Pituitary carcinoma in a bitch: clinical, tomographic, histopathological and immunohistochemistry findings

Background: Primary pituitary carcinoma is rarely reported in dogs and only few reports describe its malignancy. In veterinary literature, primary pituitary carcinomas correspond up to 2.4% to 3.4% of intracranial neoplasms found in dogs andinformation regarding its biological behavior is quite limited. In humans, primary pituitary carcinomas represent less than1.0% of all tumors found in the pituitary gland. The proposed classification for pituitary carcinoma in humans and dogsdetermines that the tumor must have its origin in adenohypophyseal region and disseminated metastasis by cerebrospinalfluid or systemically to other organs must be observed. In dogs, a few reports have described primary pituitary carcinoma.The goal of this report was to describe clinical, tomographic, histopathological and immunohistochemistry features of abitch with primary pituitary carcinoma with adjacent invasion.Case: A 7-year-old female spayed Golden Retriever dog was assessed by general practice due progressive weight loss,muscular atrophy, lethargy, blindness, head pressing, and hyporexia for 21 days. Computed tomography (CT) showeda cerebral parenchyma with expansive extra-axial base formation, originating from sella turcica topography, measuringabout 2.0 cm dorsally, displacing the third ventricle, suggesting the diagnosis of pituitary neoplasia. The hormones thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and total thyroxine (T4) as well as stimulation ACTH test were unremarkable. After 7 days,neurological clinical signs progressed and unfortunately the patient died ten days later after hospitalization. A necropsyexam revealed pituitary gland with increased dimensions (2.5 x 2.0 cm). Histopathological fi ndings revealed tumor proliferation in pituitary gland. The neoplasm showed invasion to the nervous parenchyma and metastatic foci between the brainlobes. Immunohistochemistry was positive for keratin and neuron-specifi c enolase...

Ophthalmological and neurological manifestations of a dog with intracranial anaplastic ependymoma. Case report / Manifestações oftalmológicas e neurológicas em um cão com ependimoma anaplásico intracranial: relato de caso

The objective is to report ependymoma associated with uveitis in a four-month-old male boxer crossbreed. The dog initially presented in both eyes conjunctival hyperemia, blepharospasm, projection of the nictitating membrane, and photophobia, characteristic of uveitis.Traumatic uveitis was rejected. Six days after onset of ophthalmic symptoms, vomiting, incoordination, and behavior changes occurred. Neurological symptoms and eyebrow contraction suggesting head pain and brain injury were investigated by computed tomography (CT) nine days after, when the dog showed spasms of the limbs and neck followed by respiratory arrest with reversal and stabilization. The scans revealed extensive amorphic neoformation in the diencephalon, midbrain, and within the right lateral ventricle, along with sinistral displacement of the cerebral sickle. The animal was euthanized, and necropsy of the head revealed hydrocephalus and an intracerebral tumor mass consistent with the CT imaging. Histopathological evaluation by hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed tissue alterations in several CNS segments, showing several pseudorosettes in the neuropil, mitosis, and a high degree of cell atypia, indicating ependymoma. Inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and necrotic tissue lesions were observed in the brainstem and cerebellum due to compression by tumor tissue and hydrocephalus. The neoplasia was phenotyped by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), and tested positive for the tumoral markers vimentin and glial fibrillary acid protein, confirming intracranial anaplastic ependymoma. Behavior changes and neurological signs resulted from vascular, inflammatory, and degenerative processes in the neuropil caused by neoplasm compression and invasion of brain tissue. Although dogs with ependymoma often present with neurological disease, in the present case, blepharospasm was the first symptom noticed by the owner, and it persisted until euthanasia. According to the literature, and confirmed in the evolution of the current case, the symptoms are related to tumor location and extent and to secondary lesions due to tumor expansion. Clinical symptomatology and complementary laboratory testing, CT, necropsy, histology, and IHC characterized ependymoma, a rare condition in young dogs.

