolized by oxidation with androgens should be avoided. Such drugs may cause adverse drug reaction in rutting camels.(AU)

Placenta specific gene targeting to study histone lysine demethylase and androgen signaling in ruminant placenta

Reproductive efficiency is critically dependent on embryo survival, establishment of a successful pregnancy and placental development. Recent advances in gene editing technology have enabled investigators to use gene knockdown and knockout approaches to better understand the role of hormone signaling in placental function and fetal growth and development. In this review, an overview of ruminant placentation will be provided, including recent data highlighting the role of histone lysine demethylase 1A and androgen signaling in ruminant placenta and pregnancy. Studies in ruminant placenta establish a role for histone lysine demethylase 1A in controlling genetic networks necessary for important cellular events such as cell proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as androgen receptor signaling during early placentation.

Placenta specific gene targeting to study histone lysine demethylase and androgen signaling in ruminant placenta

Reproductive efficiency is critically dependent on embryo survival, establishment of a successful pregnancy and placental development. Recent advances in gene editing technology have enabled investigators to use gene knockdown and knockout approaches to better understand the role of hormone signaling in placental function and fetal growth and development. In this review, an overview of ruminant placentation will be provided, including recent data highlighting the role of histone lysine demethylase 1A and androgen signaling in ruminant placenta and pregnancy. Studies in ruminant placenta establish a role for histone lysine demethylase 1A in controlling genetic networks necessary for important cellular events such as cell proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as androgen receptor signaling during early placentation.(AU)

Association between decreased expression of estrogen receptor alpha, androgen receptor and phosphatase and tensin homolog immunoexpression in the canine prostate / Associação entre diminuição da expressão dos receptores de estrógeno alfa e andrógeno, e imunoexpressão de fosfatase e tensina homóloga na próstata canina

Canine prostate gland is a hormonal dependent organ and its imbalance of estrogen and androgen receptor expressions are directly associated with the development of different diseases. Due to the lack of information regarding the behavior of the aforementioned receptors in canine prostate cancer (PC), this study aimed to identify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), Ki67 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expressions in canine PC by immunohistochemistry. We found nuclear expression of ERα and AR in the epithelial cells of normal canine samples and a loss of protein expression in PC samples. Normal samples showed Ki67 expression in a few basal cells and the PC samples showed the highest mean of positive cells (253.1). Canine prostate cancer showed a high proliferative index, which was associated with independence of hormonal actuation. PTEN showed positive nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in normal canine samples and a loss in PC. Loss of ERα, AR and PTEN indicated that canine PC exhibits the same immunohistochemical phenotype as in human patients with PC resistant to hormonal therapy. Therefore, canine PC should be considered as a model to study human PC resistant to hormonal therapy.(AU)

A glândula prostática canina é um órgão dependente de hormônio, e o desequilíbrio na expressão dos receptores de estrógeno e andrógeno estão diretamente associados com o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças. Devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento desses receptores no câncer prostático canino (PC), este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a expressão proteica através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica do receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), receptor de andrógeno (RA), Ki67 e fosfatase e tensina homóloga (PTEN). Foi encontrado nas células epiteliais prostáticas normais caninas a expressão nuclear de REα e RA, e perda de expressão proteica nas amostras de PC. As amostras normais apresentaram expressão de Ki67 em poucas células basais e as amostras de PC apresentaram a maior média de células positivas (253,1). O câncer de próstata canino apresentou uma taxa alta de proliferação, o qual foi associado com a atuação independente de hormônio. As amostras de próstatas caninas normais revelaram marcação nuclear e citoplasmática da proteína PTEN e perda nas amostras de PC. A perda de REα, RA e PTEN indicam que as amostras de PC exibem o mesmo fenótipo imuno-histoquímico de pacientes humanos com câncer prostático resistente a terapia hormonal. Sendo assim, o PC canino deve ser considerado um modelo para estudos de câncer prostático humano resistente a terapia hormonal.(AU)

