Importância da radiografia intra-oral em tratamentos periodontais de cães e gatos: relato de três casos / The importance of intra-oral radiographs in periodontal treatments of dogs and cats: three cases reports

A radiografia intra-oral é um método de diagnóstico por imagem essencial em pacientes submetidos a tratamento odontológico de qualquer natureza, especialmente em casos de doença peridontal. Permite a avaliação de estruturas ósseas e dentárias, elucidando múltiplos diagnósticos que não são firmados clinicamente. Inclui-se no estudo radiográfico a análise da integridade da lâmina dura, do ligamento periodontal, de afecções dentárias como abscessos periapicais, cistos, alterações de desenvolvimento coronário e radicular, agenesias, dentes inclusos ou supranumerários, raízes fraturadas remanescentes na região subgengival, reabsorções dentárias ou ósseas (associadas à doença periodontal ou neoplasias) e estruturas internas do dente (diâmetro da câmara pulpar e canal radicular). O presente artigo visa, portanto, mostrar através da apresentação de casos clínicos, a relevância do exame radiográfico para a correta abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica de afecções subclínicas, mesmo em pacientes sem sinais de dor ou supostamente portadores de apenas gengivite. Foram relatados um caso de hipoplasia radicular, um de cisto de origem dentária e outro de reabsorção dentária, todos diagnosticados após a realização da documentação radiográfica intra-oral.

The intra-oral radiography is an essential diagnosis imaging method, in patients submitted to dental treatment of any nature, especially cases of periodontal diseases. It allows the evaluation of structural bone and dental diseases, elucidating multiple diagnoses, which are not clinically proven. The radiographic study includes the analysis of the periodontal ligament and lamina dura integrity, dental anomalies such as periapical abscesses, cysts, coronary and root development failures, agenesis, unerupted or supernumerary teeth, fractured roots remaining in the subgingival area, tooth or bone resorption, (associated with neoplasia or periodontal disease) and Internal tooth structures such as diameter of pulp chamber and root canal. The present article aims to show, through clinical case reports, the relevance of the radiographic examination towards the correct diagnosis and therapeutic approach of subclinical infections, even in patients without signs of pain or supposedly gingivitis bearers. Amongst the reported cases, there is a root hipoplasia, a dental origin cyst and a tooth resorption, all diagnosed after intra-oral radiographic completion.

Importância da radiografia intra-oral em tratamentos periodontais de cães e gatos: relato de três casos / The importance of intra-oral radiographs in periodontal treatmentsof dogs and cats: three cases reports

A radiografia intra-oral é um método de diagnóstico por imagem essencial em pacientes submetidos a tratamento odontológico de qualquer natureza, especialmente em casos de doença peridontal. Permite a avaliação de estruturas ósseas e dentárias, elucidando múltiplos diagnósticos que não são firmados clinicamente. Inclui-se no estudo radiográfico a análise da integridade da lâmina dura, do ligamento periodontal, de afecções dentárias como abscessos periapicais, cistos, alterações de desenvolvimento coronário e radicular, agenesias, dentes inclusos ou supranumerários, raízes fraturadas remanescentes na região subgengival, reabsorções dentárias ou ósseas (associadas à doença periodontal ou neoplasias) e estruturas internas do dente (diâmetro da câmara pulpar e canal radicular). O presente artigo visa, portanto, mostrar através da apresentação de casos clínicos, a relevância do exame radiográfico para a correta abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica de afecções subclínicas, mesmo em pacientes sem sinais de dor ou supostamente portadores de apenas gengivite. Foram relatados um caso de hipoplasia radicular, um de cisto de origem dentária e outro de reabsorção dentária, todos diagnosticados após a realização da documentação radiográfica intra-oral.(AU)

The intra-oral radiography is an essential diagnosis imaging method, in patients submitted to dental treatment of any nature, especially cases of periodontal diseases. It allows the evaluation of structural bone and dental diseases, elucidating multiple diagnoses, which are not clinically proven. The radiographic study includes the analysis of the periodontal ligament and lamina dura integrity, dental anomalies such as periapical abscesses, cysts, coronary and root development failures, agenesis, unerupted or supernumerary teeth, fractured roots remaining in the subgingival area, tooth or bone resorption, (associated with neoplasia or periodontal disease) and Internal tooth structures such as diameter of pulp chamber and root canal. The present article aims to show, through clinical case reports, the relevance of the radiographic examination towards the correct diagnosis and therapeutic approach of subclinical infections, even in patients without signs of pain or supposedly gingivitis bearers. Amongst the reported cases, there is a root hipoplasia, a dental origin cyst and a tooth resorption, all diagnosed after intra-oral radiographic completion.(AU)