Objetiva-se relatar um caso de ependimoma anaplásico associado a uveíte em cão macho de quatro meses de idade, mestiço Boxer. O cão apresentou, inicialmente, hiperemia conjuntival, blefaroespasmo, projeção da membrana nictitante e fotofobia bilaterais, sinais característicos de uveíte. Uveíte por causa traumática foi descartada. Seis dias após o início dos sintomas oftálmicos ocorreram vômito, incoordenação motora e alterações de comportamento. Sinais neurológicos e contração das sobrancelhas sugeriram algia na região cefálica. Injúria cerebral foi investigada por tomografia computadorizada (TC) nove dias após o início dos sintomas, quando o cão demonstrou espasmos dos membros e pescoço, seguido por parada respiratória com reversão e estabilização. A TC revelou extensa e amórfica neoformação no diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, e dentro do ventrículo lateral direito, com deslocamento à esquerda da foice cerebral. O animal foi eutanasiado e a necropsia revelou hidrocefalia e uma massa tumoral intracerebral condizente com a imagem da TC. A avaliação histopatológica por coloração hematoxilina e eosina, revelou alterações teciduais em várias áreas do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), mostrando várias pseudorosetas no neurópilo, mitose, e um elevado grau de atipia celular, indicando ependimoma.Lesões teciduais inflamatórias, hemorrágicas e necróticas foram observadas no tronco encefálico e cerebelo, devido à compressão do tumor e à hidrocefalia. Amostras da neoplasia foram submetidas à análise imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), sendo positiva a expressão dos marcadores tumorais vimentina e proteína glial fibrilar ácida, confirmando ependimoma anaplásico intracranial. As mudanças comportamentais e sinais neurológicos resultaram do processo vascular, inflamatório e degenerativo no neurópilo, causados pela compressão e invasão do tecido cerebral pela neoplasia. Embora cães com ependimoma frequentemente apresentem manifestações neurológicas, no presente caso, blefaroespasmo foi o primeiro sinal clínico observado pelo proprietário, e persistiu até a eutanásia do paciente. Os sinais neurológicos estão relacionados à localização do tumor e extensão das lesões secundárias devidas à sua expansão. Sintomatologia clínica e testes laboratoriais complementares, TC, necropsia, histologia e IHQ caracterizaram ependimoma, que é raro em animais jovens.

Ophthalmological and neurological manifestations of a dog with intracranial anaplastic ependymoma. Case report / Manifestações oftalmológicas e neurológicas em um cão com ependimoma anaplásico intracranial: relato de caso

The objective is to report ependymoma associated with uveitis in a four-month-old male boxer crossbreed. The dog initially presented in both eyes conjunctival hyperemia, blepharospasm, projection of the nictitating membrane, and photophobia, characteristic of uveitis.Traumatic uveitis was rejected. Six days after onset of ophthalmic symptoms, vomiting, incoordination, and behavior changes occurred. Neurological symptoms and eyebrow contraction suggesting head pain and brain injury were investigated by computed tomography (CT) nine days after, when the dog showed spasms of the limbs and neck followed by respiratory arrest with reversal and stabilization. The scans revealed extensive amorphic neoformation in the diencephalon, midbrain, and within the right lateral ventricle, along with sinistral displacement of the cerebral sickle. The animal was euthanized, and necropsy of the head revealed hydrocephalus and an intracerebral tumor mass consistent with the CT imaging. Histopathological evaluation by hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed tissue alterations in several CNS segments, showing several pseudorosettes in the neuropil, mitosis, and a high degree of cell atypia, indicating ependymoma. Inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and necrotic tissue lesions were observed in the brainstem and cerebellum due to compression by tumor tissue and hydrocephalus. The neoplasia was phenotyped by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), and tested positive for the tumoral markers vimentin and glial fibrillary acid protein, confirming intracranial anaplastic ependymoma. Behavior changes and neurological signs resulted from vascular, inflammatory, and degenerative processes in the neuropil caused by neoplasm compression and invasion of brain tissue. Although dogs with ependymoma often present with neurological disease, in the present case, blepharospasm was the first symptom noticed by the owner, and it persisted until euthanasia. According to the literature, and confirmed in the evolution of the current case, the symptoms are related to tumor location and extent and to secondary lesions due to tumor expansion. Clinical symptomatology and complementary laboratory testing, CT, necropsy, histology, and IHC characterized ependymoma, a rare condition in young dogs.(AU)

Objetiva-se relatar um caso de ependimoma anaplásico associado a uveíte em cão macho de quatro meses de idade, mestiço Boxer. O cão apresentou, inicialmente, hiperemia conjuntival, blefaroespasmo, projeção da membrana nictitante e fotofobia bilaterais, sinais característicos de uveíte. Uveíte por causa traumática foi descartada. Seis dias após o início dos sintomas oftálmicos ocorreram vômito, incoordenação motora e alterações de comportamento. Sinais neurológicos e contração das sobrancelhas sugeriram algia na região cefálica. Injúria cerebral foi investigada por tomografia computadorizada (TC) nove dias após o início dos sintomas, quando o cão demonstrou espasmos dos membros e pescoço, seguido por parada respiratória com reversão e estabilização. A TC revelou extensa e amórfica neoformação no diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, e dentro do ventrículo lateral direito, com deslocamento à esquerda da foice cerebral. O animal foi eutanasiado e a necropsia revelou hidrocefalia e uma massa tumoral intracerebral condizente com a imagem da TC. A avaliação histopatológica por coloração hematoxilina e eosina, revelou alterações teciduais em várias áreas do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), mostrando várias pseudorosetas no neurópilo, mitose, e um elevado grau de atipia celular, indicando ependimoma.Lesões teciduais inflamatórias, hemorrágicas e necróticas foram observadas no tronco encefálico e cerebelo, devido à compressão do tumor e à hidrocefalia. Amostras da neoplasia foram submetidas à análise imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), sendo positiva a expressão dos marcadores tumorais vimentina e proteína glial fibrilar ácida, confirmando ependimoma anaplásico intracranial. As mudanças comportamentais e sinais neurológicos resultaram do processo vascular, inflamatório e degenerativo no neurópilo, causados pela compressão e invasão do tecido cerebral pela neoplasia. Embora cães com ependimoma frequentemente apresentem manifestações neurológicas, no presente caso, blefaroespasmo foi o primeiro sinal clínico observado pelo proprietário, e persistiu até a eutanásia do paciente. Os sinais neurológicos estão relacionados à localização do tumor e extensão das lesões secundárias devidas à sua expansão. Sintomatologia clínica e testes laboratoriais complementares, TC, necropsia, histologia e IHQ caracterizaram ependimoma, que é raro em animais jovens.(AU)

