Lesão facial grave em um gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) - tratamento com ozonioterapia / Severe facial wound in a white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) - treatment with ozone therapy

Background: Ozone therapy (OT) is a type of treatment that uses ozone gas, which has high oxidizing power. OT has been utilized for various diseases and to accelerate the wound healing process and reduce inflammation. Additionally, OT is a low-cost treatment recommended for patients that can be easily restrained. There are several methods of ozone administration, including topical use through bagging, cupping, or rectal insufflation, in addition to ozonated autohemotherapy. Based on the benefits of OT and the scarcity of reports describing its effects on white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris), we report on the use of ozone in the treatment of a severe facial wound in a white-eared opossum. Case: An adult female white-eared opossum weighing 1.6 kg was rescued from a fire. The patient was pregnant, dehydrated, hypothermic and had an extensive burn wound in the facial region. Due to the stress of captivity and its aggressive behavior, the animal needed to be chemically restrained with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol. Following sedation, the cephalic vein was catheterized and intravenous fluid therapy with ringer lactate was started to treat dehydration. Next, enrofloxacin, meloxicam, and tramadol hydrochloride were administered. Body rewarming was performed with thermal bags. The microbial load of the wound was reduced with chlorhexidine degerming solution followed by washing with saline solution. A thin layer of silver sulfadiazine cream was applied to the wound area. Over the following days the patient was treated with OT using the cupping technique combined with ozonated sunflower oil. After the first applications there was an improvement in the appearance of the wound, which initially had a purulent aspect. After 20 days of treatment the wound showed good granulation and there were no signs of infection, and at 45 days of treatment it was completely healed. The patient was then released with her baby. Discussion: Ozone therapy was included in the patient's treatment plan to enhance the tissue repair process in order to reintroduce the animal to the wild in the shortest possible time. The strategy was successful in improving healing and reducing tissue inflammation and infection. Ozone is known to cause the inactivation of microorganisms as a result of the oxidation of phospholipids and lipoproteins present in the cell membrane of bacteria and to interrupt viral replication. Ozone helps in the perfusion of injured tissues, contributing to the entry of humoral components, which control inflammation. Moreover, ozone contributes to increase supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and to stimulate increased production of fibrinogen and formation of granulation tissue. Ozone increases the enzymatic antioxidant response, while also playing a role in immunoregulation. Ozone can be used in several ways and via various methods with potential routes including intravenous, urethral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intra-articular, in addition to rectal and intramammary insufflation. Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiseptic effects can be achieved with different doses and concentrations, which enables its application in different types of pathologies. Because of the aggressive behavior of the animal, in the current case we opted for the cupping technique combined with ozonated oil, both techniques which can be administered easily with only physical restraint of the patient. Cupping allows for the provision of a higher concentration of ozone gas locally whereas the ozonated oil maintains the effect of the gas for slightly longer, enhancing its effect and promoting tissue repair. The present report showed that OT is an effective alternative for the treatment of burn wounds in opossums, without causing adverse effects to the patient or her baby.

Pilomatricoma benigno em cão da raça Shih-Tzu / Benign pilomatricoma in a Shih-Tzu dog

Background: Pilomatricomas are neoplasms of hair follicles, located in the hair bulb, and the incidence is uncommon in the clinical-surgical clinical routine of dogs and cats. It commonly affects adult animals, with no predisposition to sex or race, and is mainly located in the neck, back, and tail region. The diagnosis is made by histopathological examination, where cells are observed in which their nucleus does not stain with hematoxylin and eosin - empty nucleus. The present work aimed to report a case of benign pilomatricoma since it is a rare condition in dogs and cats and, consequently, there is little information in the literature. Case: A 6-year-old male Shih-Tzu dog, not submitted to surgical contraception, weighing 6.9 kg, was treated at the Veterinary School Hospital (HVE) of the North Parana State University (UENP), Bandeirantes, PR, Brazil, with a history of nodules in the tail region, lasting 6 months. On physical examination, no changes were identified in the patient's physiological parameters. However, the presence of neoformations in the distal and medial region of the tail, similar to a nail, adherent, non-ulcerated and non-alopecic, and absence of pruritus or self-mutilation were identified. Vaccination and deworming were updated. Hematological examination, serum biochemicals (urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin), and abdominal ultrasound showed no changes. According to the clinical and laboratory signs, it was decided to perform an excisional biopsy, using a caudectomy, for subsequent histopathological examination. The specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and sent for histopathological examination. Histological examination was compatible with benign pilomatricoma. Postoperatively, cephalexin, dipyrone, tramadol hydrochloride, and meloxicam were prescribed, surgical wound cleaning, and the use of an Elizabethan collar until the suture was removed. After 10 days of the surgical procedure, the patient was asked to remove the sutures, and no changes were identified regarding the physiological parameters and blood count. Discussion: Pilomatricomas are commonly benign neoplasms arising from the germ cells of the follicular matrix. They present dermal or subdermal forms, with several cystic structures which are surrounded by keratinocytes, similar to the matrix cells of an anagen hair follicle, more keratinized and firmer areas, corroborating the results of the present report. In the ultrasound examination, the presence of intra-abdominal metastases was not identified, which is consistent with the literature, since in this type of neoplasm it is not common to identify foci of intra-abdominal and thoracic metastases. In the present report, immunohistochemistry was not used, even though it is used to differentiate follicular neoplasms from pilomatricomas. However, histopathological examination is considered the best method for the definitive diagnosis of pilomatricomas in dogs. It was concluded that the surgical treatment through excisional biopsy, with safety margins of 2 cm, was effective as a therapeutic method in the case of benign pilomatricoma, and the definitive diagnosis must be made through histopathological examination.

