Foals developmental orthopedic disease associated with metabolic and biometric characterization of pregnant overweight crioulo mares

Background: Musculoskeletal changes in growing foals can be linked to metabolic disorders which affect the cartilage metabolism associated of obesity during the late gestation of the mares, negatively affecting the athletic performance of the otherwise prospective foals. High basal insulin levels can be associated with increased weight and obesity of the mares, altering the supply of the glucose to the fetus and the production of IGF-1, which plays an important role in the endochondral cartilage metabolism. The present study aims to describe the association of metabolic and biometric alterations in overweight Criollo mares with IGF-1 levels and the presence of articular and physeal lesions in their foals. Materials, Methods & Results: A prospective and observational cohort study was conducted using the foals and the overweight mares at field conditions. Twenty-eight foals and their overweight mothers were utilized. The foals’ biometric and metabolic features as weight and height; glucose, total cholesterol, cholesterol HDL, triglycerides, basal insulin, leptin, glucose, total T4 and IGF-1 were analyzed, from the birth until the weaning period around sixth month of life of it. All the foals, at the weaning period, were submitted to the radiograph examination of the tarsal joints and the metacarpal-phalangeal joints to evaluate signs of lesions and the possible distal metacarpal physeal changes, respectively. The mares’ biometric and metabolic features as weight, height and fat tail-head deposition; basal insulin, leptin, glucose, total cholesterol, cholesterol HDL and triglycerides were analyzed at the final period of gestation. The basal insulin levels of the foals at the second, fourth and sixth month of life were 9.87 ± 1.82 µUI/mL, 9.13 ± 1.94 µUI/mL, 9.39 ± 2.54 µUI/mL. The IGF-1 levels of the foals at the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth...

Osteossíntese com haste bloqueada (“interlocking nail”) como tratamento de fratura do terceiro metatarso após artrodese metatarsofângica com haste intramedular modificada em equino / Osteosynthesis with blocked nail (“interlocking nail”) as a treatment for fracture of the third metatarsal after metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis with modified intramedullary nail in equine

Background: The metacarpal/metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as the suspensory apparatus, are usually affected by injuries, due to the intense physical demand during sports and great range of motion, predisposing to degenerative processes,trauma and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. In this case, arthrodesis is the main technique indicated. Such surgicaltechniques have a poor prognosis due to post-surgical complications, such as implant infection. Therefore, the study ofprocedures that promote better joint stabilization is important, with reduced surgical time and tissue exposure, decreasingsignificantly the chance of infection and other possible complications.Case: A 5-year-old male horse was referred to the hospital with a history of trauma and a lacerating wound in the metatarsalplantar region of the left hindlimb. The animal presented grade IV (I-V) claudication of the left hindlimb with hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and significant pain on palpation, evidencing the rupture of the superficial, deep digitalflexor tendons and suspensory ligament of the fetlock. The initial surgical treatment was performed using the arthrodesistechnique described by [16]. The intramedullary nail was used with fixation of the plate on the plantar face of the first phalanx together with a single plate fused to the pin, adjusted according to size of the first phalanx, 13 mm thick x 15 cm long,forming an angle between 120º and 140º. Twenty-four h after surgery, there was a simple spiral diaphyseal fracture (typeA), in the middle third of the third metatarsal bone in the region of the proximal end, due to the lever held by the short nailagainst the diaphysis cortex. To treat the complication, an intramedullary 316 L surgical steel rod 13 mm thick x 21 cm longwas used, filling the entire spinal canal. The nail had three holes at the proximal end and two holes at the distal end...

Osteossíntese com haste bloqueada (“interlocking nail”) como tratamento de fratura do terceiro metatarso após artrodese metatarsofângica com haste intramedular modificada em equino / Osteosynthesis with blocked nail (“interlocking nail”) as a treatment for fracture of the third metatarsal after metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis with modified intramedullary nail in equine

Background: The metacarpal/metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as the suspensory apparatus, are usually affected by injuries, due to the intense physical demand during sports and great range of motion, predisposing to degenerative processes,trauma and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. In this case, arthrodesis is the main technique indicated. Such surgicaltechniques have a poor prognosis due to post-surgical complications, such as implant infection. Therefore, the study ofprocedures that promote better joint stabilization is important, with reduced surgical time and tissue exposure, decreasingsignificantly the chance of infection and other possible complications.Case: A 5-year-old male horse was referred to the hospital with a history of trauma and a lacerating wound in the metatarsalplantar region of the left hindlimb. The animal presented grade IV (I-V) claudication of the left hindlimb with hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and significant pain on palpation, evidencing the rupture of the superficial, deep digitalflexor tendons and suspensory ligament of the fetlock. The initial surgical treatment was performed using the arthrodesistechnique described by [16]. The intramedullary nail was used with fixation of the plate on the plantar face of the first phalanx together with a single plate fused to the pin, adjusted according to size of the first phalanx, 13 mm thick x 15 cm long,forming an angle between 120º and 140º. Twenty-four h after surgery, there was a simple spiral diaphyseal fracture (typeA), in the middle third of the third metatarsal bone in the region of the proximal end, due to the lever held by the short nailagainst the diaphysis cortex. To treat the complication, an intramedullary 316 L surgical steel rod 13 mm thick x 21 cm longwas used, filling the entire spinal canal. The nail had three holes at the proximal end and two holes at the distal end...(AU)

Sites of anesthetic block of the lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines of indeterminate breed

Background: Local anesthesia blockage at equines claudication diagnosis besides favoring the beginning of the therapyand relieving patients pain, it allows the identification of the specific affected region and its origin, however, if it isdone incorrectly (by improper volume of anesthetics application and/or mistakenly nerve identification due to the lack ofanatomic referential) it may cause inflammation, infection or even tissue necrosis. The aim was describing anatomicallylateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines to improve diagnostic anesthetic block techniques on four metacarpophalangeal articulation joints of the specie.Materials, Methods & Results: A number of 20 thoracic limbs from 10 equines of indeterminate breed were used to befixated in 10% phormaldehyde and with a marked arterial system by water solution of red dyed latex. The structures wereidentified by dissection, and their denomination bases on Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.) by the InternationalCommittee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. The study had been approved by the Board of Ethics in AnimalUse of the University Center of Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), protocol n° 18/17. The lateral and medial palmar metacarpalnerves have been observed in all of the specimens originated from the deep branch of lateral palmar nerve, immediatelydistal to the intercarpal articulation. After its origin, the first nerve stretched ipsilaterally from the common trunk, whilstthe second nerve positioned counter-lateral manner after superficially crossing the interosseus muscle. Both penetrated atthe level of the mid third of the referred muscle and the metacarpal bone III and, assumed respectively a parallel medialposition to the metacarpal bone IV and lateral to the metacarpal II, being intimately associated to the palmar face of themetacarpal bone III. Distally, those nerves emerged from a palmar position to a lateral and medial to...(AU)

