Hygienic and sanitary characteristics of dry salted fish marketed in Porto Velho city, Rondônia ­ Brazil / Características higiênico-sanitárias de pescado salgado seco comercializado em Porto Velho, Rondônia ­ Brasil

Handcrafted salted fish is marketed weekly in retail markets and public fairs in the Porto Velho city, Rondônia sate, Brazil. Knowing the microbiological quality of these products is essential for public health, given that such products are not subject to any quality control. The aimed of the study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary characteristics and the moisture content of pirarucu and salted and dried shrimp marketed in the Porto Velho city. Twenty samples were collected, 10 pirarucu and 10 shrimp, in February and June 2019. For microbiological analysis, surface plating was performed using acidified potato agar, for molds and yeasts, and PCA agar for halophilic bacterias. Moisture was determined by gravimetry, using an oven at 105° C. Results for molds and yeasts on pirarucu ranged <10 log CFU/g (absent) to 3 log CFU/g. For shrimp, values ranged <10 log CFU/g to 3.57 log CFU/g. For halophilic bacterias, contents ranged <10 log CFU/g to 6.30 log CFU/g in pirarucu samples and <10 log CFU/g to 6.97 log CFU/g in shrimp samples. The variation in moisture content ranged 36.99 to 54.31% for pirarucu, and 40.6 to 56.82% for shrimp. The results obtained may be related to poor hygienic conditions in processing, the lack of hygiene of utensils and places for handling, or even the quality of the raw material used.(AU)

Pescado salgado preparado artesanalmente é semanalmente comercializado em mercados varejistas e feiras públicas na cidade de Porto Velho, Rondônia. Conhecer a qualidade microbiológica desses produtos é essencial para a saúde pública, haja visto, que tais produtos não estão sujeitos a nenhum controle de qualidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as caracterís-ticas higiênico-sanitárias e o teor de umidade de pirarucus e camarões salgados e secos comercializados em Porto Velho. Foram coletadas 20 amostras, 10 de pirarucu e 10 de camarão, em fevereiro e junho de 2019. Para as análises microbiológicas foi realizado o plaqueamento em superfície usando-se ágar batata acidificado, para bolores e leveduras, e ágar PCA para as bacté-rias halofílicas. A umidade foi determinada por gravimetria, com uso de estufa a 105°C. Os resultados para bolores e leveduras em pirarucu variaram de <10 log UFC/g (ausente) a 3 log UFC/g. Para os camarões os valores variaram de <10 log UFC/g a 3,57 log UFC/g. Para as bactérias halofílicas os teores variaram de <10 log UFC/g a 6,30 log UFC/g nas amostras de pirarucu e de <10 log UFC/g a 6,97 log UFC/g nas amostras de camarão. A variação nos teores de umidade foi de 36,99 a 54,31% para o pirarucu, e de 40,6 a 56,82% para o camarão. Os resultados obtidos podem estar relacionados às más condições higiênicas no processamento, à falta de higiene dos utensílios e dos locais de manipulação, ou ainda, à qualidade da matéria-prima empregada.(AU)

Efficiency of trap nests in attracting stingless bees in the central Brazilian Amazon / Eficiência de ninhos-isca na atração de abelhas sem ferrão na Amazônia central brasileira

Obtaining colonies of stingless bees in the wild for the formation or expansion of meliponaries and other purposes is permitted by law in Brazil using bait containers or trap nests, and other non-destructive methods. We tested the efficiency of trap nests made from plastic bottles for attraction and nesting of stingless bees in the central Brazilian Amazon. We used 2-L and 5-L bottles and three types of attractants (cerumen and geopropolis from Melipona seminigra, M. interrupta and a mix of the two). We used 216 trap nests distributed in three experimental areas during 13 months. Visitation by six species of stingless bees in 58 (26.9%) trap nests, and nesting by three species in 12 (5.6%) trap nests in two areas near meliponaries was recorded. There was no significant difference between trap-nest size, nor among attractants for visitation or nesting, suggesting that the availability of cavities or hollows is more important than odor for nesting. Monthly pooled visitation and nesting events were not correlated with monthly rainfall. Based on our results, we can conclude that, despite the low capture rate, the acquisition of swarms through nest traps is a viable alternative to obtain new colonies of stingless bees for meliponaries.(AU)