Establishing an anesthetic protocol for refinement of intracerebral inoculation procedure

Mouse inoculation test (MIT) is a technique widely used for rabies diagnosis and must be liable to refinement due to animal welfare. The present study aims to compare five different anesthetic associations to stablish a protocol to improve the MIT procedure suitable for animal welfare and safe for a routine of viral isolation in newly weaned mice (3 weeks of age). 80 Swiss-Webster mice (Mus musculus) - 40 females and 40 males, 3-week-old, weight ranging from 11 to 14 grams ­ were used to conduct all procedures. Five anesthetic associations were tested: KX (Ketamine 100 mg/kg and Xylazine 10 mg/kg), KXA (Ketamine 80 mg/kg, Xylazine 5 mg/kg, and Acepromazine 1 mg/kg), KXT (Ketamine 80 mg/kg, Xylazine 5 mg/kg, and Tramadol 5 mg/kg), KXAT (Ketamine 100 mg/kg, Xylazine 10 mg/kg, Acepromazine 2 mg/kg and Tramadol 5 mg/kg) and ATI (Acepromazine 1 mg/kg + Tramadol 5 mg/kg + Isoflurane 5% - 0.5 L/min for induction and 2.5% - 0.5L/min for maintenance). Injectable anesthesia was administered intraperitoneally. We monitored the respiratory rate and body temperature. Response to anesthesia was evaluated according to the induction, surgical anesthesia, and recovery periods. The KXAT and ATI protocols induced surgical anesthesia, with the ATI protocol being the most appropriate and safe to perform the MIT procedure with 100% efficiency, absence of mortality, and rapid recovery of respiratory rate and temperature in the period after the procedure.

Assessment of general activity and anxiety-like behavior in mice following tramadol and meloxicam administration for managing immediate post-operative pain

After analgesic administration, we evaluated general activity in the Open-Field and anxiety-like behavior in the Elevated Plus Maze of vasectomized mice. We divided C57BL/6J male mice into eight groups: saline, three non-operated control groups treated with 10 mg/kg meloxicam, 20 mg/kg tramadol, or both intraperitoneally, and four vasectomized mice groups treated with the same analgesic protocol as the control groups. One group of vasectomized mice received both treatments and an additional 10 mg/kg lidocaine at the incision site. We conducted the vasectomy via scrotal approach under isoflurane inhalation anesthesia and performed behavioral tests after full anesthesia recovery. Mice treated with meloxicam demonstrated low ambulation, spontaneous activity, and rearing frequency. Mice treated with tramadol showed spontaneous behavior compared with the saline control. Due to behavior changes demonstrated by meloxicam controls, we were unable to identify whether meloxicam provided adequate analgesia. Vasectomized mice treated with tramadol showed general activity behavior similar to their control but displayed significantly less rearing, suggesting that they were under potential signs of pain or discomfort. In conclusion, the Open Field test and the Elevated Plus Maze can usefully pre-evaluate analgesic protocols to identify possible interference caused by adverse drug effects. For future directions, an appropriate regimen of meloxicam and tramadol for enhancing mice welfare post vasectomy should be better investigated.

Infusão contínua de fentanil e cetamina para controle de dor no transcirurgico: relato de caso / Continuous infusion of fentanyl and ketamine for trans-surgical pain control: case report

O paciente da espécie canina, sem raça definida, com 5 anos, deu entrada a clínica veterinária particular apresentando quadro de dor aguda e intensa em cavidade abdominal associada a prostração. Foram realizados exames de sangue, ultrassonografia e radiografia de abdômen, cuja suspeita foi torção parcial do estômago, com esplenomegalia, além de gastrite e enterite. O paciente foi submetido imediatamente ao procedimento cirúrgico para alívio, reposicionamento do órgão e gastropexia. O animal foi medicado previamente com metadona, tramadol e dipirona duas horas antes do ato cirúrgico, portanto não foram utilizadas medicações pré-anestésicas e optou-se pelo propofol e cetamina para a indução anestésica, além da infusão contínua com cetamina e fentanil para se obter a analgesia multimodal. Os parâmetros de dor foram avaliados por meio das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, traçado eletrocardiográfico, pressão arterial sistólica e média, aferição da temperatura retal e coloração de mucosas, a cada 5 minutos. Os mesmos indicaram boa estabilidade hemodinâmica, segurança e analgesia, sem necessidade de alterar as doses estabelecidas durante o procedimento. Pode ser observada também redução do requerimento de isoflurano para manutenção do plano cirúrgico. O paciente acordou sem sinais de dor no pós-operatório imediato evitando estresse sistêmico, o que conferiu o bom resultado do protocolo analgésico instituído.

The patient (Caramel) canine, mixed breed, approximately 5 years old, weighing 26kg was seen at the Ame Vet veterinary clinic, with severe abdominal pain, apathy, anorexia, prostration. Blood tests, abdominal ultrasound and abdominal x-ray were performed according to the tests a suspicion of partial torsion of the stomach and splenomegaly with right displacement, in addition to gastritis and enteritis. It was decided by the clinic and surgeon to perform laparotomy and prophylactic gastropexy. The animal was previously medicated by the clinic that treated the animal for analgesia with methadone, tramadol and dipyrone two hours before the beginning of the surgical procedure, therefore, pre-anesthetic medications, anesthetic induction with propofol, and ketamine were not used, aiming to perform analgesia. Multimodal with continuous infusion of ketamine and fentanyl, that is, more than one different mechanism of action, acting synergistically and reducing dose-dependent adverse effects and monitoring hemostasis and patient parameters, presenting its efficacy and safety in intraoperative pain control. The parameters addressed were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), electrocardiographic tracing, Spo2, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), temperature and mucosal color, evaluated every 5 minutes. The parameters evaluated indicated good hemodynamic stability, safety and analgesia, with no need to change the doses established during the procedure. A reduction in the requirement of isoflurane to maintain the surgical plan can also be observed. The patient woke up without signs of pain in the immediate postoperative period, thus avoiding systemic stress. which conferred the good result of the analgesic protocol instituted.

