Drug resistance and susceptibility testing of Gram negative bacterial isolates from healthy cattle with different Lactam resistance Phenotypes from Shandong province China

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of common antibiotics against different microorganisms in apparently healthy cattle in Shandong province and its suburb. A total of 220 nasal swab samples were collected and cultured for bacteriological evaluation. All the bacteria isolates after preliminary identification were subjected to antibiogram studies following disc diffusion method. It was found in the study that E. coli is the most commonly associated isolate (21%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%), and Proteus spp (11%). While the antibiogram studies reveled that highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (95%), followed by Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxime (85%) and Tetracycline (95%) of (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp). In the case of pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella the highest resistance was showed by Ampicillin (90%) followed by Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (80%), Cefixime (90%), and Erythromycin (80%). In Shigella spp and Salmonella spp highest resistance was showed by Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Augmentin (60%), and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (50%). It is concluded that in vitro antibiogram studies of bacterial isolates revealed higher resistance for Ampicillin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The high multiple Antibiotics resistance indexes (MARI) observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. MARI value of >0.2 is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia dos antibióticos comuns contra diferentes microrganismos em bovinos aparentemente saudáveis na província de Shandong e seus subúrbios. Um total de 220 amostras de esfregaço nasal foi coletado e cultivado para avaliação bacteriológica. Todos os isolados de bactérias após identificação preliminar foram submetidos a estudos de antibiograma seguindo o método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se no estudo que E. coli é o isolado mais comumente associado (21%), seguido por Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%) e Proteus spp (11%). Enquanto os estudos de antibiograma revelaram que o maior número de isolados bacterianos apresentou resistência à Ampicilina (95%), seguido por Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxima (85%) e Tetraciclina (95%) de (Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp). No caso de Pseudomonas spp. e Salmonella, a maior resistência foi apresentada pela Ampicilina (90%) seguida pela Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (80%), Cefixima (90%) e Eritromicina (80%). Em Shigella spp e Salmonella spp, a maior resistência foi demonstrada por Amoxicilina, Ceftazidima, Augmentina (60%) e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (50%). Conclui-se que estudos de antibiograma in vitro de isolados bacterianos revelaram maior resistência para Ampicilina, Augmentina, Cefuroxima, Cefixima, Tetraciclina, Eritromicina e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico. Os altos índices de resistência a antibióticos múltiplos (MARI) observados em todos os isolados neste estudo variaram de 0,6 a 0,9. O valor MARI de > 0,2 sugere várias bactérias resistentes a antibióticos e indica a presença de bactérias altamente resistentes.

Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in fecal samples from foals with and without diarrhea in the state of São Paulo: microbiological diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and molecular detection / Ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em amostras fecais de potros com e sem diarreia no estado de São Paulo: diagnóstico microbiológico, perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos e detecção molecular

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated Salmonella spp. in the feces of 200 foals up to one year of age (100 with clinical signs of diarrhea and 100 without clinical signs of diarrhea). Bacteriological culture, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, and real-time PCR (qPCR SYBR® Green or a TaqMan®) for detecting the invA gene (with and without a selective pre-enrichment step in tetrathionate broth) were performed. Bacterial culture revealed 15% (n=30) of positive animals (21 animals with diarrhea and nine without diarrhea). Among the 30 isolates, 13 different serovars were identified: S. Infantis, S. Minnesota, S. I.4,5,12:i:-; S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Oranienburg, S. Braenderup, S. Give, S. Newport, S. IIIb 61:c:z35, S. 109:-:1.5, S. I.4.12:d:-, S. I.6.8:-:-. Multidrug resistance was found in 43.33% (n=13) of the isolates, with one isolate obtained from animals without diarrhea and 12 isolates from animals with diarrhea. All qPCR techniques used in the study classified more samples as positive for Salmonella spp. than the bacterial culture of feces. In addition, all qPCR techniques detected more positive animals in the diarrhea group than in the diarrhea-free group. The results confirm the utility of the qPCR method without the pre-enrichment step in tetrathionate as a rapid test for Salmonella spp. in carrier animals. In animals with clinical signs of diarrhea, it can be combined with bacterial culture (antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping). The isolation of Salmonella spp. in nine animals without diarrhea confirms the importance of asymptomatic carrier animals in the epidemiology of the disease. The multidrug resistance observed highlights the importance of rational antimicrobial use in horses and adopting biosecurity protocols that are efficacious in controlling the spread of infections between animals and zoonotic transmission in farms.

RESUMO: O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em fezes de 200 potros com até um ano de idade (100 com sinais clínicos de diarreia e 100 sem sinais clínicos de diarreia), utilizando as técnicas de cultivo bacteriológico e PCR em tempo real (qPCR) pelos métodos de corante fluorescente (SYBR® Green) e sonda específica (Taqman®) para a detecção do gene invA com e sem etapa de pré-enriquecimento seletivo em caldo de tetrationato. O cultivo bacteriológico revelou 15% (n=30) de animais positivos (21 animais com diarreia e nove animais sem diarreia). Dentre esses 30 isolados, 13 sorovares diferentes foram identificados: S. Infantis, S. Minnesota, S. I.4,5,12:i:-; S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Oranienburg, S. Braenderup, S. Give, S. Newport, S. IIIb 61:c:z35, S. 109:-:1.5, S. I.4.12:d:-, S. I.6.8:-:-. Multirresistência foi constatada em 43,33% (n=13) dos isolados, sendo um isolado obtido de animal sem diarreia e 12 isolados de animais com diarreia. Todas as técnicas de qPCR empregadas no estudo apresentaram maior número de amostras classificadas como positivas para Salmonella spp. comparadas ao cultivo bacteriológico de fezes. Adicionalmente, em todas as técnicas de qPCR houve maior número de animais detectados como positivos no grupo de animais com diarreia em relação aos animais sem diarreia. Os resultados confirmaram a utilidade do método qPCR sem a etapa de pré-enriquecimento em tetrationato, como um teste rápido para detecção de Salmonella spp. em animais portadores ou em animais com sinais clínicos de diarreia. O cultivo bacteriológico deve ser associado para a realização do teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e sorotipificação. O isolamento de Salmonella spp. em nove animais sem diarreia, confirma a importância dos animais portadores assintomáticos na epidemiologia da doença. A multirresistência observada evidencia a importância do uso racional de antimicrobianos em equinos e a importância da adoção de protocolos de biossegurança que sejam eficazes para controlar a disseminação de infecções entre animais e a transmissão zoonótica nas fazendas.