A obtenção de colônias de abelhas sem ferrão na natureza, para a formação ou ampliação de meliponários e outras finalidades, é permitida por lei no Brasil usando recipientes-isca ou ninho-isca, ou outros métodos não destrutivos. Nós testamos a eficiência do ninho-isca feito de garrafa plástica para atração e nidificação de abelhas sem ferrão na região da Amazônia central brasileira. Foram utilizadas garrafas de 2 L e 5 L e três tipos de atrativos (cerume e geoprópolis de Melipona seminigra, M. interrupta e uma mistura dos dois). Foram utilizados 216 ninhos-isca distribuídos em três áreas experimentais durante 13 meses. Foi registrada a visitação de seis espécies de abelhas sem ferrão em 58 (26,9%) dos ninhos-isca e a nidificação de três espécies em 12 (5,6%) dos ninhos-isca em duas áreas próximas a meliponários. Não houve diferença significativa entre o tamanho do ninho-isca, nem entre os atrativos na visitação ou nidificação, sugerindo que a disponibilidade de cavidades ou ocos é mais importante do que o odor para nidificação. Os dados mensais conjuntos de eventos de visitação e nidificação não foram correlacionados com a precipitação mensal. Baseados nos nossos resultados podemos concluir que, apesar da baixa taxa de captura, a aquisição de enxames por meio de ninho-isca é uma alternativa viável para obtenção de novas colônias de abelhas sem ferrão para meliponários.(AU)

Marine artificial reef (MAR) interference in artisanalfisheries in Brazil: use of traditional knowledge / Interferência do recife artificial marinho (RAM) na pescaartesanal do Brasil: uso de conhecimentos tradicionais

The aim of this study was to describe the traditional knowledge from artisanal fishermen related to marine artificial reef (MAR) ship Victory 8B and to identify possible changes in the fishery area after its installation. We performed single ethnographic interviews (n = 80) through a semistructured questionnaire, using participant observation, visual ethnography, and field diary recordings. All the interviewees were men from 27 to 77 years old, with low education levels and up to 60 years of experience in the fishery artisanal. Most of the interviewees (n = 71; 88.7%) recognize the presence of this MAR in the region and its role as a shelter for marine fauna and an attractor for species with commercial value. Even with fishery prohibition in the vicinity of MAR Victory 8B, most of the interviewees (n = 75; 93.7%) reported the practice in that area. According to the fishermen, the ship installation did not alter area the fishery, but the structure positively changed the activity by attracting more fish, increasing capture and profits. With that, from the perspective of the fishermen perception, MAR Vi-tory 8B fulfilled its role in the enrichment of the fish stock and the conservation of marine biodiversity in the region.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os conhecimentos tradicionais dos pescadores artesanais relacionados ao recife artificial marinho (RAM) navio Victory 8B e identificar possíveis alterações na área de pesca após a sua instalação. Foram realizadas entrevistas etnográficas (n = 80) por meio de ques-tionário semi-estruturado, sendo aplicado o método de observação participante e uso do diário de campo. Todos os entrevistados eram homens com idades entre 27 e 77 anos, com baixa escolaridade e até 60 anos de experiência na pesca artesanal. A maioria dos entrevistados (n = 71; 88,7%) reconhece a presença deste RAM na região, seu papel como abrigo para a fauna marinha e como atrator de espécies com valor comercial. Mesmo com a proibição da pesca nas proximidades do RAM Victory 8B, a maioria dos entrevistados (n = 75; 93,7%) relatou a prática naquela área. Segundo os pescadores, a instalação do navio não alterou a área de pesca, mas a estrutura mudou positivamente a atividade, atraindo mais peixes, aumentando a captura e os lucros. Com isso, na percepção dos pescadores, o RAM Victory 8B cumpriu seu papel no enriquecimento do estoque pesqueiro e na conservação da biodiversidade marinha da região.

Avaliação do perfil de trabalhadores e das condições de trabalho na pesca da Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brasil / Evaluation of workers' profile and work conditions in fishing in Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brazil / Evaluación del perfil de los trabajadores y condiciones de trabajo en la pesca en Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brasil

Considerada uma atividade de risco, a pesca registra um elevado índice de sinistralidades, sendo a maioria não notificada, e pouco treinamento na prevenção de acidentes. Neste sentido, com o objetivo de avaliar o perfil e as condições de trabalho de pescadores da Baía do Sol, Ilha de Mosqueiro, em Belém do Pará, foi efetivado um levantamento por meio de um questionário aplicado em forma de entrevista entre os meses de setembro e novembro de 2017. Com base nos questionários aplicados (n=74), observa-se que a comunidade de pescadores da Baía do Sol não difere de maneira significativa de outras comunidades pesqueiras já estudadas. No entanto, duas características ganharam destaque no perfil dos entrevistados: o nível de escolaridade, bem acima da média para o estado do Pará; e a faixa etária, onde grande parte dos pescadores encontra-se na faixa de idade abaixo dos 40 anos. Por outro lado, devido a condições socioeconômicas, essa comunidade pesqueira e talvez toda a categoria de pescadores artesanais precisa de atenção por parte dos órgãos governamentais, no sentido do desenvolvimento de tecnologias adequadas para EPI's, com distribuição gratuita.(AU)

Fishing is considered one risky activity, with a high accident rate, most of which are not notified, and little training in accident prevention. In order to assess the profile and working conditions of fishermen from Baía do Sol, Mosqueiro Island, in Belém do Pará, a survey was carried out through a questionnaire applied in the form of an interview from September to November 2017. Based on the questionnaires applied (n=74), it is observed that the fishing community of Baía do Sol does not differ significantly from other fishing communities already studied. However, two characteristics gained prominence in the profile of the interviewees: the level of education, well above the average for the state of Pará; and the age group, since most of the fishermen are in the age group below 40 years. On the other hand, due to socioeconomic conditions, this fishing community and perhaps the entire category of artisanal fishermen needs attention from government agencies, in the sense of developing appropriate technologies for PPE's, with free distribution.(AU)