Toxic systemic reaction after bee stings in a bitch

Background: Bee sting poisonings are common in dogs, and toxic systemic presentation may represent a life-threatening condition. Apis mellifera venom is a complex mixture of melitin, apamine, phospholipase, hyaluronidase and degranulating peptides, that causes local injury at the site of inoculation and multiple organ complications, including hemolysis, kidney injury, muscular damage, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. The present work reports a complete and detailed description of a dog's systemic toxic reaction to bee stings, including history, clinical signs, laboratory findings, emergency care and development, as well as possible association with later immunomediated arthritis. Case: A 6-year-old female German Shepperd suffered multiple bee stings. First care was conducted by a veterinary at the site, where he only received promethazine, meloxicam and dexamethasone. After 24 h and significant progression of symptoms, the animal was forwarded to a specialized veterinary hospital. The patient was evaluated throughout 9 days, and presented intense edema, respiratory distress, tongue necrosis and grade II of acute kidney injury. Extensive laboratory exams were conducted throughout the hospitalization. Main laboratory findings included polycythemia, leukocytosis by neutrophilia and monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and azotemia. Urinalysis evidenced turbid aspect, dark yellow color and intense proteinuria, reinforcing kidney damage. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified blood clots in the bladder, and liver with reduced echogenicity and echotexture, suggesting acute inflammation. Therapy aimed to stabilize the patient, control kidney damage and avoid anaphylaxis. Treatment included intensive care support, promethazine, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, dipyrone, methadone, metronidazole, ampicillin, clindamycin and tramadol. Following successful treatment, the animal presented immunomediated polyarthritis, possibly associated to both the poisoning and later diagnosed hemoparasitosis (both Erlichia and Babesia). Discussion: Massive bee attacks can cause severe complications, however, data regarding emergency care records are scarce. Based on clinical signs and laboratory findings, the patient presented toxic systemic reaction, including grade II of acute kidney injury and significant cardiorespiratory distress. Another important complication was tongue necrosis, that demanded attention and special supportive care, including feeding tube and specific feed. Treatment also focused in reducing edema and control possible anaphylaxis, providing analgesia and antibiotic therapy. Laboratory findings have been previously described, with evidence of immune-mediated reaction. Follow-up consultations revealed normal parameters, and an unusual presentation of claudication. Investigation concluded that polyarthritis could be responsible for such finding and may be a result of the deposition of immunomediated complexes in the joints, due in this case to the bee poisoning and later positive diagnosis for both Erlichia and Babesia. Systemic reactions to bee stings are complex, and full clinical and laboratory profile aid in both the prognosis and treatment options. Special attention must be given to tongue damage and supportive care is essential for maintaining feeding conditions. Arthritis should be considered as possible complication, reinforcing the importance of follow-up consultations.

Canine mast cell tumour lomustine's sensitization by tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may sensitize neoplasms to conventional antineoplastic agents, however such studies are scarse in the veterinary literature and there is no in vivo study about this subject. Although the literature recommend consensual about the use of masitinib for unresectable or metastatic MCTs, the potential of tumour sensitization to chemotherapeutic agents exerted by the drug is poorly explored in veterinary medicine. The objective of this paper was to report, for the first time, the sensitization of 2 canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) to lomustine, with the use of 2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors: masitinib and toceranib. Cases: Two dogs were referred due tumour recurrence in the left pelvic limb (dog 1), and unilateral mass in the right nasal mucocutaneous region (dog 2). The first case was a 8-year-old female Pinscher, and the second case refers to a 8-year-old male mixed-breed dog. Fine needle aspiration of both lesions was performed, and the cytological analysis were compatible with high grade canine MCT. In the first case, it was started a chemotherapeutic treatment with intravenous vinblastine (2 mg/m² ), associated with prednisolone (40 mg/m2 , every 24 h for 7 days), followed by 25 mg/m2 every 24 h, for more 30 days, tramadol (4 mg/kg every 8 h, until new recommendations) and gabapentin (3 mg/kg every 12 h, until new recommendations). However, there was no objective response, and vinblastine was substituted by lomustine (60 mg/m2 every 21 days), however there was also no response after 2 doses. After masitinib importation, the same was started at 12.5 mg/kg orally every 24 h, but there was also no objective response. However, after new lomustine administration the lesion showed complete remission. The second dog initiated its treatment with toceranib, recently licensed in Brazil, at a dosage of 2.7 mg/kg every 48 h, and after 30 days, there was partial remission. However, the remaining lesion still deemed unresectable, and systemic chemotherapy with lomustine (50 mg/m2 ) was initiated along with continuous toceranib. After 3 weeks of the first chemotherapy complete remission was noted and a second dose was administered. Once the patient remained in complete clinical remission, only toceranib was maintained at the same dose. After 11 months using the toceranib, there was sign of disease recurrence and lomustine was re-initiated resulting in complete remission. Discussion: The TKIs masitinib and toceranib might be considered the first-line therapy for unresectable and/or metastatic canine MCT, but also for those cases with confirmed internal tandem duplications in the exon 11 of the c-KIT protooncogene. Masitinib appears to be more selective than others TKI, such as toceranib, imatinib, dasatinib and sunitinib, because it causes weak inhibition of BCR/ABL (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson), Fms (macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor), Flt-3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3) and VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor), which may partially explains its increased safety and lower risk of cardiotoxicity. In the first case, the animal has been treated with lomustine associated to masitinib and showed a progression-free interval of 33 days, however, the response reported may have been lower, due previously exposition to chemotherapeutic agents, which might compromise the response to TKI. The second case, with the association of lomustine and toceranib, was followed up for 365 days, presenting only one recurrence in the final third of the follow-up, however, with subsequent new complete remission. Sensitization of canine MCT to lomustine with TKIs increases the therapeutic possibilities for this neoplasm, mainly in patients with advanced stage and high-grade tumours.

