Effect of Cold Chain on Chicken Egg Quality in a Simulated Post Washing Processing and Consumer Storage Model

This study assessed the effect of the cold chain on egg quality in a model simulation of post-washing processing and consumer storage. Post-washed eggs were assigned to 12 groups that simulated the conditions of temporary storage after washing (step 1; 7°C or 25°C for 1 day), transportation (step 2; 7°C or 30°C for 8 h), and selling or storage (step 3; 7°C, 25°C or 30°C for 4 weeks). The freshness and microbial characteristics of the eggs were analyzed for 4 weeks. High-temperature conditions in steps 1 or 2 resulted in reduced quality and more bacteria on eggshells, and this egg quality deterioration worsened after storage for over 2 weeks. In step 3, the quality of the eggs stored at 7°C was maintained during the entire storage, whereas the eggs stored at 25°C had lower quality and broken vitelline membranes in week 4, and the eggs stored at 30°C were spoiled. Eggs should be stored from post-washing until storage by consumers in a cold environment without interruption of temperature control to maintain quality and safety. Consumers must be aware that eggs should be stored at refrigerator temperature.(AU)

Influence of Cold Chain Integrity during Postwashing Processing and Storage on Chicken Egg Quality

This study investigated the influence of cold chain integrity during postwashing processing and storage on chicken egg quality. Postwashed eggs from a commercial washing plant were assigned to eight groups that simulated the conditions of postwashing temporary storage, transportation, selling, and storage. At each step, eggs were stored at low (7 °C) or high (25 °C or 30 °C) temperatures for a certain period of time to simulate commercial handling. Freshness and microbial characteristics of the eggs were analyzed for 4 weeks. The results demonstrated that eggs stored at low temperatures during all three steps in the cold chain maintained the highest quality. Any interruption of the integrity of low temperature in the cold chain resulted in varied quality deterioration. Therefore, processors and consumers should maintain washed eggs in a cold chain from postwashing until consumption to maintain the quality and safety of eggs.(AU)

Influence of Cold Chain Integrity during Postwashing Processing and Storage on Chicken Egg Quality

This study investigated the influence of cold chain integrity during postwashing processing and storage on chicken egg quality. Postwashed eggs from a commercial washing plant were assigned to eight groups that simulated the conditions of postwashing temporary storage, transportation, selling, and storage. At each step, eggs were stored at low (7 °C) or high (25 °C or 30 °C) temperatures for a certain period of time to simulate commercial handling. Freshness and microbial characteristics of the eggs were analyzed for 4 weeks. The results demonstrated that eggs stored at low temperatures during all three steps in the cold chain maintained the highest quality. Any interruption of the integrity of low temperature in the cold chain resulted in varied quality deterioration. Therefore, processors and consumers should maintain washed eggs in a cold chain from postwashing until consumption to maintain the quality and safety of eggs.

Citral chemotype of the Lippia alba essential oil as an additive in simulated transport with different loading densities of tambaqui juveniles / Óleo essencial de Lippia alba quimiotipo citral como aditivo em transporte simulado de juvenis de Tambaqui com diferentes densidades

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the citral chemotype of Lippia alba essential oil (EOLA) as an additive in a simulated transport with different loading densities of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. Simulated transport of tambaqui juveniles at three loading densities (30, 60 and 90 fish/L) was carried out either with only water (WC) or 20 μL.L-1 EOLA. Dissolved oxygen levels, pH, conductivity and temperature of the water were measured at the beginning and end of the simulated transport. Treatment with EOLA did not change survival or dissolved oxygen levels at the end of simulation. The pH of the water at the end of simulation with EOLA was lower than in that of WC but did not change with loading density. Water conductivity increased with loading density; however, it was lower in the groups with EOLA. The addition of EOLA can be useful in long-term transportation at high loading densities, but further studies related to tambaqui physiology are required.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do óleo essencial de Lippia alba quimiotipo citral (EOLA) como aditivo em transporte simulado com diferentes densidades de carga de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). O transporte simulado de juvenis de tambaqui em três densidades de carga (30, 60 e 90 peixes / L) foi realizado apenas com água (WC) ou 20 μL.L-1 EOLA. Níveis de oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade e temperatura da água foram medidos no início e no final do transporte simulado. O tratamento com EOLA não alterou a sobrevivência ou os níveis de oxigênio dissolvido no final da simulação. O pH da água no final da simulação com o EOLA foi menor que o do WC, mas não mudou com a densidade de carga. A condutividade da água aumentou com a densidade de carga, no entanto foi menor nos grupos com EOLA. A adição de EOLA pode ser útil no transporte de longo prazo em altas densidades de carga, mas são necessários mais estudos relacionados à fisiologia do tambaqui.(AU)

Water quality and survival rate of Rhamdia quelen fry subjected to simulated transportation at different stock densities and temperatures / Qualidade de água e sobrevivência de alevinos de Rhamdia quelen submetidos a transporte simulado em diferentes densidades e temperaturas