Identification and characterization of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria in feral pigeons surrounding a veterinary hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Identificação de bactérias patogênicas e multirresistentes a antimicrobianos em pombos urbanos no entorno de um Hospital Veterinário em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Pigeons are known for their capacity to harbor and spread several zoonotic agents. Studies have suggested that pigeons are also relevant disseminators of multidrug-resistant strains. In this study, pigeons surrounding a veterinary hospital were sampled and tested for the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. E. coli isolates from 19 (40.4%) pigeons tested positive for the E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1)-encoding gene. The intimin-encoding gene (eae) of enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC) was found in one isolate (2.1%). Salmonella spp. were found in nine (19.1%) pigeons, all from the first capture event (P < 000.1). S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg were isolated from six and three pigeons, respectively. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR) of the Salmonella spp. isolates suggested that eight of the nine strains had a high genetic similarity, supporting the hypothesis of an outbreak of salmonellosis in these pigeons. Twenty (42.5%) staphylococcal isolates were recovered from 18 (38.3%) pigeons. Eight different species were detected, with S. xylosus being the most frequent. Two (4.3%) C. difficile strains were isolated. Three isolates, one each of S. Typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. difficile, were classified as multidrug-resistant strains. The present research suggested that pigeons residing in urban areas can act as reservoirs and disseminators of pathogenic bacteria, including nosocomial pathogens, such as diarrheagenicE. coli and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus spp., C. difficile, and Salmonella spp.

Pombos urbanos são conhecidos pela sua capacidade de carrear e disseminar diversos agentes zoonóticos. Estudos tem sugerido que pombos são também relevantes na disseminação de estirpes resistentes a múltiplas drogas. No presente estudo, pombos no ambiente de um hospital veterinário foram amostrados em três diferentes períodos e testados para a presença de Escherichia coli patogênica, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp. e Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. Isolados de E. coli de 19 pombos (40.4%) foram positivos para o gene codificador da toxina EAST1. O gene codificador de intimina (eae) do patotipo E. coli enteropatogênica foi encontrada em um isolado (2.1%). Salmonella spp. foi encontrada em nove pombos (19.1%), sendo todos isolados do primeiro período de captura (P < 000.1). S. Typhimurium foi isolado de seis animais e S. Heidelberg de três. A tipagem molecular de isolados de Salmonella spp. por ERIC-PCR demonstrou que oito estirpes possuíam alta similaridade genética entre si, sugerindo a ocorrência de um surto de salmonelose nos animais carreadores. Vinte Staphylococcus (42.5%) foram isolados de 18 animais (38.3%). Oito diferentes espécies foram detectadas, sendo S. xylosus a mais frequente. Duas estirpes de C. difficile não-toxigênica (4.3%) foram isoladas. Uma estirpe de S. Typhimurium, uma de S. aureus e um isolado de C. difficile foram classificados como resistentes a múltiplas drogas antimicrobianas. O presente estudo sugere que pombos capturados no ambiente do hospital veterinário podem atuar como reservatórios e disseminadores de bactérias patogênicas e envolvidas em infecção hospitalar, incluindo E. coli diarreiogênica e Staphylococcus sp., C. difficile e Salmonella spp multirresistente.

Autolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisae reduce microbiological carcass contamination in feedlot steers / Suplementação com Saccharomyces cerevisaeautolisada reduz contaminação microbiológica da carcaça de novilhos terminados em confinamento

The present work aims to verify whether the autolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduces total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from the hide, feces and carcass of feedlot-finished steers. Eighteen half-Angus steers were subjected to three treatments daily for 105 days: control (n=6), Lev 4 g (diet with 4 g yeast animal day-1, n=6) or Lev 7 g (diet with 7 g yeast animal day-1, n=6). On Days 29 and 90 after entrance into the feedlot, fecal samples, skin swabs, water and food were collected to identify and count E. coli and total coliforms and identify Salmonella spp. On the day of slaughter, carcasses were collected to identify and quantify E. coli, total coliforms, and mesophiles. There were reductions in E. coli and total coliforms in fecal samples (P=0.0001 and 0.001, respectively) and mesophilic aerobics in carcasses (P= 0.05) in the treated groups, and no Salmonella spp. was observed in any of the samples collected. It was concluded that supplementation reduced fecal excretion of and, consequently, carcass contamination by E. coli, mesophiles and total coliforms in confined animals and that this technique is a beneficial and residue-free sanitary measure to improve the microbiological quality of meat.

Este trabalho objetivou verificar se o prebiótico a base de parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduz coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp da pele, fezes e da carcaça de bovinos terminados em confinamento. Para tanto, 18 novilhos, ½ sangue Angus foram submetidos a três tratamentos diários durante 105 dias: controle (n=6), Lev 4g (dieta com 4 g de levedura por animal dia-1, n=6) ou Lev 7g ( dieta com 7 g de levedura por animal dia-1, n=6). Nos dias 29 e 90 após a entrada no confinamento, coletou-se amostras de fezes, swab de pele, água e alimento para contagem de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais e isolamento de Salmonella spp. No dia do abate, realizou-se coleta nas carcaças para identificação de Salmonella spp e quantificação de Escherichia coli, coliformes totais, mesófilos. Notou-se redução de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais nas amostras de fezes (P=0,0001 e 0,001 respectivamente) e de Escherichia coli, coliformes totais e aeróbios mesófilos na carcaça (P=0,06; 0,10 e 0,05 respectivamente) nos grupos tratados. Houve ausência de Salmonella spp. em todas as coletas realizadas. Concluiu-se que a suplementação reduziu a excreção fecal e consequentemente, a contaminação da carcaça pela Escherichia coli, mesófilos e coliformes totais dos animais confinados, sendo uma medida sanitária benéfica e livre de resíduos para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica da carne.