Considerada una actividad de riesgo, la pesca tiene una alta tasa de accidentes, la mayoría de los cuales no se denuncian, y poca formación en prevención de accidentes. En este sentido, con el fin de evaluar el perfil y las condiciones laborales de los pescadores de Baía do Sol, Ilha de Mosqueiro, en Belém do Pará, se realizó una encuesta a través de un cuestionario aplicado en forma de entrevista entre los meses de septiembre. y noviembre de 2017. Con base en los cuestionarios aplicados (n = 74), se observa que la comunidad pesquera de Baía do Sol no difiere significativamente de otras comunidades pesqueras ya estudiadas. Sin embargo, dos características destacaron en el perfil de los entrevistados: el nivel de educación, muy por encima del promedio del estado de Pará; y el grupo de edad, donde la mayoría de los pescadores tienen menos de 40 años. Por otro lado, debido a las condiciones socioeconómicas, esta comunidad pesquera y quizás toda la categoría de pescadores artesanales necesitan la atención de las agencias gubernamentales, en el sentido de desarrollar tecnologías apropiadas para PPE, con distribución gratuita.(AU)

Rise-Up mist-netting (RUM): a mobile protocol for trapping wary territorial birds

Abstract Many bird species avoid traditional traps such as mist nets, thus alternative trapping methods are often needed. The Rufous Hornero (Furnariidae: Furnarius rufus) is one such species that was captured so far using conventional mist netting in rural areas or using nest-targeted traps, which risk nest damage and abandonment. Here we describe the novel rise-up mist-netting (RUM) protocol and its catchability for the wary and territorial Rufous Hornero in an urban area. The RUM trap allowed us quickly capturing 40 Rufous Hornero individuals even in paved parking lots and streets during the birds breeding period. The RUM is an active and targeted protocol that demands a single and quickly trainable field assistant. Therefore, it should also enable the capture of many understudied territorial but wary species. Moreover, it has enough mobility to fit studies in urban areas, and whenever researchers may deal with limited space and, at the same time, should reduce negative visual impacts to the general public of birds capturing and banding procedures.

Rise-Up mist-netting (RUM): a mobile protocol for trapping wary territorial birds

Many bird species avoid traditional traps such as mist nets, thus alternative trapping methods are often needed. The Rufous Hornero (Furnariidae: Furnarius rufus) is one such species that was captured so far using conventional mist netting in rural areas or using nest-targeted traps, which risk nest damage and abandonment. Here we describe the novel rise-up mist-netting (RUM) protocol and its catchability for the wary and territorial Rufous Hornero in an urban area. The RUM trap allowed us quickly capturing 40 Rufous Hornero individuals even in paved parking lots and streets during the bird’s breeding period. The RUM is an active and targeted protocol that demands a single and quickly trainable field assistant. Therefore, it should also enable the capture of many understudied territorial but wary species. Moreover, it has enough mobility to fit studies in urban areas, and whenever researchers may deal with limited space and, at the same time, should reduce negative visual impacts to the general public of birds’ capturing and banding procedures.

Rise-Up mist-netting (RUM): a mobile protocol for trapping wary territorial birds

Many bird species avoid traditional traps such as mist nets, thus alternative trapping methods are often needed. The Rufous Hornero (Furnariidae: Furnarius rufus) is one such species that was captured so far using conventional mist netting in rural areas or using nest-targeted traps, which risk nest damage and abandonment. Here we describe the novel rise-up mist-netting (RUM) protocol and its catchability for the wary and territorial Rufous Hornero in an urban area. The RUM trap allowed us quickly capturing 40 Rufous Hornero individuals even in paved parking lots and streets during the birds breeding period. The RUM is an active and targeted protocol that demands a single and quickly trainable field assistant. Therefore, it should also enable the capture of many understudied territorial but wary species. Moreover, it has enough mobility to fit studies in urban areas, and whenever researchers may deal with limited space and, at the same time, should reduce negative visual impacts to the general public of birds capturing and banding procedures.(AU)

The hard task of a short-tailed mouse opossum (Monodelphis) to prey a harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) / A difícil tarefa de uma cuíca-de-cauda-curta (Monodelphis) para atacar um opilião (Arachnida: Opiliones)

Despite the great diversity of small insectivorous mammals and the use of scent gland secretions as a defense mechanism by harvestmen, there is no observation about the effectiveness of scent glands against predators such as small mammals. We report a remarkable harvestman defense mechanism against a small-mammal attack. When a harvestman and a mouse opossum confronted each other inside a cage, the harvestman knocked out the mouse opossum two sequential times before it could attack the harvestman. Although it is a unique observation and there is no information about its frequency in nature, this report stimulates the study of agonistic behavior between small, cryptic species, which are difficult to observe in the field.(AU)

