Resumo

O objetivo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes internados no Hospital Felício Rocho de Belo Horizonte, MG, com o diagnóstico positivo para a COVID-19 em categorias de sexo, idade, sintomas, passagem pelo CTI, necessidade de ventilação mecânica e desfecho. Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo epidemiológico conduzido em um hospital privado de grande porte em Belo Horizonte, com 3.034 pacientes diagnosticados com COVID-19 entre março de 2020 e dezembro de 2021. Variáveis consideradas: gênero, idade, sintomas, necessidade de terapia intensiva, ventilação mecânica e mortalidade. A análise descritiva utilizou a mediana para dados numéricos e frequências absolutas e relativas para variáveis categóricas. Os sintomas mais comuns em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 incluem tosse, mialgia, cefaleia, febre, coriza, odinofagia, dispneia e diarreia. A tosse foi o sintoma mais prevalente entre os pacientes, enquanto outros estudos relataram febre, dispneia e taquicardia como os sintomas mais comuns. A necessidade de internação no CTI e uso de ventilação mecânica foram menores no hospital estudado em relação a outros estudos, assim como a média de idade dos pacientes. As limitações incluem a falta de informações sobre comorbidades e a contabilização de óbitos apenas após a passagem pelo CTI. (AU)

The objective was to describe the characteristics of patients admitted to a private hospital in Belo Horizonte with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19 in categories of gender, age, symptoms, ICU passage, need for mechanical ventilation and outcome. Retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in a large private hospital in Belo Horizonte with 3,034 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2021. Variables: gender, age, symptoms, need for intensive care, mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Descriptive analysis used media for numerical data and absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables. The most common symptoms in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 included cough, myalgia, headache, fever, coryza, odynophagia, dyspnea, and diarrhea. The less common symptoms were found in 17.5% of the patients studied. Cough was the most prevalent symptom among patients in the hospital analyzed, while other studies reported fever, dyspnea, and tachycardia as the most common symptoms. The need for ICU admission and use of mechanical ventilation was lower in the studied hospital compared to other studies, and the mean age of patients was also lower. Limitations include the lack of information on comorbidities and the accounting of deaths only after ICU stay. (AU)

Resumo

Evaluated different feed forms (FF), (mash or pellets), feeding systems (FS) (ad libitum or controlled) and metabolizable energy levels (ME) (2,900 kcal/kg or 2,750 kcal/kg) in rearing period 1 (7 to 12 weeks) and 2 (13 to 17 weeks). Utilized 400 brown-egg laying pullets a completely randomized design in 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (eight treatments, with five replications). In period 1, feed intake was similar (P > 0,05) between FF and between ME, however pullets fed ad libitum showed 27.5% higher intake than fed with controlled amounts (P < 0,05). Body weight (BW) differed (P < 0.05) in the FS. Feed conversion (FC) was not affected (P > 0.05) by any of the study factors. Flock uniformity was affected (P < 0.05) by FF and by FS, with an interaction between the factors (P < 0.05). The pullets fed the mash feed ad libitum had better uniformity (P < 0.05) than the pullets fed with the controlled mash feed. The pelleted feed caused the worst uniformity. In rearing period 2, feed intake was affected (P < 0.05). That pullets fed mash or pelletized feed ad libitum consumed 8g more (P < 0.05) on average, than those in the controlled FS. In the ad libitum supply, intake was higher (P < 0.05) for the mash feed than for the pelleted feed. BW and FC were not affected by any of the factors (P > 0.05). Uniformity (%) was influenced by the mash or controlled systems (P < 0.05). Between 7 and 17 weeks of age, brown-egg laying pullets need to be fed with a mashed diet in a controlled feeding system, with 2,750 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy.

Foram avaliadas diferentes formas de ração (FA), (farelo ou pellets), sistemas de alimentação (SA) (ad libitum ou controlado) e níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) (2.900 kcal/kg ou 2.750 kcal/kg) nos períodos de criação 1 (7 a 12 semanas) e 2 (13 a 17 semanas). Foram utilizadas 400 frangas poedeiras semipesadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2x2x2 (oito tratamentos, com cinco repetições). No período 1, o consumo de ração foi semelhante (P > 0,05) entre FA e entre SA, porém frangas alimentadas ad libitum apresentaram consumo 27,5% maior do que as alimentadas com quantidades controladas (P < 0,05). O peso corporal (PC) diferiu (P<0,05) no SA. A conversão alimentar (CA) não foi afetada (P > 0,05) por nenhum dos fatores do estudo. A uniformidade do lote foi afetada (P < 0,05) por FF e por FS, com interação entre os fatores (P < 0,05). As frangas alimentadas com ração farelada ad libitum apresentaram melhor uniformidade (P < 0,05) do que as frangas alimentadas com ração farelada controlada. A ração peletizada causou a pior uniformidade. No período de recria 2, o consumo de ração foi afetado (P < 0,05). As frangas alimentadas com ração farelada ou peletizada ad libitum consumiram 8g a mais (P < 0,05) em média, do que aquelas no FS controlado. No fornecimento ad libitum, o consumo foi maior (P < 0,05) para a ração farelada do que para a ração peletizada. O PC e o FC não foram afetados por nenhum dos fatores (P > 0,05). A uniformidade (%) foi influenciada pelo sistema farelado ou controlado (P < 0,05). Entre 7 e 17 semanas de idade, as frangas poedeiras de ovos vermelhos precisam ser alimentadas com dieta farelada em sistema de alimentação controlado, com 2.750 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável.