Drug resistance and susceptibility testing of Gram negative bacterial isolates from healthy cattle with different β – Lactam resistance Phenotypes from Shandong province China / Teste de resistência a drogas e suscetibilidade de isolados bacterianos Gram negativos de bovinos saudáveis com diferentes fenótipos de resistência a β - lactâmicos da província de Shandong, China

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of common antibiotics against different microorganisms in apparently healthy cattle in Shandong province and its suburb. A total of 220 nasal swab samples were collected and cultured for bacteriological evaluation. All the bacteria isolates after preliminary identification were subjected to antibiogram studies following disc diffusion method. It was found in the study that E. coli is the most commonly associated isolate (21%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%), and Proteus spp (11%). While the antibiogram studies reveled that highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (95%), followed by Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxime (85%) and Tetracycline (95%) of (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp). In the case of pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella the highest resistance was showed by Ampicillin (90%) followed by Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (80%), Cefixime (90%), and Erythromycin (80%). In Shigella spp and Salmonella spp highest resistance was showed by Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Augmentin (60%), and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (50%). It is concluded that in vitro antibiogram studies of bacterial isolates revealed higher resistance for Ampicillin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The high multiple Antibiotics resistance indexes (MARI) observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. MARI value of >0.2 is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia dos antibióticos comuns contra diferentes microrganismos em bovinos aparentemente saudáveis na província de Shandong e seus subúrbios. Um total de 220 amostras de esfregaço nasal foi coletado e cultivado para avaliação bacteriológica. Todos os isolados de bactérias após identificação preliminar foram submetidos a estudos de antibiograma seguindo o método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se no estudo que E. coli é o isolado mais comumente associado (21%), seguido por Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%) e Proteus spp (11%). Enquanto os estudos de antibiograma revelaram que o maior número de isolados bacterianos apresentou resistência à Ampicilina (95%), seguido por Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxima (85%) e Tetraciclina (95%) de (Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp). No caso de Pseudomonas spp. e Salmonella, a maior resistência foi apresentada pela Ampicilina (90%) seguida pela Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (80%), Cefixima (90%) e Eritromicina (80%). Em Shigella spp e Salmonella spp, a maior resistência foi demonstrada por Amoxicilina, Ceftazidima, Augmentina (60%) e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (50%). Conclui-se que estudos de antibiograma in vitro de isolados bacterianos revelaram maior resistência para Ampicilina, Augmentina, Cefuroxima, Cefixima, Tetraciclina, Eritromicina e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico. Os altos índices de resistência a antibióticos múltiplos (MARI) observados em todos os isolados neste estudo variaram de 0,6 a 0,9. O valor MARI de > 0,2 sugere várias bactérias resistentes a antibióticos e indica a presença de bactérias altamente resistentes.

Drug resistance and susceptibility testing of Gram negative bacterial isolates from healthy cattle with different β Lactam resistance Phenotypes from Shandong province China / Teste de resistência a drogas e suscetibilidade de isolados bacterianos Gram negativos de bovinos saudáveis com diferentes fenótipos de resistência a β - lactâmicos da província de Shandong, China

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of common antibiotics against different microorganisms in apparently healthy cattle in Shandong province and its suburb. A total of 220 nasal swab samples were collected and cultured for bacteriological evaluation. All the bacteria isolates after preliminary identification were subjected to antibiogram studies following disc diffusion method. It was found in the study that E. coli is the most commonly associated isolate (21%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%), and Proteus spp (11%). While the antibiogram studies reveled that highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (95%), followed by Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxime (85%) and Tetracycline (95%) of (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp). In the case of pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella the highest resistance was showed by Ampicillin (90%) followed by Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (80%), Cefixime (90%), and Erythromycin (80%). In Shigella spp and Salmonella spp highest resistance was showed by Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Augmentin (60%), and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (50%). It is concluded that in vitro antibiogram studies of bacterial isolates revealed higher resistance for Ampicillin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The high multiple Antibiotics resistance indexes (MARI) observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. MARI value of >0.2 is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia dos antibióticos comuns contra diferentes microrganismos em bovinos aparentemente saudáveis na província de Shandong e seus subúrbios. Um total de 220 amostras de esfregaço nasal foi coletado e cultivado para avaliação bacteriológica. Todos os isolados de bactérias após identificação preliminar foram submetidos a estudos de antibiograma seguindo o método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se no estudo que E. coli é o isolado mais comumente associado (21%), seguido por Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%) e Proteus spp (11%). Enquanto os estudos de antibiograma revelaram que o maior número de isolados bacterianos apresentou resistência à Ampicilina (95%), seguido por Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxima (85%) e Tetraciclina (95%) de (Escherichia coli e Klebsiella spp). No caso de Pseudomonas spp. e Salmonella, a maior resistência foi apresentada pela Ampicilina (90%) seguida pela Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (80%), Cefixima (90%) e Eritromicina (80%). Em Shigella spp e Salmonella spp, a maior resistência foi demonstrada por Amoxicilina, Ceftazidima, Augmentina (60%) e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico (50%). Conclui-se que estudos de antibiograma in vitro de isolados bacterianos revelaram maior resistência para Ampicilina, Augmentina, Cefuroxima, Cefixima, Tetraciclina, Eritromicina e Amoxicilina + Ácido Clavulânico. Os altos índices de resistência a antibióticos múltiplos (MARI) observados em todos os isolados neste estudo variaram de 0,6 a 0,9. O valor MARI de > 0,2 sugere várias bactérias resistentes a antibióticos e indica a presença de bactérias altamente resistentes.(AU)

Qualidade microbiológica de hambúrgueres comercializados no município do Rio de Janeiro / Microbiological quality of hamburgers commercialized in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro

O hambúrguer é um produto cárneo moldado, com maior risco de contaminação microbiana pelo fato de ser preparado com carne moída que apresenta maior superfície de exposição, além de ser muito manipulado e consumido, muitas vezes, mal-passado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de hambúrgueres industriais comercializados no município do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, bem como, verificar as condições higiênicosanitárias dos locais de comercialização. Foram coletadas 12 amostras de hambúrguer, de oito marcas comerciais, comercializados em três diferentes supermercados. Durante a coleta das amostras foi realizada uma avaliação visual das condições higiênicas da comercialização. Após obtenção, as amostras foram encaminhadas para o Laboratório de Controle Microbiológico de Alimentos da Universidade Castelo Branco (UCB), para realização das análises microbiológicas. De acordo com os resultados das avaliações higiênicosanitárias dos locais onde as amostras de hambúrguer foram obtidas, observou-se 20%, 60% e 20% de não conformidades nos supermercados I, II e III, respectivamente, devido falhas na organização da gôndola, no acondicionamento do produto e/ou no controle da temperatura de comercialização. Resultados em não conformidade com o padrão microbiológico vigente foram observados em 16,67%, 66,67% e 8,33% das amostras para a contagem de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas, Estafilococos coagulase positiva e E. coli, respectivamente. A presença de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias típicas de Salmonella spp foi verificada em 41,67% das amostras. Os resultados demonstraram que os hambúrgueres comercializados em três supermercados do município do Rio de Janeiro/RJ estavam impróprios para o consumo podendo representar risco à saúde dos consumidores.(AU)