Sites of anesthetic block of the lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines of indeterminate breed

Background: Local anesthesia blockage at equines claudication diagnosis besides favoring the beginning of the therapyand relieving patient’s pain, it allows the identification of the specific affected region and its origin, however, if it isdone incorrectly (by improper volume of anesthetics application and/or mistakenly nerve identification due to the lack ofanatomic referential) it may cause inflammation, infection or even tissue necrosis. The aim was describing anatomicallylateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines to improve diagnostic anesthetic block techniques on four metacarpophalangeal articulation joints of the specie.Materials, Methods & Results: A number of 20 thoracic limbs from 10 equines of indeterminate breed were used to befixated in 10% phormaldehyde and with a marked arterial system by water solution of red dyed latex. The structures wereidentified by dissection, and their denomination bases on Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.) by the InternationalCommittee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. The study had been approved by the Board of Ethics in AnimalUse of the University Center of Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), protocol n° 18/17. The lateral and medial palmar metacarpalnerves have been observed in all of the specimens originated from the deep branch of lateral palmar nerve, immediatelydistal to the intercarpal articulation. After its origin, the first nerve stretched ipsilaterally from the common trunk, whilstthe second nerve positioned counter-lateral manner after superficially crossing the interosseus muscle. Both penetrated atthe level of the mid third of the referred muscle and the metacarpal bone III and, assumed respectively a parallel medialposition to the metacarpal bone IV and lateral to the metacarpal II, being intimately associated to the palmar face of themetacarpal bone III. Distally, those nerves emerged from a palmar position to a lateral and medial to...

Artrodese metatarsofalângica por meio da técnica do cesto de aço modificada em potro / Metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis through the modified steel basket technique in foal

Background: The metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints are very demanded during high intensity exercises,and may be affected by osteoarthritis, fractures, luxations and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. Thus, arthrodesis maybe indicated to restore joint stability and accelerate the ankylosis process. The most commonly used surgical techniqueshave been associated with postoperative complications, including infection and failure of the implants, so it is importantto develop procedures that are less invasive procedures and promoting stable fixation. Therefore, the aim of this work isto report the use of the modified steel basket technique for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis in a foal with hyperextensionof the joint due to rupture of the digital flexor muscles.Case: A 2-day-old male foal was admitted to clinical care, presenting multiple cutaneous wounds caused by dogs bites,located in the tarsus and thigh of the hindlimb. The animal presented in standing position and had no difficulty of movement,being initially treated through daily cleaning of the cutaneous wounds and systemic antibiotic therapy. Hyperextension ofthe metatarsophalangeal joint was evidenced after 20 days, being approached through tenotomy and tendon shortening,followed by tenorrhaphy and immobilization for 30 days. Due to the failure of the treatment, it was opted for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis by modified steel basket technique. The procedure involved the implantation of a steel basket of25.0 mm in diameter x 25.0 mm long in a 24.0 mm hole created on the dorsal surface between the third metacarpal andthe proximal phalanx. The basket was filled with bone extracted from drilling and fixed with two cortical screws at anangle of 25° toward proximoplantar and distoplantar direction. Immobilization of the limb was performed postoperativelywith synthetic plaster cast for 45 days and, due to the persistence of lameness...

Artrodese metatarsofalângica por meio da técnica do cesto de aço modificada em potro / Metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis through the modified steel basket technique in foal

Background: The metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints are very demanded during high intensity exercises,and may be affected by osteoarthritis, fractures, luxations and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. Thus, arthrodesis maybe indicated to restore joint stability and accelerate the ankylosis process. The most commonly used surgical techniqueshave been associated with postoperative complications, including infection and failure of the implants, so it is importantto develop procedures that are less invasive procedures and promoting stable fixation. Therefore, the aim of this work isto report the use of the modified steel basket technique for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis in a foal with hyperextensionof the joint due to rupture of the digital flexor muscles.Case: A 2-day-old male foal was admitted to clinical care, presenting multiple cutaneous wounds caused by dogs bites,located in the tarsus and thigh of the hindlimb. The animal presented in standing position and had no difficulty of movement,being initially treated through daily cleaning of the cutaneous wounds and systemic antibiotic therapy. Hyperextension ofthe metatarsophalangeal joint was evidenced after 20 days, being approached through tenotomy and tendon shortening,followed by tenorrhaphy and immobilization for 30 days. Due to the failure of the treatment, it was opted for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis by modified steel basket technique. The procedure involved the implantation of a steel basket of25.0 mm in diameter x 25.0 mm long in a 24.0 mm hole created on the dorsal surface between the third metacarpal andthe proximal phalanx. The basket was filled with bone extracted from drilling and fixed with two cortical screws at anangle of 25° toward proximoplantar and distoplantar direction. Immobilization of the limb was performed postoperativelywith synthetic plaster cast for 45 days and, due to the persistence of lameness...(AU)

Estudo biomecânico comparando a utilização de placas bloqueadas híbridas na artrodese dorsal e medial do carpo de cães / Biomechanical study comparing the utilization of hybrid locking plates on dorsal and medial carpal arthrodesis in dogs

Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar biomecanicamente os posicionamentos dorsal e medial da placa bloqueada na artrodese do carpo em cães. Para isso, foram utilizados sete pares de membros torácicos de cães eutanasiados por razões não relacionadas ao estudo, em que sete membros foram estabilizados com placa dorsal, e seus respectivos pares com placa em posicionamento medial. Os membros com as articulações radiocarpometacarpianas estabilizadas cirurgicamente foram submetidos a ensaio de compressão axial em máquina universal de ensaios de materiais, e os dados de limite de elasticidade, rigidez estrutural, carga máxima e carga no momento da fratura dos posicionamentos foram comparados por meio do teste de Student-Newman-Keuls, a um nível de significância de 5%. Todos os membros foram fraturados no terço distal do terceiro metacarpo; nos membros com placa dorsal, a fratura ocorreu distal ao orifício distal e, nos membros com placa medial, a fratura ocorreu no último orifício dos metacarpos dois e três. Não houve dobra ou quebra de placas e parafusos e não houve diferença significativa entre os posicionamentos dorsal e medial dos implantes quanto aos parâmetros avaliados.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare biomechanically the dorsal and medial positions of the locking plates on carpal arthrodesis in dogs. For this, seven pairs of thoracic limbs of dogs were used, in which seven limbs were stabilized with dorsal plate and seven limbs with plate in medial positioning. The members with the surgically stabilized radiocarpal-metacarpal joints were submitted to axial compression testing in a universal testing machine and the yield load, structural rigidity, maximum load and ultimate load of the positioning were compared by Student-Newman-Keuls test at a significance level of 5%. All members fractured in the distal third of the third metacarpal, in the limbs with dorsal plate the fracture occurred distal to the distal hole and in the members with medial plate the fracture occurred in the last hole of the metacarpals two and three. There was no bending or broken implants. There was no significant biomechanical differencebetween the dorsal and medial positions of the implants.(AU)

Estudo biomecânico comparando a utilização de placas bloqueadas híbridas na artrodese dorsal e medial do carpo de cães / Biomechanical study comparing the utilization of hybrid locking plates on dorsal and medial carpal arthrodesis in dogs

Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar biomecanicamente os posicionamentos dorsal e medial da placa bloqueada na artrodese do carpo em cães. Para isso, foram utilizados sete pares de membros torácicos de cães eutanasiados por razões não relacionadas ao estudo, em que sete membros foram estabilizados com placa dorsal, e seus respectivos pares com placa em posicionamento medial. Os membros com as articulações radiocarpometacarpianas estabilizadas cirurgicamente foram submetidos a ensaio de compressão axial em máquina universal de ensaios de materiais, e os dados de limite de elasticidade, rigidez estrutural, carga máxima e carga no momento da fratura dos posicionamentos foram comparados por meio do teste de Student-Newman-Keuls, a um nível de significância de 5%. Todos os membros foram fraturados no terço distal do terceiro metacarpo; nos membros com placa dorsal, a fratura ocorreu distal ao orifício distal e, nos membros com placa medial, a fratura ocorreu no último orifício dos metacarpos dois e três. Não houve dobra ou quebra de placas e parafusos e não houve diferença significativa entre os posicionamentos dorsal e medial dos implantes quanto aos parâmetros avaliados.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare biomechanically the dorsal and medial positions of the locking plates on carpal arthrodesis in dogs. For this, seven pairs of thoracic limbs of dogs were used, in which seven limbs were stabilized with dorsal plate and seven limbs with plate in medial positioning. The members with the surgically stabilized radiocarpal-metacarpal joints were submitted to axial compression testing in a universal testing machine and the yield load, structural rigidity, maximum load and ultimate load of the positioning were compared by Student-Newman-Keuls test at a significance level of 5%. All members fractured in the distal third of the third metacarpal, in the limbs with dorsal plate the fracture occurred distal to the distal hole and in the members with medial plate the fracture occurred in the last hole of the metacarpals two and three. There was no bending or broken implants. There was no significant biomechanical differencebetween the dorsal and medial positions of the implants.(AU)

Surgical management of ectrodactyly in a dog / Tratamento cirúrgico de ectrodactilia em um cão

Ectrodactyly is the term used to designate cases in which soft and bone tissue separation within the distal region of the thoracic limbs is present. It is observed in particular below the metacarpal bones and extending to the radius and ulna. In addition, it can often be associated with ipsilateral elbow luxation. We describe a case of ectrodactyly in a 3-month-old mongrel dog, where bone and soft tissue separation occurred between the third and fourth digits, extending proximally to the carpal region. We identified shortening of the ulna without elbow luxation. The dog was subjected to a surgical procedure comprising bone and soft tissue reconstruction and ulnar diaphyseal osteotomy, which was fixed using a Steinmann pin in the intramedullary canal, maintaining a distance of 1 cm between the two ulnar fragments. Two distal phalanges were removed because it was not possible to reposition them anatomically in the limb. The dog walked with mild lameness nine months after surgery.(AU)

Ectrodactilia é o termo utilizado para designar aqueles casos em que há separação dos tecidos moles e ósseos na região distal dos membros torácicos, podendo ocorrer abaixo dos ossos metacarpianos e estender-se até o rádio e a ulna, além de estar associada, com frequência, à luxação úmero-rádio-ulnar ipsilateral. Descreve-se um caso de ectrodactilia em canino sem raça definida com três meses de idade, onde foi verificada a separação óssea e dos tecidos moles entre o terceiro e o quarto dígito, estendendo-se proximalmente até a região do carpo, sendo identificado encurtamento da ulna, porém sem luxação do cotovelo. O paciente foi submetido ao procedimento cirúrgico para reaproximação óssea e dos tecidos moles, com ostectomia na diáfise da ulna, a qual fora estabilizada com a utilização de um pino de Steinmann no canal intramedular, permanecendo uma distância de um centímetro entre os dois fragmentos da ulna. As duas falanges distais foram removidas, devido ao fato de não ser possível seu reposicionamento anatômico no membro. Com oito meses de pós-operatório, o animal apresentava deambulação com leve claudicação.(AU)

Mechanical evaluation of bone gap filled with rigid formulations castor oil polyurethane and chitosan in horses / Avaliação mecânica do preenchimento de falhas ósseas de equinos com formulações sólidas de poliuretana de mamona e quitosana

Often fractures of long bones in horses are comminuted and form bone gaps, which represent a major challenge for the fixation of these fractures by loss of contact between the fragments. Bone grafts help in treating this kind of fracture and synthetic materials have been gaining ground because of the limitations of autologous and heterologous grafts. In this study were performed compressive non destructive test in 10 bones with complete cross-bone gap in mid-diaphyseal of the third metacarpal bone of horses. Using a mechanism of "crossing" the 10 bones were used in the three groups (control, castor oil poliuretane and chitosan) according to the filling material. After the test with maximum load of 1000N bone had a gap filled by another material and the test was repeated. Deformations caused on the whole bone, plate and bone tissue near and distant of gap were evaluated, using strain gauges adhered to the surface at these locations. There was a reduction in bone deformation from 14% (control) to 3,5% and 4,8% by filling the gap with Chitosan and castor oil respectively, and a reduction of strain on the plate of 96% and 85% by filling gap with chitosan and castor respectively. An increase in intensity and direction of deformations occurred in bone near to gap after its filling; however, there was no difference in bone deformations occurring far the gap.(AU)