Resumo

Opsanus betais endemic to the Gulf of Mexico and has recently been introduced to the Brazilian coast; probably the introduction is via ballast water and/or oil rigs. In this study, the reproduction and age of the species were recorded for the first time in Guaratuba Bay. The two specimens analyzed in this study were caught by sport fishermen. Sex and stage of gonadal maturation were histologically analyzed, and the age was determined by cross-sectioning the sagitta otoliths. The female showed 29 cm total length (TL) and 396 g total weight (TW), and the male showed 21 cm LT, 168 g WT, and 2 years of age. The gonadal histology demonstrated the female and male as capable of spawning. Despite the small sample, reproduction shows that there is an established population of O. beta in Guaratuba Bay.(AU)

Resumo

Purpose: Osteoporosis is a bone disease which commonly occurred in postmenopausal women. Almost 10 percent of world population and approximately 30% of women (postmenopausal) suffer from this disease. Alternative medicine has great success in the treatment of osteoporosis disease. Bryodulcosigenin, a potent phytoconstituent, already displayed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. In this study, we made effort to analyze the antiosteoporosis effect of bryodulcosigenin against ovariectomy (OVX) induced osteoporosis in rats. Methods: Swiss albino Wistar rats were grouped into fIve groups and given an oral dose of bryodulcosigenin (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) for eight weeks. Body weight, uterus, bone mineral density, cytokines, hormones parameters, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), and its ratio were estimated. Results: Bryodulcosigenin significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed the body weight and enhanced the uterine weight and significantly (p < 0.001) increased the bone mineral density in whole femur, caput femoris, distal femur and proximal femur. Bryodulcosigenin significantly (P < 0.001) altered the level of biochemical parameters at dose dependent manner, significantly (P < 0.001) improved the level of estrogen and suppressed the level of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Bryodulcosigenin significantly (P < 0.001) improved the level of OPG and suppressed the level of RANKL. Conclusions: Bryodulcosigenin reduced the cytokines level and suppressed the TGF-ß and IGF. We concluded that bryodulcosigenin is an antiosteoporosis medication based on the findings.

Resumo

We investigated the impact of weaning at 30, 75, and 180 days of age on performance, body measurements, and rumen development (using the ß-hydroxybutyrate biomarker) of beef calves until 190 days of age. A total of 64 Brangus calves were assigned to three treatments: hyper-early (W30), weaned at 32±0.89 days of age (n = 22, 10 males and 12 females); early (W75), weaned at 77±0.95 days of age (n = 20, 12 males and eight females); and conventional (W180), weaned at 183±0.82 days of age (n = 22, 13 males and nine females). Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßHBA), and morphometric measurements were evaluated. These variables were influenced by an interaction between treatment and days and were not affected by the sex of calves. The W30 calves experienced weight loss from 30 to 40 days of age compared with the W75 and W180 calves. Consequently, at day 75, W30 animals were lighter and had lower body length, thoracic circumference, withers height, and croup height compared with the W75 and W180 calves. However, no significant differences in BW were observed among treatments at 85 days of age. Additionally, W30 calves exhibited higher ADG and a moderate correlation with ßHBA levels. Weaning calves at 30 days of age may negatively affect their performance until the sixth week after weaning, but there is no impairment in performance at 190 days of age.(AU)

Resumo

This study examined the effects of age, housing environment, and strain (Lohmann Sandy (LS) and Lohmann LSL Classic (LW)) on egg quality traits. Deep litter (DL), free access to outdoor Mentha piperita (MP), Petroselinum crispum (PC), and Medicago sativa (MS) vegetated environments were examined. A total of 260 four-week-old birds were randomly distributed to DL and outdoor plant-associated groups, with four and three replicates, respectively, and 10 birds per replicate. Eggs were analyzed between 26 and 52 weeks of hen age, every 4 weeks. Overall, all egg quality parameters significantly differed as hen age increased (p<0.01). The housing environment significantly influenced egg weight, shell-breaking strength, shell thickness, egg surface area, and yolk color score. Eggs obtained from DL hens were heavier and had a higher egg surface area than those from MS, PC, and MP hens (p<0.01; p<0.05). However, eggs laid by MS, PC, and MP hens had higher shell-breaking strength and thickness (p<0.01; p<0.05). DL hens had a greater ratio of eggs with meat-blood inclusions in the yolk compared to MS, PC, and MP hens (p<0.05). Shape index, albumen height, albumen index, Haugh unit, and yolk index were similar among housing environments (p>0.05). Strain significantly affected shape index, shell thickness, albumen height, albumen index, Haugh unit, albumen pH, yolk index, and yolk color score. LS eggs had higher shape index, shell thickness, yolk index, and yolk color score (p<0.01; p<0.05). However, LW eggs had greater albumen height, albumen index, Haugh unit, and albumen pH (p<0.01; p<0.05). LW strain had a lower ratio of eggs with meat-blood inclusions compared to LS (p<0.01). Shell-breaking strength and egg surface area did not differ between hen strains (p>0.05). This study showed that allowing hens access to MS, PC, or MP plant species improved shell quality traits. Moreover, it appears that there is a greater genetic variability in albumen and yolk quality traits.(AU)