Skin burn by termal nattress - a therapeutic approach

Background: Burns are caused by a direct or indirect action of heat on an organism, compromising the functional integrityof the skin. Hypothermia is a common intercurrence in animals during the transoperative period; thermal mattresses areused to maintain the animal’s body temperature, but inappropriate use can cause the patient’s skin to burn. In humans, burnsare quite common; however, in veterinary medicine, they are infrequent. The aim of this study was to describe a case ofaccidental burn in a canine caused by a thermal mattress, emphasizing wound treatment and analgesia used.Case: A 12-year-old male canine without defined breed weighing 15 kg underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomydue to rupture of a spleen mass and presented with intercurrence hypothermia during the anesthesia procedure, which wascontrolled using a thermal mattress. Ten days after the surgical procedure, he developed a skin lesion with erythema, suffusion, and necrosis, evolving skin displacement along the entire back with a lot of pain which was possibly caused by theuse of a thermal mattress in the transoperative procedure. The intuited analgesic treatment involved the use of numerousand different drugs, including Methadone (0.3 mg/kg, QID, SC), Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, IV), and Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg,TID, SC) (during hospitalization), as well as Tramadol (4 mg/kg, TID, PO) and Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, PO) after medicalrelease as support therapy. For the wound treatment, calcium alginate was initially used daily and subsequently changedfor daily application of dermisana oil. The patient followed up weekly for approximately two months for wound monitoring as well as adjustments to the drug therapy. The would almost completely healed, but the patient showed a significantworsening in the general clinical condition correlated with the neoplasm that he had, and the owner and clinical staff ofthe veterinary hospital opted for euthanasia...

Skin burn by termal nattress - a therapeutic approach

Background: Burns are caused by a direct or indirect action of heat on an organism, compromising the functional integrityof the skin. Hypothermia is a common intercurrence in animals during the transoperative period; thermal mattresses areused to maintain the animals body temperature, but inappropriate use can cause the patients skin to burn. In humans, burnsare quite common; however, in veterinary medicine, they are infrequent. The aim of this study was to describe a case ofaccidental burn in a canine caused by a thermal mattress, emphasizing wound treatment and analgesia used.Case: A 12-year-old male canine without defined breed weighing 15 kg underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomydue to rupture of a spleen mass and presented with intercurrence hypothermia during the anesthesia procedure, which wascontrolled using a thermal mattress. Ten days after the surgical procedure, he developed a skin lesion with erythema, suffusion, and necrosis, evolving skin displacement along the entire back with a lot of pain which was possibly caused by theuse of a thermal mattress in the transoperative procedure. The intuited analgesic treatment involved the use of numerousand different drugs, including Methadone (0.3 mg/kg, QID, SC), Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, IV), and Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg,TID, SC) (during hospitalization), as well as Tramadol (4 mg/kg, TID, PO) and Dipyrone (25 mg/kg, TID, PO) after medicalrelease as support therapy. For the wound treatment, calcium alginate was initially used daily and subsequently changedfor daily application of dermisana oil. The patient followed up weekly for approximately two months for wound monitoring as well as adjustments to the drug therapy. The would almost completely healed, but the patient showed a significantworsening in the general clinical condition correlated with the neoplasm that he had, and the owner and clinical staff ofthe veterinary hospital opted for euthanasia...(AU)

Poisoning in domestic cats in Brazil: toxicants, clinical signs, and therapeutic approaches / [Intoxicação em gatos domésticos no Brasil: toxicantes, sinais clínicos e abordagens terapêuticas]

This study evaluated the most common toxic agents affecting domestic cats, the clinical signs of toxicity, and the therapeutic approaches for recovery. A survey on poisoning in cats was conducted among small animal veterinary practitioners from 2017 to 2018. Of the 748 completed questionnaires, 543 (72.6%) were evaluated. Pesticides and household cleaning supplies were the most common causes of poisoning in cats. The toxicant groups included pesticides and household cleaning supplies (organophosphates), human drugs (acetaminophen), plants/plant derivatives (lily), and veterinary drugs (tramadol). The major clinical signs for these four groups of toxicants were (1) acetaminophen poisoning, which caused oxidative erythrocyte damage; (2) muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic syndrome, which resulted from organophosphate poisoning; (3) acute kidney injury, which resulted from intoxication of lily; and (4) serotonin syndrome, which resulted from tramadol toxicosis. Interventions for treating poisoning in cats were based on the clinical presentation of animals. In the present study, the significant toxins identified to be dangerous for cats were characterized using the obtained data in Brazil as well as the main associated clinical signs and therapy recommended by veterinarians.(AU)