Frequentemente, as fraturas de ossos longos nos equinos são cominutivas, formando falhas ósseas, que representam um grande desafio no momento de sua fixação, devido à perda de contato entre os fragmentos. Os substitutos ósseos sintéticos auxiliam no tratamento desse tipo de fratura. Neste estudo, foram realizados ensaios compressivos não destrutivos em 10 ossos com falha óssea transversal completa em diáfise do terceiro metacarpiano de equinos. Utilizando um mecanismo de "crossing", os 10 ossos foram utilizados nos três grupos (controle, mamona e quitosana) de acordo com o material de preenchimento da falha. Para cada peça, realizaram-se ensaios referentes aos três grupos, com carga máxima de 1000N, por não se tratarem de ensaios destrutivos. Foram avaliadas as deformações causadas no osso, na placa e no tecido ósseo próximo e distante da falha, por meio de extensômetros. Observou-se que houve redução da deformação do osso de 14% (controle) para 3,5% e 4,8%, com o preenchimento da falha com quitosana e mamona, respectivamente. Houve redução da deformação na placa de 96% e 85% com o preenchimento da falha com quitosana e mamona, respectivamente. Houve aumento em intensidade e direção das deformações ocorridas no osso próximas à falha após seu preenchimento, contudo não se observaram diferenças nas deformações ocorridas no osso distantes a falha. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o preenchimento das falhas com quitosana e poliuretana de mamona trouxe benefícios quanto à redução das deformações no foco da fratura, alívio das cargas na placa, contudo elevou as cargas no tecido ósseo próximo à falha.(AU)

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA HASTE/PLACA E APLICAÇÃO CLÍNICA NA ARTRODESE METACARPO/METATARSO FALANGEANS EM EQUINOS

As articulações metacarpo/metatarsofalangeanas, bem como o aparato suspensor são usualmente acometidos por injúrias, pela intensa demanda física durante esportes e grande amplitude de movimento, predispondo a processos degenerativos e traumas. Em alguns casos, a artrodese é a técnica proposta para o parcial reestabelecimento funcional destas articulações. Muitas técnicas cirúrgicas possuem prognóstico desfavorável devido a complicações pós-operatórias, portanto o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas é importante. A técnica proposta proporciona o manejo das feridas em casos de ruptura do aparato suspensor associado a imobilização com tala. As hastes intramedulares são vantajosas em relação a outros métodos de fixação, apresentando menor custo, praticidade de aplicação e permitem o apoio do membro após retorno da anestesia.  O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um implante intramedular modificado para artrodese metacarpo/metatarsofalangeana. O implante foi confeccionado no laboratório de engenharia mecânica da UFPR, consistindo em um pino intramedular revestido em titânio, fundido a uma placa. Procedimentos que conferissem maior resistência a fadiga do implante foram realizados, como shot peening e tratamento térmico. Para o estudo foram utilizados cinco equinos de diferentes raças, sexos e idades, da rotina do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná-Campus Curitiba, que tiveram como indicação a artrodese da articulação do boleto devido a trauma do aparato suspensor ou osteoartrite avançada. O animal número um, apresentou fratura do terceiro osso metacarpo 24 horas após a cirurgia pelo uso da haste intramedular curta, sendo substituída por haste bloqueada e imobilização, com formação de anquilose. O animal número dois apresentou fratura diafisária do terceiro osso metacarpo 11 dias do pós-cirúrgico, com imobilização até o terço proximal do mesmo osso imediatamente ao pós-operatório, estendendo-se até o nível da articulação úmero radio ulnar após fratura. A eutanásia por complicações secundárias foi realizada 56 dias do pós-cirúrgico. O animal número três apresentou quebra da haste 95 dias após a cirurgia, desenvolvendo anquilose. O animal número quatro apresentou infecção do implante, transcorrendo com sua retirada um ano após a cirurgia, entretanto com formação de anquilose. O animal número cinco estabeleceu completa anquilose com oito meses de evolução, entretanto a imobilização do membro operado ocorreu imediatamente após a cirurgia, permanecendo por 30 dias.  A utilização da haste intramedular como proposto nesse estudo pode ser utilizada na artrodese de boleto em equinos, entretanto o correto comprimento da haste, a utilização de imobilização externa e um rígido controle da técnica asséptica são necessários para melhorar sua eficiência.

The metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as the suspensory apparatus, are usually affected by injuries, due to the intense physical demand during sports and great range of movement, predisposing to degenerative processes and trauma. In some cases, arthrodesis is the proposed technique for partial functional reestablishment of the limb. Many surgical techniques have an unfavorable prognosis due to postoperative complications, so the development of new techniques is important. The proposed technique provides wound management in cases of rupture of the suspensory apparatus, associated with cast immobilization. Intramedullary nails are advantageous in relation to other fixation methods, presenting lower cost, practical application and allow support of the limb after return from anesthesia. The aim of the study was to develop a modified intramedullary implant for metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis. The implant was developed in the mechanical engineering laboratory of Federal University of Parana (UFPR), consisting of an intramedullary pin coated in titanium, fused to a plate. In order to increase the resistance to implant fatigue were performed some procedures, such as shot peening and heat treatment. For the study, we used five horses of different breed, gender and age, from the Veterinary Hospital of the UFPR- Curitiba Campus, which had as indication the arthrodesis of the fetlock joint due to trauma of the suspensory apparatus or advanced osteoarthritis. Animal number one presented a fracture of the third metacarpal bone 24 hours after surgery by using short intramedullary nail, being replaced by blocked nail and immobilization, with the formation of ankylosis. Animal number two developed a diaphyseal fracture of the third metacarpal bone 11 days postsurgical, with immobilization to the proximal third of the same bone immediately after the surgery, extending to the level of the humerus-radio-ulnar joint after fracture. Euthanasia due to secondary complications was performed 56 days after surgery. Animal number three had a broken stem 95 days after surgery, developing ankylosis. Animal number four presented infection of the implant, leading to its removal one year after surgery, however with the formation of ankylosis. Animal number five obtained a positive result without complications from surgery until complete ankylosis with eight months of evolution; however, immobilization of the operated limb occurred immediately after surgery, remaining for 30 days. The use of the intramedullary nail, as proposed in this study, can be used in fetlock arthrodesis in horses; however, the correct nail length, the use of external immobilization and strict control of the aseptic technique are necessary to improve its efficiency.