Apesar da grande diversidade de pequenos mamíferos insetívoros e do uso de secreções odoríferas como mecanismo de defesa por opiliões, não há registros sobre a eficácia das secreções odoríferas contra predadores como os pequenos mamíferos. Relatamos um notável mecanismo de defesa de um opilião contra um ataque de um pequeno mamífero. Quando um opilião e uma cuíca-de-cauda-curta se confrontaram dentro de uma caixa, o opilião nocauteou a cuíca duas vezes consecutivas antes que ela pudesse atacá-lo. Embora seja uma observação única e não haja informações sobre sua frequência na natureza, este registro estimula o estudo do comportamento agonístico entre pequenas espécies crípticas, difíceis de serem observadas em campo.(AU)

The hard task of a short-tailed mouse opossum (Monodelphis) to prey a harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) / A difícil tarefa de uma cuíca-de-cauda-curta (Monodelphis) para atacar um opilião (Arachnida: Opiliones)

Despite the great diversity of small insectivorous mammals and the use of scent gland secretions as a defense mechanism by harvestmen, there is no observation about the effectiveness of scent glands against predators such as small mammals. We report a remarkable harvestman defense mechanism against a small-mammal attack. When a harvestman and a mouse opossum confronted each other inside a cage, the harvestman knocked out the mouse opossum two sequential times before it could attack the harvestman. Although it is a unique observation and there is no information about its frequency in nature, this report stimulates the study of agonistic behavior between small, cryptic species, which are difficult to observe in the field.

Apesar da grande diversidade de pequenos mamíferos insetívoros e do uso de secreções odoríferas como mecanismo de defesa por opiliões, não há registros sobre a eficácia das secreções odoríferas contra predadores como os pequenos mamíferos. Relatamos um notável mecanismo de defesa de um opilião contra um ataque de um pequeno mamífero. Quando um opilião e uma cuíca-de-cauda-curta se confrontaram dentro de uma caixa, o opilião nocauteou a cuíca duas vezes consecutivas antes que ela pudesse atacá-lo. Embora seja uma observação única e não haja informações sobre sua frequência na natureza, este registro estimula o estudo do comportamento agonístico entre pequenas espécies crípticas, difíceis de serem observadas em campo.

Completeness of rapid assessments of medium and large mammal diversity in the northwestern Amazon in Colombia / Completitud de inventarios rápidos de diversidad de mamíferos medianos y grandes en la Amazonía noroccidental colombiana

Rapid assessments are the most common information source on biodiversity in the northwestern Amazon in Colombia due to limited resources and logistic constraints. These assessments are essential for decision-making on environmental policies in this region, that has been strongly impacted by the transformation of its natural ecosystems. Several local camera-trapping rapid assessments of medium and large-sized mammals (MLM) have been conducted in the Colombian Amazon, but they are difficult to compare. We analyzed information of 16 of these rapid assessments of MLM to provide the first list of MLM in the northwestern Amazon in Colombia. We also evaluated the accuracy of four estimators (ICE, Chao-2, Jackknife-1, and Jackknife-2), and the minimum sampling effort for the estimation of MLM richness in local surveys in the region. We report 26 species of MLM for the Colombian Amazon (between five and 13 species per locality), which is an underestimation of MLM richness in the region. The best estimator of MLM richness was the Jackknife-1, due to its precision and the lower influence of singletons. We recommend a minimum sampling effort of 350 camera trap-days. Although rapid assessments do not allow a robust estimation of MLM richness, they record the most common species (or core species) per locality and their abundance variation. The evaluation of the effect of habitat transformation on MLM and the estimation of population parameters of rare species require more intensive studies.(AU)

Las evaluaciones rápidas de biodiversidad son la fuente de información más común sobre biodiversidad en el noroccidente amazónico en Colombia debido a que los recursos y la logística son limitados. Estas evaluaciones son esenciales para tomar decisiones ambientales en esta área que ha sido impactada por la transformación de sus ecosistemas naturales. Diferentes evaluaciones locales rápidas con cámaras trampa de mamíferos medianos y grandes (MMG) se han realizado en el noroccidente Amazónico en Colombia, pero estas son difícilmente comparables. Nosotros recolectamos la información de 16 evaluaciones rápidas de MMG para proporcionar la primera lista de MMG del noroccidente amazónico en Colombia. Adicionalmente, evaluamos la precisión de cuatro estimadores (ICE, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 y Jackknife 2) y el esfuerzo mínimo de muestreo para la estimación de la riqueza de MMG en estudios locales en esa región. Reportamos 26 especies de MMG para la Amazonía colombiana (entre cinco y 13 especies por localidad), lo que es uns subestimación de la riqueza de MMG en la región. El mejor estimador para este tipo de estudios fue Jackknife 1, debido a su precisión y la baja influencia de singletons. Recomendamos un esfuerzo mínimo de muestreo de 350 cámaras trampa-día. Aunque las evaluaciones rápidas no proveen una estimación robusta de la riqueza de MMG, estas evaluaciones registran las especies más comunes (especies core) y la variación en su abundancia por localidad. Es necesario un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo para evaluar el efecto de la transformación del hábitat sobre los MMG, en especial sobre los parámetros poblacionales de las especies raras.(AU)