Graduação histológica e aspectos clínico-patológicos relacionados em 22 meningiomas de cães / Histological grading and related clinical and pathological aspects of 22 canine meningioma

Vinte e dois casos de meningiomas em cães, diagnosticados num período de aproximadamente 18 anos, foram revisados. Os neoplasmas foram graduados e classificados histologicamente de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS de 2007) para meningiomas em humanos adaptados para cães, em Grau I (G-I; benignos), Grau II (G-II; atípicos) e Grau III (G-III; anaplásico ou maligno). Dos protocolos de necropsias foram retiradas adicionalmente informações referentes ao sexo, idade, raça, evolução clínica, sinais clínicos, localização anatômica e achados macroscópicos. Os meningiomas intracranianos supratentoriais foram os mais frequentes em relação às demais localizações intracranianas ou intraespinhais. Os intracranianos caracterizaram-se principalmente por sinais clínicos de alteração tálamo-cortical. Os intraespinhais caracterizaram-se principalmente por causarem ataxia. Meningiomas G-I foram os mais frequentes (63,6%) nos 22 cães, seguidos pelos G-III (22,7%) e G-II (13,6%). Os G-I caracterizaram-se por ter o subtipo psammomatoso como o mais frequente, mais de um padrão morfológico em um mesmo tumor, e um terço deles apresentando áreas de invasão do tecido nervoso, 71,4% dos casos acometendo fêmeas, uma média de idade de 11 anos, cães com raça definida como os mais acometidos e por ter o maior tempo de sobrevivência após a manifestação dos sinais clínicos. Os meningiomas G-II caracterizaram-se por ter o subtipo cordoide como o mais frequente, invasão do tecido nervoso em um terço dos casos, somente fêmeas acometidas, uma média de idade de 12 anos, dois terços dos cães acometidos sem raça definida e o tempo máximo de sobrevivência de 20 dias. Os meningiomas G-III caracterizaram-se por ter o subtipo papilar como o mais frequente, invasão do tecido nervoso em 80% dos casos, 60% dos casos acometendo fêmeas, uma média de idade de 8 anos, 80% dos cães acometidos da raça Boxer e o tempo máximo de sobrevivência de 90 dias. Este estudo permitiu estabelecer uma relação entre os três graus histológicos observados em 22 casos de meningiomas em cães com vários parâmetros clínico-epidemiológicos e patológicos, fornecendo informações úteis para um melhor conhecimento da correlação entre a graduação histológica e a evolução clínica desses neoplasmas.(AU)

Twenty two cases of meningiomas in dogs, diagnosed in about 18 years, were analyzed. The neoplasms were histologicaly classified and graded according to the World and Health Organization (WHO of 2007) for human meningiomas, adapted for dogs, in Grade I (G-I; benign), Grade II (G-II; atypical), and Grade III (G-III; anaplastic or malignant). Additional data about gender, age, breed, skull conformation, clinical course and signs, anatomic localization, gross and histological findings were obtained from the necropsy reports. Intracranial and supratentorial meningiomas were the most frequent in relation to the other intracranial or intraspinal sites. The intracranial ones were characterized mainly by clinical signs of thalamic-cortical alteration. Intraspinal ones were mainly characterized by ataxia. G-I meningiomas were the most frequent (63.6%) in dogs, followed by G-III (22.7%) and G-II (13.6%). GI were characterized by having the psammomatous subtype as the most frequent, more than one morphological pattern in the same tumor, one third presenting areas of invasion of nervous tissue, 71.4% of cases involving females, a mean age of 11 years, pure breed dogs as the most affected ones and for having the longest survival time after the manifestation of clinical signs. G-II meningiomas were characterized by having the chordoid subtype as the most frequent, invasion of nervous tissue in one third of cases, only females affected, a mean age of 12 years, two-thirds of the dogs affected were mongrels and the maximum survival time of 20 days. The G-III meningiomas were characterized by having the papillary subtype as the most frequent, invasion of the nervous tissue in 80% of the cases, 60% of the cases involving females, a mean age of 8 years, 80% of dogs affected were Boxers and the maximum survival time of 90 days. In conclusion, this study allowed to establish a relationship between the three histological grades observed in 22 cases of meningiomas in dogs with various clinical-epidemiological and pathological parameters, providing useful information for a better understanding of the correlation between the histological grading and the clinical evolution of these neoplasms.(AU)