Resumo

The use of caves and rocky walls is common for some birds, like swifts, to shelter, sleep, nest, feed, and protect themselves from predators, wind, and rain. Several environmental and ecological factors associated with the habits and adaptations of certain species allow birds to use cave environments. The White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw, 1796) is distributed from Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazill, being frequent in areas with waterfalls and river rapids with rocky beds and crystal-clear water. Individuals live in flocks and have the habit of roosting and nesting in damp, dark caves or behind waterfalls. Herein, we aim to report the case and identify the cause of death of S. zonaris individuals found dead in a sinkhole in the State of Goiás, Brazil, in 2020. Global warming resulting from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases can alter the natural fluctuations of atmospheric circulation systems, responsible for rainfall distribution, substantially affecting rainfall and increasing the frequency of heavy rainfall events in some locations. Due to climate change and the increasing frequency of flooding records, we have raised the hypothesis and drawn attention to our record may have been originated due to these climatic events. However, we do not dismiss the hypothesis that the flooding may be due to an extreme event. The fact that S. zonaris spends the night and nests close to water bodies makes the species more susceptible to the effects of a flash flood. Further studies will be able to show the real effects of global warming on the species.(AU)

Resumo

Neglected tropical diseases (NTD) are chronic infectious diseases affecting low-income populations (mainly in tropical and subtropical climates), characterized by high morbidity and low mortality. This study described the epidemiology of mortality from NTDs in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System evidenced 2,642 deaths from NTDs between 2001 and 2021; 31.13% were related to leishmaniasis (mainly the visceral form) and 20.82% to leprosy. A total of 211 municipalities in Maranhão had registered mortality due to NTDs. We identified, high-risk spatial and spatiotemporal conglomerates in the western and southern areas of Maranhão, comprising mostly municipalities with high social vulnerability and low human development. Integrated mapping of NTDs may allow the development of public intervention policies and is an important strategy to control and eliminate NTDs in the most affected populations.

As doenças tropicais negligenciadas (DTN) são doenças infecciosas crônicas que afetam populações de baixa renda (principalmente em climas tropicais e subtropicais), causando morbidade e mortalidade. Este estudo descreveu a epidemiologia da mortalidade por DTNs no estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do Brasil evidenciaram 2.642 mortes por DTNs entre 2001 e 2021; 31,13% estavam relacionadas à leishmaniose (principalmente a forma visceral) e 20,82% à hanseníase. Um total de 211 municípios no Maranhão apresentaram mortes por DTNs, com conglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais de alto risco identificados nas áreas oeste e sul, compreendendo principalmente municípios com alta vulnerabilidade social e baixo desenvolvimento humano. O mapeamento integrado de DTN pode permitir o desenvolvimento de políticas de intervenção pública e é uma estratégia importante para controlar e eliminar DTN nas populações mais afetadas.

Resumo

Climate change continues to influence global ecosystems, raising concerns for livestock. This study assesses the impacts of climate change on broiler chickens in northern Tunisia, focusing on well-being and mortality rates during summer. Historical data from the NRMCM5.1 and MPIESM1.2 models, were utilized, covering 1970 to 1997. Projections for 2041-2070 under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios were examined, providing insight into future challenges. The Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and Temperature-Humidity-Velocity Index (THVI) served as thermal comfort indicators. The research utilized temperature and relative air humidity data from two models and scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) as inputs for the DCP system, thus evaluating comfort parameters (THI and THVI). The analysis involved calculating annual temperature and humidity averages at the system's output for each grid and region. Historical and projected data were employed to assess mortality levels by identifying heatwave periods, which had an average duration of 2.7 consecutive days with THI exceeding 30.6°C. The analysis showed significant increases in THI and THVI in the RCP8.5 pessimistic scenario, indicating a risk of heat stress. Mortality rates were used as a measure of the vulnerability of the poultry industry to climate change, and the projections showed substantial average increases of 2.2°C for THI and 1.5°C for THVI.. The RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios predicted an increase in mortality for the period 2041-2070, with averages increasing from 0.8 to 1.3 for RCP8.5 and from 0.6 to 1.1 for RCP4.5, highlighting the need for adaptation strategies to ensure sustainability in poultry farming.(AU)

Resumo

The initial stages of early embryonic development were analyzed as a function of the incubation period and age of Japanese quail breeders. A total of 203 Japanese quails housed in 29 conventional laying cages with 5 females and 2 males at 31, 39, 48, and 59 weeks of age were used, and the fertile eggs from these breeders were selected and incubated. The eggs were opened, and the embryos were isolated, fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution, analyzed and classified according to the stage of development. For after laying and the incubation periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours, the embryos presented, on average, Hamburger-Hamilton stages XI, HH 6.1, HH 12.7, and HH 18.5, respectively, with no effect of breeder age. It was also observed that, between 31 and 59 weeks of age in Japanese quail breeders, the eggs become longer and wider, with greater weight, volume, and area. Therefore, it is concluded that the age of the Japanese quail mother influences the weight, length, width, volume, and area of the eggs but does not influence the embryonic development up to 72 hours.(AU)

