The effects of separate and combined use of PGF2α and GnRH hormones and the addition of beta-carotene on fertility parameters in dairy cows with ovarian cysts

Background: Ovarian cysts are commonly observed pathologies, which interfere with normal cyclic activity and adversely affect fertility in cows. Beta-carotene is effective in the reduction of reproductive problems by inducing the natural defence mechanisms of the body. There are several methods that can be used for the treatment of ovarian cysts. The separate and combined use of GnRH and PGF2α commonly uses in the treatment of ovarian cysts. Therefore, in the presented study the effects of Beta-carotene (βC) addition for the treatment of ovarian cysts either with GnRH solely or GnRH and PGF2α in combination on the fertility parameters of dairy cows were investigated.Materials, Methods & Results: Seventy-six Holstein Friesian cows having ovarian cysts diagnosed by ultrasonography (USG) were divided into three groups. Cows in Group I (GI, n = 27), were injected with GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im), PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5 mL, im) and βC (20 mL/cow, into 4 regions by im route). In Group II (GII, n = 25) GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) and PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5mL, im) were administrated while GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) solely in Group III (GIII, n = 24). Cysts were monitored via USG, and blood samples were collected on the on day of treatment (day 0) and on the 7th and 14th days following the administrations. Cows shoving oestrous were inseminated and pregnancy diagnoses were performed on the 40th day following insemination. Treatment results showed that there were statistically no significant differences between GI and GII (P > 0.05). Only numerical difference obtained in time from therapy to pregnancy and overall pregnancy index (P > 0.05). Overall pregnancy rate (85 %), first service pregnancy rates (40 %) and overall pregnancy index (2.11) in GI were found significantly higher than GIII (53.3 %; 20 %; 4.12) [P 0.05).[...]

The effects of separate and combined use of PGF2α and GnRH hormones and the addition of beta-carotene on fertility parameters in dairy cows with ovarian cysts

Background: Ovarian cysts are commonly observed pathologies, which interfere with normal cyclic activity and adversely affect fertility in cows. Beta-carotene is effective in the reduction of reproductive problems by inducing the natural defence mechanisms of the body. There are several methods that can be used for the treatment of ovarian cysts. The separate and combined use of GnRH and PGF2α commonly uses in the treatment of ovarian cysts. Therefore, in the presented study the effects of Beta-carotene (βC) addition for the treatment of ovarian cysts either with GnRH solely or GnRH and PGF2α in combination on the fertility parameters of dairy cows were investigated.Materials, Methods & Results: Seventy-six Holstein Friesian cows having ovarian cysts diagnosed by ultrasonography (USG) were divided into three groups. Cows in Group I (GI, n = 27), were injected with GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im), PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5 mL, im) and βC (20 mL/cow, into 4 regions by im route). In Group II (GII, n = 25) GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) and PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5mL, im) were administrated while GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) solely in Group III (GIII, n = 24). Cysts were monitored via USG, and blood samples were collected on the on day of treatment (day 0) and on the 7th and 14th days following the administrations. Cows shoving oestrous were inseminated and pregnancy diagnoses were performed on the 40th day following insemination. Treatment results showed that there were statistically no significant differences between GI and GII (P > 0.05). Only numerical difference obtained in time from therapy to pregnancy and overall pregnancy index (P > 0.05). Overall pregnancy rate (85 %), first service pregnancy rates (40 %) and overall pregnancy index (2.11) in GI were found significantly higher than GIII (53.3 %; 20 %; 4.12) [P < 0.05]. No significant difference was observed in progesterone (P4) levels between the groups (P > 0.05).[...](AU)

Effectiveness of enrofloxacin for the treatment of experimentally-induced bovine anaplasmosis / Eficácia da enrofloxacina no tratamento da anaplasmose bovina experimental

Four groups of six Holstein calves were inoculated with 3.6 × 10(7) erythrocytes parasitized with Anaplasma marginale. The criteria for treatment of calves were increasing A. marginale rickettsemia and 30% reduction of baseline packed cell volume (PCV) of each animal. Group 1 (G1) received 7.5 mg.kg-1 of enrofloxacin in a single dose; Group 2 (G2) 7.5 mg.kg-1 of enrofloxacin twice every three days; Group 3 (G3) 20 mg.kg-1 of long-acting oxytetracycline in a single dose; and Group 4 (G4) a single dose of PBS. Physical examinations, blood smears and PCV were performed daily. On day treatment, G1, G2 and G3 animals had a mean rickettsemia of 17, 23 and 12%, respectively. At 2 days after treatment (DAT) G1 and G2 animals showed a significant reduction of rickettsemia (p < 0.05) compared to G3. G3 animals had high rates of rickettsemia in the first 2 DAT and a slow decrease until stabilization on 9 DAT. The mean PCV in G1 and G2 increased and stabilized after 7 and 8 DAT, respectively. PCV stabilization was achieved in G3 at 13 DAT. Both enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline were effective for the treatment of anaplasmosis, but enrofloxacin was faster reduction of rickettsemia and PCV recuperation (p < 0.05) compared to oxytetracycline.(AU)