Graduação histológica e aspectos clínico-patológicos relacionados em 22 meningiomas de cães / Histological grading and related clinical and pathological aspects of 22 canine meningioma

Vinte e dois casos de meningiomas em cães, diagnosticados num período de aproximadamente 18 anos, foram revisados. Os neoplasmas foram graduados e classificados histologicamente de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS de 2007) para meningiomas em humanos adaptados para cães, em Grau I (G-I; benignos), Grau II (G-II; atípicos) e Grau III (G-III; anaplásico ou maligno). Dos protocolos de necropsias foram retiradas adicionalmente informações referentes ao sexo, idade, raça, evolução clínica, sinais clínicos, localização anatômica e achados macroscópicos. Os meningiomas intracranianos supratentoriais foram os mais frequentes em relação às demais localizações intracranianas ou intraespinhais. Os intracranianos caracterizaram-se principalmente por sinais clínicos de alteração tálamo-cortical. Os intraespinhais caracterizaram-se principalmente por causarem ataxia. Meningiomas G-I foram os mais frequentes (63,6%) nos 22 cães, seguidos pelos G-III (22,7%) e G-II (13,6%). Os G-I caracterizaram-se por ter o subtipo psammomatoso como o mais frequente, mais de um padrão morfológico em um mesmo tumor, e um terço deles apresentando áreas de invasão do tecido nervoso, 71,4% dos casos acometendo fêmeas, uma média de idade de 11 anos, cães com raça definida como os mais acometidos e por ter o maior tempo de sobrevivência após a manifestação dos sinais clínicos. Os meningiomas G-II caracterizaram-se por ter o subtipo cordoide como o mais frequente, invasão do tecido nervoso em um terço dos casos, somente fêmeas acometidas, uma média de idade de 12 anos, dois terços dos cães acometidos sem raça definida e o tempo máximo de sobrevivência de 20 dias. Os meningiomas G-III caracterizaram-se por ter o subtipo papilar como o mais frequente, invasão do tecido nervoso em 80% dos casos, 60% dos casos acometendo fêmeas, uma média de idade de 8 anos, 80% dos cães acometidos da raça Boxer e o tempo máximo de sobrevivência de 90 dias...(AU)

Twenty two cases of meningiomas in dogs, diagnosed in about 18 years, were analyzed. The neoplasms were histologicaly classified and graded according to the World and Health Organization (WHO of 2007) for human meningiomas, adapted for dogs, in Grade I (G-I; benign), Grade II (G-II; atypical), and Grade III (G-III; anaplastic or malignant). Additional data about gender, age, breed, skull conformation, clinical course and signs, anatomic localization, gross and histological findings were obtained from the necropsy reports. Intracranial and supratentorial meningiomas were the most frequent in relation to the other intracranial or intraspinal sites. The intracranial ones were characterized mainly by clinical signs of thalamic-cortical alteration. Intraspinal ones were mainly characterized by ataxia. G-I meningiomas were the most frequent (63.6%) in dogs, followed by G-III (22.7%) and G-II (13.6%). GI were characterized by having the psammomatous subtype as the most frequent, more than one morphological pattern in the same tumor, one third presenting areas of invasion of nervous tissue, 71.4% of cases involving females, a mean age of 11 years, pure breed dogs as the most affected ones and for having the longest survival time after the manifestation of clinical signs. G-II meningiomas were characterized by having the chordoid subtype as the most frequent, invasion of nervous tissue in one third of cases, only females affected, a mean age of 12 years, two-thirds of the dogs affected were mongrels and the maximum survival time of 20 days. The G-III meningiomas were characterized by having the papillary subtype as the most frequent, invasion of the nervous tissue in 80% of the cases, 60% of the cases involving females, a mean age of 8 years, 80% of dogs affected were Boxers and the maximum survival time of 90 days. In conclusion, this study allowed to establish a relationship between the three histological grades observed in 22 cases of meningiomas in dogs...(AU)

ATUALIZAÇÕES NA NEUROPATOGENIA DA CINOMOSE

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a neuropatogenia causada pelo Morbillivirus em cães, através de revisão de literatura sistemática com ênfase na fisiopatogenia da cinomose. Foram analisadas amostras de encéfalos de cães com diagnóstico de cinomose que vieram a óbito, com base em análise histopatológica das lesões. A cinomose é uma doença multissistêmica grave, altamente contagiosa, com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. É necessário um estudo completo da neuropatogenia da cinomose, abrangendo a etiopagenia e as complicações neurológicas da doença para elucidar detalhadamente as consequências dessa infecção, como as lesões desmielinizantes multifocais crônicas. Nessas patologias, os nucleocapsídeos virais por não utilizarem envelopamento em partículas virais para a sua multiplicação, são transmitidos para as células nervosas através de receptores, principalmente os astrócitos. A fusão célula a célula depende da nectina-4, presente nas cepas desmielinizantes do vírus da cinomose (VCC). Algumas pesquisas mostram que o vírus da cinomose acomete o SNC, mesmo que a infecção não tenha gerado alterações neurológicas. Os mecanismos de invasão e disseminação cerebral do Morbillivirus ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. A análise das alterações neuropatológicas causadas pela presença do VCC pode auxiliar estudos de novos tratamentos que visam à recuperação de sinais neurológicos de cães acometidos pela cinomose, que resultam nas principais causas de óbitos.