Resumo

This paper analyzed the scientific production on natural mortality (M) in fish, in order to understand the existing methods and identify the most commonly used ones. Research was carried out in the Web of Science database (WoS), using bibliometric and systematic analysis methods to evaluate scientific production using the following indicators: relevance of scientific journals, scientific recognition of papers, relevance of authors and co-occurrence of keywords. The bibliographic portfolio was composed of the hundred most cited papers of the WoS. The most relevant papers are reviews on the topic studied, which justifies the number of citations. The most cited researchers were the authors of the main estimators of M. The keywords of greatest occurrence were: natural mortality, growth and age. Of the total papers, only 19 estimated M for 28 species. Of these papers, 58% studied population dynamics and 42% made assessments of fish stocks. The most commonly used estimators were Hoenig (1983) and Pauly (1980b). Given the results obtained, it is important to develop more sophisticated methods, taking into account new approaches, such as temperature variation within this estimator, which was not observed in any of the methods.

Este artigo analisou a produção científica sobre a mortalidade natural (M) em peixes, com o objetivo conhecer os métodos existentes e identificar os mais utilizados. Foi realizada pesquisa na base de dados Web of Science (WoS), usando métodos de análise bibliométrica e sistemática para avaliar a produção científica por meio dos indicadores: relevância dos periódicos científicos, reconhecimento científico dos artigos, relevância dos autores e coocorrência de palavras-chave. O portifólio bibliográfico foi composto pelos cem artigos mais citados da WoS. Os artigos de maior relevância são revisões sobre o tema estudado, o que justifica o alto número de citações. Os pesquisadores mais citados foram os autores dos principais estimadores de M. As palavras-chave de maior ocorrência foram: mortalidade natural, crescimento e idade. Do total de artigos, apenas 19 estimaram M para 28 espécies. Desses artigos, 58% estudaram dinâmica populacional e 42% fizeram avaliações de estoques pesqueiros. Os estimadores mais utilizados foram os de Hoenig (1983) e Pauly (1980b). Diante dos resultados obtidos, ressalta-se a importância de desenvolver métodos mais inovadores, levando em consideração novas abordagens, como exemplo, a variação da temperatura dentro desse estimador, o que não foi observado em nenhum dos métodos.

Resumo

Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) is a plant frequently employed in the ornamentation of public squares and gardens, attributed to its rapid growth and showy flowers. However, its use is controversial due to the potentially toxic nectar, which can lead to significant mortality rates among various stingless bee species in Brazil, posing a risk to native biodiversity and disrupting natural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify the species of stingless bees found dead within the flowers of the Spathodea campanulata plant. This investigation was conducted at the Ondina Campus of the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil. Over a 15-day flowering period, 86 flowers from three specimens of this species were collected. After flower collection, the dead insects found within the flowers were extracted, stored, and identified at the Laboratory of Insect Bionomics, Biogeography, and Systematics (BIOSIS) at UFBA. The analysis revealed that all floral visitors were Hymenoptera insects, with 98.1% identified as bees (Apidae and Meliponini). In conclusion, S. campanulataflowers contain toxic compounds with insecticidal properties, leading to increased mortality among certain Melipona bee species. Melipona scutellaris and Apis mellifera bees are occasional visitors of the S. campanulata flowers; hence the lower mortality rates of these species. Given the damage caused by S. campanulata on native biodiversity, it is advised to avoid cultivating it in public squares, gardens, or in proximity to bee hives.(AU)

Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) é uma planta frequentemente utilizada na ornamentação de praças públicas e jardins, atribuída ao seu rápido crescimento e flores vistosas. No entanto, seu uso é controverso devido ao néctar potencialmente tóxico, que pode levar a taxas significativas de mortalidade entre várias espécies de abelhas sem ferrão no Brasil, representando um risco para a biodiversidade nativa e interrompendo os ecossistemas naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar e identificar as espécies de abelhas sem ferrão encontradas mortas dentro das flores da planta Spathodea campanulata. Esta investigação foi conduzida no Campus de Ondina da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Brasil. Durante um período de floração de 15 dias, foram coletadas 86 flores de três espécimes desta espécie. Após a coleta das flores, os insetos mortos encontrados dentro delas foram extraídos, armazenados e identificados no Laboratório de Bionomia, Biogeografia e Sistemática de Insetos (BIOSIS) da UFBA. A análise revelou que todos os visitantes florais eram insetos Hymenoptera, com 98,1% identificados como abelhas (Apidae e Meliponini). Em conclusão, as flores de S. campanulata contêm compostos tóxicos com propriedades inseticidas, levando a um aumento da mortalidade em certas espécies de abelhas Melipona. As abelhas Melipona scutellaris e Apis mellifera são visitantes ocasionais das flores de S. campanulata; portanto, apresentam taxas de mortalidade mais baixas. Dado o dano causado por S. campanulata na biodiversidade nativa, é aconselhável evitar o seu cultivo em praças públicas, jardins ou próximo a colmeias de abelhas.(AU)

Resumo

The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), generally reaches pest status in stored grain. Chemical control is the most used method for population suppression, which can cause adverse impacts, thus creating a need for alternatives such as using inert powders. The present work aims to verify the effect of different concentrations of different types of inert powders on the mortality of S. zeamais in the laboratory. To this end, the experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, with 13 treatments and four replications, ten adults per replication, where the effect of different inert powders (basalt powder, gypsum powder, and diatomaceous earth) was tested at concentrations of 0.025 g, 0.05 g, 0.1 g and 0.2 g/20 g of corn grains. Variance, normality, and homoscedasticity tests were applied in addition to controlling efficiency (CE%), median lethal time (TL50), and survival curves. All treatments caused mortality in S. zeamais, and all concentrations with diatomaceous earth were more efficient, with 100% mortality at 20 days, followed by the treatment of 0.2 g of gypsum powder/20 g of corn grains, with superior efficiency, to 95% in 20 days and 100% in 30 days. The results indicated that treatments with diatomaceous earth had the highest mortality rate and the best average survival time.