Association between decreased expression of estrogen receptor alpha, androgen receptor and phosphatase and tensin homolog immunoexpression in the canine prostate / Associação entre diminuição da expressão dos receptores de estrógeno alfa e andrógeno, e imunoexpressão de fosfatase e tensina homóloga na próstata canina

Canine prostate gland is a hormonal dependent organ and its imbalance of estrogen and androgen receptor expressions are directly associated with the development of different diseases. Due to the lack of information regarding the behavior of the aforementioned receptors in canine prostate cancer (PC), this study aimed to identify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), Ki67 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expressions in canine PC by immunohistochemistry. We found nuclear expression of ERα and AR in the epithelial cells of normal canine samples and a loss of protein expression in PC samples. Normal samples showed Ki67 expression in a few basal cells and the PC samples showed the highest mean of positive cells (253.1). Canine prostate cancer showed a high proliferative index, which was associated with independence of hormonal actuation. PTEN showed positive nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in normal canine samples and a loss in PC. Loss of ERα, AR and PTEN indicated that canine PC exhibits the same immunohistochemical phenotype as in human patients with PC resistant to hormonal therapy. Therefore, canine PC should be considered as a model to study human PC resistant to hormonal therapy.(AU)

A glândula prostática canina é um órgão dependente de hormônio, e o desequilíbrio na expressão dos receptores de estrógeno e andrógeno estão diretamente associados com o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças. Devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento desses receptores no câncer prostático canino (PC), este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a expressão proteica através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica do receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), receptor de andrógeno (RA), Ki67 e fosfatase e tensina homóloga (PTEN). Foi encontrado nas células epiteliais prostáticas normais caninas a expressão nuclear de REα e RA, e perda de expressão proteica nas amostras de PC. As amostras normais apresentaram expressão de Ki67 em poucas células basais e as amostras de PC apresentaram a maior média de células positivas (253,1). O câncer de próstata canino apresentou uma taxa alta de proliferação, o qual foi associado com a atuação independente de hormônio. As amostras de próstatas caninas normais revelaram marcação nuclear e citoplasmática da proteína PTEN e perda nas amostras de PC. A perda de REα, RA e PTEN indicam que as amostras de PC exibem o mesmo fenótipo imuno-histoquímico de pacientes humanos com câncer prostático resistente a terapia hormonal. Sendo assim, o PC canino deve ser considerado um modelo para estudos de câncer prostático humano resistente a terapia hormonal.(AU)

Avaliação da atividade androgênica e antiandrogênica promovida pelo extrato etanólico da richeria grandis vahl. (phyllanthaceae) em ratos / Richeria grandis Vahl. (Phyllanthaceae) ethanolic extract: androgenic and anti-androgenic activity evaluation in rats

The Richeria grandis known is for its aphrodisiac properties and due to its wide empiric use well as thelack of gender Richeria studies the objective of this study was to evaluate the androgenic and anti-androgenicactivity of this plant. They were used in this study 64 male Wistar rats, castrated, divided into eight groups. Thegroups for the study of androgen activity were treated with boiling water over corn R. grandis ethanolic extractoil at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg / kg and groups of antiandrogenic activity received corn oil, distilled waterand ethanol extract at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg / kg associated with testosterone. It was found that theethanol extract of R. grandis in the tested doses did not differ statistically from the negative and positive controlsdid not thus demonstrating androgenic activity or antiandrogenic.(AU)

Avaliação da atividade androgênica e antiandrogênica promovida pelo extrato etanólico da richeria grandis vahl. (phyllanthaceae) em ratos / Richeria grandis Vahl. (Phyllanthaceae) ethanolic extract: androgenic and anti-androgenic activity evaluation in rats

The Richeria grandis known is for its aphrodisiac properties and due to its wide empiric use well as thelack of gender Richeria studies the objective of this study was to evaluate the androgenic and anti-androgenicactivity of this plant. They were used in this study 64 male Wistar rats, castrated, divided into eight groups. Thegroups for the study of androgen activity were treated with boiling water over corn R. grandis ethanolic extractoil at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg / kg and groups of antiandrogenic activity received corn oil, distilled waterand ethanol extract at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg / kg associated with testosterone. It was found that theethanol extract of R. grandis in the tested doses did not differ statistically from the negative and positive controlsdid not thus demonstrating androgenic activity or antiandrogenic.