Transportation of live fish is routinely done in aquaculture; therefore, the aim of this studywas to analyze the water quality and survival rate of Rhamdia quelen fry (2.55±0.44 g) following 4, 8 and 12hof simulated transportation, at stock densities of 30 and 60 fry 5 L-1 and temperatures 15, 20 and 25oC.Dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, turbidity, total alkalinity andsurvival were analyzed. Temperature and time had a significant influence on ammonia, pH, electricalconductivity, and dissolved oxygen levels, and fish died after 12 hours of transportation simulation whenkept at 20 and 25ºC. The density directly affected the water quality parameters, such as the increase inelectrical conductivity and turbidity, and decrease in dissolved oxygen and pH at the density of 60 fish 5 L-1.In conclusion, the transportation of R. quelen fry should be carried out at temperatures between 15 and25°C, for periods of less than 12 hours, and at stock density of up to 6 fish per liter of water so as not toimpair the homeostasis of the fry, and consequently, their survival.(AU)

O transporte de peixes vivos é uma prática comum na aquicultura. Por isso, o objetivo dopresente trabalho foi analisar a qualidade de água e sobrevivência de alevinos Rhamdia quelen (2,55±0,44 g)seguindo 4, 8 e 12h de transporte simulado, em densidades de 30 e 60 peixes 5 L-1 e em temperaturas de 15,20 e 25oC. Foram analisados: oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica, amônia, nitrito, nitrato,turbidez, alcalinidade e sobrevivência. A temperatura e o tempo tiveram influência significativa nos níveisde amônia, pH, condutividade elétrica e oxigênio, e verificou-se mortalidades após 12 horas de simulaçãode transporte nos peixes mantidos a 20 e 25ºC. A densidade influenciou diretamente nos parâmetros dequalidade de água, tais como o aumento da condutividade elétrica e turbidez e a diminuição de oxigêniodissolvido e pH na densidade de 60 peixes 5 L-1. Em conclusão, recomenda-se o transporte de alevinos deR. quelen em temperaturas entre 15 e 25°C, em períodos inferiores a 12 horas. E a densidade de seis peixespor litro de água não compromete a homeostase dos alevinos, e consequentemente sua sobrevivência.(AU)

Water quality and survival rate of Rhamdia quelen fry subjected to simulated transportation at different stock densities and temperatures / Qualidade de água e sobrevivência de alevinos de Rhamdia quelen submetidos a transporte simulado em diferentes densidades e temperaturas

Transportation of live fish is routinely done in aquaculture; therefore, the aim of this studywas to analyze the water quality and survival rate of Rhamdia quelen fry (2.55±0.44 g) following 4, 8 and 12hof simulated transportation, at stock densities of 30 and 60 fry 5 L-1 and temperatures 15, 20 and 25oC.Dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, turbidity, total alkalinity andsurvival were analyzed. Temperature and time had a significant influence on ammonia, pH, electricalconductivity, and dissolved oxygen levels, and fish died after 12 hours of transportation simulation whenkept at 20 and 25ºC. The density directly affected the water quality parameters, such as the increase inelectrical conductivity and turbidity, and decrease in dissolved oxygen and pH at the density of 60 fish 5 L-1.In conclusion, the transportation of R. quelen fry should be carried out at temperatures between 15 and25°C, for periods of less than 12 hours, and at stock density of up to 6 fish per liter of water so as not toimpair the homeostasis of the fry, and consequently, their survival.

O transporte de peixes vivos é uma prática comum na aquicultura. Por isso, o objetivo dopresente trabalho foi analisar a qualidade de água e sobrevivência de alevinos Rhamdia quelen (2,55±0,44 g)seguindo 4, 8 e 12h de transporte simulado, em densidades de 30 e 60 peixes 5 L-1 e em temperaturas de 15,20 e 25oC. Foram analisados: oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica, amônia, nitrito, nitrato,turbidez, alcalinidade e sobrevivência. A temperatura e o tempo tiveram influência significativa nos níveisde amônia, pH, condutividade elétrica e oxigênio, e verificou-se mortalidades após 12 horas de simulaçãode transporte nos peixes mantidos a 20 e 25ºC. A densidade influenciou diretamente nos parâmetros dequalidade de água, tais como o aumento da condutividade elétrica e turbidez e a diminuição de oxigêniodissolvido e pH na densidade de 60 peixes 5 L-1. Em conclusão, recomenda-se o transporte de alevinos deR. quelen em temperaturas entre 15 e 25°C, em períodos inferiores a 12 horas. E a densidade de seis peixespor litro de água não compromete a homeostase dos alevinos, e consequentemente sua sobrevivência.

Transport stress in ornamental Amazonian armored catfishes Cochliodon sp. (L145) and Hypostomus sp. (L28) (Loricariidae) / Estresse de transporte em cascudos amazônicos ornamentais Cochliodon sp. (L145) e Hypostomus sp. (L28) (Loricariidae)

This study evaluated the hematological response of ornamental Amazon plecos Cochliodon sp. (L145) and Hypostomus sp. (L28) subjected to transportation conditions. The erythrogram, leukogram, thrombogram, glucose and total plasmatic proteins (TPP) were determined at 0, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after 3-hours simulated transportation. For basal hematological profile, the blood was collected immediately after stress induction. Cochliodon sp. showed reduction in total erythrocyte number after 6 and 24 hours post-transport, and an increase in the glucose level after 6 hours. Hypoglycemia were observed at 6 hours post-transport withal an increase of the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) for Hypostomus sp. Thus, Hypostomus sp. showed higher resistance compared to Cochliodon sp. under transport stress.(AU)