O gorgulho-do-milho, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), geralmente atinge o status de praga em grãos armazenados. O controle químico é o método mais utilizado para sua supressão populacional, podendo causar impactos adversos, surge assim a necessidade de alternativas como o uso de pós inertes. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de diferentes tipos de pós inertes na mortalidade de S. zeamais no laboratório. Para tanto, os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 13 tratamentos e quatro repetições, 10 adultos por repetição. Onde testou-se o efeito de diferentes pós inertes (pó de basalto, pó de gesso e terra diatomácea), nas concentrações de 0,025 g, 0,05 g, 0,1 g e 0,2 g/20 g de grãos de milho. Sendo aplicados testes de variância, normalidade e homocedasticidade, além de eficiência de controle (CE%), tempo letal mediano (TL50) e curvas de sobrevivência. Todos os tratamentos causaram mortalidade em S. zeamais, e todas as concentrações com terra diatomácea foram mais eficientes com 100% de mortalidade aos 20 dias, seguido do tratamento de 0,2 g de pó de gesso/20 g de grãos de milho, com eficiência superior a 95% aos 20 dias e 100% em 30 dias. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos com terra diatomácea apresentaram a maior taxa de mortalidade e a melhor média em termos de tempo de sobrevivência.

Resumo

Companion, livestock, and wild animals have various biological, behavioral, and ecological differences that may lead to distinct pathological conditions. Moreover, unlike human medicine, there is no standardized code for classifying diseases in animals, resulting in varied presentations of findings across studies. Standardizing these data can help clinicians identify diseases and facilitate communication among veterinarians. A systematic review of the literature was conducted across five databases to identify the main causes of animal death in the domains "companion", "livestock", and "wild" animals. The analysis included the 31 articles provided in the evidence summary section. Subsequently, the causes of death were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10) and analyzed according to the presence of Garbage Codes. There was considerable diversity in the causes of death and how they were assessed and reported in each domain. Each species and domain demonstrated a high proportional mortality of causes uncommon in other domains. The companion domain included seven articles, livestock had nine articles, and wild animals had fifteen articles with 66.85%, 71.43 %, and 20.06% Garbage Codes, respectively. The different causes of death and their descriptions indicate a low level of uniformization in the presentation of findings in veterinary medicine. The causes varied based on the domains and species investigated, highlighting real distinctions between these populations. The application of ICD-10 for standardizing the diagnosis of animal mortality proved useful in detecting highly prevalent Garbage Codes.

Animais de companhia, produção e selvagens tem várias diferenças biológicas, comportamentais e ecológicas que podem culminar em condições patológicas distintas. Além disso, não há códigos padronizados para a classificação de doenças em animais, como é o caso dos humanos, resultando em apresentações variadas dos achados entre estudos. A padronização desses dados pode auxiliar os clínicos a identificarem doenças e facilitar a comunicação entre médicos veterinários. Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi conduzida entre cinco bases de dados acerca das principais causas de morte de acordo com os domínios de animais de "companhia", "produção" e "selvagens". A análise incluiu 31 artigos dispostos no sumário de evidências. Em seguida, as causas de morte foram classificadas de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças, décima revisão (CID-10) e analisada quanto a presença de Códigos Garbage. Verificou-se uma diversidade considerável nas causas de morte e como foram acessadas e reportadas em cada domínio. Cada espécie e domínio demonstrou uma alta mortalidade proporcional de causas que são incomuns aos outros. O domínio de animais de companhia incluiu sete artigos, o de produção nove e animais selvagens quinze artigos com 66,85%, 71,43% e 20,06% de Códigos Garbage, respectivamente. As diferentes causas de morte e suas descrições indicam um baixo nível de padronização para a apresentação de achados na medicina veterinária. As causas variaram bastante de acordo com os domínios e espécies investigados, mostrando distinções reais entre essas populações. A aplicação da CID-10 para a padronização de diagnósticos de mortalidade animal provou-se útil em detectar a alta prevalência de Códigos Garbage.

Resumo

Ground beetles (Carabid beetles) may be found in virtually all of the world's habitats. They are one of the three most diverse families of extant beetles, with 34,275 species documented, and they serve as vital ecological markers in all environments. Edaphic living beetles catch and eat a wide variety of arthropods that live in the soil. In the case of weeds, most of the ground beetles eat their seeds and help regulate their populations. The findings of a field study in agrocenoses in South-East Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2020 are presented in this article. Twenty-seven ground beetle species from 9 genera were discovered as a consequence of the study. 670 soil traps yielded a total of 1012 beetles. Polytopic mesophilic beetles provide the foundation of the agrocenoses fauna. Hygrophils, mesophiles, and eurybionts are among the beetles found in irrigated areas, as are mixed and herbivorous species. The Carabidae family of beetles is the most numerous in fields and steppe settings. As a result, mixed-diet beetles can be found depending on the habitat and air temperature. The species of beetles in all fields in the investigation area are in accordance with the insects' complex. During the growth season, the diet of beetles shifts: predatory beetles take precedence initially, followed by mixed-diet beetles.