Pesquisa de atividade androgênica e antiandrogênica em ratos tratados com extrato etanólico das vagens de Senna spectabilis / Evaluation of Androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in rats treated with ethanol extract of pods of Senna spectabilis

Although the high expression of the northeastern herds, the levels of productivity, reproducibility,carcass gain and other factors are low. This is mainly due to the main food source being from native plants ofthe Savanna. Were used male Wistar rats (64) divided into eight groups. These animals were castrated and, afterrecovery, received ethanol extract of pods of Senna spectabilis (EEVSs) in three different doses and testosteroneintramuscularly (some groups). The animals were treated for 32 consecutive days and at the end wereeuthanized. The organs were collected and weighed for evaluation of androgenic and anti-androgenic activity.The extract showed no androgenic nor anti-androgenic activity at the doses tested.(AU)

The role of androgens in mammals folliculogenesis / Papel dos andrógenos na foliculogênese em mamíferos

Introduction: Steroid hormones production is a physiological process termed steroidogenesis. An important stage of this process is the conversion of androgens into estrogens through aromatase enzyme. Furthermore, androgens are important in the process of folliculogenesis, promoting follicular growth in different species. Thus, the aim of this review was to present the process of synthesis, mechanism of action, and importance of androgens in folliculogenesis. Additionally, the main results of in vitro culture of ovarian cells in the presence of these hormones were emphasized. Review: Folliculogenesis begins in prenatal life in most of species and can be defined as the process of formation, follicular growth, and oocyte maturation. Preantral follicles represent 95% of the follicular population and assisted reproductive technologies have been developed (e.g., Manipulation of Oocytes Enclosed in Preantral Follicles - MOEPF) in order to avoid the great follicle loss that occurs naturally in vivo by atresia. The MOEPF aim to obtain a large number of competent oocytes from preantral follicles and then subject to in vitro maturation, fertilization, and culture for embryo production. However, the development of an efficient medium to ensure the follicular survival and oocyte maturation is the major challenge of this biotechnology. To achieve the success on in vitro culture, the effects [...](AU)

The role of androgens in mammals folliculogenesis / Papel dos andrógenos na foliculogênese em mamíferos

Introduction: Steroid hormones production is a physiological process termed steroidogenesis. An important stage of this process is the conversion of androgens into estrogens through aromatase enzyme. Furthermore, androgens are important in the process of folliculogenesis, promoting follicular growth in different species. Thus, the aim of this review was to present the process of synthesis, mechanism of action, and importance of androgens in folliculogenesis. Additionally, the main results of in vitro culture of ovarian cells in the presence of these hormones were emphasized. Review: Folliculogenesis begins in prenatal life in most of species and can be defined as the process of formation, follicular growth, and oocyte maturation. Preantral follicles represent 95% of the follicular population and assisted reproductive technologies have been developed (e.g., Manipulation of Oocytes Enclosed in Preantral Follicles - MOEPF) in order to avoid the great follicle loss that occurs naturally in vivo by atresia. The MOEPF aim to obtain a large number of competent oocytes from preantral follicles and then subject to in vitro maturation, fertilization, and culture for embryo production. However, the development of an efficient medium to ensure the follicular survival and oocyte maturation is the major challenge of this biotechnology. To achieve the success on in vitro culture, the effects [...]

Pesquisa de atividade androgênica e antiandrogênica em ratos tratados com extrato etanólico das vagens de Senna spectabilis / Evaluation of Androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in rats treated with ethanol extract of pods of Senna spectabilis

Although the high expression of the northeastern herds, the levels of productivity, reproducibility,carcass gain and other factors are low. This is mainly due to the main food source being from native plants ofthe Savanna. Were used male Wistar rats (64) divided into eight groups. These animals were castrated and, afterrecovery, received ethanol extract of pods of Senna spectabilis (EEVSs) in three different doses and testosteroneintramuscularly (some groups). The animals were treated for 32 consecutive days and at the end wereeuthanized. The organs were collected and weighed for evaluation of androgenic and anti-androgenic activity.The extract showed no androgenic nor anti-androgenic activity at the doses tested.