The hamburger is a molded meat product with a greater risk of microbial contamination because it is prepared with ground meat, which has a greater contact surface. In addition, it is very manipulated and often consumed medium rare. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of industrial hamburgers sold in Rio de Janeiro/RJ and verify the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the commercialization places. Twelve hamburger samples were collected, from eight commercial brands, and sold in three different supermarkets. During the collection of the samples, a visual evaluation of the hygienic conditions of the commercialization was carried out. After obtaining, the samples were sent to the Laboratory of Microbiological Control of Food at Universidade Castelo Branco (UCB), for microbiological analysis. According to the results of the hygienicsanitary evaluations of the places where the hamburger samples were obtained, 20%, 60%, and 20% of non-conformities were observed in supermarkets I, II, and III, respectively. The non-conformities were due to failures in the organization of the shelf, in the packaging of the product, and/or in the control of the commercialization temperature. Results that did not comply with the current microbiological standard were observed in 16.67%, 66.67%, and 8.33% of the samples for the counting of Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria, Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, and E. coli, respectively. The presence of typical Colony Forming Units of Salmonella spp was verified in 41.67% of the samples. The results showed that the hamburgers sold in three supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro/RJ were unfit for consumption and could pose a risk to consumers' health.(AU)

Inhibición in vitro de Salmonella spp. aislado de terneros del sertão de Alagoas con extractos etanólicos de plantas del mata atlântica / In vitro inhibition of salmonella spp. isolated from calves of the sertão of Alagoas with ethanolic extracts of plants from the mata atlantica / Inibição in vitro de salmonella spp. isolada de bezerros do sertão Alagoano com extratos etanólicos de plantas da mata atlântica

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la inhibición in vitro de Salmonella spp. a diferentes tipos de extractos de plantas con indicaciones medicinales en diferentes diluciones de etanol. Para ello, se obtuvieron 12 partes de plantas, incluyendo hojas y tallos, que forman parte de la terapéutica popular para las toxinfecciones gastrointestinales en la mesoregión de Alagoas, Brasil, y que están presentes en el Mata Atlântica. Estas plantas fueron sometidas a procedimientos de secado, trituración, maceración y prensado, permitiendo diferentes concentraciones de extracto. Las muestras de Salmonella spp. analizadas procedían de terneros de explotaciones de la región que presentaban diarrea y fueron detectadas mediante pruebas bioquímicas y moleculares. Para verificar la sensibilidad, se realizó la prueba de difusión en disco con tres cepas de Salmonella spp. y se sustituyeron los discos con antibióticos por discos de extractos etanólicos a concentraciones de 10, 100, 500 y 1000mg/L. Como resultado, la hoja de Varronia multispicata, conocida popularmente como Cavarucaá, mostró resultados positivos en la inhibición de los tres aislados de Salmonella spp. a concentraciones de 500 y 1000mg/L. Los otros extractos no revelaron resultados de sensibilidad in vitro con la bacteria, en ninguna de las concentraciones. Es necesario desarrollar más estudios con Varronia multispicata, con difere

The objective of the study was to verify the in vitro inhibition of Salmonella spp. to different types of plant extracts with medicinal indications in different ethanol dilutions. For this, 12 plant parts were obtained, among leaves and stems, which are part of the popular therapeutics of gastrointestinal toxinfections in the mesoregion of Alagoas, Brazil, and that are present in the Mata Atlântica. These plants were submitted to drying, trituration, maceration and pressing procedures, allowing different extract concentrations. The Salmonella spp. samples tested came from calves from rural properties in the region that presented with diarrhea and were duly detected by biochemical and molecular tests. To verify sensitivity, the Disc Diffusion Plates test was performed with three strains of Salmonella spp., and the discs with antibiotics were replaced by discs of ethanolic extracts at concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000mg/L. As a result, the leaf of Varronia multispicata, popularly known as Cavarucaá, showed positive results in inhibiting the three isolates of Salmonella spp. at concentrations of 500 and 1000mg/L. The other extracts did not show in vitro sensitivity results with the bacteria in any of the concentrations. Further studies with Varronia multispicata need to be developed, with different methods of obtaining phytoconstituents and with other strains of Salmonella s

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a inibição in vitro de Salmonella spp. a diferentes tipos de extratos de plantas com indicações medicinais em diferentes diluições de etanol. Para isso, foram obtidas 12 partes de plantas, entre folhas e caules, que fazem parte da terapêutica popular de toxinfecções gastrintestinais da mesorregião de Alagoas, Brasil, e que estão presentes na Mata Atlântica. Essas plantas foram submetidas à procedimentos de secagem, trituração, maceração e prensagem, permitindo diferentes concentrações de extrato. As amostras de Salmonella spp. testadas são oriundas de bezerros de propriedades rurais da região que apresentavam quadros de diarreia e que foram devidamente detectadas por testes bioquímicos e moleculares. Para verificar a sensibilidade, foi realizado o teste de Disco Difusão em Placas com três estirpes de Salmonella spp., sendo substituídos os discos com antibióticos por discos de extratos etanólicos nas concentrações de 10, 100, 500 e 1000mg/L. Como resultado, a folha de Varronia multispicata, popularmente conhecida como Cavarucaá, apresentou resultado positivo na inibição dos três isolados de Salmonella spp. nas concentrações de 500 e 1000mg/L. Os demais extratos não revelaram resultados de sensibilidade in vitro com a bactéria, em nenhuma das concentrações. Mais estudos com Varronia multispicata precisam ser desenvolvidos, com diferentes métodos

Detection of Salmonella spp. in eggs for human consumption from poultry farms in municipalities of Alagoas State, Brazil / Detecção de Salmonella spp. em ovos destinados ao consumo humano de propriedades familiares avícolas em municípios do Estado de Alagoas, Brasiil

Salmonellosis is a disease that worries poultry farmers and can seriously impact the food safety of the population that consumes products of animal origin. The present study sought to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. in eggs intended for consumption from family poultry farms in municipalities of Alagoas State. The study was carried out from eight farms, where the sample from each farm was obtained by making pools of shell and internal contents of six randomly selected eggs. The pools were submitted to microbiological culture and the colonies were characterized and evaluated by means of laboratory tests. To this end, 50% (4/8) of the shell samples and 75% (6/8) of the internal contents of the eggs were positive for Salmonella spp. In addition, Klebsiella pneumoniae 12.5% (1/8) and Proteus spp. 25% (2/8) were found in the shell samples, and Yersinia spp. 12.5% (1/8) in the internal contents of the eggs. Salmonella spp. and other enterobacteria were confirmed to occur in eggs intended for consumption. The way the birds were raised did not seem to have a significant influence on the results obtained, and the presence of passerines on the farms may have contributed to the existence of bacteria there. Being aware of the risk to public health that some of these bacteria can present, it is necessary to take decisions that support the small producer in search of food safety for all.(AU)