Neste estudo avaliou-se a resposta hematológica dos acaris ornamentais Cochliodon sp. (L145) e Hypostomus sp. (L28) ao estresse de transporte. Foram determinados o eritrograma, leucograma, trombograma, níveis de glicose e proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) em 0, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após um transporte simulado de 3 horas. Para o perfil hematológico basal o sangue foi coletado imediatamente no local de captura dos peixes sob o mínimo de estresse possível. Cochliodon sp. mostrou redução no número de eritrócitos totais após 6 e 24 horas do estresse de transporte, e aumento da glicose após 6 horas. Em Hypostomus sp. houve hipoglicemia após 6 horas de transporte e ao mesmo tempo aumento do volume corpuscular médio (VCM) pós estresse. Neste estudo observou-se diferenças na resposta ao estresse entre os peixes estudados, pois Hypostomus sp. apresentou maior resistência em comparação a Cochliodon sp. quando submetido ao estresse de transporte.(AU)

Transport stress in ornamental Amazonian armored catfishes Cochliodon sp. (L145) and Hypostomus sp. (L28) (Loricariidae) / Estresse de transporte em cascudos amazônicos ornamentais Cochliodon sp. (L145) e Hypostomus sp. (L28) (Loricariidae)

This study evaluated the hematological response of ornamental Amazon plecos Cochliodon sp. (L145) and Hypostomus sp. (L28) subjected to transportation conditions. The erythrogram, leukogram, thrombogram, glucose and total plasmatic proteins (TPP) were determined at 0, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after 3-hours simulated transportation. For basal hematological profile, the blood was collected immediately after stress induction. Cochliodon sp. showed reduction in total erythrocyte number after 6 and 24 hours post-transport, and an increase in the glucose level after 6 hours. Hypoglycemia were observed at 6 hours post-transport withal an increase of the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) for Hypostomus sp. Thus, Hypostomus sp. showed higher resistance compared to Cochliodon sp. under transport stress.

Neste estudo avaliou-se a resposta hematológica dos acaris ornamentais Cochliodon sp. (L145) e Hypostomus sp. (L28) ao estresse de transporte. Foram determinados o eritrograma, leucograma, trombograma, níveis de glicose e proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) em 0, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após um transporte simulado de 3 horas. Para o perfil hematológico basal o sangue foi coletado imediatamente no local de captura dos peixes sob o mínimo de estresse possível. Cochliodon sp. mostrou redução no número de eritrócitos totais após 6 e 24 horas do estresse de transporte, e aumento da glicose após 6 horas. Em Hypostomus sp. houve hipoglicemia após 6 horas de transporte e ao mesmo tempo aumento do volume corpuscular médio (VCM) pós estresse. Neste estudo observou-se diferenças na resposta ao estresse entre os peixes estudados, pois Hypostomus sp. apresentou maior resistência em comparação a Cochliodon sp. quando submetido ao estresse de transporte.

Economic feasibility of hay enriched extruded production as a complete diet for equine / Viabilidade econômica da produção de feno enriquecido extrusado como dieta completa para equinos

The present study aimed to evaluate the economic feasibility of production and commercialization project of Hay Enriched Extruded (HEE) as a complete diet for horses. The study was based on survey data and quotation activities involving price from the land preparation (repair, planting and fertilization) to the processing of the product at the factory (extrusion) and marketing. Transportation costs and taxes were also considered. Discounted Cash Flow (30 years) was used to calculate the profitability indicator and the Profit and Loss Statement (PLS). Calculations were developed using Microsoft Office Excel® spreadsheets. Three production scenarios were simulated with different consumer prices: Scenario 1 - equivalent to the complete diet, where the ingredients are supplied together, but purchased separately; Scenario 2 - Considering a value 10% higher than the complete diet; Scenario 3 - Considering a value 20% higher than the complete diet. We observed that the project was economically viable in the three suggested scenarios with positive Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return greater than 9.4% and payback of 11 to 2 years. The results enable us to conclude that the product may be a promising investment for both product quality and ease of use as the rapid return on invested capital(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a viabilidade econômica de um projeto de produção e comercialização do Feno Enriquecido Extrusado (FEE) como dieta completa para equinos. O estudo baseou-se em levantamento de dados e cotação de preços de atividades que envolvem desde o preparo da terra (correção, plantio e adubação) até o beneficiamento do produto na fábrica (extrusão) e comercialização. Foram considerados também os custos com transporte e tributações. Para o cálculo dos indicadores de rentabilidade utilizou-se o método do Fluxo de Caixa Descontado (período de 30 anos) e da Demonstração de Resultados do Exercício (DRE). Os cálculos foram desenvolvidos utilizando planilhas eletrônicas do pacote Microsoft Office Excel®. Foram simulados três cenários de produção com diferentes preços ao consumidor: Cenário 1) equivalente à dieta completa, onde os ingredientes são fornecidos em conjunto, mas adquiridos separadamente; Cenário 2) considerando um valor 10% maior que o da dieta completa; Cenário 3) considerando um valor 20% maior que o da dieta completa. Pôde-se observar que o projeto foi viável economicamente nos três cenários sugeridos com Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) positivo, Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) maior que 9,4% aa e payback de 11 a 2 anos. A produção de FEE pode ser um investimento promissor tanto pela qualidade do produto e facilidade de uso quanto pelo rápido retorno do capital investido(AU)