Os besouros terrestres (besouros carabídeos) podem ser encontrados em praticamente todos os hábitats do mundo. Eles são uma das três famílias mais diversas de besouros existentes, com 34.275 espécies documentadas, e servem como marcadores ecológicos vitais em todos os ambientes. Os besouros vivos edáficos capturam e comem uma grande variedade de artrópodes que vivem no solo. No caso de ervas daninhas, os besouros terrestres, em sua maioria, comem sementes delas e ajudam a regular suas populações. Os resultados do estudo de campo em agrocenoses no sudeste do Cazaquistão de 2019 a 2020 são apresentados neste artigo. Foram descobertas 27 espécies de besouros terrestres de 9 gêneros como consequência do estudo. As 670 armadilhas de solo renderam um total de 1.012 besouros. Besouros mesófilos politópicos fornecem a base para a fauna de agrocenoses. Higrófilos, mesófilos e euribiontes estão entre os besouros encontrados em áreas irrigadas, assim como espécies mistas e herbívoras. Em campos e estepes, a família Carabidae de besouros é a mais numerosa. Como resultado, dependendo do hábitat e da temperatura do ar, podem ser encontrados besouros de dieta mista. As espécies de besouros em todos os campos da área de investigação estão de acordo com o complexo dos insetos. Durante a estação de crescimento, a dieta dos besouros muda: os besouros predadores têm precedência, seguidos dos besouros de dieta mista.

Resumo

Pheasants are declining everywhere in the world and therefore updated information about their population and habitats are important for conservation and management. The present study was conducted in the Palas Valley, District Kohistan, Pakistan in late spring (May and June) 2020 and early spring (March and April) 2021 to assess the population and anthropogenic stress. The major focus was on three sympatric pheasant species, including Western Horned Tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus), Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus), and Koklass Pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha). We used the "Call Count Method" for the population assessment in the field, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to document the risk assessment of local residents of the valley. The population assessments revealed that the Koklass Pheasant is more adapted to increasing anthropogenic activities and its population appeared more or less similar as 22 years ago. In the past 22 years, Western Tragopan and Himalayan Monal have lost about 40-50% of their populations. Human interference in the form of illegal hunting, deforestation, and overgrazing was found to be common in the valley. The study concludes that the Palas Valley habitat is ideal for pheasant species; however, human interference in the form of urbanization, habitat fragmentation, illegal hunting, and deforestation is occurring at a rapid pace, causing havoc in the pheasant population.

Os faisões estão diminuindo em todo o mundo, por isso informações atualizadas sobre sua população e seus habitats são importantes para conservação e manejo. O presente estudo foi realizado no vale Palas, distrito de Kohistan, Paquistão, no final da primavera (maio e junho) de 2020 e início da primavera (março e abril) de 2021 para avaliar a população e o estresse antropogênico. O foco principal foram três espécies simpátricas de faisão, incluindo Tragopan de Chifres Ocidental (Tragopan melanocephalus), Monal-do-Himalaia (Lophophorus impejanus) e Faisão Koklass (Pucrasia macrolopha). Foi utilizado o "Método de Contagem de Chamadas" para avaliar a população em campo, e foi realizada uma pesquisa por questionário para documentar a avaliação de risco dos moradores locais do vale. As avaliações populacionais revelaram que o Faisão Koklass está mais adaptado às crescentes atividades antrópicas e que sua população se mantém mais ou menos semelhante à população de 22 anos atrás. Nos últimos 22 anos, Tragopan de Chifres Ocidental e Monal-do-Himalaia perderam cerca de 40 a 50% de suas populações. A interferência humana, sob a forma de caça ilegal, desmatamento e sobrepastoreio, era comum no vale. O estudo conclui que o habitat do vale Palas é ideal para espécies de faisão; no entanto, a interferência humana, por meio de urbanização, fragmentação de habitat, caça ilegal e desmatamento, está ocorrendo em ritmo acelerado, causando estragos na população de faisões.