A Salmonelose é uma doença que preocupa os criadores de aves e pode impactar seriamente a segurança alimentar da população que consome produtos de origem animal. O presente estudo buscou detectar a presença de Salmonella spp. em ovos destinados ao consumo provindos de aviculturas familiares de municípios do Estado de Alagoas. O estudo foi realizado a partir de oito granjas, onde a amostra de cada uma delas foi obtida pela confecção de pools de casca e de conteúdo interno de seis ovos selecionados aleatoriamente. Os pools foram submetidos a cultivo microbiológico e as colônias caracterizadas e avaliadas por meio de testes laboratoriais. Para tanto, 50% (4/8) das amostras de casca e 75% (6/8) das amostras de conteúdo interno dos ovos foram positivos para Salmonella spp. Além disso, também fora constatada a presença de Klebsiella pneumoniae12.5% (1/8) e Proteus spp. 25% (2/8) nas amostras de casca, e a presença de Yersinia spp. 12.5% (1/8) no conteúdo interno dos ovos. Foi confirmada a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e outras enterobactérias em ovos destinados ao consumo. O modo de criação das aves não parece ter influenciado significativamente nos resultados obtidos e a presença de passeriformes nas granjas podem ter contribuído com a existência das bactérias no local. Tendo ciência do risco à saúde pública que algumas dessas bactérias podem apresentar, se faz necessária a tomada de decisões que apoiem o pequeno produtor em busca de uma segurança alimentar para todos.(AU)

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp isolated from free-ranging wild boars in the state of São Paulo, Brazil / Prevalência e resistência antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp isoladas em javalis de vida livre no estado de São Paulo

European wild boars (Sus scrofa) are considered exotic invasive species worldwide. Invasions of wild boars are a growing public health concern, as wild boars may represent an important reservoir of zoonotic pathogens, including bacteria of the genus Salmonella. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and serovars of Salmonella spp. in free-ranging wild boars legally hunted in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and the susceptibility of those Salmonella spp. to antimicrobials. Fecal samples and mesenteric lymph nodes were acquired from 63 wild boars. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in free-ranging wild boars was 9.5 % (6/63; confidence interval: 4.4 % - 19.2 %). Six serovars were isolated: S. enterica subsp. enterica ser. 4,5,12:-:1,2, S. enterica ser. Cerro, S. enterica ser. Madelia, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, S. enterica ser. I (4,5,12:i:-) and S. enterica ser. Muenster. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. showed that the majority of serovars were fully susceptible to the tested antimicrobials. Only S. enterica ser. Typhimurium and S. enterica ser. Muenster showed a resistance pattern to at least one antimicrobial analyzed. To our knowledge, this study is the first report the prevalence and serovars of Salmonella spp. in free-ranging wild boars in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Results indicate a low prevalence with variability of Salmonella serovars, with some pattern of antimicrobial resistance. This study highlights the potential role of wild boars as carriers of Salmonella and could pose a risk to wild and domestic animals as well as humans.

Os javalis europeus (Sus scrofa) são considerados uma espécie exótica invasora em todo o mundo. As invasões de javalis são uma preocupação crescente de saúde pública, pois os javalis podem representar um importante reservatório de patógenos zoonóticos, incluindo bactérias do gênero Salmonella. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e os sorovares de Salmonella spp. em javalis de vida livre caçados legalmente no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e a suscetibilidade dessa Salmonella spp. aos antimicrobianos. Amostras fecais e linfonodos mesentéricos foram adquiridos de 63 javalis. A prevalência de Salmonella spp. em javalis selvagens foi de 9,5% (6/63; intervalo de confiança: 4,4% - 19,2%). Seis sorovares foram isolados: S. enterica subsp. enterica ser. 4,5,12:-:1,2, S. enterica ser. Cerro, S. enterica ser. Madelia, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, S. enterica ser. I (4,5,12:i:-) e S. enterica ser. Muenster. As análises de resistência antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp. evidenciaram que a maioria dos sorovares era pansensível aos antimicrobianos testados. Apenas S. enterica ser. Typhimurium e S. enterica ser. Muenster mostraram um padrão de resistência a pelo menos um antimicrobiano analisado. A saber, este estudo é o primeiro relato da prevalência e de sorovares de Salmonella spp. em javalis de vida livre no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados indicaram baixa prevalência com variabilidade de sorovares de Salmonella, com algum padrão de resistência antimicrobiana. Este estudo destaca o papel potencial dos javalis como portadores de Salmonella spp. e pode representar um risco para os animais domésticos e selvagens, bem como para os humanos.

Inibição in vitro de Salmonella spp. Isolada de bezerros do sertão alagoano com extratos etanólicos de plantas da mata atlântica / In vitro inhibition of Salmonella spp. Isolated from calves of the sertão of Alagoas with ethanolic extracts of plants from the mata atlantica / Inhibición in vitro de Salmonella spp. Aislado de terneros del sertão de Alagoas con extractos etanólicos de plantas del mata atlântica

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a inibição in vitro de Salmonella spp. a diferentes tipos de extratos de plantas com indicações medicinais em diferentes diluições de etanol. Para isso, foram obtidas 12 partes de plantas, entre folhas e caules, que fazem parte da terapêutica popular de toxinfecções gastrintestinais da mesorregião de Alagoas, Brasil, e que estão presentes na Mata Atlântica. Essas plantas foram submetidas à procedimentos de secagem, trituração, maceração e prensagem, permitindo diferentes concentrações de extrato. As amostras de Salmonella spp. testadas são oriundas de bezerros de propriedades rurais da região que apresentavam quadros de diarreia e que foram devidamente detectadas por testes bioquímicos e moleculares. Para verificar a sensibilidade, foi realizado o teste de Disco Difusão em Placas com três estirpes de Salmonella spp., sendo substituídos os discos com antibióticos por discos de extratos etanólicos nas concentrações de 10, 100, 500 e 1000mg/L. Como resultado, a folha de Varronia multispicata, popularmente conhecida como Cavarucaá, apresentou resultado positivo na inibição dos três isolados de Salmonella spp. nas concentrações de 500 e 1000mg/L. Os demais extratos não revelaram resultados de sensibilidade in vitro com a bactéria, em nenhuma das concentrações. Mais estudos com Varronia multispicata precisam ser desenvolvidos, com diferentes métodos de obtenção dos fitoconstituintes e com outras estirpes de Salmonella spp. da região.(AU)