Importância da radiografia intra-oral em tratamentos periodontais de cães e gatos: relato de três casos / The importance of intra-oral radiographs in periodontal treatmentsof dogs and cats: three cases reports

A radiografia intra-oral é um método de diagnóstico por imagem essencial em pacientes submetidos a tratamento odontológico de qualquer natureza, especialmente em casos de doença peridontal. Permite a avaliação de estruturas ósseas e dentárias, elucidando múltiplos diagnósticos que não são firmados clinicamente. Inclui-se no estudo radiográfico a análise da integridade da lâmina dura, do ligamento periodontal, de afecções dentárias como abscessos periapicais, cistos, alterações de desenvolvimento coronário e radicular, agenesias, dentes inclusos ou supranumerários, raízes fraturadas remanescentes na região subgengival, reabsorções dentárias ou ósseas (associadas à doença periodontal ou neoplasias) e estruturas internas do dente (diâmetro da câmara pulpar e canal radicular). O presente artigo visa, portanto, mostrar através da apresentação de casos clínicos, a relevância do exame radiográfico para a correta abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica de afecções subclínicas, mesmo em pacientes sem sinais de dor ou supostamente portadores de apenas gengivite. Foram relatados um caso de hipoplasia radicular, um de cisto de origem dentária e outro de reabsorção dentária, todos diagnosticados após a realização da documentação radiográfica intra-oral.

The intra-oral radiography is an essential diagnosis imaging method, in patients submitted to dental treatment of any nature, especially cases of periodontal diseases. It allows the evaluation of structural bone and dental diseases, elucidating multiple diagnoses, which are not clinically proven. The radiographic study includes the analysis of the periodontal ligament and lamina dura integrity, dental anomalies such as periapical abscesses, cysts, coronary and root development failures, agenesis, unerupted or supernumerary teeth, fractured roots remaining in the subgingival area, tooth or bone resorption, (associated with neoplasia or periodontal disease) and Internal tooth structures such as diameter of pulp chamber and root canal. The present article aims to show, through clinical case reports, the relevance of the radiographic examination towards the correct diagnosis and therapeutic approach of subclinical infections, even in patients without signs of pain or supposedly gingivitis bearers. Amongst the reported cases, there is a root hipoplasia, a dental origin cyst and a tooth resorption, all diagnosed after intra-oral radiographic completion.

Dental anomalies in Didelphis albiventris (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphidae) from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay / Anomalías en la dentición de Didelphis albiventris (Didelphidae)

Las anomalías en la dentición se han estudiado en la mayoría de los órdenes de mamíferos, incluyendo marsupiales. Trabajos anteriores en Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 analizaron solamente un tipo de malformación, o un número acotado de ejemplares, subestimando así el tipo y número de anomalías para esta especie. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar varias anomalías dentales encontradas en muestras de Didelphis albiventris provenientes de Argentina, Uruguay y Brasil. Las anomalías se clasificaron en tres categorías: dientes supernumerarios o ausentes; anomalías morfológicas de tamaño y forma; y dientes en posiciones inusuales. De los 393 ejemplares analizados, encontramos 32 individuos de D. albiventris con anomalías (8,14%), algunos de los cuales presentaron más de una anomalía. Una proporción similar de especímenes de Argentina y Uruguay presentó anomalías, mientras que en la muestra de Brasil las anomalías fueron menos comunes. Las anomalías se encontraron más frecuentemente en la serie dentaria superior y en los molares, siendo los molares supernumerarios y los dientes con malformaciones en la corona las más comunes. El porcentaje de muestras con anomalías encontrado para D. albiventris es mayor que los reportados previamente para la especie y para otros Didelphimorphia. La endogamia y el flujo génico limitado no parecen ser posibles explicaciones para el elevado porcentaje de anomalías, especialmente debido a las características ecológicas de Didelphis albiventris. La inestabilidad en el desarrollo y la asimetría fluctuante podrían ser algunas de las causas de las anomalías, sobre todo debido a que el hábitat utilizado por D. albiventris tiende a ser inestable y encontrarse modificado. Las anomalías dentales se encontraran, principalmente, en las áreas de la serie dental donde la oclusión es relajado o no evita que los dientes ocluyan durante la masticación, y por lo tanto no tienen ningún valor funcional.(AU)