Resumo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da idade das poedeiras sobre a qualidade dos ovos armazenados sob refrigeração ou temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizados 960 ovos de poedeiras comerciais com 32, 52 e 72 semanas de idade, armazenados por sete, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (idade x período de armazenamento). As variáveis analisadas foram: perda de peso do ovo em grama (PPG) e porcentagem (PPP), unidade Haugh (UH), índice de gema (IG), porcentagem de albúmen (PA), gema (PG) e casca (PC), pH de gema (pHG) e albúmen (pHA), coloração da gema (CG) e gravidade específica (GE). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e a diferença entre médias foi analisada pelo teste Tukey (p<0,05). Ovos de aves mais novas sob temperatura ambiente apresentaram menores valores de PPG e PPP, 4,00g e 6,50%, respectivamente. A UH de ovos de aves com 52 semanas apresentou valores acima de 71, enquanto 32 e 72 semanas aos 14 dias já estavam abaixo de 60. A PA decresceu e PG aumentou. Em ovos refrigerados, as máximas PPG e PPP foram 1,13g e 1,81%, respectivamente, em aves de 32 semanas. Aos 28 dias, a UH de ovos em todas as idades de aves avaliadas apresentaram valores acima de 80. Conclui-se que os ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente sofrem diminuição mais acentuada em sua qualidade, principalmente em aves com idade mais avançada. Em ovos sob refrigeração, estes conseguiram manter valores de qualidade interna considerados excelentes.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of eggs from birds of different ages and storage periods at room temperature and refrigeration. 960 eggs from commercial layers aged 32, 52 and 72 weeks were used, and stored for seven, 14, 21 and 28 days. A completely randomized design was adopted in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme (age x storage period). The following were analyzed: egg weight loss (PPO) in grams and percentage, Haugh unit (HU), yolk index, percentage of albumen, yolk and shell, pH of yolk and albumen, yolk color and specific gravity. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the difference between means was analyzed using the Tukey test (p<0.05). Eggs at room temperature showed an increase in PPO according to the days of storage and in older birds, reaching 6.41g and 10%. The HU in eggs from birds aged 52 weeks presented a value above 71, the others at 14 days already presented a value below 60. The percentage of albumen decreased, and the yolk increased. In refrigerated eggs, the maximum PPO was 1.13g and 1.81% in birds aged 32 weeks. The HU at 28 days in all treatments obtained values above 80. The percentages of yolk and albumen also varied a little. It is concluded that eggs stored at room temperature suffer a more pronounced decrease in quality, especially in older birds. In refrigerated eggs, these managed to maintain internal quality values considered excellent.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de huevos de aves de diferentes edades y periodos de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente y refrigeración. Se utilizaron 960 huevos de ponedoras comerciales de 32, 52 y 72 semanas de edad, almacenados durante siete, 14, 21 y 28 días. Se adoptó un diseño completamente al azar en un esquema factorial 3 x 4 (edad x período de almacenamiento). Se analizó: pérdida de peso del huevo (PPO) en gramos y porcentaje, unidad Haugh (UH), índice de yema, porcentaje de albúmina, yema y cáscara, pH de yema y albúmina, color de yema y gravedad específica. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y la diferencia entre medias se analizó mediante la prueba de Tukey (p<0,05). Los huevos a temperatura ambiente mostraron un aumento de la PPO según los días de almacenamiento y en aves de mayor edad, alcanzando 6,41g y 10%. La HU en huevos de aves de 52 semanas presentó un valor superior a 71, los demás a los 14 días ya presentaron un valor inferior a 60. El porcentaje de albúmina disminuyó y la yema aumentó. En huevos refrigerados, la PPO máxima fue de 1,13g y 1,81% en aves de 32 semanas. La UH a los 28 días en todos los tratamientos obtuvo valores superiores a 80. Los porcentajes de yema y albúmina también variaron poco. Se concluye que los huevos almacenados a temperatura ambiente sufren una disminución de calidad más pronunciada, especialmente en aves de mayor edad. En los huevos refrigerados estos lograron mantener valores de calidad interna considerados excelentes.(AU)

Resumo

Current cross-sectional study was carried out between September 2019 to January 2020 at the Department of Pathology, Mardan Medical Complex (MMC), Mardan, and District Headquarter Hospital North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of leishmaniasis and its associated risk factors in selected districts of KP province, Pakistan. Altogether, three hundred and seventy-four (n=374) leishmaniosis patients were included in the current study. Skin specimen from the ulcer border were collected. The slides were stained by Giemsa stain and examined for the presence of amastigote. The prevalence of leishmania infected patients in different region of KP were as follows: North Waziristan region 53.7 (n=201) District Mardan 34.7% (n=130); District Nowshera 6.7% (n=25), District Swabi 1.1% (n=4) and other Districts i.e. Dir, Malakand, Buner and Bajawarr were 3.7% (n=14). The frequency of leishmaniasis were more in male and majority of the infected patients were in the age group of <10 years. Among n=374 patients 95.7% (n= 358) had cutaneous leishmaniasis while 3% (n= 11) had mucocutaneous type of infection and 1.3% (n= 5) patients had both cutaneous and mucocutaneous infection. Upon treatment by Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) 97% (n=362) showed clinical signs of complete or partial recovery of their skin lesions. Conclusively, highest incidence of leishmania infection occurred during short study period and majority of the cases showed positive response to treatment.