Studies on in vitro bovine embryos during their transport / Estudo sobre o cultivo in vitro de embriões bovinos durante o transporte

The Brazilian livestock is based on the use and in the improvement of reproductive biotechnologies. Researches that aims to solve problems such as the distance between laboratories and the large cattle producing farms are necessary. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a culture system during long periods of transportation on bovine embryos produced in vitro. The oocytes obtained from slaughterhouse cows ovaries, passed through in vitro production of embryos procedures such as: maturation, fertilization and embryo culture and subsequently were allocated into the transportation system to compose the treatments: Tcontrol - control embryos kept in the incubator; T48 - embryos removed from the culture medium on the 5th day and transportation simulated for 48 hours; T24 - embryos removed from the culture medium on the 6th day and transportation simulated for 24 hours. After the treatments, the embryos were evaluated for blastocyst on the 7th day and hatching rate on the 9th day. The experimental design was completely randomized. No differences were found (P> 0.05) for blastocyst rate (31, 33 and 35%) and hatching rate (74, 78 and 80%), respectively, for Tcontrol, T48 and T24 treatments. It was concluded that the culture system during transport, up to 48 hours, was efficient when considering the embryonic viability, inferring that the transportation environment simulated atmosphere and temperature conditions of the laboratory in a satisfactory manner

A pecuária brasileira é, em parte, sustentada pela utilização e aperfeiçoamento de biotecnologias da reprodução. Pesquisas que buscam solucionar problemas como a distância existente entre os laboratórios e as grandes fazendas produtoras de gado são necessárias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de um sistema de cultivo durante períodos longos de transporte de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro. Os oócitos, obtidos de ovários de vacas de abatedouro, passaram pelos procedimentos de produção de embriões in vitro, e no quinto dia do cultivo, foram alocados no sistema de transporte para compor os tratamentos: Tcontrole embriões controle mantidos na incubadora; T48 - embriões retirados do meio de cultivo no 5º dia e simulado o transporte por 48 horas; T24 - embriões retirados do meio de cultivo no 6º dia e simulado o transporte por 24 horas. Após os tratamentos, os embriões foram avaliados quanto à taxa de blastocistos no 7º dia e a taxa eclosão no 9º dia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e cinco repetições cada. Não foram observadas diferenças (P> 0,05) na taxa de blastocisto (31, 33 e 35%) e na taxa de eclosão (74, 78 e 80%), respectivamente para os tratamentos Tcontrole, T48 e T24. Concluiu-se que o sistema de cultivo durante o transporte, por até 48 horas, foi eficiente quanto à viabilidade embrionária inferindo que o ambiente de transporte simulou as condições de atmosfera e de temperatura do laboratório de forma satisfatória

Studies on in vitro bovine embryos during their transport / Estudo sobre o cultivo in vitro de embriões bovinos durante o transporte

The Brazilian livestock is based on the use and in the improvement of reproductive biotechnologies. Researches that aims to solve problems such as the distance between laboratories and the large cattle producing farms are necessary. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a culture system during long periods of transportation on bovine embryos produced in vitro. The oocytes obtained from slaughterhouse cows ovaries, passed through in vitro production of embryos procedures such as: maturation, fertilization and embryo culture and subsequently were allocated into the transportation system to compose the treatments: Tcontrol - control embryos kept in the incubator; T48 - embryos removed from the culture medium on the 5th day and transportation simulated for 48 hours; T24 - embryos removed from the culture medium on the 6th day and transportation simulated for 24 hours. After the treatments, the embryos were evaluated for blastocyst on the 7th day and hatching rate on the 9th day. The experimental design was completely randomized. No differences were found (P> 0.05) for blastocyst rate (31, 33 and 35%) and hatching rate (74, 78 and 80%), respectively, for Tcontrol, T48 and T24 treatments. It was concluded that the culture system during transport, up to 48 hours, was efficient when considering the embryonic viability, inferring that the transportation environment simulated atmosphere and temperature conditions of the laboratory in a satisfactory manner(AU)

A pecuária brasileira é, em parte, sustentada pela utilização e aperfeiçoamento de biotecnologias da reprodução. Pesquisas que buscam solucionar problemas como a distância existente entre os laboratórios e as grandes fazendas produtoras de gado são necessárias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de um sistema de cultivo durante períodos longos de transporte de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro. Os oócitos, obtidos de ovários de vacas de abatedouro, passaram pelos procedimentos de produção de embriões in vitro, e no quinto dia do cultivo, foram alocados no sistema de transporte para compor os tratamentos: Tcontrole embriões controle mantidos na incubadora; T48 - embriões retirados do meio de cultivo no 5º dia e simulado o transporte por 48 horas; T24 - embriões retirados do meio de cultivo no 6º dia e simulado o transporte por 24 horas. Após os tratamentos, os embriões foram avaliados quanto à taxa de blastocistos no 7º dia e a taxa eclosão no 9º dia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e cinco repetições cada. Não foram observadas diferenças (P> 0,05) na taxa de blastocisto (31, 33 e 35%) e na taxa de eclosão (74, 78 e 80%), respectivamente para os tratamentos Tcontrole, T48 e T24. Concluiu-se que o sistema de cultivo durante o transporte, por até 48 horas, foi eficiente quanto à viabilidade embrionária inferindo que o ambiente de transporte simulou as condições de atmosfera e de temperatura do laboratório de forma satisfatória(AU)