Dental anomalies have been investigated and reported for most orders of mammals, including marsupials. Previous works in Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 only described one kind of malformation or just a few observations from some collections, thus the type and presence of anomalies for this species was underestimated. The aim of this contribution is to describe and analyze several dental anomalies found in specimens of Didelphis albiventris from Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Dental anomalies were classified in three categories: supernumerary or missing teeth, morphological anomalies in size and shape, and teeth in unusual positions. We found 32 individuals of D. albiventris with anomalies out of 393 analyzed specimens (8.14%), some specimens with more than one anomaly. A similar proportion of specimens from Argentina and Uruguay presented anomalies, while in specimens from Brazil anomalies were less common. Anomalies were more commonly found in the upper toothrow and in molars, being supernumerary teeth and molars with unusual crown-shape the most common ones. The percentage of specimens with anomalies found for D. albiventris is higher than previously reported for the species, and other Didelphimorphia. Inbreeding and limited gene flow do not appear as possible explanations for the elevated percentage of anomalies, especially due to the ecological characteristics of Didelphis albiventris. Developmental instability and fluctuating asymmetry could be some of the causes for the anomalies found in this species, mostly since the habitat used by D. albiventris tends to be unstable and disturbed. Dental anomalies were mostly found in areas of the toothrow where occlusion is relaxed or does not prevent teeth from interlocking during mastication, and consequently have no functional value.(AU)

Dental anomalies in Didelphis albiventris (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphidae) from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay / Anomalías en la dentición de Didelphis albiventris (Didelphidae)

Las anomalías en la dentición se han estudiado en la mayoría de los órdenes de mamíferos, incluyendo marsupiales. Trabajos anteriores en Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 analizaron solamente un tipo de malformación, o un número acotado de ejemplares, subestimando así el tipo y número de anomalías para esta especie. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar varias anomalías dentales encontradas en muestras de Didelphis albiventris provenientes de Argentina, Uruguay y Brasil. Las anomalías se clasificaron en tres categorías: dientes supernumerarios o ausentes; anomalías morfológicas de tamaño y forma; y dientes en posiciones inusuales. De los 393 ejemplares analizados, encontramos 32 individuos de D. albiventris con anomalías (8,14%), algunos de los cuales presentaron más de una anomalía. Una proporción similar de especímenes de Argentina y Uruguay presentó anomalías, mientras que en la muestra de Brasil las anomalías fueron menos comunes. Las anomalías se encontraron más frecuentemente en la serie dentaria superior y en los molares, siendo los molares supernumerarios y los dientes con malformaciones en la corona las más comunes. El porcentaje de muestras con anomalías encontrado para D. albiventris es mayor que los reportados previamente para la especie y para otros Didelphimorphia. La endogamia y el flujo génico limitado no parecen ser posibles explicaciones para el elevado porcentaje de anomalías, especialmente debido a las características ecológicas de Didelphis albiventris. La inestabilidad en el desarrollo y la asimetría fluctuante podrían ser algunas de las causas de las anomalías, sobre todo debido a que el hábitat utilizado por D. albiventris tiende a ser inestable y encontrarse modificado. Las anomalías dentales se encontraran, principalmente, en las áreas de la serie dental donde la oclusión es relajado o no evita que los dientes ocluyan durante la masticación, y por lo tanto no tienen ningún valor funcional.

Dental anomalies have been investigated and reported for most orders of mammals, including marsupials. Previous works in Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 only described one kind of malformation or just a few observations from some collections, thus the type and presence of anomalies for this species was underestimated. The aim of this contribution is to describe and analyze several dental anomalies found in specimens of Didelphis albiventris from Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Dental anomalies were classified in three categories: supernumerary or missing teeth, morphological anomalies in size and shape, and teeth in unusual positions. We found 32 individuals of D. albiventris with anomalies out of 393 analyzed specimens (8.14%), some specimens with more than one anomaly. A similar proportion of specimens from Argentina and Uruguay presented anomalies, while in specimens from Brazil anomalies were less common. Anomalies were more commonly found in the upper toothrow and in molars, being supernumerary teeth and molars with unusual crown-shape the most common ones. The percentage of specimens with anomalies found for D. albiventris is higher than previously reported for the species, and other Didelphimorphia. Inbreeding and limited gene flow do not appear as possible explanations for the elevated percentage of anomalies, especially due to the ecological characteristics of Didelphis albiventris. Developmental instability and fluctuating asymmetry could be some of the causes for the anomalies found in this species, mostly since the habitat used by D. albiventris tends to be unstable and disturbed. Dental anomalies were mostly found in areas of the toothrow where occlusion is relaxed or does not prevent teeth from interlocking during mastication, and consequently have no functional value.