Pinos transcorticais e gesso associados à aplicação local de plasma rico em plaquetas no tratamento de fratura do III metatarsiano em potro

In horses less than one year of age fractures of the third metacarpal bone (McIII) or metatarsal bone III (MtIII) are mainly attributed to trauma. Open reduction and internal fixation are the most common treatment method. A Quarter Horse filly with three months of age, which weighed 150kg presented a diaphyseal multifragmentar wedge fracture of right MtIII which was treated with transcortical pins and cast, associated with intralesional application of platelet rich plasma (PRP). After two years of surgery, the animal initiated a training program for racing, and six months later, the patient ran its first official match. The choice of therapeutic methods for treating fractures in horses should be one that provides an earlier repair and minor possibility of complications. Thus, the therapy association which was adopted was considered favorable, since allowed full reestablishment of locomotion of the patient and made possible its return to race

Em potros até um ano de idade, as fraturas do III osso metacarpiano (McIII) ou III metatarsiano (MtIII) são principalmente atribuídas ao trauma. A redução aberta e a imobilização do foco com implantes constituem o tratamento cirúrgico recomendado. Uma potra com três meses de idade e 150kg, da raça Quarto de Milha, que apresentava umafratura diafisária multifragmentar em cunha do MtIII direito foi submetida à osteossíntese através datransfixação externa e gesso, associada com a aplicação intralesional deplasma rico em plaquetas (PRP). Após dois anos do tratamento, o animal iniciou programa de treinamento para corrida e, após seis meses do treinamento, correu o primeiro páreo oficial. A escolha dos métodos terapêuticos para o tratamento de fraturas em equinos deve ser baseada naquela que promova reparação precoce e de melhor qualidade, com menores riscos de complicações. Sendo assim, a associação terapêutica adotada foi considerada favorável, já que possibilitou o completo reestabelecimento da locomoção da paciente, podendo inclusive competir na sua modalidade esportiva

Pinos transcorticais e gesso associados à aplicação local de plasma rico em plaquetas no tratamento de fratura do III metatarsiano em potro

In horses less than one year of age fractures of the third metacarpal bone (McIII) or metatarsal bone III (MtIII) are mainly attributed to trauma. Open reduction and internal fixation are the most common treatment method. A Quarter Horse filly with three months of age, which weighed 150kg presented a diaphyseal multifragmentar wedge fracture of right MtIII which was treated with transcortical pins and cast, associated with intralesional application of platelet rich plasma (PRP). After two years of surgery, the animal initiated a training program for racing, and six months later, the patient ran its first official match. The choice of therapeutic methods for treating fractures in horses should be one that provides an earlier repair and minor possibility of complications. Thus, the therapy association which was adopted was considered favorable, since allowed full reestablishment of locomotion of the patient and made possible its return to race

Em potros até um ano de idade, as fraturas do III osso metacarpiano (McIII) ou III metatarsiano (MtIII) são principalmente atribuídas ao trauma. A redução aberta e a imobilização do foco com implantes constituem o tratamento cirúrgico recomendado. Uma potra com três meses de idade e 150kg, da raça Quarto de Milha, que apresentava umafratura diafisária multifragmentar em cunha do MtIII direito foi submetida à osteossíntese através datransfixação externa e gesso, associada com a aplicação intralesional deplasma rico em plaquetas (PRP). Após dois anos do tratamento, o animal iniciou programa de treinamento para corrida e, após seis meses do treinamento, correu o primeiro páreo oficial. A escolha dos métodos terapêuticos para o tratamento de fraturas em equinos deve ser baseada naquela que promova reparação precoce e de melhor qualidade, com menores riscos de complicações. Sendo assim, a associação terapêutica adotada foi considerada favorável, já que possibilitou o completo reestabelecimento da locomoção da paciente, podendo inclusive competir na sua modalidade esportiva

Fêmeas com bem-estar assegurado mitigam o impacto negativo do estresse pré-cópula do macho na prole

Os sistemas suinícolas atuais, aliados aos programas de melhoramento genético avançados, trouxeram inúmeros ganhos produtivos e sanitários para a indústria. O repertório comportamental natural da espécie, importante para manter o bem-estar dos animais, é raramente priorizado nos sistemas de produção comercial de suínos. Em consequência disso, comportamentos anormais, alterações fisiológicas e emocionais, e indicadores de bem-estar comprometido são frequentemente observados. Esses comportamentos são uma tentativa dos animais de adaptação ao meio onde estão inseridos, e os sistemas emocionais básicos dos animais têm funções adaptativas e fundamentais para o indivíduo. O alojamento de machos reprodutores suínos desafia o bem-estar dos mesmos pela restrição de movimento, isolamento social e falta de enriquecimento ambiental. Estudos recentes em animais de laboratório indicam que situações de estresse nos machos podem alterar características no sêmen e alterar as características da prole. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar o efeito do sistema de alojamento de machos suínos sobre a emocionalidade da sua prole. Foram utilizados 18 machos alojados em três sistemas: cela (C:N=6), baia (B:N=6) e baia enriquecida com o fornecimento de feno, escovação, banho (E:N=6). Submetidos à colheita de sêmen semanalmente por seis semanas. Na quarta semana, três pools de sêmen, cada pool representando todos os três tratamentos, com dois machos de cada tratamento (C, B e E), selecionados de acordo com métodos objetivos de avaliação do sêmen, foram utilizados para inseminar 15 marrãs alojadas em grupo no sistema ao ar livre. Foram realizadas avalições comportamentais e fisiológicas a cada terço gestacional. Os leitões foram identificados no terceiro dia de idade e seus pesos registrados aos 10º, 25º e 29º dias de idade. No 25º dia, foram realizadas as avaliações emocionais dos leitões (medo e ansiedade) (N=138) através do comportamento gravado durante os testes de campo aberto, objeto novo e labirinto em cruz elevada. No 29º dia, os leitões foram desmamados (N=138) e reagrupados por peso em três baias com feno. Imagens corporais dos leitões (N=138) foram registradas no desmame e nos quatro dias subsequentes para contabilizar as lesões de pele. No 34º dia, eles foram submetidos à avaliação nociceptiva, estimulados duas vezes consecutivas do lado direito e esquerdo x da região coxofemoral e quartela. Após, amostras de pelo foram colhidas para realização do teste de paternidade. Após o recebimento dos dados de paternidade, os leitões foram alocados nos tratamentos representando o alojamento dos pais (C, B e E). Os dados comportamentais das fêmeas foram avaliados para normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk) e submetidos a uma análise estatística descritiva, e analisados por coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e Two way ANOVA com p<0,05. Na análise dos dados da prole utilizou-se a análise fatorial com o intuito de resumir em quatro fatores latentes a informação relativa à variabilidade e correlações entre as variáveis. Os escores fatoriais foram classificados como negativos, centrais e positivos, com base no primeiro e terceiro quartis. O teste de qui quadrado (alfa=0,05) foi usado para testar a homogeneidade da distribuição desses escores nos três tratamentos a que os machos foram submetidos. Uma análise de correspondência buscou associações entre as frequências de leitões nos tratamentos e categorias dos escores fatoriais. Os resultados da prole indicam a influência do ambiente herdado através dos machos; os leitões filhos de machos alojados com acesso ao enriquecimento tiveram menor número de lesões de pele (p=0,008). Leitões oriundos de machos alojados em celas apresentaram valores nociceptivos mais hipoalgésicos, em contrapartida, a prole de machos alojados nas baias sem enriquecimento foram menos hipoalgésicos (p=0,029). Compreender o mecanismo de ação de tais alterações requer futuras pesquisas associando os princípios da epigenética e sua interação na construção do comportamento animal.