Non-volant mammals of the Ibura National Forest, northeastern Brazil

Less than 10% of the original Atlantic Forest cover now remains standing in the Brazilian state of Sergipe, although few scientific studies have focused on its mammalian diversity. The present study describes the diversity of non-volant mammals found in the Ibura National Forest (INF), based on live trapping, and direct and indirect observations. We sampled the IBF on six days per month between June 2012 and August 2013, using live-traps (Sherman-type) positioned in pairs (ground and understory). We equally sampled semideciduous forest and an abandoned Eucalyptusplantation with dense understory (over 30 years). We also used non-systematics methods (direct observations, vestiges, camera-trap, and opportunistic captures). We recorded 18 species, from 12 families and 7 orders considering all the applied methods. Among recorded species, Bradypus torquatusand Lontra longicaudisare considered threatened of extinction. Considering only the live-trapping (totaling 3,240 trapping nights), we captured 125 individuals (3.85% success) from four species, Marmosa demerarae(52%), Didelphis albiventris(19.2%), Cerradomys vivoi(15.2%), and M. murina(13.6%). Estimated and observed richness was the same, suggesting a satisfactory effort. Didelphis albiventrisand M. demeraraeshowed significantly higher captures in the dry seasons. Didelphis albiventrisand C.vivoishowed significantly higher captures in the substratum, and M. demeraraehigher in the understory. Cerradomysvivoishowed significantly higher captures in the Eucalyptusphytophysiognomy. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling and the ANOSIM showed a significant difference in the captured species among semidecidual forest and Eucalyptus. Despite the small area (144 ha), the INF still houses a relatively high mammalian diversity. Further investigations may help to understand the role of habitat reduction in the diversity and habitat partitioning among mammal species in the Atlantic Forest of Northeastern Brazil.

Native bee fauna of tomato crops: a comparison of active sampling and pan trapping methods

ABSTRACT The tomato is widely cultivated throughout the world and requires pollination by wild or managed bees to realize its full-potential fruit production. Two different sampling methods (pan trapping and active sampling) were employed in nine different properties from June to September of 2011 to investigate the richness and abundance of native bee species present in tomato crops of Center-West Brazil. A total of 465 individuals of 44 species were collected, with the composition of sampled bee species differing between the methods used. Twenty-two species were exclusively captured in pan traps, 13 others through active sampling and nine by both methods. Most of the sampled bee species can be considered effective pollinators of the tomato because they can perform buzz-pollination. By vibration, these bees can liberate pollen from anthers into the air or onto their own bodies and the stigmas of the same flower because the stigmas of the studied tomato variety are within the anther cone. Both methods exclusively sampled some species of buzz-pollinating bees, however, pan-trapping captured buzzing and non-buzzing visitors indiscriminately while active sampling captured more buzzing bees. Pan-trapping and active sampling appear to complement each other, and so the use of only one or the other would not provide a full understanding of the species richness of tomato pollinators in the field.

RESUMO O tomate é amplamente cultivado em todo o mundo e requer polinização por abelhas nativas ou manejadas para realizar o pleno potencial de produção dos frutos. Para investigar a riqueza e abundância de espécies de abelhas nativas em plantações de tomate do Centro-Oeste do Brasil, dois métodos de amostragem (armadilhas pan-trap e amostragem ativa) foram utilizados em nove propriedades de junho a setembro de 2011. Um total de 465 indivíduos de 44 espécies foi coletado. A composição das espécies de abelhas amostradas diferiu dependendo do método utilizado. Vinte e duas espécies foram capturadas exclusivamente em armadilhas, 13 outras por meio de amostragem ativa e nove por ambos os métodos. A maioria das espécies de abelhas capturadas neste estudo pode ser considerada polinizadores eficazes do tomate, porque elas podem executar a polinização por vibração. Vibrando seus músculos torácicos, essas abelhas podem liberar o pólen das anteras para seus próprios corpos e para os estigmas da mesma flor, uma vez que eles estão dentro do cone de anteras da variedade do tomate estudado. Ambos os métodos amostraram espécies exclusivas de abelhas vibradoras. No entanto, as armadilhas capturaram abelhas vibradoras e não vibradoras indiscriminadamente e o método ativo amostrou principalmente a abelha vibradora. As coletas utilizando armadilhas e amostragens ativas foram complementares. O uso de apenas um método de amostragem não fornece um entendimento completo da riqueza de espécies de polinizadores de tomate no campo.