Dental anomalies in Didelphis albiventris (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphidae) from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay

RESUMEN Las anomalías en la dentición se han estudiado en la mayoría de los órdenes de mamíferos, incluyendo marsupiales. Trabajos anteriores en Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 analizaron solamente un tipo de malformación, o un número acotado de ejemplares, subestimando así el tipo y número de anomalías para esta especie. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar varias anomalías dentales encontradas en muestras de Didelphis albiventris provenientes de Argentina, Uruguay y Brasil. Las anomalías se clasificaron en tres categorías: dientes supernumerarios o ausentes; anomalías morfológicas de tamaño y forma; y dientes en posiciones inusuales. De los 393 ejemplares analizados, encontramos 32 individuos de D. albiventris con anomalías (8,14%), algunos de los cuales presentaron más de una anomalía. Una proporción similar de especímenes de Argentina y Uruguay presentó anomalías, mientras que en la muestra de Brasil las anomalías fueron menos comunes. Las anomalías se encontraron más frecuentemente en la serie dentaria superior y en los molares, siendo los molares supernumerarios y los dientes con malformaciones en la corona las más comunes. El porcentaje de muestras con anomalías encontrado para D. albiventris es mayor que los reportados previamente para la especie y para otros Didelphimorphia. La endogamia y el flujo génico limitado no parecen ser posibles explicaciones para el elevado porcentaje de anomalías, especialmente debido a las características ecológicas de Didelphis albiventris. La inestabilidad en el desarrollo y la asimetría fluctuante podrían ser algunas de las causas de las anomalías, sobre todo debido a que el hábitat utilizado por D. albiventris tiende a ser inestable y encontrarse modificado. Las anomalías dentales se encontraran, principalmente, en las áreas de la serie dental donde la oclusión es relajado o no evita que los dientes ocluyan durante la masticación, y por lo tanto no tienen ningún valor funcional.

ABSTRACT Dental anomalies have been investigated and reported for most orders of mammals, including marsupials. Previous works in Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 only described one kind of malformation or just a few observations from some collections, thus the type and presence of anomalies for this species was underestimated. The aim of this contribution is to describe and analyze several dental anomalies found in specimens of Didelphis albiventris from Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Dental anomalies were classified in three categories: supernumerary or missing teeth, morphological anomalies in size and shape, and teeth in unusual positions. We found 32 individuals of D. albiventris with anomalies out of 393 analyzed specimens (8.14%), some specimens with more than one anomaly. A similar proportion of specimens from Argentina and Uruguay presented anomalies, while in specimens from Brazil anomalies were less common. Anomalies were more commonly found in the upper toothrow and in molars, being supernumerary teeth and molars with unusual crown-shape the most common ones. The percentage of specimens with anomalies found for D. albiventris is higher than previously reported for the species, and other Didelphimorphia. Inbreeding and limited gene flow do not appear as possible explanations for the elevated percentage of anomalies, especially due to the ecological characteristics of Didelphis albiventris. Developmental instability and fluctuating asymmetry could be some of the causes for the anomalies found in this species, mostly since the habitat used by D. albiventris tends to be unstable and disturbed. Dental anomalies were mostly found in areas of the toothrow where occlusion is relaxed or does not prevent teeth from interlocking during mastication, and consequently have no functional value.

Emended diagnosis of Xeronycteris vieirai (Mammalia: Chiroptera), with the first record of polyodontia for the genus

The Caatinga-endemic nectar-feeding bat, Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin & Ditchfield, 2005 was described based on four specimens. Since then, only two additional specimens have been reported in the literature. Examination of a new specimen that closely agrees with the original description but presents two additional upper premolars, led us to review the type series of this taxon. Our analysis provided support to the recognition of the new specimen as a X. vieirai with supernumerary teeth and revealed new diagnostic characters that can help in the field identification of this species. Xeronycteris vieirai presents tricolored dorsal fur, entirely naked forearm, connection of the base of the spear of the noseleaf with the upper limit of the horseshoe with a marked ridge, and chin with simple dermal pads and a relatively slight cleft. Additional new characters described here include anterior zygomatic arches reduced and not extending laterally and upward with respect to upper toothrow, basioccipital pits deep and separated by a high and thin bone septum, and mandible with a pronounced ridge at anterior symphysis. We propose an emended diagnosis based on morphological characters and provide a rectification on the original notation related to the holotype.