Quatro grupos de seis bezerros da raça Holandesa foram inoculados com 3,6 × 10(7) eritrócitos parasitados com Anaplasma marginale. Os critérios para o tratamento dos bezerros foram aumento da rickettsemia do A. marginale e redução de 30% do valor basal de volume globular (VG) de cada animal. O Grupo 1 (G1) recebeu 7,5 mg.kg-1 de enrofloxacina em dose única; o Grupo 2 (G2), 7,5 mg.kg-1 de enrofloxacina duas vezes a cada três dias; o Grupo 3 (G3), 20 mg.kg-1 de oxitetraciclina de longa ação em dose única; e o Grupo 4 (G4) uma única dose de PBS. Exames físicos, esfregaço sanguíneo e VG foram realizadas diariamente. No dia do tratamento, os animais G1, G2 e G3 apresentaram rickettsemia média de 17, 23 e 12%, respectivamente. Nos primeiros 2 dias após o tratamento (DAT) os animais do G1 e G2 mostraram uma redução significativa de rickettsemia (p < 0,05) em relação ao G3. Animais do G3 tiveram altas taxas de rickettsemia nos 2 DAT e uma diminuição lenta até à estabilização em 9 de DAT. O VG médio no G1 e G2 aumentou e estabilizou após 7 e 8 DAT, respectivamente. A estabilização do VG do G3 foi aos 13 DAT. A enrofloxacina e a oxitetraciclina foram efetivas no tratamento da anaplasmose, mas a enrofloxacina apresentou redução da rickettsemia e recuperação do VG (p < 0,05) mais rápida em comparação com oxitetraciclina.(AU)

Influência do uso da plasmaferese sobre o tempo de recuperação de caprinos doadores de sangue ou plasma / Influence of the plasmapheresis uses in the recovery time of blood or plasma donor goats

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a influência do uso da plasmaferese sobre o tempo de recuperação clínica e hematológica de caprinos doadores de sangue total ou plasma. Para tanto, foram utilizados 20 caprinos adultos e clinicamente sadios, distribuídos por dois grupos de dez animais cada, a saber: grupo controle (de animais doadores de sangue total não tratados) e grupo experimental (de animais doadores que foram tratados com a plasmaferese). Os caprinos foram selecionados e monitorados por meio de exames físicos (funções vitais) e complementares (hemograma, proteínas totais, albumina, globulinas, relação A:G, ureia, creatinina e hemoglobina livre no plasma) realizados nos seguintes momentos: imediatamente antes e após a doação de sangue: 12, 24, 72, 120, 240, 360, 480 e 720 horas após os procedimentos. Os resultados foram analisados com comparações dentro e entre os dois grupos nos diferentes momentos do estudo. As observações clínicas efetuadas durante o período de até 30 dias após a doação de 20% do volume sanguíneo total, com ou sem a realização da plasmaferese nos animais dos grupos estudados, não sofreram variações influenciadas por esses procedimentos. Observou-se significativa variação dos componentes do eritrograma, tendo o grupo experimental apresentado as melhores taxas de recuperação em função do tempo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, a aplicação da técnica da plasmaferese em caprinos mostrou-se eficiente como recurso para a otimização do tempo de recuperação dos valores do hemograma de animais doadores de plasma, não determinando hemólise durante o seu procedimento. (AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of plasmapheresis on clinical and haematological recovery time of whole blood or plasma donor goats. For this, 20 clinically healthy adult goats were divided into two groups of ten animals each: control group (not-treated whole blood donor animals), and experimental group (donor animals which were treated with plasmapheresis). Goats were selected and evaluated through physical examination (vital functions) and complementary tests (complete blood counts, total proteins, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and plasma free haemoglobin) were carried out at the following moments: immediately before and after blood donation, 12, 24, 72, 120, 240, 360, 480, and 720 hours after the procedures. Results were analysed comparing animals in and between both groups (at differents moments of the study). The clinical observations made during the period of 30 days after donation of 20% of total blood volume, with or without plasmapheresis in the animals of studied groups, were not influenced by these procedures. The results revealed significant variation of eritrogram components, showing the experimental group to have better recovery rates according to time. Based on the results obtained in the present study, plasmapheresis technique application in goats showed to be efficient as a resource to optimize recovery time of blood cell values of plasma donor animals, and did not cause hemolisis during its procedure. (AU)

Avaliação dos métodos de etest e microdiluição em caldo para o estudo da suscetibilidade do sporothrix schenckii com o itraconazol / Evaluation of Etest and Broth Microdiluition Methods for Itraconazole susceptibility testing of Sporothrix schenckii