Native bee fauna of tomato crops: a comparison of active sampling and pan trapping methods

The tomato is widely cultivated throughout the world and requires pollination by wild or managed bees to realize its full-potential fruit production. Two different sampling methods (pan trapping and active sampling) were employed in nine different properties from June to September of 2011 to investigate the richness and abundance of native bee species present in tomato crops of Center-West Brazil. A total of 465 individuals of 44 species were collected, with the composition of sampled bee species differing between the methods used. Twenty-two species were exclusively captured in pan traps, 13 others through active sampling and nine by both methods. Most of the sampled bee species can be considered effective pollinators of the tomato because they can perform buzz-pollination. By vibration, these bees can liberate pollen from anthers into the air or onto their own bodies and the stigmas of the same flower because the stigmas of the studied tomato variety are within the anther cone. Both methods exclusively sampled some species of buzz-pollinating bees, however, pan-trapping captured buzzing and non-buzzing visitors indiscriminately while active sampling captured more buzzing bees. Pan-trapping and active sampling appear to complement each other, and so the use of only one or the other would not provide a full understanding of the species richness of tomato pollinators in the field.(AU)

O tomate é amplamente cultivado em todo o mundo e requer polinização por abelhas nativas ou manejadas para realizar o pleno potencial de produção dos frutos. Para investigar a riqueza e abundância de espécies de abelhas nativas em plantações de tomate do Centro-Oeste do Brasil, dois métodos de amostragem (armadilhas pan-trap e amostragem ativa) foram utilizados em nove propriedades de junho a setembro de 2011. Um total de 465 indivíduos de 44 espécies foi coletado. A composição das espécies de abelhas amostradas diferiu dependendo do método utilizado. Vinte e duas espécies foram capturadas exclusivamente em armadilhas, 13 outras por meio de amostragem ativa e nove por ambos os métodos. A maioria das espécies de abelhas capturadas neste estudo pode ser considerada polinizadores eficazes do tomate, porque elas podem executar a polinização por vibração. Vibrando seus músculos torácicos, essas abelhas podem liberar o pólen das anteras para seus próprios corpos e para os estigmas da mesma flor, uma vez que eles estão dentro do cone de anteras da variedade do tomate estudado. Ambos os métodos amostraram espécies exclusivas de abelhas vibradoras. No entanto, as armadilhas capturaram abelhas vibradoras e não vibradoras indiscriminadamente e o método ativo amostrou principalmente a abelha vibradora. As coletas utilizando armadilhas e amostragens ativas foram complementares. O uso de apenas um método de amostragem não fornece um entendimento completo da riqueza de espécies de polinizadores de tomate no campo.(AU)

Native bee fauna of tomato crops: a comparison of active sampling and pan trapping methods

The tomato is widely cultivated throughout the world and requires pollination by wild or managed bees to realize its full-potential fruit production. Two different sampling methods (pan trapping and active sampling) were employed in nine different properties from June to September of 2011 to investigate the richness and abundance of native bee species present in tomato crops of Center-West Brazil. A total of 465 individuals of 44 species were collected, with the composition of sampled bee species differing between the methods used. Twenty-two species were exclusively captured in pan traps, 13 others through active sampling and nine by both methods. Most of the sampled bee species can be considered effective pollinators of the tomato because they can perform buzz-pollination. By vibration, these bees can liberate pollen from anthers into the air or onto their own bodies and the stigmas of the same flower because the stigmas of the studied tomato variety are within the anther cone. Both methods exclusively sampled some species of buzz-pollinating bees, however, pan-trapping captured buzzing and non-buzzing visitors indiscriminately while active sampling captured more buzzing bees. Pan-trapping and active sampling appear to complement each other, and so the use of only one or the other would not provide a full understanding of the species richness of tomato pollinators in the field.

O tomate é amplamente cultivado em todo o mundo e requer polinização por abelhas nativas ou manejadas para realizar o pleno potencial de produção dos frutos. Para investigar a riqueza e abundância de espécies de abelhas nativas em plantações de tomate do Centro-Oeste do Brasil, dois métodos de amostragem (armadilhas pan-trap e amostragem ativa) foram utilizados em nove propriedades de junho a setembro de 2011. Um total de 465 indivíduos de 44 espécies foi coletado. A composição das espécies de abelhas amostradas diferiu dependendo do método utilizado. Vinte e duas espécies foram capturadas exclusivamente em armadilhas, 13 outras por meio de amostragem ativa e nove por ambos os métodos. A maioria das espécies de abelhas capturadas neste estudo pode ser considerada polinizadores eficazes do tomate, porque elas podem executar a polinização por vibração. Vibrando seus músculos torácicos, essas abelhas podem liberar o pólen das anteras para seus próprios corpos e para os estigmas da mesma flor, uma vez que eles estão dentro do cone de anteras da variedade do tomate estudado. Ambos os métodos amostraram espécies exclusivas de abelhas vibradoras. No entanto, as armadilhas capturaram abelhas vibradoras e não vibradoras indiscriminadamente e o método ativo amostrou principalmente a abelha vibradora. As coletas utilizando armadilhas e amostragens ativas foram complementares. O uso de apenas um método de amostragem não fornece um entendimento completo da riqueza de espécies de polinizadores de tomate no campo.