The objective of the study was to verify the in vitro inhibition of Salmonella spp. to different types of plant extracts with medicinal indications in different ethanol dilutions. For this, 12 plant parts were obtained, among leaves and stems, which are part of the popular therapeutics of gastrointestinal toxinfections in the mesoregion of Alagoas, Brazil, and that are present in the Mata Atlântica. These plants were submitted to drying, trituration, maceration and pressing procedures, allowing different extract concentrations. The Salmonella spp. samples tested came from calves from rural properties in the region that presented with diarrhea and were duly detected by biochemical and molecular tests. To verify sensitivity, the Disc Diffusion Plates test was performed with three strains of Salmonella spp., and the discs with antibiotics were replaced by discs of ethanolic extracts at concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000mg/L. As a result, the leaf of Varronia multispicata, popularly known as Cavarucaá, showed positive results in inhibiting the three isolates of Salmonella spp. at concentrations of 500 and 1000mg/L. The other extracts did not show in vitro sensitivity results with the bacteria in any of the concentrations. Further studies with Varronia multispicata need to be developed, with different methods of obtaining phytoconstituents and with other strains of Salmonella spp. from the region.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la inhibición in vitro de Salmonella spp. a diferentes tipos de extractos de plantas con indicaciones medicinales en diferentes diluciones de etanol. Para ello, se obtuvieron 12 partes de plantas, incluyendo hojas y tallos, que forman parte de la terapéutica popular para las toxinfecciones gastrointestinales en la mesoregión de Alagoas, Brasil, y que están presentes en el Mata Atlântica. Estas plantas fueron sometidas a procedimientos de secado, trituración, maceración y prensado, permitiendo diferentes concentraciones de extracto. Las muestras de Salmonella spp. analizadas procedían de terneros de explotaciones de la región que presentaban diarrea y fueron detectadas mediante pruebas bioquímicas y moleculares. Para verificar la sensibilidad, se realizó la prueba de difusión en disco con tres cepas de Salmonella spp. y se sustituyeron los discos con antibióticos por discos de extractos etanólicos a concentraciones de 10, 100, 500 y 1000mg/L. Como resultado, la hoja de Varronia multispicata, conocida popularmente como Cavarucaá, mostró resultados positivos en la inhibición de los tres aislados de Salmonella spp. a concentraciones de 500 y 1000mg/L. Los otros extractos no revelaron resultados de sensibilidad in vitro con la bacteria, en ninguna de las concentraciones. Es necesario desarrollar más estudios con Varronia multispicata, con diferentes métodos de obtención de fitoconstituyentes y con otras cepas de Salmonella spp. de la región.(AU)

Salmonella Pullorum em criação de galinhas caipiras no Oeste da Bahia, Brasil / Salmonella Pullorum in a free-range chicken farm in Western Bahia, Brazil

Background: Industrial poultry farming has developed progressively in Brazil, conferring the country a prominent position on the national and international scene. Likewise, alternative poultry farming is an important economic activity for small-scale family farmers. However, shortcomings related to sanitary management lead to increased occurrence of avian diseases, such as those caused by Salmonella spp. Despite salmonellosis has been described in industrial establishments, reports in alternative farms are less common, therefore the objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of salmonellosis in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra, Western Bahia, Brazil. Cases: The poultry farmer reported the occurrence of diarrhoea in his chicken flock since the acquisition of the batch of chicks. Initially, carrying out the medicinal treatment of the birds, there was clinical improvement, however, successive recurrences of clinical signs occurred, such as diarrhoea, apathy, anorexia, and death of some birds. Upon learning about the case, an epidemiological investigation of the flock was carried out, and it was noted that some of the birds were retracted, apathetic, anorexic, and a lot of diarrheic faeces of a yellowish-white appearance were also observed. The entire flock had a history of vaccination against diseases: newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, gumboro disease, and fowlpox. For better evaluation, five birds were necropsied, enabling the observation that the animals had a good body score. However, the necropsy revealed lesions such as splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and enteritis in the three birds initially analysed (Animals 1, 2, and 3). The other birds (Animals 4 and 5) were submitted to evaluation for Eimeria sp. oocysts by means of scrapings from the intestinal mucosa, and there were no structures compatible with oocysts. Faecal samples were collected from another six birds in the flock for coproparasitological examination, and the presence of oocysts was not detected. Finally, sera from 20 birds in the flock were collected for the Rapid Serum Agglutination Test (SAR) for the detection anti-Salmonella Pullorum antibodies. Discussion: The diagnosis was based on clinical evaluation, post mortem pathological findings of the necropsied birds, epidemiological data and confirmed with SAR testing, whereby 11 birds were seropositive for Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Pullorum. The prevalence of S. Pullorum is poorly described in alternative farming. Based on the farmer's report, it is believed that the chicks were purchased already infected, because birds from the same batch, also purchased by neighbouring producers, showed the same clinical signs. The unsatisfactory sanitation in the flock was another factor that may have favoured the persistence of the bacteria, since, the lack of removal of organic matter is a source of nutrients for microorganisms, and this may have favoured the multiplication and maintenance of the bacteria in the down feathers, feed, and water. The elimination of S. Pullorum through the faeces, in addition to the density of the birds, may have led to transmission to the other healthy birds. However, the knowledge and adoption of prophylactic measures in free-range chicken farms is a crucial factor in minimizing the occurrence of outbreaks and thus avoiding a future public Health Problem.

Pathogenic bacteria load and safety of retail marine fish / Carga de bactérias patogênicas e segurança de peixes marinhos de varejo

This study was conducted to determine the pathogenic bacteria load of 14 species of marine fish obtained from two suppliers (in Bitlis city, Turkey), which provide fish for fish markets, and to reveal the safety of the marine fish in terms of microbiological quality. The counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were determined in anchovy, horse mackerel, salmon, red mullet, gilthead seabream, bonito, pilchard, common sole, sand smelt, axillary seabream, seabass, Mediterranean horse mackerel, bluefish, and garpike. It was determined that common sole, axillary seabream, seabass, bluefish and Mediterranean horse mackerel obtained from both suppliers were unacceptable in terms of the counts of TMAB. Twenty-four samples exceeded the critical limit of S. aureus and all the samples were unacceptable according to the critical limit of E. coli. While L. monocytogenes was isolated from 50.0% of the samples, Salmonella spp. was isolated from 39.3% of the samples. These results showed that the pathogenic bacteria load of the analyzed marine fish was quite high and they were unsafe in terms of microbiological quality.