Current pig production systems, combined with advanced genetic improvement programs, have brought numerous productive and health gains to the industry. However, the species' natural behavioral repertoire, which is important for maintaining good animal welfare, is rarely prioritized in commercial pig production systems. As a result, abnormal behaviors, physiological and emotional changes, all indicators of impaired welfare, are often observed. These behaviors are an attempt by animals to adapt to the environment in which they live, and the basic emotional systems of animals have adaptive and fundamental functions for the individual. The housing of boars challenges their welfare as a result of movement restriction, social isolation and lack of environmental enrichment. Recent studies in laboratory animals indicate that stressful situations in males can alter characteristics in the semen and change the phenotype of their offspring. Eighteen males housed in three systems were studied: crate (C:N=6), pen (P:N=6), and enriched pen, which included the supply of hay, brushing and bathing (E:N=6). Animals were submitted to semen collection weekly for six weeks. In the fourth week, three pools of semen, each pool representing two males per treatment (C, P and E), matched for objective semen quality indicators, from the animals of the three treatments was used to inseminate 15 gilts, five gilts for each different pool. Gilts were housed in group in an outdoor system. Behavioral and physiological evaluations were carried out at each third of gestation. The piglets, offspring of 13 gilts, were identified on the third day of age and their weights recorded at the 10th, 25th, and 29th days of age. On the 25th day, the piglets' emotional assessments (fear and anxiety) were carried out through the behavior recorded during the tests open field, novel object, and elevated plus maze (N=138). On the 29th day, the piglets were weaned and regrouped by weight in three pens with hay. Body images of the piglets (N=138) were recorded at weaning and in the subsequent four days to account for skin lesions (N=138). On the 34th day, they were submitted to a nociceptive evaluation, stimulated twice in a row on the right and left side of the plantar surface of the xii metacarpal and hip region. Afterward, hair samples were taken to perform the paternity test. After receiving the results of the paternity tests, the piglets were allocated to the experimental groups representing the treatments applied to the boars (C, P and E). The behavioral data of the females were evaluated for normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, and analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficient and Two way ANOVA with p <0.05. In the analysis of the offspring data, factor analysis was used to summarize the information regarding the variability and correlations between the variables in four latent factors. The factor scores were classified as negative, central, and positive, based on the first and third quartiles. The chi-square test (alpha=0.05) was used to test the homogeneity of the distribution of these scores in the three treatments to which the males were submitted. A correspondence analysis sought associations between the frequencies of piglets in the treatments and categories of factor scores. The offspring results indicate the influence of the environment inherited through males; piglets born to males housed with access to enrichment had fewer skin lesions (p=0.008). Piglets from males housed in cells showed nociceptive values more hypoalgesic, in contrast, the offspring of males housed in pens without enrichment were less hypoalgesic (p=0.029). Understanding the mechanism of action of such changes requires further research associating the principles of epigenetics and their interaction in the construction of animal behavior.

Immobilization with modified Thomas splint and synthetic casting for long bone fracture correction in large animals / Imobilização com muleta de Thomas modificada e gesso sintético para reparação de fraturas de ossos longos em grandes animais

Background: Several techniques have been used for the treatment of fractures in large animals, once these animals are frequently subject to trauma that interrupts bone continuity, especially in long bones. The choice for the technique depends on the configuration of the fracture, damage to the adjacent tissue, and presence or absence of bone exposure. The success of the modified Thomas splint, associated to synthetic casting has been reported in several studies. However, there still are restrictions to the use of this technique. Thus, the objective of the present study is to report the use of immobilization by the modified Thomas splint, coupled with synthetic casting, for the treatment of fractures in long bones of bovine and equine animals.Cases: The five animals were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Paranaense, being four bovines and one equine, all presenting fractures in long bones, resulting from accidental trauma. The equine, weighting 300 kg, presented fracture in the third metacarpal bone, previously submitted to immobilization through external fixation type II. Three bovines, weighting 50, 200, and 500 kg, presented fractures in the metacarpals, with the smallest presenting exposed fracture, another bovine, weighting 300 kg, presented fractures in the radius and ulna. The animals were examined and submitted to sedation and anesthesia for manual...(AU)

As fraturas de ossos longos ocorrem com relativa frequência em animais de grande porte [9] acarretando significativas perdas econômicas para a pecuária nacional [10], já que os elevados custos implicados no tratamento refletem na opção pela eutanásia [9]. No entanto, animais de alto valor econômico, estimulam o investimento em pesquisas e a utilização de efetivas técnicas para a correção de fraturas [10]. Nos últimos anos várias técnicas têm sido utilizadas no tratamento de fraturas em animais de grande porte, no entanto, ainda persiste a falta de dispositivos de fixação adequados e desenvolvidos especificamente para esses animais [3]. Relata-se o uso de gesso até o carpo/tarso ou por toda a extensão do membro [1], aparelho modificado de Thomas associado ou não à tala de gesso [6], utilização de parafusos, pinos intramedulares e placas ortopédicas [7], haste intramedular bloqueada [11] e fixação externa [4]. O sucesso do uso da muleta de Thomas modificada, associada ao gesso, tem sido relatado por diversos autores e, muitas vezes, é a opção de escolha em comparação com técnicas de fixação interna. Com base nisto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar cinco casos das espécies bovina e equina que apresentavam fratura decorrente de trauma, corrigidas com a utilização de muleta de Thomas modificada e gesso sintético, enfatizando a empregabilidade da técnica...(AU)