Emended diagnosis of Xeronycteris vieirai (Mammalia: Chiroptera), with the first record of polyodontia for the genus

The Caatinga-endemic nectar-feeding bat, Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin & Ditchfield, 2005 was described based on four specimens. Since then, only two additional specimens have been reported in the literature. Examination of a new specimen that closely agrees with the original description but presents two additional upper premolars, led us to review the type series of this taxon. Our analysis provided support to the recognition of the new specimen as a X. vieirai with supernumerary teeth and revealed new diagnostic characters that can help in the field identification of this species. Xeronycteris vieirai presents tricolored dorsal fur, entirely naked forearm, connection of the base of the spear of the noseleaf with the upper limit of the horseshoe with a marked ridge, and chin with simple dermal pads and a relatively slight cleft. Additional new characters described here include anterior zygomatic arches reduced and not extending laterally and upward with respect to upper toothrow, basioccipital pits deep and separated by a high and thin bone septum, and mandible with a pronounced ridge at anterior symphysis. We propose an emended diagnosis based on morphological characters and provide a rectification on the original notation related to the holotype.(AU)

Alterações anatômicas como fatores predisponentes à cárie em cães / Anatomical changes as predisposing factors to caries in dogs / Alteraciones anatómicas como factores predisponentes a la caries en perros

Cáries não são comuns e são pouco estudadas em cães e gatos. Os dentes primeiros molares superiores e os primeiros molares inferiores dos cães são descritos como os dentes com maior probabilidade de ter uma lesão de cárie devido a presença de acidentes anatômicos como a presença de fóssulas e fissuras que favorecem ao acúmulo de placa e alimento fermentável. Outras alterações como persistência de dentes decíduos e dentes supranumerários também podem funcionar com fatores predisponentes. Na ausência de métodos que avaliem o risco de cárie, sugere-se que estas alterações anatômicas sejam manejas preventivamente.(AU)

Caries are not common and are poorly studied in dogs and cats. The maxillary first molar teeth and mandibular first molars of dogs are described as the teeth most likely to have a caries lesion due to the presence of anatomical accidents such as the presence of pits and fissures that favor the accumulation of plaque and fermentable food. Other changes such as persistence of deciduous teeth and supernumerary teeth may also work as predisposing factors. In the absence of methods that assess the risk of caries, it is suggested that these anatomical changes are handled preventively.(AU)

Las caries no son comunes y son poco estudiadas en perros y gatos. Los dientes primeros molares superiores y las primeros molares inferiores de los perros se describen como los dientes con mayor probabilidad de tener una lesión de caries debido a la presencia de accidentes anatómicos como la presencia de fósiles y fisuras que favorecen la acumulación de placa y alimento fermentable. Otras alteraciones como la persistencia de dientes deciduos y dientes supernumerarios también pueden funcionar con factores predisponentes. En ausencia de métodos que evalúen el riesgode caries, se sugiere que estas alteraciones anatómicas sean manejas preventivamente.(AU)

Alterações anatômicas como fatores predisponentes à cárie em cães / Anatomical changes as predisposing factors to caries in dogs / Alteraciones anatómicas como factores predisponentes a la caries en perros

Cáries não são comuns e são pouco estudadas em cães e gatos. Os dentes primeiros molares superiores e os primeiros molares inferiores dos cães são descritos como os dentes com maior probabilidade de ter uma lesão de cárie devido a presença de acidentes anatômicos como a presença de fóssulas e fissuras que favorecem ao acúmulo de placa e alimento fermentável. Outras alterações como persistência de dentes decíduos e dentes supranumerários também podem funcionar com fatores predisponentes. Na ausência de métodos que avaliem o risco de cárie, sugere-se que estas alterações anatômicas sejam manejas preventivamente.

Caries are not common and are poorly studied in dogs and cats. The maxillary first molar teeth and mandibular first molars of dogs are described as the teeth most likely to have a caries lesion due to the presence of anatomical accidents such as the presence of pits and fissures that favor the accumulation of plaque and fermentable food. Other changes such as persistence of deciduous teeth and supernumerary teeth may also work as predisposing factors. In the absence of methods that assess the risk of caries, it is suggested that these anatomical changes are handled preventively.