Objetiva-se com este trabalho caracterizar os principais toxicantes para gatos domésticos, bem como os prevalentes sinais clínicos e a terapêutica associada. Uma pesquisa sobre envenenamento em gatos foi realizada entre médicos veterinários no período de 2017 a 2018. Dos 748 questionários preenchidos, 543 (72,6%) foram avaliados. Pesticidas e domissanitários foram os principais causadores de intoxicação em gatos. Entre os grupos tóxicos, destacaram-se, na categoria pesticidas e domissanitários (organofosforados), medicamentos humanos (acetaminofeno), plantas e derivados de planta (lírio) e medicamentos veterinários (tramadol). Os principais sinais clínicos para os quatro grupos de substâncias tóxicas foram: (1) intoxicação por acetaminofeno, que causou dano eritrocitário oxidativo; (2) síndrome colinérgica muscarínica e nicotínica, resultante do envenenamento por organofosforado; (3) lesão renal aguda, causada pela intoxicação por lírio; e (4) síndrome serotoninérgica, resultante da exposição ao tramadol. As intervenções realizadas para o tratamento dos envenenamentos foram justificáveis mediante a apresentação clínica dos animais. Por meio dos dados obtidos, puderam-se caracterizar os principais tóxicos para gatos no Brasil, bem como os principais sinais clínicos associados e a terapêutica preconizada pelos médicos veterinários.(AU)

Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane and pre-medicated with isolated acepromazine or in combination with tramadol / [Pressão intraocular e diâmetro pupilar em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com tramadol]

The objective of this study was to determine changes on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane, and premedicated with acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol. Thirty cats were allocated in two groups (n=15/each) and were treated with acepromazine (AG) or acepromazine/tramadol (ATG). PD and IOP were assessed before and following 30 (PM1), and 40 minutes (PM2) of treatments. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, and IOP and DP were recorded (A10) at 10 minute intervals until the end of anesthesia (A40). IOP decreased in AG and ATG, when comparing baseline with PM1. IOP decreased only in AG, in comparisons between baseline and PM2. During anesthesia, IOP did not change within and between groups. Comparisons between baseline with those recorded at PM1 and 2 showed that PD increased in the ATG. During anesthesia, PD decreased significantly in AG and ATG. Both protocols maintained the IOP within the reference range to perform corneal or intraocular surgery in healthy cats but did not sustain pre-anesthetic pupil dilation observed in ATG.(AU)

O objetivo do presente artigo é determinar possíveis alterações na pressão intraocular (PIO) e no diâmetro pupilar (DP) em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com acepromazina/tramadol. Trinta gatos saudáveis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=15/cada) e tratados com acepromazina (GA) ou acepromazina/tramadol (GAT). DP e PIO foram avaliadas antes (basal) e após 30 (PM1) e 40 minutos (PM2) dos tratamentos. A anestesia foi induzida com propofol, e a PIO e o DP foram registrados (A10) a cada 10 minutos até o final da anestesia com isoflurano (A40). Ao se compararem os valores obtidos no basal com PM1, a PIO diminuiu em GA e GAT; com PM2, a PIO reduziu apenas no GA. Durante a anestesia, a PIO não diferiu dentro e entre os grupos. Comparações entre os valores basais e os registrados em PM1 e em PM2 mostraram que a DP aumentou significativamente no GAT. Durante a anestesia, o DP diminuiu significativamente em GA e GAT. Ambos os protocolos mantêm a PIO dentro dos valores de referência para realizar cirurgias corneanas ou intraoculares em gatos saudáveis, mas não sustentam a dilatação pupilar pré-anestésica observada em GAT.(AU)

Mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia in a male cat

Background: Feline mammary hyperplasia (FMH) is a benign disease that commonly affects young females, once it iscaused by the exaggerated stimulation of endogenous or exogenous progestogen. FMH leads to acute edema and inflammation of the mammary glands and frequently evolve to ulcerations, secondary infections, and systemic clinical signs.Even though it is rare in male cats, progesterone therapy or an unknown endogenous source of hormone can cause thedisease. This report aims to describe a case of FMH in a male feline with no history of hormonal treatment and treatedwith radical surgical resection.Case: A 7-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was presented due to acute onset of generalized mammary tumorswhich had progressed for 18 days. Tumors size had 5 cm large in diameter, symmetric, bilateral, and affected all mammaryglands. The tissue was firm, hyperemic, and ulcerated. FMH was initially suspected but with a differential diagnosis formammary adenocarcinoma. Except for pain on tumor palpation, there was no other clinical abnormality. Survey thoracicradiographs and abdominal ultrasound did not find signs of metastasis or hermaphroditism. Fine-needle aspirate biopsy andfurther cytological examination were inconclusive. Surgical resection through a single-stage bilateral total mastectomy andreconstruction using a left flank fold flap was elected. There were no intraoperative complications and the cat recoveredwell, with good healing and no clinical signs 21 days after the surgery. Histological examination of the mammary glandsconfirmed the diagnosis of FMH due to the non-neoplastic characteristics and tissue’s benign biological behavior. Elevenmonths after diagnosis, the cat was asymptomatic.Discussion: The FMH frequently affects young females and is associated with gestational periods, the end of the estrouscycle, and, most commonly, hormonal therapy with synthetic progesterone. Male cats are rarely affected with or...

Mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia in a male cat

Background: Feline mammary hyperplasia (FMH) is a benign disease that commonly affects young females, once it iscaused by the exaggerated stimulation of endogenous or exogenous progestogen. FMH leads to acute edema and inflammation of the mammary glands and frequently evolve to ulcerations, secondary infections, and systemic clinical signs.Even though it is rare in male cats, progesterone therapy or an unknown endogenous source of hormone can cause thedisease. This report aims to describe a case of FMH in a male feline with no history of hormonal treatment and treatedwith radical surgical resection.Case: A 7-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was presented due to acute onset of generalized mammary tumorswhich had progressed for 18 days. Tumors size had 5 cm large in diameter, symmetric, bilateral, and affected all mammaryglands. The tissue was firm, hyperemic, and ulcerated. FMH was initially suspected but with a differential diagnosis formammary adenocarcinoma. Except for pain on tumor palpation, there was no other clinical abnormality. Survey thoracicradiographs and abdominal ultrasound did not find signs of metastasis or hermaphroditism. Fine-needle aspirate biopsy andfurther cytological examination were inconclusive. Surgical resection through a single-stage bilateral total mastectomy andreconstruction using a left flank fold flap was elected. There were no intraoperative complications and the cat recoveredwell, with good healing and no clinical signs 21 days after the surgery. Histological examination of the mammary glandsconfirmed the diagnosis of FMH due to the non-neoplastic characteristics and tissues benign biological behavior. Elevenmonths after diagnosis, the cat was asymptomatic.Discussion: The FMH frequently affects young females and is associated with gestational periods, the end of the estrouscycle, and, most commonly, hormonal therapy with synthetic progesterone. Male cats are rarely affected with or...(AU)