Este estudo foi realizado para determinar a carga de bactérias patogênicas de 14 espécies de peixes marinhos obtidos de dois fornecedores (na cidade de Bitlis, Turquia), que fornecem peixes para mercados de peixes, e para revelar a segurança do peixe marinho em termos de qualidade microbiológica. As contagens de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas totais (TMAB), Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli, a presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes foram determinados em anchova, carapau, salmão, salmonete, dourada, bonito, sardinha, linguado, cheirado, dourada-axilar, robalo, carapau-do-mediterrâneo, anchova e garpike. Foi determinado que o linguado, o dourada-axilar, o robalo, a anchova e o carapau-do-mediterrâneo obtidos de ambos os fornecedores eram inaceitáveis nas contagens do TMAB. Vinte e quatro amostras excederam o limite crítico de S. aureus, e todas as amostras foram inaceitáveis de acordo com o limite crítico de E. coli. Enquanto L. monocytogenes foi isolada em 50.0% das amostras, Salmonella spp. foi isolado de 39.3% das amostras. Esses resultados mostraram que a carga de bactérias patogênicas dos peixes marinhos analisados era bastante alta e eles eram inseguros em termos de qualidade microbiológica.

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica do queijo de coalho comercializado na praia de Copacabana - RJ / Evaluation of the microbiological quality of coalho cheese commercialized on Copabacabana beach

A pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar as condições higiênicas e sanitárias de comercialização do queijo de coalho por vendedores ambulantes na praia de Copacabana, por meio de inspeção visual e análises microbiológicas. Para o estudo foram coletadas quinze amostras de cinco diferentes ambulantes e estas foram encaminhadas para o Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Qualidade de Alimentos da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PESAGRO-RIO/CEPQA) onde foram submetidas às análises microbiológicas. O resultado da avaliação visual das condições higiênico-sanitárias demonstrou 100% de não conformidades em relação à adoção das Boas Práticas de Fabricação por parte dos manipuladores. Os resultados das contagens de Estafilococos coagulase positiva e de Coliformes termotolerantes se apresentaram acima do limite preconizado pela legislação vigente em 75% e 6,7% das amostras respectivamente. Em 25% das amostras foi verificada a presença de Salmonella spp. O estudo demonstrou que o queijo de coalho vendido por ambulantes da praia de Copacabana estava impróprio para o consumo podendo representar risco à saúde dos consumidores.(AU)

The research aimed to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary commercialized conditions of coalho cheese by street vendors on Copacabana beach, through visual inspection and microbiological analysis. For conducting the study, fifteen samples were collected from five different street vendors and these were analyzed at the State Center for Research in Food Quality of the Agriculture Research Company of the State of Rio de Janeiro (PESAGRO-RIO/CEPQA). The result of the visual assessment of hygienic-sanitary conditions demonstrated 100% of non-conformities in relation to the adoption of Good Manufacturing Practices by the manipulators. In counts of coagulase positive Staphylococcus and Thermotolerant Coliforms were above the limit recommended by the current legislation in 75% and 6.7% of the samples, respectively. Salmonella spp. was present in 25% of the analyses.The study showed that the coalho cheese sold by street vendors on Copacabana beach was unfit for consumption and could pose a risk to consumer health.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from beef sold in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp e Staphylococcus aureus isolados de carnes bovinas comercializadas em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Hygiene failures in meat can be identified based on the evaluation of pathogenic microorganisms, which compromise the microbiological quality of food and can transmit food-borne diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of beef sold at supermarkets, butcher shops and public markets in the city of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, through the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as well as the investigation and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus. Seventy-one samples of beef from 17 commercial establishments were evaluated. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method recommended by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. Salmonella was found in 7.04% of the samples and 70.0% of the isolates were sensitive to the antimicrobials tested. A total of 25.35% of the samples were positive for Staphylococcus aureus, with counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 4.3 x 104 CFU/g; these isolates exhibited resistance to penicillin (87.5%), tetracycline (18.75%) and chloramphenicol (6.25%). None of the samples was positive for STEC. The detection of these pathogens in food poses a danger to public health, mainly due to the presence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates. These findings underscore the need for good hygiene and manufacturing practices at retail establishments.

As falhas na qualidade higiênico-sanitária da carne podem ser identificadas a partir da avaliação de microrganismos patogênicos que comprometem a qualidade microbiológica do alimento e podem veicular doenças de origem alimentar. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade higiênica-sanitária de carnes bovinas comercializadas em supermercados, açougues e mercados públicos da cidade de Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil) por meio da pesquisa e caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC) e pesquisa e contagem de Staphylococcus aureus. Foram avaliadas 71 amostras de carne bovina de 17 estabelecimentos comerciais que foram submetidas a pesquisa de detecção de Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC) e pesquisa e contagem de Staphylococcus aureus. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos ao perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos pelo teste de difusão em disco, de acordo com o Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Constatou-se a presença de Salmonella em 7,04% das amostras avaliadas, sendo que 70,0% dos isolados foram sensíveis aos antimicrobianos testados. Em relação ao Staphylococcus aureus, 25,35% das amostras foram positivas com contagens variando entre 1,0 x 102 a 4,3 x 104 UFC/g, sendo que os isolados apresentaram resistência para penicilina (62,5%), tetraciclina (18,75%) e cloranfenicol (6,25%). Nenhuma amostra apresentou-se positiva para STEC. A detecção desses patógenos em alimentos representa um perigo a saúde pública, principalmente, devido a presença de isolados resistentes a antimicrobianos. Além disso, ressalta-se a necessidade do emprego das boas práticas de higiene e fabricação nos estabelecimentos varejistas.

Maintenance of quality of eggs submitted to treatment with propolis extract and sanitizers / Maintenance of quality of eggs submitted to treatment with propolis extract and sanitizers

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.