A frequente ocorrência de isolados fúngicos resistentes aos fármacos antifúngicos estimulou os avanços das técnicas de antifungigrama com a padronização das técnicas pelo CLSI. Porém, os métodos são ineficientes e com pouca praticidade na execução em laboratórios clínicos. Nesse contexto surgiram as técnicas comerciais, como o ETEST, que, dentre outras vantagens, demonstra maior facilidade na sua execução em relação às técnicas preconizadas pelo CLSI. O estudo utilizou o ETEST e o método de microdiluição em caldo realizado de acordo com o CLSI, para determinar a suscetibilidade de isolados de Sporothrix schenckii com o itraconazol. O CLSI emprega o meio RPMI 1640 e a leitura da CIM após o período de incubação de 72h a 35ºC. No estudo, foi determinada a CIM pelo ETEST utilizando o meio ágar Sabouraud dextrose e realizando a leitura após 72 horas de incubação a 35ºC. A análise de variância feita pelo teste de T pareado não demonstrou diferenças estatísticas entre os valores das CIMs obtidos pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo (MIC entre 0,219 e 0,875 µg/mL) e o ETEST (MIC entre 0,032 e 2,0 µg/mL), porém o coeficiente de correlação (R) foi negativo, provavelmente pelo pequeno número de amostras. Esses resultados estimulam mais estudos que confirmem a aplicação do ETEST para avaliar a suscetibilidade do S. schenckii com o itraconazol.

The frequent occurrence of resistant isolated fungi againstantifungal drugs stimulated advances in the antifungigram techniques, which were standardized by CLSI. However, the methods have been inefficient and impractical to be executed in clinical laboratories. Within this context, commercial techniques have been developed, being ETEST one of them. ETEST has proved to be easier to execute when compared to the techniques approved by the CLSI. This study used the ETEST and the microdilution method, performed according to CLSI, for determining the in vitro susceptibility of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii against itraconazole. The CLSI uses RPMI 1640 medium and the reading of MIC after the period of incubation of 72h at 35ºC. MIC was determined by the ETEST, being Sabouraud dextrose agar used as medium, and the reading performed after 72 hours of incubation at 35ºC. The variance analysis, analyzed by T-paired test, did not demonstrate statistical differences among the CIM values obtained by the microdilution technique in broth (MIC among 0.219 and 0.875 µg/mL) and ETEST (MIC among 0.032 and 2.0 µg/mL). However, the correlation coefficient (R) was negative, probably because of the small number of samples. These results show the necessity of further studies to assess the application of ETEST to evaluate the susceptibility of S. schenckii against the itraconazol.

Avaliação dos métodos de etest e microdiluição em caldo para o estudo da suscetibilidade do sporothrix schenckii com o itraconazol / Evaluation of Etest and Broth Microdiluition Methods for Itraconazole susceptibility testing of Sporothrix schenckii

A frequente ocorrência de isolados fúngicos resistentes aos fármacos antifúngicos estimulou os avanços das técnicas de antifungigrama com a padronização das técnicas pelo CLSI. Porém, os métodos são ineficientes e com pouca praticidade na execução em laboratórios clínicos. Nesse contexto surgiram as técnicas comerciais, como o ETEST, que, dentre outras vantagens, demonstra maior facilidade na sua execução em relação às técnicas preconizadas pelo CLSI. O estudo utilizou o ETEST e o método de microdiluição em caldo realizado de acordo com o CLSI, para determinar a suscetibilidade de isolados de Sporothrix schenckii com o itraconazol. O CLSI emprega o meio RPMI 1640 e a leitura da CIM após o período de incubação de 72h a 35ºC. No estudo, foi determinada a CIM pelo ETEST utilizando o meio ágar Sabouraud dextrose e realizando a leitura após 72 horas de incubação a 35ºC. A análise de variância feita pelo teste de T pareado não demonstrou diferenças estatísticas entre os valores das CIMs obtidos pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo (MIC entre 0,219 e 0,875 µg/mL) e o ETEST (MIC entre 0,032 e 2,0 µg/mL), porém o coeficiente de correlação (R) foi negativo, provavelmente pelo pequeno número de amostras. Esses resultados estimulam mais estudos que confirmem a aplicação do ETEST para avaliar a suscetibilidade do S. schenckii com o itraconazol.(AU)

The frequent occurrence of resistant isolated fungi againstantifungal drugs stimulated advances in the antifungigram techniques, which were standardized by CLSI. However, the methods have been inefficient and impractical to be executed in clinical laboratories. Within this context, commercial techniques have been developed, being ETEST one of them. ETEST has proved to be easier to execute when compared to the techniques approved by the CLSI. This study used the ETEST and the microdilution method, performed according to CLSI, for determining the in vitro susceptibility of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii against itraconazole. The CLSI uses RPMI 1640 medium and the reading of MIC after the period of incubation of 72h at 35ºC. MIC was determined by the ETEST, being Sabouraud dextrose agar used as medium, and the reading performed after 72 hours of incubation at 35ºC. The variance analysis, analyzed by T-paired test, did not demonstrate statistical differences among the CIM values obtained by the microdilution technique in broth (MIC among 0.219 and 0.875 µg/mL) and ETEST (MIC among 0.032 and 2.0 µg/mL). However, the correlation coefficient (R) was negative, probably because of the small number of samples. These results show the necessity of further studies to assess the application of ETEST to evaluate the susceptibility of S. schenckii against the itraconazol.(AU)