Meta-analysis of the therapeutic use of dipyrone in dogs: pharmacological effects and clinical safety / Meta-análise do uso terapêutico da dipirona em cães: efeitos farmacológicos e segurança clínica

Dipyrone (metamizole) is well-known for its powerful effect with central and peripheral activity. This meta-analysis involved articles published between 1973 and 2021, revealing that Brazil is the country which most published scientific articles relating the use of dipyrone in dogs, and this drug is widely recommended as an analgesic to control pain in cases of postoperative and cancer. Dipyrone is one of the favorite drugs used in small animal clinic in Brazil, and 12 commercial brands are available to use in dogs at doses among 25 to 50mg/kg for oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration. The effects of dipyrone may be potentiated when used in combination with other analgesic agents such as tramadol. In several studies, the occurrence of vomiting has been observed as an adverse effect, especially when the drug is used during surgical procedures, but metamizole has presented a low potential to cause gastric ulceration. The meta-analysis study of the use of dipyrone in dogs shows the clinical importance of this drug in Brazil, being an effective and safe medication, as long as it is used in the indicated dose of 25 mg/kg.

A dipirona (metamizol) é bem conhecida por seu poderoso efeito com atividade central e periférica. Esta meta-nálise envolveu estudos publicados entre os anos de 1973 a 2021, revelando que o Brasil é o país que mais publicou artigos científicos envolvendo o uso de dipirona em cães, sendo este fármaco amplamente recomendado como analgésico para controlar a dor em casos de câncer e dor pós-operatória. É um dos medicamentos preferidos da clínica médica de pequenos animais no Brasil. 12 marcas comerciais estão disponíveis para uso em cães em doses que variam de 25 a 50g para administração oral, intravenosa e intramuscular. Os efeitos da dipirona podem ser potencializados quando usada em combinação com outros analgésicos, como o tramadol. Em vários estudos, a ocorrência de vômito tem sido observada como efeito adverso, principalmente quando o medicamento é usado durante procedimentos cirúrgicos, mas tem baixo potencial para causar ulceração gástrica. O estudo de meta-análise do uso de dipirona em cães evidencia a importância do uso clínico deste fármaco no Brasil, sendo um medicamento eficaz e seguro para cães, desde que utilizada na dose indicada de 25 mg / kg.

Meta-analysis of the therapeutic use of dipyrone in dogs: pharmacological effects and clinical safety / Meta-análise do uso terapêutico da dipirona em cães: efeitos farmacológicos e segurança clínica

Dipyrone (metamizole) is well-known for its powerful effect with central and peripheral activity. This meta-analysis involved articles published between 1973 and 2021, revealing that Brazil is the country which most published scientific articles relating the use of dipyrone in dogs, and this drug is widely recommended as an analgesic to control pain in cases of postoperative and cancer. Dipyrone is one of the favorite drugs used in small animal clinic in Brazil, and 12 commercial brands are available to use in dogs at doses among 25 to 50mg/kg for oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration. The effects of dipyrone may be potentiated when used in combination with other analgesic agents such as tramadol. In several studies, the occurrence of vomiting has been observed as an adverse effect, especially when the drug is used during surgical procedures, but metamizole has presented a low potential to cause gastric ulceration. The meta-analysis study of the use of dipyrone in dogs shows the clinical importance of this drug in Brazil, being an effective and safe medication, as long as it is used in the indicated dose of 25 mg/kg.(AU)

A dipirona (metamizol) é bem conhecida por seu poderoso efeito com atividade central e periférica. Esta meta-nálise envolveu estudos publicados entre os anos de 1973 a 2021, revelando que o Brasil é o país que mais publicou artigos científicos envolvendo o uso de dipirona em cães, sendo este fármaco amplamente recomendado como analgésico para controlar a dor em casos de câncer e dor pós-operatória. É um dos medicamentos preferidos da clínica médica de pequenos animais no Brasil. 12 marcas comerciais estão disponíveis para uso em cães em doses que variam de 25 a 50g para administração oral, intravenosa e intramuscular. Os efeitos da dipirona podem ser potencializados quando usada em combinação com outros analgésicos, como o tramadol. Em vários estudos, a ocorrência de vômito tem sido observada como efeito adverso, principalmente quando o medicamento é usado durante procedimentos cirúrgicos, mas tem baixo potencial para causar ulceração gástrica. O estudo de meta-análise do uso de dipirona em cães evidencia a importância do uso clínico deste fármaco no Brasil, sendo um medicamento eficaz e seguro para cães, desde que utilizada na dose indicada de 25 mg / kg.(AU)

Anemia hemolítica imunomediada medicamentosa em uma cadela / Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a bitch triggered by drugs