The aim of this study was to review the neuropathogenesis caused by Morbillivirus in dogs through systematic literature review with emphasis on the pathophysiology of canine distemper. Encephalic samples from dogs diagnosed with canine distemper that died were analyzed based on histopathological analysis of the lesions. Canine distemper is a severe, highly contagious, multisystemic disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. A complete study of the neuropathogenesis of canine distemper, covering the etiopathogenesis and neurological complications of the disease is necessary to elucidate in detail the consequences of this infection in the Central Nervous System (CNS), such as chronic multifocal demyelinating lesions. In these pathologies, the viral nucleocapsids by they do not use envelopment in viral particles for their multiplication, they are transmitted to the nerve cells through receptors, mainly the astrocytes. Cell-to-cell fusion depends on nectin-4, which is present in demyelinating strains of cynomatosis virus (DCV). Some research shows that the distemper virus affects the CNS, even if the infection has not generated neurological changes. The mechanisms of brain invasion and dissemination of Morbillivirus are not yet fully known. The analysis of neuropathological changes caused by the presence of CCV to support studies of new treatments aimed at the recovery of neurological signs in dogs affected by canine distemper, which results in the main causes of death.

Candida glabrata Septicemia in a Piglet / Candida glabrata Septicemia in a Piglet

Background: Candida organisms are ubiquitous pathogens that may cause mucosal or systemic infection in humans and animals. Candida albicans was the main Candida specie associated with cases of systemic candidosis, and Candida glabrata is the second most isolated in those cases. In animals there are few reports of candidosis. In pigs C. albicans was described as mucocutaneous disease affecting oral mucosa, esophagus and aglandular stomach of pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2. Systemic invasion by Candida species in pigs is rare. This report describes the pathological changes observed in a case of systemic candidosis due to C. glabrata infection in a piglet. Case: In a nursery facility with 500 piglets a 47-days-old piglet showed lateral recumbency that progressed to inability to stand, paddling and death. In the necropsy it was observed valvular vegetative endocarditis in the left atrio-ventricular valve and in the kidneys multifocal to coalescing whitish foci in the sub-capsular and in the cut surface. Microscopical examination of the cerebral cortex, brain steam and cerebellum revealed multifocal random necrotic suppurative focci surrounded by mononuclear cells, epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells together with discret linfoplasmocitic meningitis. In the kidneys there was embolic suppurative nephritis with multifocal abscesses in renal parenchyma, characterized

Background: Candida organisms are ubiquitous pathogens that may cause mucosal or systemic infection in humans and animals. Candida albicans was the main Candida specie associated with cases of systemic candidosis, and Candida glabrata is the second most isolated in those cases. In animals there are few reports of candidosis. In pigs C. albicans was described as mucocutaneous disease affecting oral mucosa, esophagus and aglandular stomach of pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2. Systemic invasion by Candida species in pigs is rare. This report describes the pathological changes observed in a case of systemic candidosis due to C. glabrata infection in a piglet. Case: In a nursery facility with 500 piglets a 47-days-old piglet showed lateral recumbency that progressed to inability to stand, paddling and death. In the necropsy it was observed valvular vegetative endocarditis in the left atrio-ventricular valve and in the kidneys multifocal to coalescing whitish foci in the sub-capsular and in the cut surface. Microscopical examination of the cerebral cortex, brain steam and cerebellum revealed multifocal random necrotic suppurative focci surrounded by mononuclear cells, epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells together with discret linfoplasmocitic meningitis. In the kidneys there was embolic suppurative nephritis with multifocal abscesses in renal parenchyma, characterized