Estudo da espermatogênese e maturação espermática em cães senis

Estudos mais aprofundados dos processos de espermatogênese e maturação epididimária durante a senescência na espécie canina são necessários, permitindo elucidar as características patológicas do ejaculado de cães em idade senil. O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar entre cães jovens e senis as características vasculares, hemodinâmicas, biométricas e ecogênicas do parênquima testicular e epididimário; a expressão dos receptores de LH, estrógeno e andrógeno no testículo e nos três segmentos epididimários; a morfo-funcionalidade dos espermatozoides provenientes dos três segmentos epididimários e as diferenças histo-morfológicas do parênquima testicular e epididimário. Foram selecionados dez cães jovens em maturidade reprodutiva (1 a 4 anos) e oito cães senis (acima de 7 anos), de diferentes raças, pesando entre 10 e 40 kg, constituindo dois grupos experimentais: Grupo Jovem e Grupo Senil. Os animais foram avaliados por ultrassonografia escrotal bidimensional, Doppler espectral da artéria testicular e Doppler colorido dos testículos e epidídimos. Após orquiectomia, a expressão dos receptores de andrógeno, LH e estrógeno foi avaliada no parênquima testicular e epididimário por meio das técnicas de RT-PCR e imunohistoquímica. Ainda, espermatozoides foram colhidos dos três segmentos epididimários (cabeça, corpo e cauda) e avaliados quanto a motilidade, concentração, morfologia, integridade de membranas acrossomal e plasmática, função mitocondrial e condensação da cromatina espermática. Para análise estatística, foi realizado teste T de Student ou Wilcoxon para comparação entre os grupos e os dados de RT-PCR foram analisados pelo procedimento MIXED, considerando-se P<0,05 para diferenças significativas. O grupo Jovem apresentou maior velocidade de fluxo sanguíneo e menor índice de pulsatilidade na artéria testicular, bem como maior vascularização do parênquima testicular em relação ao Grupo Senil. Os animais senis apresentaram padrão de expressão testicular e epididimário dos receptores de andrógeno, LH e estrógeno alfa distinto dos cães jovens. Não foi constatada a expressão do receptor de estrógeno beta nos testículos e epidídimos de cães. Cães senis apresentaram alterações de concentração espermática, porcentagem de defeitos espermáticos, padrão de motilidade, lesão de membranas plasmática e acrossomal, potencial e atividade mitocondrial e condensação de cromatina dos espermatozoides. Como conclusão, a senescência na espécie canina altera a hemodinâmica da artéria testicular e vascularização dos testículos, sem modificar a biometria e ecogenicidade testicular e epididimária. Ademais, há modificação na expressão diferencial dos receptores hormonais (andrógeno, estrógeno alfa e LH), influenciando o ambiente testicular e epididimário e, por consequência, prejudicando a espermatogênese e maturação espermática no trajeto epididimário, culminando em alterações morfo-funcionais dos espermatozoides em cães.