Background: Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is characterized by an autoimmune response with production of auto-antibodies and destruction of erythrocytes resulting in anemia. Primary IMHA is referred to a condition when the cause is unknown (idiopathic), whereas secondary IMHA involves changes in red blood cells caused by the action of drugs, neoplasms, or infectious diseases. The diagnosis can be made through changes in the blood count, usually of a regenerative character, Coombs test, and autoagglutination test. The present study aimed to report a case of drug-induced hemolytic anemia, with emphasis on the clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment, in a female dog. Case: A 9-year-old mixed-breed bitch weighing 29.6 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HCVUFRGS) with a previous diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele that was unresponsive to clinical treatment. After laboratory tests, cholecystectomy was performed, and the procedure required conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Therapy included administration of amoxicillin, dipyrone, tramadol hydrochloride, and meloxicam. Three days after surgery, the dog presented with apathy, lethargy, hyporexia, and a pale and subicteric mucosa. The patient developed hypochromic macrocytic anemia with reticulocytosis, spherocytosis, anisocytosis, and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. The result of the autoagglutination test was positive, confirming the diagnosis. All medications were suspended, and immunosuppressive treatment with dexamethasone was included, with a subsequent switch to prednisolone. After 10 days of treatment, the patient experienced significant improvement, and therapy was discontinued. Discussion: Based on the patient's history, the cause of the IMHA was secondary to drug administration, and it is not possible to distinguish if it was due to one or a combination of drugs, as they were all started and stopped simultaneously. The patient had hypothyroidism, which may have contributed to the production of antibodies against TSH receptors, blocking the hormone's action, thereby causing tissue damage due to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the effect of cytokines. The pale and subicteric mucosa, apathy, weakness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, and dyspnea resulted from extravascular hemolysis and bilirubin released from erythrocyte rupture with a subsequent decrease in the number of red blood cells, leading to oxygen transport deficiency. The diagnosis is based on the blood count and results of autoagglutination supported by the response to immunosuppressive therapy. Anemia results in increased production and release of precursor cells from the bone marrow, accompanied by reticulocytosis and increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The treatment of IMHA consists of supportive care and immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids to ensure suppression of the immune system, preventing response against erythrocytes. Initially, tramadol hydrochloride, dipyrone, and amoxicillin with potassium clavulanate were suspended to interrupt the cause of IMHA, and administration of dexamethasone in an immunosuppressive dose was started. Therefore, it is important to include drug-induced IMHA in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with anemia after using medications. Early diagnosis, initiation of therapy, and adequate care were important factors for the recovery of the animal.

Linfadenite caseosa intestinal em ovino / Intestinal caseous lymphadenitis in sheep

Background: Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacteriumpseudotuberculosis, which is considered the main agent responsible for abscess lesions. In the visceral form it can affect theinternal organs of sheep and goats, which could negatively affect animal health and cause large economic losses for producers.Case: This study aims to report a case of intestinal CL in sheep, with suspected diagnosis during physical examinationand identification during the performance of the oophorectomy procedure, adopted as a management approach. It is amixed breed sheep, aged over 5 years; weight 28 kg; emaciated on physical examination; with pale pink and moist eyelidmucosa; heart and respiratory rate: 81 beats/min and 22 movements/min, respectively; body temperature 39.2°C; ruminalmovements at 1 movement/min; without identification of lymphadenomegaly on palpation, however, it was observed thatthe right submandibular lymph node presented tissue retraction compatible with the healing process. For the surgical procedure, an 18-h fast was used and pre-anesthetic medication with 2% xylazine (0.1 mg/kg), 10% ketamine (5 mg/kg) and50 mg/mL tramadol (2 mg/kg) administrated intramuscularly. The animal was placed in the left lateral decubitus position,then was performed trichotomy and epidural administration of 2% lidocaine (4 mg/kg) and maintenance with propofol10 mg/mL intravenous dose-effect and oxygen mask 3 L/min, antibiotic prophylaxis was performed with 10% enrofloxacin(2.5 mg/kg). Flank oophorectomy was performed according to the classic technique and during...

Linfadenite caseosa intestinal em ovino / Intestinal caseous lymphadenitis in sheep

Background: Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacteriumpseudotuberculosis, which is considered the main agent responsible for abscess lesions. In the visceral form it can affect theinternal organs of sheep and goats, which could negatively affect animal health and cause large economic losses for producers.Case: This study aims to report a case of intestinal CL in sheep, with suspected diagnosis during physical examinationand identification during the performance of the oophorectomy procedure, adopted as a management approach. It is amixed breed sheep, aged over 5 years; weight 28 kg; emaciated on physical examination; with pale pink and moist eyelidmucosa; heart and respiratory rate: 81 beats/min and 22 movements/min, respectively; body temperature 39.2°C; ruminalmovements at 1 movement/min; without identification of lymphadenomegaly on palpation, however, it was observed thatthe right submandibular lymph node presented tissue retraction compatible with the healing process. For the surgical procedure, an 18-h fast was used and pre-anesthetic medication with 2% xylazine (0.1 mg/kg), 10% ketamine (5 mg/kg) and50 mg/mL tramadol (2 mg/kg) administrated intramuscularly. The animal was placed in the left lateral decubitus position,then was performed trichotomy and epidural administration of 2% lidocaine (4 mg/kg) and maintenance with propofol10 mg/mL intravenous dose-effect and oxygen mask 3 L/min, antibiotic prophylaxis was performed with 10% enrofloxacin(2.5 mg/kg). Flank oophorectomy was performed according to the classic technique and during...(AU)