Stress in Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) at different densities and times in a simulated transport

The transportation of live fish is a routine procedure in aquaculture, and includes a series of stressful stimuli such as an increase in the stocking density of specimens per volume of water, and abrupt changes in water quality. This study evaluated the water quality and the stress levels on Pimelodus maculatus (Lacépède, 1803) fingerlings transported in plastic bags by a mechanical transportation simulator. Fish were stocked at densities 4 (22.88 g/L), 8 fish/L (45.76 g/L) and 12 fish/L (68.64 g/L) and the transportation simulation was performed for 4, 8 or 12 hours. A completely randomized experimental design applied to a 3 x 3 factorial model with three replicates was used. Water quality was evaluated by the analysis of the temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, unionized ammonia and nitrite at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Stress was assessed by determining tissue cortisol levels by radioimmunoassay, in the beginning and at the end of the study. The densities and the transportation times did not cause mortality, but higher density and times of transport influenced water quality indicators. The simulated transportation of P. maculatus showed that all P. maculatus fingerlings survived at the maximum density tested, 12 fish/L for 12 hours.

Stress in Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) at different densities and times in a simulated transport

The transportation of live fish is a routine procedure in aquaculture, and includes a series of stressful stimuli such as an increase in the stocking density of specimens per volume of water, and abrupt changes in water quality. This study evaluated the water quality and the stress levels on Pimelodus maculatus (Lacépède, 1803) fingerlings transported in plastic bags by a mechanical transportation simulator. Fish were stocked at densities 4 (22.88 g/L), 8 fish/L (45.76 g/L) and 12 fish/L (68.64 g/L) and the transportation simulation was performed for 4, 8 or 12 hours. A completely randomized experimental design applied to a 3 x 3 factorial model with three replicates was used. Water quality was evaluated by the analysis of the temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, unionized ammonia and nitrite at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Stress was assessed by determining tissue cortisol levels by radioimmunoassay, in the beginning and at the end of the study. The densities and the transportation times did not cause mortality, but higher density and times of transport influenced water quality indicators. The simulated transportation of P. maculatus showed that all P. maculatus fingerlings survived at the maximum density tested, 12 fish/L for 12 hours.(AU)

The negative effects of mechanical vibrations on transport of fertile eggs / Os efeitos negativos das vibrações mecânicas no tranporte de ovos fertilizados

Mechanical vibrations resulted from transportation are mentioned to be a high hazardous issue of integrity and physiology found in biological systems. Fertile eggs that are transported from broiler farm to hatcheries are susceptible to harmful results, and it is still unknown all the possible effects in embryo development. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the loss during hatching and in the quality of broiler chicks, after fertile eggs were exposed to simulated mechanical vibrations in different conditions. The experiment was developed in a commercial hatchery in Mogi-Mirim, São Paulo. Altogether, 1920 fertile eggs from Cobb-500 (31 to 34 weeks) were used. These eggs were exposed to vibrations during the transport in a mechanical simulator (Figure 1a). The assay was performed in a random modeling in blocks arranged in a factorial 2 x 2 + 1 with an additional treatment. The analyzed factors were determined by two vibration levels (lower with RSS 2.5 m/s2 and higher with RSS 7.5 m/s2), associated with two periods of exposition time (60 and 180 minutes). For the results, the answers from birth were analyzed using the hatching rate. The quality of broiler chicks obtained by the amount of first line chicks; and the total loss in the hatchery found in the summation of previous answers. Analyzes were done using a modeling of logistical regression, the effects of significan

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Viabilidade de oócitos bovinos transportados por diferentes períodos em meio de maturação suplementado com análogo da Vitamina E