The study on the spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation in the canine species during senescence is necessary to further elucidate the pathological sperm features of aged dogs. The present study aims to compare between young and senile dogs the vascular, hemodynamic, biometric and echogenic features of testicular and epididymal parenchyma; the tissue expression of LH, estrogen and androgen receptors in the testis and epididymal caput, corpus and cauda; the morpho-functionality of epididymal sperm and the histo-morphological differences of testis and epididymides parenchyma. Ten young dogs within reproductive age (1 to 4 years) and eight senile dogs (over 7 years), of different breeds, weighing between 10 and 40 kg, were selected and assigned to two experimental groups: Young Group and Senile Group. Dogs were evaluated through B-mode scrotal ultrasound, testicular artery spectral Doppler and color Doppler of the testis and epididymides. After orchiectomy, the expression of androgen, LH and estrogen receptors were evaluated in testis and epididymis parenchyma through RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, sperm were harvested from the caput, corpus and cauda epididymides and evaluated for motility, concentration, morphology, integrity of acrosomal and plasma membranes, mitochondrial functioning and chromatin condensation. For statistical analysis, Student's T test or Wilcoxon was performed to compare between the groups and the RT-PCR data were analyzed using proc MIXED, considering P<0.05 as significant different. The Young group showed higher testicular artery blood flow speed and lower pulsatility index, as well as higher testicular vascularization compared to the Senile Group. Senile dogs had different testicular and epididymal expression pattern of androgen, LH and alpha estrogen receptors compared to young dogs. We were not able to detect the expression of beta estrogen receptor in canine testis and epididymis. Senile dogs had significant changes in epididymal sperm concentration, percentage of sperm defects, motility pattern, damage to plasma and acrosomal membranes, mitochondrial potential and activity and sperm chromatin condensation. In conclusion, senescence alters testicular artery blood flow and vascularization of the testis, without modifying testicular and epididymal biometry and echodensity. In addition, hormonal receptors (androgen, alpha estrogen and LH) were differentially expressed in aged dogs, influencing testicular and epididymal environment and, consequently, compromising spermatogenesis and sperm maturation throughout epididymides, leading to morpho-functional changes in canine sperm.

Morphometric study of the corpus cavernosum after anabolic androgenic steroid administration in pubertal and adult rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the penile morphological modifications of pubertal and adult rats chronically treated with supra-physiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: two control groups, 105- and 65-day-old (C105 and C65, respectively) injected with peanut oil (vehicle); and two treated groups, 105- and 65-day-old (T105 and T65, respectively) injected with nandrolone decanoate at a dose of 10 mg Kg-1 of body weight. The rats were injected once a week for eight weeks. The rats were then killed and their penises were processed for histomorphometric analyses. The mean of each parameter was statistically compared. RESULTS: A corpus cavernosum reduction of 12.5% and 10.9% was observed in the T105 and T65 groups, respectively, when compared with their respective control groups. The cavernosum smooth muscle surface density diminished by 5.6% and 12.9% in the T65 and T105 groups, respectively, when compared with their controls. In contrast, the sinusoidal space increased by 17% in the T105 group and decreased by 9.6% in the T65 group. CONCLUSION: The use of supra-physiological doses of AAS promotes structural changes in the rat penis, by altering the proportions of corpus cavernosum tissues, in both pubertal and adult treated animals.(AU)

Morfometria corpórea, características do sêmen, proteínas seminais e testosterona em cervos Cervus unicolor, em cativeiro / Body morphometry, semen characteristics, seminal proteins and testosterone in sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in captivity

Objetivou-se estudar a morfometria corpórea, as características do sêmen, o perfil proteico do plasma seminal em SDS-PAGE e a concentração sérica de testosterona em cervos-sambar (Cervus unicolor), criados em cativeiro, na estação reprodutiva da primavera. Quatro machos com idades entre 12 e 36 meses foram avaliados em quatro momentos, com intervalos de sete dias, com peso corpóreo (60,5 a 89,0kg), índice de massa corporal (93,07kg/m2 a 126,56kg/m2), volume do ejaculado (0,50±0,35mL a 0,75±0,28mL), motilidade espermática (87,75±4,78% a 90,00±7,07%), defeitos totais (17,25±5,81% a 47,72±17,55%), testosterona sérica (6,43±4,33ng/dL a 166,00±64,48ng/dL) e proteínas do plasma seminal com bandas entre 7,6 e 142kDa. As características dos ejaculados não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as três primeiras colheitas. Houve diferença (P<0,05) para os defeitos espermáticos com elevação na quarta colheita. No plasma seminal de cada cervo, foram identificadas de 16 a 27 bandas de proteínas entre 7,6 e 142kDa. Conclui-se que a qualidade espermática foi satisfatória na primavera. O estresse das contenções sucessivas causou queda da qualidade espermática. A idade influi na concentração sérica de testosterona, a qual foi maior nos cervos aos 36 meses.(AU)