Immobilization with modified Thomas splint and synthetic casting for long bone fracture correction in large animals / Imobilização com muleta de Thomas modificada e gesso sintético para reparação de fraturas de ossos longos em grandes animais

Background: Several techniques have been used for the treatment of fractures in large animals, once these animals are frequently subject to trauma that interrupts bone continuity, especially in long bones. The choice for the technique depends on the configuration of the fracture, damage to the adjacent tissue, and presence or absence of bone exposure. The success of the modified Thomas splint, associated to synthetic casting has been reported in several studies. However, there still are restrictions to the use of this technique. Thus, the objective of the present study is to report the use of immobilization by the modified Thomas splint, coupled with synthetic casting, for the treatment of fractures in long bones of bovine and equine animals.Cases: The five animals were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Paranaense, being four bovines and one equine, all presenting fractures in long bones, resulting from accidental trauma. The equine, weighting 300 kg, presented fracture in the third metacarpal bone, previously submitted to immobilization through external fixation type II. Three bovines, weighting 50, 200, and 500 kg, presented fractures in the metacarpals, with the smallest presenting exposed fracture, another bovine, weighting 300 kg, presented fractures in the radius and ulna. The animals were examined and submitted to sedation and anesthesia for manual...

As fraturas de ossos longos ocorrem com relativa frequência em animais de grande porte [9] acarretando significativas perdas econômicas para a pecuária nacional [10], já que os elevados custos implicados no tratamento refletem na opção pela eutanásia [9]. No entanto, animais de alto valor econômico, estimulam o investimento em pesquisas e a utilização de efetivas técnicas para a correção de fraturas [10]. Nos últimos anos várias técnicas têm sido utilizadas no tratamento de fraturas em animais de grande porte, no entanto, ainda persiste a falta de dispositivos de fixação adequados e desenvolvidos especificamente para esses animais [3]. Relata-se o uso de gesso até o carpo/tarso ou por toda a extensão do membro [1], aparelho modificado de Thomas associado ou não à tala de gesso [6], utilização de parafusos, pinos intramedulares e placas ortopédicas [7], haste intramedular bloqueada [11] e fixação externa [4]. O sucesso do uso da muleta de Thomas modificada, associada ao gesso, tem sido relatado por diversos autores e, muitas vezes, é a opção de escolha em comparação com técnicas de fixação interna. Com base nisto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar cinco casos das espécies bovina e equina que apresentavam fratura decorrente de trauma, corrigidas com a utilização de muleta de Thomas modificada e gesso sintético, enfatizando a empregabilidade da técnica...

Thermographic assessment of the inflammatory response following castor oil polymer implantation in experimental third metacarpal bone defects in horses / Uso da termografia para avaliação da resposta tecidual após implante de polímero a base de poliuretana de mamona em osso III metacarpiano de equinos

Background: Thermography is a diagnostic imaging modality employed to estimate the degree of activity of some bodytissues. In theory, thermography would be expected to provide a graphical representation of inflammation and could therefore be used for early detection and monitoring of the inflammatory process. Given increased local temperature is one ofthe cardinal signs of inflammation, thermography could be an invaluable diagnostic method for musculoskeletal inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of thermography to detect inflammation followingimplantation of ricin polyurethane polymer into experimental third metacarpal bone defects in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: A bone defect was produced in the proximal third of the metacarpal bone in 6 horses.Clinical examination of all horses was performed prior to surgery (control assessment; D0). A bone defect measuring13 mm in diameter was created in the proximal aspect of the left and right third metacarpal bones using a trephine saw.Bone defects in each horse were either filled with ricin polyurethane polymer and calcium carbonate (polymer limb) orleft untreated (control limb). Thermographic images were acquired 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days following surgery. Athermal camera (Thermacam T400®) with 0.05°C thermal sensitivity was employed for infrared thermal image acquisitionand Rainbow High Contrast palette was selected. The distance between the camera and the subjects was adjusted so thatall images included the front limb from carpus to toe. Bandages were removed 30 min before data collection. Followingdemarcation of the proximal third metacarpal area on thermographic images, temperature readings were performed using built-in software and compared between polymer and control limbs. Mean temperatures were used in the analysis forincreased reliability. The Freidman test was employed to assess the progression of the variables studied along the experimental...(AU)

Thermographic assessment of the inflammatory response following castor oil polymer implantation in experimental third metacarpal bone defects in horses / Uso da termografia para avaliação da resposta tecidual após implante de polímero a base de poliuretana de mamona em osso III metacarpiano de equinos

Background: Thermography is a diagnostic imaging modality employed to estimate the degree of activity of some bodytissues. In theory, thermography would be expected to provide a graphical representation of inflammation and could therefore be used for early detection and monitoring of the inflammatory process. Given increased local temperature is one ofthe cardinal signs of inflammation, thermography could be an invaluable diagnostic method for musculoskeletal inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of thermography to detect inflammation followingimplantation of ricin polyurethane polymer into experimental third metacarpal bone defects in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: A bone defect was produced in the proximal third of the metacarpal bone in 6 horses.Clinical examination of all horses was performed prior to surgery (control assessment; D0). A bone defect measuring13 mm in diameter was created in the proximal aspect of the left and right third metacarpal bones using a trephine saw.Bone defects in each horse were either filled with ricin polyurethane polymer and calcium carbonate (polymer limb) orleft untreated (control limb). Thermographic images were acquired 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days following surgery. Athermal camera (Thermacam T400®) with 0.05°C thermal sensitivity was employed for infrared thermal image acquisitionand Rainbow High Contrast palette was selected. The distance between the camera and the subjects was adjusted so thatall images included the front limb from carpus to toe. Bandages were removed 30 min before data collection. Followingdemarcation of the proximal third metacarpal area on thermographic images, temperature readings were performed using built-in software and compared between polymer and control limbs. Mean temperatures were used in the analysis forincreased reliability. The Freidman test was employed to assess the progression of the variables studied along the experimental...