Las caries no son comunes y son poco estudiadas en perros y gatos. Los dientes primeros molares superiores y las primeros molares inferiores de los perros se describen como los dientes con mayor probabilidad de tener una lesión de caries debido a la presencia de accidentes anatómicos como la presencia de fósiles y fisuras que favorecen la acumulación de placa y alimento fermentable. Otras alteraciones como la persistencia de dientes deciduos y dientes supernumerarios también pueden funcionar con factores predisponentes. En ausencia de métodos que evalúen el riesgode caries, se sugiere que estas alteraciones anatómicas sean manejas preventivamente.

Alterações anatomopatológicas na cavidade oral equina / natomopathological alterations of the equine oral cavity

A saúde bucal é essencial para o bem estar dos equídeos, incluindo exames periódicos da cavidade oral para detecção, correção e manutenção das arcadas dentárias. O Brasil possui grande número de equinos, com aproximadamente sete milhões de exemplares. No entanto, o número de animais que recebe algum tipo de cuidado odontológico é bastante reduzido. Os cuidados odontológicos devem ser iniciados desde o nascimento. Importantes alterações, como a fenda palatina, falhas na oclusão, presença de dentes supranumerários e tumores podem interferir na amamentação e, posteriormente, na alimentação podendo predispor a distúrbios digestórios. Deve-se levar em conta que alterações dentárias podem repercutir em transtornos diversos, desde simples rejeição a embocaduras, perda do elemento dental, inanição e até a morte. Portanto, esta revisão tem como objetivo abordar as principais alterações encontradas na cavidade oral equina e contribuir no conhecimento para auxiliar na conduta médica mais adequada, favorecendo a saúde do animal, com qualidade de vida e desempenho satisfatório.

Oral health is essential for the well-being of equids, including the performance of periodic examinations of the oral cavity for the detection, correction and maintenance of the teeth. There is a great number of horses in Brazil, with approximately seven million animals. Dental care should be initiated at birth, when important alterations, such as cleft palate, malocclusion, supernumerary teeth and tumours, can be diagnosed. These alterations may interfere with lactation, and later with feeding, leading to digestive disorders. It should always be considered that dental disorders may cause several problems, including bit rejection, tooth losses, inanition and even death. Therefore, this review aimed at approaching the main alterations found in the oral cavity of horses and contributing for the development of the most adequate medical conduct, favoring animal health and a satisfactory performance.

Alterações anatomopatológicas na cavidade oral equina / natomopathological alterations of the equine oral cavity

A saúde bucal é essencial para o bem estar dos equídeos, incluindo exames periódicos da cavidade oral para detecção, correção e manutenção das arcadas dentárias. O Brasil possui grande número de equinos, com aproximadamente sete milhões de exemplares. No entanto, o número de animais que recebe algum tipo de cuidado odontológico é bastante reduzido. Os cuidados odontológicos devem ser iniciados desde o nascimento. Importantes alterações, como a fenda palatina, falhas na oclusão, presença de dentes supranumerários e tumores podem interferir na amamentação e, posteriormente, na alimentação podendo predispor a distúrbios digestórios. Deve-se levar em conta que alterações dentárias podem repercutir em transtornos diversos, desde simples rejeição a embocaduras, perda do elemento dental, inanição e até a morte. Portanto, esta revisão tem como objetivo abordar as principais alterações encontradas na cavidade oral equina e contribuir no conhecimento para auxiliar na conduta médica mais adequada, favorecendo a saúde do animal, com qualidade de vida e desempenho satisfatório.(AU)

Oral health is essential for the well-being of equids, including the performance of periodic examinations of the oral cavity for the detection, correction and maintenance of the teeth. There is a great number of horses in Brazil, with approximately seven million animals. Dental care should be initiated at birth, when important alterations, such as cleft palate, malocclusion, supernumerary teeth and tumours, can be diagnosed. These alterations may interfere with lactation, and later with feeding, leading to digestive disorders. It should always be considered that dental disorders may cause several problems, including bit rejection, tooth losses, inanition and even death. Therefore, this review aimed at approaching the main alterations found in the oral cavity of horses and contributing for the development of the most adequate medical conduct, favoring animal health and a satisfactory performance.(AU)

Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions (Pinnipedia: Otariidae)

Cases of dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth and dental losses are presented in three species of South American Otariids: Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783), A. tropicalis (Gray, 1872) and Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). For the first time, congenital and acquired dental anomalies were comparatively diagnosed in skull samples from southern Brazil and nearby areas. The skulls and mandibles were accessed in the scientific collection of mammals of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Agenesis was found only among maxillary post-canine teeth, especially the distal ones (PC/6), due to an evolutionary trend towards reduction of the number of post-canine teeth in this family. Maxillary and mandibular supernumerary teeth were found in A. australis and A. tropicalis, but their positioning is unrelated to cases regarding phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Dental losses were found in all species and different stages of alveolar obliteration suggest that this process is common in Otariids and does not affect their survival. The investigation of congenital and acquired dental anomalies in pinnipeds can provide information on dental formula evolution in Pinnipeds and in the phylogenetic relationships among Carnivora.

Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions (Pinnipedia: Otariidae)

Cases of dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth and dental losses are presented in three species of South American Otariids: Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783), A. tropicalis (Gray, 1872) and Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). For the first time, congenital and acquired dental anomalies were comparatively diagnosed in skull samples from southern Brazil and nearby areas. The skulls and mandibles were accessed in the scientific collection of mammals of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Agenesis was found only among maxillary post-canine teeth, especially the distal ones (PC/6), due to an evolutionary trend towards reduction of the number of post-canine teeth in this family. Maxillary and mandibular supernumerary teeth were found in A. australis and A. tropicalis, but their positioning is unrelated to cases regarding phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Dental losses were found in all species and different stages of alveolar obliteration suggest that this process is common in Otariids and does not affect their survival. The investigation of congenital and acquired dental anomalies in pinnipeds can provide information on dental formula evolution in Pinnipeds and in the phylogenetic relationships among Carnivora.

Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions (Pinnipedia: Otariidae)

Cases of dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth and dental losses are presented in three species of South American Otariids: Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783), A. tropicalis (Gray, 1872) and Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). For the first time, congenital and acquired dental anomalies were comparatively diagnosed in skull samples from southern Brazil and nearby areas. The skulls and mandibles were accessed in the scientific collection of mammals of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Agenesis was found only among maxillary post-canine teeth, especially the distal ones (PC/6), due to an evolutionary trend towards reduction of the number of post-canine teeth in this family. Maxillary and mandibular supernumerary teeth were found in A. australis and A. tropicalis, but their positioning is unrelated to cases regarding phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Dental losses were found in all species and different stages of alveolar obliteration suggest that this process is common in Otariids and does not affect their survival. The investigation of congenital and acquired dental anomalies in pinnipeds can provide information on dental formula evolution in Pinnipeds and in the phylogenetic relationships among Carnivora.

Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions (Pinnipedia: Otariidae)

Cases of dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth and dental losses are presented in three species of South American Otariids: Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783), A. tropicalis (Gray, 1872) and Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). For the first time, congenital and acquired dental anomalies were comparatively diagnosed in skull samples from southern Brazil and nearby areas. The skulls and mandibles were accessed in the scientific collection of mammals of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Agenesis was found only among maxillary post-canine teeth, especially the distal ones (PC/6), due to an evolutionary trend towards reduction of the number of post-canine teeth in this family. Maxillary and mandibular supernumerary teeth were found in A. australis and A. tropicalis, but their positioning is unrelated to cases regarding phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Dental losses were found in all species and different stages of alveolar obliteration suggest that this process is common in Otariids and does not affect their survival. The investigation of congenital and acquired dental anomalies in pinnipeds can provide information on dental formula evolution in Pinnipeds and in the phylogenetic relationships among Carnivora.

Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions (Pinnipedia: Otariidae)

Cases of dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth and dental losses are presented in three species of South American Otariids: Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783), A. tropicalis (Gray, 1872) and Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). For the first time, congenital and acquired dental anomalies were comparatively diagnosed in skull samples from southern Brazil and nearby areas. The skulls and mandibles were accessed in the scientific collection of mammals of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Agenesis was found only among maxillary post-canine teeth, especially the distal ones (PC/6), due to an evolutionary trend towards reduction of the number of post-canine teeth in this family. Maxillary and mandibular supernumerary teeth were found in A. australis and A. tropicalis, but their positioning is unrelated to cases regarding phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Dental losses were found in all species and different stages of alveolar obliteration suggest that this process is common in Otariids and does not affect their survival. The investigation of congenital and acquired dental anomalies in pinnipeds can provide information on dental formula evolution in Pinnipeds and in the phylogenetic relationships among Carnivora.