Candida glabrata septicemia in a piglet

Background: Candida organisms are ubiquitous pathogens that may cause mucosal or systemic infection in humans and animals. Candida albicans was the main Candida specie associated with cases of systemic candidosis, and Candida glabrata is the second most isolated in those cases. In animals there are few reports of candidosis. In pigs C. albicans was described as mucocutaneous disease affecting oral mucosa, esophagus and aglandular stomach of pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2. Systemic invasion by Candida species in pigs is rare. This report describes the pathological changes observed in a case of systemic candidosis due to C. glabrata infection in a piglet. Case: In a nursery facility with 500 piglets a 47-days-old piglet showed lateral recumbency that progressed to inabilit to stand, paddling and death. In the necropsy it was observed valvular vegetative endocarditis in the left atrio-ventricular valve and in the kidneys multifocal to coalescing whitish foci in the sub-capsular and in the cut surface. Microscopical examination of the cerebral cortex, brain steam and cerebellum revealed multifocal random necrotic suppurative focci surrounded by mononuclear cells, epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells together with discret linfoplasmocitic meningitis. In the kidneys there was embolic suppurative nephritis with multifocal abscesses in renal parenchyma, characterized by large amount of neutrophils surrounded by mononuclear cells. In the left valve surface of the hearth there was extensive proliferation of connective tissue with large amount of fibrin, neutrophils and intralesional Gram-positive bacterial colonies with coccoid shape morphology. In brain, hearth and kidneys slides stained with Grocott's methenamine silver and periodic acid-Schiff technique a large amount of yeasts cells round to ovoid in shape were observed associated with necrotic foci and in multinucleated giants cells. Discussion: In the present report, a 47-days-old weaned piglet showed neurological signs that suggested a Streptococcus suis meningitis, and a presumptive diagnostic was reached based on those signs. Antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin was attempted, but there was no improvement in the clinical signs and the piglet died. S. suis was not isolated in the bacteriological analysis, however, PCR technique allowed the detection of the pathogen from the heart, raising the possibility for a role of the agent in the endocardial lesion, but not in the brain. Candida glabrata was detected in the hearth, kidneys and brain suggesting a septicemic spread candidosis in the piglet. Due to the presence of C. glabrata in the piogranulomatous lesions observed in the brain we assumed that the neurological signs were associated with the candidal infection. In humans, it is described the association among intracardiac candidal infection and an increased risk for the development of central nervous system infection. A recent study in slaughter pigs have shown that brain lesions associated with bacterial valvular endocarditis are common. Immunosuppression, low birth weight and broad spectrum antibiotic therapy are among the predisposing factor to the development of septicemic candidosis. In our case report, the piglet was the lighter in the litter at weaning and in the day of necropsy, besides antibiotic therapy was attempted twice in the piglet what could act as another predisposing factor for the septicemic candidosis. This was an unusual case of systemic candidosis with brain involvement and neurological clinical signs associated, due to C. glabrata infection in a piglet.

Narcolepsia sintomática em um cão com macroadenoma hipofisário / Symptomatic narcolepsy in a dog with hypophisary macroadenoma

Background: Narcolepsy is a neurologic sleep disorder, in humans characterized by excessive and recurrent daytime sleepiness, rapid eye movement in the beginning of the sleep, in association with hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis, with or without cataplexy. In dogs, the characteristic symptom is cataplexy and narcolepsy exists in two forms, one genetic and one acquired. This article describes one case of narcolepsy as a symptom due to an adenohypophysis tumor. Case: Dog presenting progressive signs of appetite loss, incoordination and constant falling. At clinical evaluation, the dog presented cachexia, hipocolored mucosae and compulsively walking in circles to the right, the four limbs collapsed from physical exhaustion, remaining in a narcoleptic state. Complementary exams, like x-ray, ultrasonography, hemogram and biochemical examination did not show significant alterations. The patient was hospitalized for recovery of general status and corticoid treatment was initiated, but after two days it died. Necropsy reported that the cause of death was 180º gastric torsion and adrenals presented diffuse and marked enlargement of the cortical layer, 1.5 cm diameter neoplasia at the base of the brain and 0.5 cm diameter cavitation in the cerebral parenchyma. In the microscopic examination, adrenals were hyperplastic at the cortical region and there was round cell proliferation, with some basophilic cytoplasm and others more eosinophilic at the hypophysis with parenchyma nervous tissue invasion, reaching the diagnosis of macroadenoma of adenohypophysis chromophil cells. Discussion: secondary or symptomatic narcolepsy is not commonly described in animals, with just one case report being found in the literature, in which the patient presented narcolepsy-cataplexy secondary to post-vaccination encephalitis. In humans, it has been reported in cases of hypothalamic pathologies, like Niemann-Pick type C disease, neoplasia, trauma, vascular issues, post-encephalitis, agenesis of the corpus callosum, sarcoidosis, neurocysticercosis and limbic encephalitis. In the described case, probably, there was an infi ltration from the hypophysis macroadenoma to the adjacent tissues, causing destruction and compression of hypothalamic neurons. The hypophisary macroadenomas, with nervous symptoms, occur due to tumor dorsal extention, dorso-caudal direction, comprising and invading the hypothalamus and the third ventricle. The most common signs are apathy, ataxy, behavioral changes, sight reduction and facial paralysis, being some of these symptoms observed in the present case. According to several reports in humans, the hypocretin levels (neurotransmitter which presents the function of sleep regulation, alertness and food intake) is used to diagnose narcolepsy, however, in case of secondary narcolepsy, the neurotransmitter can or not be decreased. Cases in which it had normal amount, the authors based on clinical signs concluded that the hypocretinergic system (hypocretin-1 and 2, and its respective receptors) would be compromised. The patient died before the hypocretin dosage was performed to confirm secondary narcolepsy. For that, it would be necessary to collect cephalorachidian fluid, under sedation, but the dog was not in adequate physical condition to go under such procedure. Because of that, it was concluded that, by symptomatology, its hypocretinergic system was affected, because the location of the tumor lesion is similar to other cases reported in humans.