Endosurgery approach in a dog with thoracoabdominal injury

Background: Chest trauma is one of the main thoracic injuries in dogs and cats, reaching a high morbidity and mortality. The tissue damage, in thoracic trauma, can be underappreciated by visual exam and traditional radiography. The thoracoscopy can provide information for a precise definitive diagnosis, by this technique bleeding or air leakage can be identified and corrected immediately and the diaphragm can be completely evaluated. The aim of this work was to describe the thoracoscopic approach in a case of diaphragmatic perforation caused by penetrating trauma in a dog. Case: A 6-year-old male dog mixed-breed dog, weighing 14 kg with thorax perforation was presented to the Veterinary Hospital. Clinical examination of the animal revealed the following: pale mucous membranes, moderate dyspnea, open pneumothorax, abdominal distension, heart rate of 108 beats per minute and respiratory rate of 64 breaths per minute. Physical examination confirmed a 3 cm perforation hemorrhagic lesion in the left ninth intercostal space. As an emergency treatment, oxygen therapy, tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® 2%, 4 mg/kg, i.v, TID], tranexamic acid [Transamin® 25 mg/kg, i.v, TID], ceftriaxone [Rocefin® 50 mg/kg, i.v, BID] and fluid therapy with lactated Ringer's solution were administered. The hair was removed, and then, wound cleaning and obliteration of the wall injury with sterile gauze was performed. After the emergency stabilization, the animal was anesthetized, followed by preventive thoracocentesis by an approach close to thoracic perforation and thoracoscopy without pneumoperitonea through this thoracic perforation with 0-degree rigid endoscope. About 100 mL of blood and air was drained and diagnosed perforation in the diaphragm and pulmonary atelectasis in the caudal and left cranial lobes. the edges of the incisional wound were debrided, and the closure of thoracic incision was performed usual way. After that, the air was removed by a catheter and syringe system. A flexible plastic tube was inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space for drainage every 2 h for 24 h. There were no intercurrences during the first 24 h after the surgical procedure. The patient was discharged 48 h after the surgery. Cephalexin [75 mg, 30 mg/kg, v.o, TID, during 5 days), Ketoprofen [20 mg, 2 mg/kg, v.o, SID, during 5 days], Tramadol Hydrochloride [50 mg, 4 mg/kg, v.o, SID, during 2 days] and Rifamycin spray at the wound site was prescribed. Ten days after surgery, the patient returned to the hospital for suture removal and reassessment. Discussion: The prognosis of chest perforation depends on the severity and number of internal and external thoracic lesions, as well as cardiovascular status at the time of initial patient care. In cases of penetrating chest trauma, it is essential to thoroughly examine the thoracic cavity for bleeding, tissue tears, and diaphragm perforation. The use of the endoscope allowed for a more detailed exploration of the chest without the need to increase the incision. When the diaphragm lesion was found, it was also possible to perform the abdominal examination by videoendoscopy, through this perforation. Laparotomy and thoracotomy cause postoperative pain and discomfort, in addition to increasing recovery time, however, even with trauma, not performing a larger incision favored the recovery of this patient, without any intercurrence in the first 24 h after the procedure. In conclusion, the endoscopic approach was efficient for diagnosis, avoiding greater trauma and contributing to a better clinical recovery of the patient.

Modified eye evisceration in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba)

Background: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. The left eye was normal. Removal of the right eye was recommended and a modified eye evisceration was performed. No complications were observed during or after surgery. The objective of this paper is to describe the modified eye evisceration technique that was successfully used in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba). Case: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. Two previous surgical treatments have been carried out but have not been successful. Using a portable slit-lamp (Kowa SL-15®), both eyes were examined. The left eye was normal. Upon ophthalmic examination of the right eye, the owl demonstrated blepharospasm and large central corneal ulcer. Removal of the right eye was recommended. The bird received midazolam hydrochloride [Dormire® - 1 mg/kg, IM] and ketamine hydrochloride [Ketamina® - 5 mg/kg IM] as pre-anesthetic medications. Subsequently, the bird was anesthetized with isoflurane (Isoforine®) by facemask for induction, and then maintained with isoflurane vaporized in 100% oxygen through an endotracheal tube. With the aid of a surgical microscope and microsurgery materials, a modified eye evisceration was performed. Post-operatively, the owl received meloxicam [Maxicam® - 0.5 mg/kg, IM] and tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® - 15 mg/kg, orally for 4 days]. The day after surgery, the owl was comfortable and its usual appetite was regained. The patient remained hospitalized for 3 weeks and was evaluated daily. The skin sutures were removed 10 days after the surgical procedure and the surgical wound had healed normally. The patient was reintroduced into the wild after 2 months. During the 6 months post-release, the bird was evaluated once a month, and no complications were observed. Discussion: Severe eye trauma and complicated corneal ulcers are common causes of eyeball removal in birds. In birds, there is a high risk of complications during enucleation. The fragility of the orbital bones makes them susceptible to trauma during the surgery. Evisceration involves the removal of the inner contents of the eye while leaving the cornea and the sclera intact. In the current case, evisceration was chosen because the eye was blind, and maintaining a blind eye would be a source of pain and infection. In the modified evisceration technique, the risk of complications is minimal compared to enucleation, mainly because surgical manipulation is minimal. In our case, the total surgery time was 20 min. Another complication reported after enucleation in birds is the possibility of disfiguring the bird because the removal of the globe disturbs the natural head balance. To avoid these complications, the use of an intraocular prosthesis after evisceration in birds has been performed. However, owls have a tubular-shaped globe with scleral ossicles. These factors could hinder or even prevent the accommodation of a cylindrical silicone prosthesis. In the present case, an intraocular prosthesis implant was never considered due to the unavailability of the prosthesis and to avoid the risk of postoperative complications that have been reported from the literature in dogs. In this case, the owl recovered well from anesthesia without complications, and no postoperative hemorrhage was observed. No signs of pain were observed during the postoperative period and the owl had already shown an appetite and fed on the first postoperative day. The previously published reports using the modified evisceration technique also demonstrated an absence of pain signs during the postoperative period.(AU)