Oócitos com diminuída capacidade de desenvolvimento têm sido apontados como a principal causa para o potencial reduzido dos embriões produzidos in vitro. O transporte dos oócitos das propriedades até os laboratórios é um fator fundamental, pois a maturação inicia-se imediatamente após retirada do oócito de seu folículo, e o intervalo entre a recuperação e maturação em laboratório influenciam diretamente o desenvolvimento do oócito. O tempo do transporte pode se prolongar por várias horas, podendo prejudicar o desenvolvimento embrionário subsequente. Além disso, as condições in vitro resultam em maiores concentrações de oxigênio, levando a um aumento nos níveis de Espécies Reativas ao Oxigênio (EROs), sendo as membranas celulares muito sensíveis à lipoperoxidação ocasionada por esses agentes. O Trolox® é um análogo da Vitamina E, e atua como agente protetor contra a lipoperoxidação. Dessa forma, foi avaliada a viabilidade do transporte de oócitos com o controle da atmosfera gasosa, durante diferentes períodos de tempo, e os efeitos da adição de Trolox® ao meio utilizado no transporte. Foram utilizados 1107 oócitos provenientes de ovários de abatedouro, divididos em oito grupos, conforme o período de transporte simulado e a presença de Trolox®: zero (G0), seis (G6), doze (G12) e dezoito (G18) horas de transporte simulado sem antioxidante, e os mesmos períodos (GT0, GT6, GT12, GT18), com a adição de 0,1 mg/mL de Trolox® ao meio de transporte. Os oócitos foram acondicionados em tubos criogênicos de 1,5 mL, contendo 500µL de meio de transporte (TCM-199® suplementado com HEPES, glutamina, piruvato, antibiótico, estradiol, LH, FSH e SFB), recobertos por 350µL de óleo mineral, gaseificados com uma mistura de 5% de CO2, 5% de O2, 90% de N2 balanço, e lacrados. Os oócitos dos grupos G0 e GT0 foram colocados abertos na estufa e maturados por 24 horas, a 38,5°C com 5% de CO2 em ar. Os outros grupos foram colocados fechados dentro da estufa, e abertos conforme passado seu respectivo período de transporte, completando o tempo restante da maturação nas mesmas condições dos grupos controle. Esse sistema estaria mimetizando o transporte de oócitos em incubadoras portáteis, simulando o que ocorre do campo para o laboratório após a OPU. O período de fecundação foi de 18-22 horas em condições semelhantes de temperatura e atmosfera gasosa, em Talp-Stock acrescido de BSA, piruvato, gentamicina, heparina e PHE. Os prováveis zigotos foram cultivados durante sete dias em meio SOFaaci + 5% SFB, em estufa à 38,5ºC, com 5% CO2, 5% O2 e 90% N2. Foram avaliadas as taxas de clivagem, produção embrionária, contagem celular e o estresse oxidativo. Os dados paramétricos foram avaliados através da ANOVA e do teste de Tukey, já os não paramétricos através do teste de Wilcoxon. Todas as análises utilizaram 5% como nível de significância. As taxas de clivagem foram similares entre todos os grupos, sendo observada diferença (p<0,05) apenas entre G0 (87,05%) e o G12 (68,30%). Não foi encontrado diferença (p>0,05) entre os grupos para produção de blastocistos, o número total de células embrionárias e concentração de TBARS no meio de transporte. Estes resultados indicam que é possível o transporte de oócitos bovinos até 18 horas sem que haja prejuízos ao desenvolvimento embrionário subsequente e que a adição de Trolox® ao meio de transporte não influencia os índices de clivagem e de blastocistos.

Oocytes with decreased development capacity have been identified as the main cause for the reduced potential of embryos in vitro produced. The transport of the oocytes from properties to the laboratories is a fundamental factor, since the maturation begins immediately after the oocyte removal from its follicle, and the interval between the recovery and the laboratory maturation directly influence its development. The transport duration can last for several hours and can hinder subsequent embryonic development. Furthermore, the in vitro conditions results in higher oxygen concentrations, leading to an increase in the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, and the cell membranes is very susceptible to lipid peroxidation caused by these agents. The Trolox® is a vitamin E analogue and acts as a protective agent against lipid peroxidation. Thus, it was assessed the viability of oocytes transported with a controlled gaseous atmosphere for different periods of time, and the effects of adding Trolox® the medium used on the transport. Were used 1107 oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries, divided into eight groups according to the simulated transport period and the presence of Trolox®: zero (G0), six (G6), twelve (G12) and eighteen (G18) hours of simulated transport without antioxidant, and same periods (GT0, GT6, GT12, GT18), with the addition of 0.1 mg / ml Trolox® to the transport medium. Oocytes were placed in 1.5 ml cryogenic tubes containing 500L transport medium (TCM-199® supplemented with HEPES, glutamine, pyruvate, antibiotics, estradiol, LH, FSH and SFB), covered with 350L of mineral oil, gassed with a mixture of 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 balance and sealed. Oocytes of groups G0 and G10 were placed unclosed in the incubator and matured for 24 hours at 38.5 ° C with 5% CO2 in air. The other groups were placed closed inside the incubator and opened as pasted their respective transport period, completing the remaining time of maturation under the same conditions of the control group. This system would mimic the transport of oocytes in a portable incubator, simulating what occurs from the countryside to the laboratory after OPU. The fertilization period was 18-22 hours in similar conditions of temperature and gaseous atmosphere in medium Talp-Stock plus BSA, pyruvate, gentamicin, heparin and PHE. Presumptive zygotes were cultured for seven days in SOFaaci medium + 5% fetal calf serum, in an incubator at 38.5 ° C with 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2. The rates of cleavage, embryo production, cell count and oxidative stress were evaluated. Data were analyzed with SAS® version 9.2. Parametric data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test, as the nonparametric using the Wilcoxon test. All analyzes used 5% level of significance. Cleavage rates were similar among all groups, with difference (p <0.05) only between G0 (87.05%) and G12 (68.30%). The blastocyst production, total number of embryonic cells and TBARS concentration in the transport medium were not different (p> 0.05). These results indicate that transportation of bovine oocytes up to 18 hours can happen without any losses to the subsequent embryonic development and the addition of Trolox® in the transport medium does not influence the cleavage and blastocyst rates.