Carcinoma de células escamosas no olho de bovino com invasão cerebral através dos nervos cranianos

A squamous cell carcinoma of the eye was removed from a 7-year-old cow which presented drooping of left ear, drooling and progressive loss of weight. Due to poor prognosis it was euthanatized 9 months after surgery. At necropsy and histopathological examination it was found that the tumor had invaded the brain stem through the cranial nerves. Additional necropsy significant findings included aspiration pneumonia and denervation atrophy of the left temporal muscle.

Um carcinoma de células escamosas foi removido do olho de uma vaca de 7 anos de idade que apresentava ptose da orelha esquerda, salivação e perda de peso progressiva. Devido ao mau prognóstico, a vaca foi submetida à eutanásia 9 meses após a cirurgia. Na necropsia e no exame histopatológico, foi observado que o tumor havia invadido o tronco encefálico através dos nervos cranianos. Outros achados de necropsia significativos incluíam pneumonia de aspiração e atrofia por desnervação do músculo temporal esquerdo.

Carcinoma de células escamosas no olho de bovino com invasão cerebral através dos nervos cranianos

A squamous cell carcinoma of the eye was removed from a 7-year-old cow which presented drooping of left ear, drooling and progressive loss of weight. Due to poor prognosis it was euthanatized 9 months after surgery. At necropsy and histopathological examination it was found that the tumor had invaded the brain stem through the cranial nerves. Additional necropsy significant findings included aspiration pneumonia and denervation atrophy of the left temporal muscle.

Um carcinoma de células escamosas foi removido do olho de uma vaca de 7 anos de idade que apresentava ptose da orelha esquerda, salivação e perda de peso progressiva. Devido ao mau prognóstico, a vaca foi submetida à eutanásia 9 meses após a cirurgia. Na necropsia e no exame histopatológico, foi observado que o tumor havia invadido o tronco encefálico através dos nervos cranianos. Outros achados de necropsia significativos incluíam pneumonia de aspiração e atrofia por desnervação do músculo temporal esquerdo.

Candida glabrata Septicemia in a Piglet / Candida glabrata Septicemia in a Piglet

Background: Candida organisms are ubiquitous pathogens that may cause mucosal or systemic infection in humans and animals. Candida albicans was the main Candida specie associated with cases of systemic candidosis, and Candida glabrata is the second most isolated in those cases. In animals there are few reports of candidosis. In pigs C. albicans was described as mucocutaneous disease affecting oral mucosa, esophagus and aglandular stomach of pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2. Systemic invasion by Candida species in pigs is rare. This report describes the pathological changes observed in a case of systemic candidosis due to C. glabrata infection in a piglet. Case: In a nursery facility with 500 piglets a 47-days-old piglet showed lateral recumbency that progressed to inability to stand, paddling and death. In the necropsy it was observed valvular vegetative endocarditis in the left atrio-ventricular valve and in the kidneys multifocal to coalescing whitish foci in the sub-capsular and in the cut surface. Microscopical examination of the cerebral cortex, brain steam and cerebellum revealed multifocal random necrotic suppurative focci surrounded by mononuclear cells, epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells together with discret linfoplasmocitic meningitis. In the kidneys there was embolic suppurative nephritis with multifocal abscesses in renal parenchyma, characterized

Background: Candida organisms are ubiquitous pathogens that may cause mucosal or systemic infection in humans and animals. Candida albicans was the main Candida specie associated with cases of systemic candidosis, and Candida glabrata is the second most isolated in those cases. In animals there are few reports of candidosis. In pigs C. albicans was described as mucocutaneous disease affecting oral mucosa, esophagus and aglandular stomach of pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2. Systemic invasion by Candida species in pigs is rare. This report describes the pathological changes observed in a case of systemic candidosis due to C. glabrata infection in a piglet. Case: In a nursery facility with 500 piglets a 47-days-old piglet showed lateral recumbency that progressed to inability to stand, paddling and death. In the necropsy it was observed valvular vegetative endocarditis in the left atrio-ventricular valve and in the kidneys multifocal to coalescing whitish foci in the sub-capsular and in the cut surface. Microscopical examination of the cerebral cortex, brain steam and cerebellum revealed multifocal random necrotic suppurative focci surrounded by mononuclear cells, epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells together with discret linfoplasmocitic meningitis. In the kidneys there was embolic suppurative nephritis with multifocal abscesses in renal parenchyma, characterized