Serum calprotectin levels in dogs with diarrhea

Background: Diarrhea induced by infectious factors may lead to significant health problems in dogs. Canine parvovirus(CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Giardia spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. are the important infectious agents that may induce diarrhea in dogs. The present study aimed to investigatethe effect of CPV, CCV, CDV, Giardia spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp. infections on the change in serum calprotectin(Calp) concentration.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs were enrolled in the study. The study dogs were divided into 3 groups.Healthy animals as confirmed by clinical examination and animals negative for the specified pathogens were placed inGroup 1. Animals infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., but negative for E. coli orSalmonella spp. were placed in Group 2. Finally, animals positive for E. coli or Salmonella spp. and infected or not infectedby one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., were placed in Group 3. Stool samples and rectaland conjunctival swab samples were collected to investigate the etiologic agents that induced diarrhea. Blood samples werecollected through vena cephalica antebrachii for hematological and biochemical examinations. The samples were obtainedvia routine clinical examinations at the Prof. Dr. Servet Sekin outpatient clinic at Dicle University Veterinary Faculty. CPV,CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp. diagnoses were made based on immunochromatographic test kits. The bacteriological analysisof stool samples was used to diagnose E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection...

Serum calprotectin levels in dogs with diarrhea

Background: Diarrhea induced by infectious factors may lead to significant health problems in dogs. Canine parvovirus(CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Giardia spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. are the important infectious agents that may induce diarrhea in dogs. The present study aimed to investigatethe effect of CPV, CCV, CDV, Giardia spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp. infections on the change in serum calprotectin(Calp) concentration.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs were enrolled in the study. The study dogs were divided into 3 groups.Healthy animals as confirmed by clinical examination and animals negative for the specified pathogens were placed inGroup 1. Animals infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., but negative for E. coli orSalmonella spp. were placed in Group 2. Finally, animals positive for E. coli or Salmonella spp. and infected or not infectedby one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., were placed in Group 3. Stool samples and rectaland conjunctival swab samples were collected to investigate the etiologic agents that induced diarrhea. Blood samples werecollected through vena cephalica antebrachii for hematological and biochemical examinations. The samples were obtainedvia routine clinical examinations at the Prof. Dr. Servet Sekin outpatient clinic at Dicle University Veterinary Faculty. CPV,CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp. diagnoses were made based on immunochromatographic test kits. The bacteriological analysisof stool samples was used to diagnose E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection...(AU)

Qualidade microbiológica de hortaliças comercializadas em diferentes restaurantes do tipo self-service na cidade do Recife-PE / Microbiological quality of vegetables selled in different self service restaurants in the city of Recife-PE

A falta de tempo para o preparo das refeições, devido ao ritmo de vida acelerado, incentiva a procura por serviços de alimentação fora de casa, em busca de alimentos práticos, de rápido consumo e nutritivos. Com o propósito de fazer uma alimentação mais saudável, cresceu a busca por restaurantes self-service, sendo a salada uma das opções usualmente mais consumida nesses estabelecimentos. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de 20 amostras de hortaliças cruas servidas em restaurantes self-service da cidade do Recife-PE. As coletas foram realizadas no mês de fevereiro de 2021. As amostras foram submetidas às análises microbiológicas de coliformes totais, termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. Para coliformes totais os resultados variaram entre <3 a >1100 NMP/g. A presença de coliformes termotolerantes foi observada em 16 amostras, destas, uma apresentou contagem acima do estabelecido pela RDC 12/2001 se mostrando imprópria para o consumo. Não foi detectada a presença de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. nas amostras analisadas, estando estas de acordo com a RDC 331/2019. Estes resultados sugerem que, como houve a presença de coliformes nas amostras, mesmo estando a maioria dos valores em conformidade, é importante que haja maiores cuidados quanto à higienização e manipulação das hortaliças pelos estabelecimentos. Visando diminuir a carga microbiana presente nesses alimentos, portanto, é necessário que as boas práticas de manipulação sejam adotadas pelos restaurantes, para que se evite o aparecimento de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs).(AU)

The lack of time to prepare meals, due to a fast-paced contemporary lifestyle, encourages people to seek for alternative food services that are fast, practical, and nutritious. With the purpose of maintaining a healthy diet, the search for self-service restaurants has increased, being salad one of the usual options consumed in these restaurants. In this scenario, the purpose of the study was to investigate the microbiological quality of 20 raw vegetables samples served in restaurants in Recife ­ PE. The tests were carried out in February 2021. The samples were submitted to microbiological analysis of Total Coliform, thermotolerant Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. For Total Coliform the results ranged from <3 to >1100 MPN/g. The presence of thermotolerant coliforms were observed in 16 samples, and 1 of them had a count above the established for the RDC 12/2001, proving to be unsuitable for consumption. The presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were detected in none of the analyzed samples, being in accordance with the RDC 331/2019. These results suggest that, because of the presence of coliforms in the samples, even though most of values are in compliance, it is important to be more careful about hygiene and manipulation of vegetables by restaurants. Therefore, aiming to decrease the microbial load present in these foods, it is necessary that the good handling practices should be adopted in restaurants, to avoid the appearance of foodborne diseases.(AU)

Inclusion of Organic Acids in the Drinking Water and Feed for the Control of Salmonella Heidelberg in Broilers

Poultry products may be a source of foodborne human salmonellosis. The use of alternatives to antimicrobials that are not harmful to humans may reduce the presence of Salmonella spp. in poultry production. Among the products used, organic acids stand out. In the present study, three different organic acid (OA) blends were evaluated for the control of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) in commercial broilers. Day-old chicks (n = 114) were randomly assigned to four treatments, with three replicates of 12 birds each. Birds in treatments A and B received SCFA (0.2mL/L) and SCFA + MCFA (0.2mL/L), respectively, in the drinking water, while birds in treatment C received SCFA + MCFA in the feed (2g/Kg of feed). Birds from treatment D did not receive OAs (control group). At 8 days of age, each bird was orally inoculated with SH at 108 CFU/mL, and cloacal swabs and SH enumeration of the cecal content were performed 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-inoculation (hpi). The results show a reduction of both SH shedding and counts in the birds fed OAs at all pi times relative to the control birds. Fecal shedding was significantly lower in the OA-treated groups compared with the control group. As for SH presence in the cecum, significant differences were detected between groups C and D at 24 and 72 hpi, and between groups B and D at 72 hpi. The results of this study indicate that the use of feeding OAs to broilers may contribute to reduce the incidence of SH in the poultry production chain, allowing better flock health management, provided an efficient biosecurity program is employed.(AU)