A new and simple method to capture small arboreal mammals: the suspended pitfall / Um método novo e simples para capturar pequenos mamíferos arborícolas: o pitfall suspenso

O pitfall suspenso é uma forma nova e simples para capturar pequenos mamíferos arborícolas e escansoriais. É uma versão arbórea dos pitfalls terrestres, tradicionalmente usados para capturar anfíbios e répteis. Baldes com isca no interior são erguidos por cordas até que atinjam um galho de árvore na altura desejada. O método foi testado na Mata Atlântica em três diferentes locais da foz do Rio Doce, em Linhares, sudeste do Brasil. Em um deles, os pitfalls suspensos foram colocados em galhos de cacaueiros no sub-bosque de uma plantação sombreada de cacau (cabrucas) a alturas entre 2 e 3 m. Na outra, eles foram instalados entre 5 e 15 metros de altura em uma floresta nativa. No terceiro local, no sub-bosque de outra cabruca, os pitfalls suspensos foram testados em conjunto com outras armadilhas usadas até então. Os marsupiais Didelphis aurita, Caluromys philander, Marmosa (Micoureus) paraguayana, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosa murina e o roedor Rhipidomys mastacalis foram capturados pelos pitfalls suspensos. Essa armadilha foi capaz de capturar pequenos mamíferos de todos os tamanhos, inclusive indivíduos jovens. Esse método provou ser funcional para a captura de vários pequenos mamíferos arborícolas e escansoriais e pode ser uma alternativa complementar para amostragem em estratos altos de florestas.

The suspended pitfall demonstrates a new and simple mechanism to capture small arboreal and scansorial mammals. It is an arboreal version of the pitfalls traditionally used to capture terrestrial amphibians and reptiles. Buckets with bait inside are raised by a rope until they reach a tree branch at the desired height. Tests were performed in the Atlantic Forest at three different sites at the mouth of Doce River in Linhares, southeastern Brazil. In one of them suspended pitfalls were set up in the understory of a shaded cacao plantation (cabruca agroforest) in the branches of cacao trees between 2 and 3 m in height, and in the other they were placed in a native forest between 5 to 15 m in height. At the third site, suspended pitfalls were tested together with the other live traps used hitherto in the understory of other cabruca agroforest. The marsupials Didelphis aurita, Caluromys philander, Marmosa (Micoureus) paraguayana, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosa murina and the rodent Rhipidomys mastacalis were captured by suspended pitfall. This live trap was capable of catching all sizes of small arboreal mammals, including juvenile individuals. This method proved to be functional for the capture of some small arboreal mammals and may be a complementary alternative for sampling in high forest strata.

A new and simple method to capture small arboreal mammals: the suspended pitfall / Um método novo e simples para capturar pequenos mamíferos arborícolas: o pitfall suspenso

O pitfall suspenso é uma forma nova e simples para capturar pequenos mamíferos arborícolas e escansoriais. É uma versão arbórea dos pitfalls terrestres, tradicionalmente usados para capturar anfíbios e répteis. Baldes com isca no interior são erguidos por cordas até que atinjam um galho de árvore na altura desejada. O método foi testado na Mata Atlântica em três diferentes locais da foz do Rio Doce, em Linhares, sudeste do Brasil. Em um deles, os pitfalls suspensos foram colocados em galhos de cacaueiros no sub-bosque de uma plantação sombreada de cacau (cabrucas) a alturas entre 2 e 3 m. Na outra, eles foram instalados entre 5 e 15 metros de altura em uma floresta nativa. No terceiro local, no sub-bosque de outra cabruca, os pitfalls suspensos foram testados em conjunto com outras armadilhas usadas até então. Os marsupiais Didelphis aurita, Caluromys philander, Marmosa (Micoureus) paraguayana, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosa murina e o roedor Rhipidomys mastacalis foram capturados pelos pitfalls suspensos. Essa armadilha foi capaz de capturar pequenos mamíferos de todos os tamanhos, inclusive indivíduos jovens. Esse método provou ser funcional para a captura de vários pequenos mamíferos arborícolas e escansoriais e pode ser uma alternativa complementar para amostragem em estratos altos de florestas.(AU)

The suspended pitfall demonstrates a new and simple mechanism to capture small arboreal and scansorial mammals. It is an arboreal version of the pitfalls traditionally used to capture terrestrial amphibians and reptiles. Buckets with bait inside are raised by a rope until they reach a tree branch at the desired height. Tests were performed in the Atlantic Forest at three different sites at the mouth of Doce River in Linhares, southeastern Brazil. In one of them suspended pitfalls were set up in the understory of a shaded cacao plantation (cabruca agroforest) in the branches of cacao trees between 2 and 3 m in height, and in the other they were placed in a native forest between 5 to 15 m in height. At the third site, suspended pitfalls were tested together with the other live traps used hitherto in the understory of other cabruca agroforest. The marsupials Didelphis aurita, Caluromys philander, Marmosa (Micoureus) paraguayana, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosa murina and the rodent Rhipidomys mastacalis were captured by suspended pitfall. This live trap was capable of catching all sizes of small arboreal mammals, including juvenile individuals. This method proved to be functional for the capture of some small arboreal mammals and may be a complementary alternative for sampling in high forest strata.(AU)