Survival of Ucides cordatus (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) megalopae during transport under different conditions of density and duration

Target areas for Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) restocking programs are often located far from the laboratory where larval rearing is developed. During translocation, the larvae are submitted to highly stressful conditions due to handling, packing, and transport activities. The aim of the present study was to assess the mortality rates of U. cordatus megalopae caused by different transportation procedures. Megalopae at loading densities of 50, 150, and 300 ind.L-1 were packed in double polyethylene 12 x 25 cm plastic bags with 200 ml of marine water at salinity 30. The bags were filled with oxygen at a proportion of 1:2 parts of water and sealed tightly. The trepidations during transport were simulated by the use of a shaker device (800 vibrations/minute) over periods of three and six hours inside a dark container. The survivorship rates of larvae after simulation were compared to those obtained in control groups, which consisted of plastic vials with megalopae at a loading density of 50 ind.L-1 maintained at rest. Immediately after the two transport simulations, there was no significant difference in survivorship between the treatments and the control. However, 24 hours after simulation some of the tested densities resulted in significantly lower survivorships. The results demonstrated that U. cordatus megalopae can tolerate six hours of shaking during transportation, at high densities with minimal mortality.

Survival of Ucides cordatus (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) megalopae during transport under different conditions of density and duration

Target areas for Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) restocking programs are often located far from the laboratory where larval rearing is developed. During translocation, the larvae are submitted to highly stressful conditions due to handling, packing, and transport activities. The aim of the present study was to assess the mortality rates of U. cordatus megalopae caused by different transportation procedures. Megalopae at loading densities of 50, 150, and 300 ind.L-1 were packed in double polyethylene 12 x 25 cm plastic bags with 200 ml of marine water at salinity 30. The bags were filled with oxygen at a proportion of 1:2 parts of water and sealed tightly. The trepidations during transport were simulated by the use of a shaker device (800 vibrations/minute) over periods of three and six hours inside a dark container. The survivorship rates of larvae after simulation were compared to those obtained in control groups, which consisted of plastic vials with megalopae at a loading density of 50 ind.L-1 maintained at rest. Immediately after the two transport simulations, there was no significant difference in survivorship between the treatments and the control. However, 24 hours after simulation some of the tested densities resulted in significantly lower survivorships. The results demonstrated that U. cordatus megalopae can tolerate six hours of shaking during transportation, at high densities with minimal mortality.

Survival of Ucides cordatus (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) megalopae during transport under different conditions of density and duration

Target areas for Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) restocking programs are often located far from the laboratory where larval rearing is developed. During translocation, the larvae are submitted to highly stressful conditions due to handling, packing, and transport activities. The aim of the present study was to assess the mortality rates of U. cordatus megalopae caused by different transportation procedures. Megalopae at loading densities of 50, 150, and 300 ind.L-1 were packed in double polyethylene 12 x 25 cm plastic bags with 200 ml of marine water at salinity 30. The bags were filled with oxygen at a proportion of 1:2 parts of water and sealed tightly. The trepidations during transport were simulated by the use of a shaker device (800 vibrations/minute) over periods of three and six hours inside a dark container. The survivorship rates of larvae after simulation were compared to those obtained in control groups, which consisted of plastic vials with megalopae at a loading density of 50 ind.L-1 maintained at rest. Immediately after the two transport simulations, there was no significant difference in survivorship between the treatments and the control. However, 24 hours after simulation some of the tested densities resulted in significantly lower survivorships. The results demonstrated that U. cordatus megalopae can tolerate six hours of shaking during transportation, at high densities with minimal mortality.

TRANSPORTE DE LARVAS DE JUNDIÁ RHAMDIA QUELEN (QUOY & GAIMARD,18224) EM SACOS PLÁSTICOS.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da densidade e tempo de confinamento na sobrevivência de larvas de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) à simulação de transporte. O trabalho foi composto por cinco ensaios, que juntos avaliaram o transporte das larvas em diferentes densidades e tempos de transporte. O transporte foi apenas simulado, de forma que as larvas foram confinadas em sacos plásticos que ficaram estáticos, em bandejas abastecidas por um sistema de recirculação. No primeiro ensaio foi avaliado o tempo de transporte de larvas com apenas 24 horas após a eclosão (24 HPE). No segundo, foi avaliada a densidade no transporte de larvas. No terceiro ensaio também foi avaliado o tempo de transporte, porém na densidade 45.000 (Larvas.L-1) e temperatura de 20°C. No quarto ensaio também foram avaliadas diferentes densidades, porém a 20°C, e no quinto ensaio foi avaliado o tempo de transporte de larvas já mais desenvolvidas, na densidade de 4.000 (Larvas.L-1). Os resultados mostraram que as larvas de jundiá podem ser transportadas mesmo antes de iniciarem a movimentação ativa. Também mostraram que o transporte pode ser realizado em altas densidades, até 45.000 (Larvas.L-1), na temperatura de 20°C. Larvas de 48 HPE a 25°C podem ser transportadas a 23°C, por 12 horas, em densidades de até 8.000 (Larvas.L-1), sem que haja prejuízos à sobrevivência. Larvas com idade de 120 HPE a 25° podem ser transportadas na densidade de 4.000 (Larvas.L-1), a 23°C por até 36 horas, sem que haja mortalidades significativas em decorrência do transporte.