The aim of this work was to study the body morphometry, semen characteristics, seminal plasma protein profile in SDS-PAGE and serum testosterone concentration in Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor), in captivity in the breeding season (spring). Four males aged between 12 and 36 months were assessed in four moments with intervals of seven days with body weight (60.5 to 89.0kg), body mass index (93.07 to 126.56kg/m2), ejaculate volume (0.50±0.35mL to 0.75±0.28mL), sperm motility (87.75±4.78% to 90.00±7.07% ), total defects (17.25±5.81% to 47.72±17.55%), serum testosterone (6.43±4.33 ng/dL to 166.00±64.48ng/dL) and seminal plasma proteins with bands between 7.6 and 142 kDa. The characteristics of ejaculates did not differ (P>0.05) among ejaculates (1st, 2nd and 3rd). There were differences (P<0.05) for sperm defects elevation on the fourth ejaculate. In seminal plasma 16 to 27 protein bands between 7.6 and 142 kDa were identified. In conclusion, sperm quality was satisfactory in the spring and the stress of successive contentions decreased sperm quality. Also, there is influence of age upon serum testosterone concentration which was higher in deer at 36 months.(AU)

Efeitos da exposição à ivermectina em ratos e coelhos: aspectos reprodutivos

A ivermectina é uma lactona macrocíclica usada como agente antiparasitário de amplo espectro de ação contra nematelmintos e artrópodes. É empregada, principalmente, no controle de infecções parasitárias de animais domésticos, e recentemente vem sendo utilizada em seres humanos para o tratamento da oncocercose, escabiose e pediculose. Em mamíferos, diversas evidências indicam que as lactonas macrocíclicas interagem com canais de cloro mediados pelo ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). Sabe-se que o sistema GABAérgico está envolvido com a manifestação do comportamento sexual e estudo prévios mostraram que a ivermectina prejudicou o comportamento sexual de ratos machos e fêmeas. Assim, considerando que a ivermectina pode interferir na esfera sexual, este trabalho avaliou os efeitos temporais da exposição à ivermectina (0,2 e 1,0 mg/kg, por via subcutânea) em parâmetros reprodutivos e hormonais de ratos e de coelhos. Em ratos avaliou-se peso relativo dos órgãos de machos e fêmeas, o índice gonadossomático de machos, os achados histopatológicos; o receptor de andrógeno em testículos por imunohistoquímica; concentração sérica de testosterona, FSH e LH; expressão relativa de enzimas da via esteroidogênica por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (PCR-RT); ciclo estral, desempenho reprodutivo e concentração de estradiol nas fezes de ratas. Em coelhos machos avaliou-se a concentração, a motilidade e a morfologia de espermatozoides; a integridade das membranas plasmáticas, acrossomal e mitocondrial de espermatozoides; o peso relativo dos órgãos e o índice gonadossomático; a concentração sérica testosterona; os achados histopatológicos; e a análise hematológica e bioquímica sérica. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de ivermectina em ratos: não alterou o peso relativo dos testículos, epidídimos, próstata e vesícula seminal; não modificou o índice gonadossomático; promoveu prejuízo nas células germinativas do epitélio seminífero dos testículos, achado sugestivo de prejuízo na espermatogênese e na espermiogênese de machos; não interferiu na expressão de receptor andrógeno dos testículos, bem como a expressão relativa de enzimas da via esteroidogênica; não interferiu na concentração sérica de testosterona e FSH, porém diminuiu a concentração sérica de LH; não interferiu no ciclo estral, no desempenho reprodutivo e na concentração de estradiol nas fezes de ratas. Os resultados de ratos e ratas foram discutidos considerando a interferência da ivermectina na neurotransmissão GABAérgica, bem como na via de produção dos hormônios hipofisários-gonadais. Em coelhos, não foram observadas alterações nos parâmetros da fertilidade de machos, avaliada pela concentração, motilidade e morfologia de espermatozoides, e nem no potencial de fertilização, avaliado pela integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial dos espermatozoides; não houve interferência nos níveis séricos de testosterona, na bioquímica sérica e em parâmetros do hemograma. Esses resultados em conjunto são indicativos de que a ivermectina causa poucos efeitos prejudiciais em aspectos reprodutivos de ratos e coelhos.

Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone used as a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent against nematelmints and arthropods. It is mainly used in the control of parasitic infections of domestic animals, and recently has been used in humans to treat onchocerciasis, scabies and pediculosis. In mammals, various evidences indicate that macrocyclic lactones interact with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride channels. It is known that the GABAergic system is involved in the manifestation of sexual behavior and previous studies have shown that ivermectin impaired sexual behavior in male and female rats. Thus, considering ivermectin may interfere with the sexual sphere, this study evaluated the temporal effects of exposure to ivermectin (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously) on reproductive and hormonal parameters of rats and rabbits. In rats it was evaluated organ weights of male and female, the gonadossomatic index of males, histopathological findings; the immunohistochemical of the androgen receptor in the testes; serum LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations; relative expression of steroidogenic pathway enzymes by realtime polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); estrous cycle, reproductive performance and estradiol concentration in the feces of female rats. In male rabbits it was evaluated the spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphology; the integrity of the membranes plasmatic, acrosomal and mitochondrial of the spermatozoa; the organ weights, the gonadosomatic index; serum testosterone concentrations; histopathological findings; and hematological and serum biochemical analysis. The results showed that ivermectin administration in rats: not alter the relative weights of the testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle; not modified gonadosomatic index; caused damage in the germinal cells of the seminiferous epithelium of the testes, finding suggestive of impairment in spermatogenesis and male spermiogenesis; did not interfere with the androgen receptor expression of the testes, as well as the relative expression of enzymes of the steroidogenic pathway; did not interfere in the serum testosterone and FSH concentrations, but it decreased the serum LH concentration; did not interfere in the estrous cycle, reproductive performance and estradiol concentration in the feces of female rats. The results of male and female rats were discussed considering the interference of ivermectin in GABAergic neurotransmission as well as in the production pathway of pituitary-gonadal hormones. In rabbits, no changes were observed in male fertility parameters evaluated by spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphology, nor the potential for fertilization evaluated by the integrity of the membranes plasmatic, acrosomal and mitochondrial of the spermatozoa; there was no interference in serum testosterone concentration, serum biochemistry and hematological parameters. These results together are indicative that ivermectin causes few adverse effects on reproductive aspects of rats and rabbits.

Castração química de caninos e felinos por meio de injeção intratesticular de gluconato de zinco - Quebrando paradigmas / Chemical sterilization of dogs and cats using an intratesticular injection of a zinc gluconate solution - Changing paradigms

Muitas pesquisas têm sido realizadas na tentativa de tornar os métodos de esterilização mais acessíveis para a população, a fim de reduzir o número de cães e gatos que sofrem eutanásia todos os anos. Observa-se que a preocupação principal está relacionada ao controle da fêmea, e pouco se tem estudado quanto à esterilização do macho. A castração do macho é importante não apenas para o controle de coberturas indesejadas, mas também para a diminuição do comportamento característico, como monta, demarcação pela urina e agressividade. O bloqueio reprodutivo no macho pode ser obtido por meio de intervenção cirúrgica (orquiectomia, vasectomia), terapia medicamentosa ou da utilização de agentes esclerosantes no testículo ou epidídimo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo abordar a técnica da esterilização química por meio da injeção intratesticular de gluconato de zinco no controle da fertilidade do macho das espécies canina e felina.(AU)

Many researches have been accomplished in the attempt of turning the methods of sterilization more accessible for population in order to reduce the number of dogs and cats that suffer euthanasia every year. The main concern is related to the control of the female and little one has been studying about contraceptive treatments for males. Sterilization of male dogs is ideal not only for pet population control, but it decreases objectionable behavior including mounting, urine marking and aggressiveness. Reproductive control of male dogs includes surgical procedures (orchiectomy and vasectomy), continuous administration of medication and injections of sclerosing agents into the testis and/or epididymides. The purpose of this work is to review the technique of chemical castration using an intratesticular injection of zinc gluconato for fertility control of the male dog and cat.(AU)