Structural differences in mammal assemblages between savanna ecosystems of the Colombian Llanos

The Colombian Orinoquia region is characterized by a high diversity of mammals, which is associated with complex ecosystems that include large extensions of Neotropical savannas (known locally as Llanos Orientales). Despite accelerated anthropogenic transformations in savanna ecosystems, the knowledge to design effective conservation strategies, such as the distribution of mammal assemblages, is still lacking for this region. In this paper, we evaluate if assemblages of medium and large mammals (i.e., species richness, relative abundance and the contribution of the different trophic guilds) are homogeneous across the Colombian Llanos by comparing three savanna ecosystems: floodplains savannas associated with an Andean river, aeolian floodplains savannas and highland savannas. After a sampling effort of 3,150 camera trap/days, we recorded 16 mammal species from the three savanna ecosystems. We compared the three assemblages and their constituent trophic guilds by ANOSIM and SIMPER non-parametric permutation tests. The three assemblages differed in composition, structure and trophic guilds. The floodplains savannas, associated to an Andean river, present the highest diversity, contrastingly, the high-plain associated with the Guyanese Shield presents the lowest diversity. This pattern could be explained due to the greatest floristic diversity, complex vegetation structure and more fertile soils present in the riparian forests of the floodplains savannas, despite being the most anthropogenically transformed. The carnivores were the most variable category and herbivores were the most abundant. Our results show that the diversity of medium and large mammals is heterogeneously distributed in the Colombian Llanos. Therefore, it is necessary to implement targeted conservation strategies according to the characteristics, local fragility of each ecosystem in the territory and each species response by local conditions.(AU)

Structural differences in mammal assemblages between savanna ecosystems of the Colombian Llanos

The Colombian Orinoquia region is characterized by a high diversity of mammals, which is associated with complex ecosystems that include large extensions of Neotropical savannas (known locally as Llanos Orientales). Despite accelerated anthropogenic transformations in savanna ecosystems, the knowledge to design effective conservation strategies, such as the distribution of mammal assemblages, is still lacking for this region. In this paper, we evaluate if assemblages of medium and large mammals (i.e., species richness, relative abundance and the contribution of the different trophic guilds) are homogeneous across the Colombian Llanos by comparing three savanna ecosystems: floodplains savannas associated with an Andean river, aeolian floodplains savannas and highland savannas. After a sampling effort of 3,150 camera trap/days, we recorded 16 mammal species from the three savanna ecosystems. We compared the three assemblages and their constituent trophic guilds by ANOSIM and SIMPER non-parametric permutation tests. The three assemblages differed in composition, structure and trophic guilds. The floodplains savannas, associated to an Andean river, present the highest diversity, contrastingly, the high-plain associated with the Guyanese Shield presents the lowest diversity. This pattern could be explained due to the greatest floristic diversity, complex vegetation structure and more fertile soils present in the riparian forests of the floodplains savannas, despite being the most anthropogenically transformed. The carnivores were the most variable category and herbivores were the most abundant. Our results show that the diversity of medium and large mammals is heterogeneously distributed in the Colombian Llanos. Therefore, it is necessary to implement targeted conservation strategies according to the characteristics, local fragility of each ecosystem in the territory and each species response by local conditions.

Testing capturing methods for the Yellow-legged Tinamou Crypturellus noctivagus (Wied, 1820) (Aves, Tinamidae) in southern Brazil

Specific and efficient methods for capturing tinamous are scarce in the scientific literature. Here we tested the effectivity of two methods for capturing the Yellow-legged Tinamou Crypturellus noctivagus (Tinamidae): a bell-trap adapted with a nylon cast net and a type of fall-trap. In a forest remnant in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, we applied 120 hours of sampling effort using the traps, resulting in the capture of six individuals (two females and four males). These capture methods are an efficient tools and useful for forest tinamous studies, although it can be also used for capturing other forest bird which use the forest floor.

Testing capturing methods for the Yellow-legged Tinamou Crypturellus noctivagus (Wied, 1820) (Aves, Tinamidae) in southern Brazil

Specific and efficient methods for capturing tinamous are scarce in the scientific literature. Here we tested the effectivity of two methods for capturing the Yellow-legged Tinamou Crypturellus noctivagus (Tinamidae): a bell-trap adapted with a nylon cast net and a type of fall-trap. In a forest remnant in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, we applied 120 hours of sampling effort using the traps, resulting in the capture of six individuals (two females and four males). These capture methods are an efficient tools and useful for forest tinamous studies, although it can be also used for capturing other forest bird which use the forest floor.(AU)