Estudo morfológico da cartilagem e osso subcondral dos côndilos e crista sagital do osso terceiro metacarpiano de equinos Puro-sangue-inglês através de análise de imagem

As afecções articulares têm papel preponderante frente às claudicações nos equinos atletas, sendo a articulação metacarpofalangeana (MCF) uma das mais frequentemente afetadas. Isso se deve à sua configuração anatômica e maior amplitude de movimentos, apresentando hiperextensão durante a fase de apoio dos membros ao solo. As articulações apresentam variações na densidade e espessura do osso subcondral e cartilagem ao longo de sua superfície e, consequentemente, variações nas propriedades mecânicas e estruturais. Métodos de imagem, como a radiografia, ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada, têm sido empregados e correlacionados com a finalidade de delinear essas variações, além de diagnosticar afecções que acometem o sistema articular de equinos. O objetivo desse projeto foi avaliar o tecido osteocondral da articulação MCF de peças anatômicas de equinos da raça Puro-sangue-inglês de corrida, que estavam em treinamento, através de análise de imagem. Foram utilizados oito pares de membros torácicos de equinos em constante e semelhante padrão de treinamento esportivo, com idade entre dois e cinco anos, os quais foram a óbito por motivos não relacionados à articulação MCF. Os membros foram armazenados congelados e, após descongelamento, submetidos a avaliação macroscópica, exames radiográficos e ultrassonográficos, e avaliação microscópica, como microtomografia e histologia. Na análise macroscópica e durante as biopsias ósseas, observou-se que 37,5% dos animais apresentaram côndilos mediais ressecados e rígidos e 12,5% apresentaram crista sagital de alta porosidade. Macroscopicamente 37,5% dos animais apresentaram erosão parcial menor que cinco mm de diâmetro em superfície articular e outros 37,5% não apresentaram nada digno de nota. Foi possível notar que houve correlação direta entre o exame macroscópico e os exame radiográfico e ultrassonográfico (p=0,54 e p=0,53 respectivamente). No exame radiográfico, apenas 25% dos animais receberam o escore mínimo de zero para o MTE e 12,5% para o MTD. Quando comparados os valores de Densidade Óptica Radiográfica (DOR) avaliado por escala de mmAl e Densidade Mineral Óssea avaliado por micro-TC, a crista sagital foi o valor mais baixo em 75% dos animais. Quando confrontados os valores entre os membros direito e esquerdo, para 100% dos animais os valores do MTD foi maior que o MTE na micro-TC, já na escala DOR, apenas 62,5% desses valores concordaram com essa afirmação. Comparando-se com os outros exames, em questão de sensibilidade de características, nota-se que o exame ultrassonográfico é o que mais se relaciona com o histológico (p=0,288). No exame ultrassonográfico, 62,5% dos animais apresentaram irregularidades nos ligamentos periarticulares, 37,5% apresentaram superfície lisa em relação ao osso subcondral e 50 % não apresentaram alteração na superfície articular. Foi possível observar a ocorrência de lesões em superfície articular que se distribuem de maneira bastante semelhante e, embora haja alguma variação, não houve diferença estatística entre os escores dos animais. Os escores foram mais homogêneos na macroscopia e no ultrassom. Os exames que mais diferiram entre os avaliadores foi o de exame macroscópico e radiográfico. Segundo os parâmetros avaliados nesse projeto, concluiu-se que não houve diferença estatística quanto ao local de coleta da amostra no osso metacarpiano e pouca variação entre um membro e outro. Todos os equinos avaliados nesse projeto apresentaram algum comprometimento de superfície articular de terceiro metacarpiano, mas mesmo assim foi possível determinar características morfológicas utilizando técnicas de imagem descritas acima.

Joint diseases in horses have a predominant role in lameness, being the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint one of the most frequently affected. MCP joint has the highest number of site-specific traumatic and degenerative lesions when compared to other joints. This is due to its anatomical configuration and, among all of the locomotor system of horses, it is the one with the greatest range of motion, presenting hyperextension during the support phase of the limbs. All joints show a variation in the density and thickness of the subchondral bone along its surface and, consequently, variation in the mechanical properties at each site. Many imaging methods have been employed and correlated in order to delineate this difference and diagnose the diseases affecting the joints of the horses. The objective of this project was to evaluate the osteochondral tissue of the MCP joints of anatomical parts of Thoroughbred racehorses, through methods of macroscopic imaging such as radiography and ultrasonography, and microscopes such as optical microscopy and micro tomography, searching for the identification and characterization of these tissues. Eight pairs of forelimbs were used, collected from horses with constant and similar training programme, aged between 3 and 6 years old, who died for reasons not related to the MCP joints. Each method were analyzed individually, characterizing the patterns and morphology of cartilage and subchondral bone. In the macroscopic analysis and during bone biopsies, 37.5% of the animals presented dry and rigid medial condyles and 12.5% presented high porosity sagittal ridge. Macroscopically 37.5% of the animals showed partial erosion of less than five mm in diameter on the articular surface and another 37.5% did not show any particularity. It was possible to notice that there was a direct correlation between the macroscopic exam and the radiographic and ultrasound exams (p = 0.54 and p = 0.53 respectively). In the radiographic exam, only 25% of the animals received score zero for the left forelimb and 12.5% for the right. When comparing the Radiographic Optical Density (ROD) values evaluated by mmAl scale and Bone Mineral Density evaluated by micro-CT, the sagittal ridge was the lowest value in 75% of the horses. When comparing the values between the right and left limbs, for 100% of the animals the right values were higher than the left on the micro-CT, whereas in the ROD, only 62.5% of these values agreed with this statement. Comparing with the other exams, in terms of sensitivity of characteristics, it was noticed that the ultrasound exam is the most related to the histological (p = 0.288). At ultrasound examination, 62.5% of the animals presented irregularities in the periarticular ligaments, 37.5% presented smooth surface in relation to the subchondral bone and 50% showed no alteration. It was possible to observe the occurrence of lesions on the articular surface that are distributed in a very similar way and, although there is some variation, there was no statistical difference between the animal scores. The scores were more homogeneous on macroscopic and ultrasound. The exams that differed most among the evaluators were macroscopic and radiographic exams. According to the parameters evaluated in this project, it was concluded that there was no statistical difference regarding the sample collection site in the metacarpal bone and little variation between one limb and another. All horses evaluated in this project had some third metacarpal joint surface compromise, but it was still possible to determine morphological characteristics using imaging techniques described above.