Persistência de dentes quarto pré-molares inferiores decíduos de cão com presença de dentes permanentes erupcionados em furca (Relato de caso) / Persistent lower fourth premolars deciduous teeth in dog with presence of erupted permanent teeth in furcation (Case report) / Persistencia de los dientes cuarto premolares inferiores temporales de perro con presencia de los dientes permanentes erupcionados en furca (Reporte de un caso)

A persistência de dentes decíduos é uma alteração comum em cães, especialmente raças pequenas. Indicase a extração dos dentes decíduos logo após o início da erupção dos dentes permanentes, o que torna premente a técnica cirúrgica correta a fim de evitar complicações como a lesão da raiz do dente permanente e a fratura de raízes dos dentes decíduos. O dente quarto pré-molar inferior decíduo de cães mostra especial dificuldade de extração em virtude de suas raízes delgadas e longas. Não raro, a presença do dente permanente já erupcionado e ainda oculto sob o tecido gengival exige diagnóstico radiográfico preciso e técnica apurada de extração. Este artigo apresenta um caso de dentes quarto pré-molares decíduos persistentes bilaterais em um cão.(AU)

The persistence of deciduous teeth is a common disorder in dogs, especially small breeds. It indicated deciduous teeth extraction since eruption of permanent teeth starts, which makes pressing correct surgical technique inorder to prevent complications such as damage to root of the permanent tooth and deciduous teeth roots fractures. The dog deciduous fourth premolar tooth shows particular difficulty to extraction due to its thin and elongated roots. Often, the presence of erupted permanent tooth and still hidden under the gum tissue requires precise radiographic diagnosis and accurate extraction technique. This article presents a case of persistent deciduous fourth premolar teeth bilateral in a dog.(AU)

La persistencia de los dientes primarios es un trastorno común en perros, especialmente las razas pequenas. Se indica la extracción de los dientes primarios después dei inicio de la erupción de los dientes permanentes, que hace importante la técnica quirúrgica correcta para prevenir complicaciones tales como dano a la raíz dei diente permanente y fracturas de raíces de los dientes de leche. El diente cuarto premolar primario de perros tiene extracción particularmente difícil debido a sus raíces delgadas y largas. A menudo, la presencia de diente permanente y a erupcionado y todavía oculto bajo el tejido de las encías requiere un diagnóstico radiográfico correcto y técnica de extracción precisa. En esteartículo se presenta un caso de dientes cuarto premolares primarios persistentes en un perro.(AU)

Persistência de dentes quarto pré-molares inferiores decíduos de cão com presença de dentes permanentes erupcionados em furca (Relato de caso) / Persistent lower fourth premolars deciduous teeth in dog with presence of erupted permanent teeth in furcation (Case report) / Persistencia de los dientes cuarto premolares inferiores temporales de perro con presencia de los dientes permanentes erupcionados en furca (Reporte de un caso)

A persistência de dentes decíduos é uma alteração comum em cães, especialmente raças pequenas. Indicase a extração dos dentes decíduos logo após o início da erupção dos dentes permanentes, o que torna premente a técnica cirúrgica correta a fim de evitar complicações como a lesão da raiz do dente permanente e a fratura de raízes dos dentes decíduos. O dente quarto pré-molar inferior decíduo de cães mostra especial dificuldade de extração em virtude de suas raízes delgadas e longas. Não raro, a presença do dente permanente já erupcionado e ainda oculto sob o tecido gengival exige diagnóstico radiográfico preciso e técnica apurada de extração. Este artigo apresenta um caso de dentes quarto pré-molares decíduos persistentes bilaterais em um cão.

The persistence of deciduous teeth is a common disorder in dogs, especially small breeds. It indicated deciduous teeth extraction since eruption of permanent teeth starts, which makes pressing correct surgical technique inorder to prevent complications such as damage to root of the permanent tooth and deciduous teeth roots fractures. The dog deciduous fourth premolar tooth shows particular difficulty to extraction due to its thin and elongated roots. Often, the presence of erupted permanent tooth and still hidden under the gum tissue requires precise radiographic diagnosis and accurate extraction technique. This article presents a case of persistent deciduous fourth premolar teeth bilateral in a dog.

La persistencia de los dientes primarios es un trastorno común en perros, especialmente las razas pequenas. Se indica la extracción de los dientes primarios después dei inicio de la erupción de los dientes permanentes, que hace importante la técnica quirúrgica correcta para prevenir complicaciones tales como dano a la raíz dei diente permanente y fracturas de raíces de los dientes de leche. El diente cuarto premolar primario de perros tiene extracción particularmente difícil debido a sus raíces delgadas y largas. A menudo, la presencia de diente permanente y a erupcionado y todavía oculto bajo el tejido de las encías requiere un diagnóstico radiográfico correcto y técnica de extracción precisa. En esteartículo se presenta un caso de dientes cuarto premolares primarios persistentes en un perro.