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of density and confinement time in the survivability of silver catfish larvae (Rhamdiaquelen) to the simulation of transport. The work was comprised by five trials that evaluated the conditions to transport larvae in different densities and periods of transport. The transportation was just simulated, the larvae were hosted into plastic bags that were kept static, and maintained in trays that were being supplied by a recirculation system. In the first trial was measured the transportation time for larvae of just 24 hours post-hatching (24 HPH). The second trial measured the density factor on larvae transport. In the third trial was also evaluated the period of transport, but at density 45.000 (Larvas.L-1) and temperature of 20°C. The fourth trial also measured different densities, but at 20°C, and the fifth and last trial measured the transporting time for more developed larvae at density 4.000 (Larvas.L-1). The results demonstrate that silver catfish larvae can be already conveyed even before they present active movement. The transportation can be held at high densities, up to 45.000 Larvae.L-1, when at 20°C. The larvae of 48 HPH at 25°C can be transported at 23°C for 12 hours at densities up to 8000 Larvae.L-1, with no survival loss. Larvae with 120 HPH at 25°C can be transported at densities of 4000 Larvae.L-1 at 23°C for even 36 hours without significant mortality as result of the transport.

Avaliação do efeito de três anestésicos na sedação e no transporte de juvenis de matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus)

O objetivo do presente experimento foi descrever a ação do eugenol, do mentol e do propofol como anestésico para juvenis de matrinxã e verificar seus efeitos como redutores do estresse no transporte destes peixes na referida fase de desenvolvimento. Primeiramente realizou-se um experimento com o objetivo de definir as doses ótimas para sedação de juvenis de matrinxã com o mentol, o eugenol e o propofol. Neste experimento, os peixes foram submetidos à sedação e recuperação e para definição dos tempos de ação esperada dos anestésicos considerou-se o tempo de permanência em estado normal, tempo para completa anestesia, tempo de permanência em anestesia cirúrgica e tempo necessário para a recuperação. Os três anestésicos se mostraram eficientes na sedação dos animais, possibilitando a definição de doses seguras para a sedação dos peixes. Após tal experimento, realizou-se um segundo com o objetivo verificar o efeito do eugenol, mentol e propofol como redutores de estresse no transporte de juvenis de matrinxã. A simulação do transporte foi realizada utilizando peixes embalados em sacolas plásticas na densidade de 10 peixes/litro. Na embalagem, os anestésicos foram adicionados à água em diferentes doses. A temperatura da água se manteve abaixo da faixa de conforto da espécie e ao final da simulação, os níveis de amônia total na água atingiram níveis muito acima da faixa de tolerância para a maioria dos peixes. Os demais parâmetros de qualidade de água se mantiveram na faixa de conforto para o matrinxã. Para o transporte com eugenol e propofol, as doses controle (sem anestésico) proporcionaram os maiores tempos de transporte e maior percentual de sobrevivência após 24 horas. Para estes anestésicos as doses não influenciaram nos níveis glicêmicos após o transporte e após o período de recuperação (24 horas). No transporte com mentol, as doses de 0 e 6 mg/L proporcionaram os maiores tempos de transporte e percentual de sobrevivência 24 horas. As doses de mentol não influenciaram na glicemia após o transporte, mas após o período de recuperação as doses de 2 e 6 mg/L proporcionaram melhor recuperação dos níveis basais de glicemia. Para o eugenol e propofol, a dose controle se mostrou mais eficiente e dentre os anestésicos testados, o mentol na dose de 6mg/L melhor agiu como redutor do estresse no transporte simulado de juvenis de mantrinxã.

The aim of this study was to describe the action of eugenol, menthol and propofol as an anesthetic for juvenile matrinxã and check its effects as stress reducer in the transport of these fish in that development stage. First we performed a study in order to define the optimal dose for sedation of juvenile using menthol, eugenol and propofol. The fishes are sedated and recovered and to define the expected action times of anesthetics were considered the residence time in a normal state, time to complete anesthesia, length of stay in surgical anesthesia and time required for recovery. The three anesthetics were effective sedative to the fishes, allowing the definition of safe doses for sedation of the juvenile matrinxã. After the first experiment, there was a second experiment to evaluate the effect of eugenol, menthol and propofol as stress reducers in the transport of juveniles matrinxã. The simulation of the transport was performed using juvenile matrinxã, packed in plastic bags in the density of 10 fish.L-1. In packaging, the anesthetics were added to water at different doses. The temperature of the water is below the comfort range of species (21.3±0.37°C) and the end of the simulation, the total ammonia levels in the water reached levels far above the tolerance range for most fish. The others water quality parameters remained in the comfort range to matrinxã. For transportation eugenol and propofol control dose provide higher transmission times and a higher percentage of survival after 24 hours. For these anesthetic doses had no effect on blood glucose levels after transport and after the recovery period (24 hours). When transporting with menthol, doses of 0 and 6 mg/L provided higher transport times and percentage of survival after 24 hours. The doses of menthol did not influence blood glucose after transportation, but after doses of 2 and 6 mg/L showed improved recovery of basal blood glucose levels. For eugenol and propofol the control was more effective among the tested and anesthetics, menthol at a dose of 6mg/L acted as best stress reducer in simulated transport juvenile mantrinxã.