O estudo transversal atual foi realizado entre setembro de 2019 e janeiro de 2020 no Departamento de Patologia Mardan Medical Complex (MMC), Mardan, e no District Headquarter Hospital North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram determinar a prevalência da leishmaniose e seus fatores de risco associados em distritos selecionados da província de KP, Paquistão. Ao todo, 374 (n = 374) pacientes com leishmaniose foram incluídos no presente estudo. Amostras de pele da borda da úlcera foram coletadas. As lâminas foram coradas pelo corante Giemsa e examinadas quanto à presença de amastigotas. As prevalências de pacientes infectados por leishmania em diferentes regiões de KP foram as seguintes: região do Waziristão Norte 53,7 (n = 201), distrito Mardan 34,7% (n = 130); distrito Nowshera 6,7% (n = 25), distrito Swabi 1,1% (n = 4) e outros distritos, ou seja, Dir, Malakand, Buner e Bajawarr foram 3,7% (n = 14). A frequência de leishmaniose foi maior no sexo masculino e a maioria dos pacientes infectados estava na faixa etária < 10 anos. Entre n = 374 pacientes, 95,7% (n = 358) tinham leishmaniose cutânea enquanto 3% (n = 11) tinham infecção do tipo mucocutâneo e 1,3% (n = 5) pacientes tinham infecção cutânea e mucocutânea. Após tratamento com estibogluconato de sódio (SSG), 97% (n = 362) apresentaram sinais clínicos de recuperação completa ou parcial de suas lesões cutâneas. Conclusivamente, a maior incidência de infecção por leishmania ocorreu durante o curto período de estudo e a maioria dos casos apresentou resposta positiva ao tratamento.

Resumo

The present study aimed to evaluate the growth of Criollo foals from birth to 800 days of age using Brody, Gompertz, Logistic, and Von Bertalanffy nonlinear models. The data utilized consisted of weight, height, chest circumference, and shin circumference taken from 75 foals kept in southern Brazil. Morphometric traits analyzed showed mean values ranging from 63 to 325 kg for weight, 0.92 to 1.32 m for height, 0.88 to 1.58 m for chest circumference, and 0.12 to 0.18 m for shin circumference. For the evaluated traits, all applied nonlinear models achieved convergence. The results indicated that the Brody model provided the best adjustments for weight, height, and chest circumference. Gompertz model was found to be the most suitable for describing the growth curve of shin circumference. The animals exhibited an increase in weight during the evaluated period. Height showed the most rapid increase until approximately 365 days of age, followed by a decrease, and a more homogeneous growth pattern thereafter. Chest circumference exhibited more uniform growth in animals from 365 days of age onwards, with slower growth and greater variability observed from 400 days of age. Shin circumference showed greater growth in the first months of age, remaining stable thereafter. We observed that 94 and 5% of the animals in the studied population did not meet the minimum values for height and chest circumference, respectively, according to the breed standards from 24 months of age. Our results can assist in selection and future studies with the Criollo breed.(AU)

Resumo

When applied at growing phase, lighting program aims to obtain quails with body weight and physiological maturity suitable for the beginning of laying. This study evaluated lighting programs at growing phase on performance, sexual maturity and egg quality of meat quail breeders (Coturnixcoturnix) at laying phase. From 7 to 49 days of age, 300 female meat quails were subjected to three lighting programs (natural, intermittent and continuous), with 5 replicates of 20 birds each. At 49 days of age, 240 quails were transferred to a shed, maintaining the same experimental conditions. Meat quails submitted to continuous and intermittent lighting programs had higher weight of reproductive system and lower ages for first egg production and to reach 50% of egg production (P < 0.05). Quails submitted to natural lighting had lower feed intake from 49 to 70 and 71 to 92 days of age and worse feed conversion up to 114 days of age. Continuous and intermittent lighting programs resulted in more precocious quails compared to natural lighting program. Quails submitted to natural lighting at growing phase presented lower egg production during all periods, not differing for birds submitted to continuous and intermittent programs from the second period (71 to 92 days of age). Intermittent and continuous lighting result in better feed conversion of breeding quails up to 114 days and a higher percentage of laying (49 to 136 days), reducing the number of days to produce the first egg and to reach 50% of laying, in relation to natural lighting.

Quando aplicado na fase de crescimento, o programa de luz visa obter codornas com peso corporal e maturidade fisiológica adequados para o início da postura. Este estudo avaliou programas de iluminação na fase de crescimento sobre o desempenho, maturidade sexual e qualidade dos ovos de codornas de corte reprodutoras (Coturnix coturnix) na fase de postura. Durante o período de sete a 49 dias de idade, 300 codornas de corte fêmeas foram submetidas a três programas de iluminação (natural, intermitente e contínuo), com cinco repetições de 20 aves cada. Aos 49 dias de idade, 240 codornas foram transferidas para um galpão, mantendo a mesma distribuição experimental e submetidas às mesmas condições. As aves submetidas aos programas de iluminação contínuo e intermitente na fase de crescimento apresentaram maiores peso relativo do sistema reprodutivo e consequentemente menores idades para produção do primeiro ovo e para atingir 50% da produção de ovos (P < 0.05). As aves que receberam apenas iluminação natural apresentaram menor consumo de ração nos períodos de 49 a 70 e 71 a 92 dias de idade e pior conversão alimentar até 114 dias de idade. Os programas de iluminação contínua e intermitente na fase de crescimento resultaram em codornas mais precoces quando comparados as aves submetidas ao programa de iluminação natural. Codornas submetidas a programa de luz natural na fase de crescimento apresentaram menor produção de ovos durante todos os períodos, não diferindo das aves submetidas a programas contínuos e intermitentes a partir do segundo período (71 a 92 dias de idade). A iluminação intermitente e contínua na fase de crescimento resulta em melhor conversão alimentar de codornas reprodutoras até 114 dias e maior percentual de postura (49 a 136 dias), reduzindo o número de dias para produzir o primeiro ovo e atingir 50% de postura, em relação a iluminação natural.