Efeitos da administração de ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) sobre parâmetros metabólicos e eletroencefálicos de ratos / Effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) administration on metabolism parameters and electro encephalic on rats

O ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) é um produto do metabolismo do triptofano encontrado nos organismos animais, vegetais e em microrganismos. Destacam-se os trabalhos que atribuíram ao AIA efeitos tanto antioxidantes quanto proxidantes em diferentes sistemas biológicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar os efeitos da administração do AIA no metabolismo muscular e cerebral e na atividade elétrica cerebral de ratos. Foram realizados dois grupos de experimentos. No primeiro grupo foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: taxa glicêmica e o ganho de peso corporal de animais tratados por 14 dias com AIA (40 mg/Kg de peso vivo, via intragástrica); atividade das enzimas antioxidantes glutationa redutase (GR), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD) e das enzimas do metabolismo da glicose hexoquinase (HQ), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PDH) nos músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio e a atividade da enzimas antioxidantes GR, CAT e SOD e a quantificação dos produtos resultantes da peroxidação lipídica (TBARs) no cérebro de ratos tratados por 14 dias com diferentes doses de AIA (1, 18 e 40 mg/Kg de peso animal, via intragástrica). Os respectivos controles de todas essas análises foram obtidos de ratos que receberam 1 mL de tampão fosfato pH 7,4 via intragástrica sob as mesmas condições experimentais. No segundo grupo de experimentos foi obtido o eletroencefalograma (EEG) dos animais. O EEG obtido foi filtrado nas bandas de freqüências delta (0,3-4 Hz), teta (4-8 Hz), alfa (8-12 Hz) e beta (12-30 Hz) e em cada banda calculou-se a energia do sinal. Foram avaliados o EEG de animais tratados com AIA (40 mg/Kg de peso vivo) e tratados com triptofano (40 mg/Kg de peso animal), ambos por via intragástrica. Os controles para esses tratamentos foram o EEG coletado 1 hora antes e 1 hora depois da administração de 1mL de tampão fosfato por via intragástrica no mesmo animal que recebeu o tratamento. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA com significância de 0,05 usando o teste de Tuckey e os estimadores foram validados usando-se bootstrap. A adminitração de AIA (40mg/Kg de peso vivo) não alterou a taxa glicêmica e evolução de peso corporal dos animais, em relação ao controle. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os resultados obtidos de amostras de animais tratados com AIA (todas as doses) em relação aos respectivos controles para: atividade das enzimas antioxidantes muscular e cerebral; enzimas envolvidas com o metabolismo da glicose muscular; conteúdo de peroxidação lipídica (TBARs) cerebral. O método não invasivo de aquisição de EEG desenvolvido para ratos permitiu adquirir e analisar o sinal elétrico cerebral. Não foram observadas alterações no padrão do EEG após a administração de tampão fosfato. No entanto, o AIA na dose de 40 mg/Kg de peso vivo alterou o padrão do EEG do animal, pois, a energia das freqüências de ondas alfa (8-12 Hz) e beta (12-30 Hz) foi maior em relação ao estado normal e após administração de tampão fosfato. Já o triptofano na dose de 40 mg/Kg de peso vivo aumentou a energia da onda delta (0,3-4 Hz) e diminuiu na energia da onda beta (12-30 Hz) em relação ao estado normal. O método não invasivo de EEG para rato desenvolvido neste trabalho foi sensível para detectar a atividade elétrica encefálica dos animais e o triptofano serviu como parâmetro de referência, pois promoveu diferentes alterações no padrão do EEG daquelas observadas nos animais tratados com AIA. Conclui-se que o AIA não interferiu nos parâmetros metabólicos oxidativos e energéticos dos músculos e do cérebro dos animais estudados, mas promoveu alterações fisiológicas que desencadearam as mudanças observadas na energia do sinal de EEG dos animais

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a tryptophan metabolic found in animals organisms, microorganisms and vegetables. It is remarkable the work done to IAA antioxidants and proxidants effects in several biological systems. The main purpose of these studies was to evaluate the effects of intragastric IAA administration in brain and in muscle metabolism and electrical brain activities in rat. The experiments were done in two groups. The first one, were evaluated the following parameters: glycemic rate and corporal gain weight to those animals treated14 days with IAA (40 mg/Kg of body weight); activity of antioxidants enzymes as glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD); activities of hexokinase (HQ), lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehidrogenase (G6PDH) on soleus and gastrocnemic muscle; antioxidants enzymes activities and level of tiobarbituric reactives subtances (TBARs) in brain from rats treated during 14 days with doses of IAA (1,18 and 40 Kg/kg body of weight). All those analyses controls were obtained from rat that was given 1 mL of phosphate buffered saline, pH 7 (PBS), under the same experiments conditions as the group treated with IAA. On the second group of experiments was evaluated EEG pattern obtained from fixed electrodes on the animal skin surface were not sedated, and shown at delta frequency (0.3-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz) and the energy of those band frequency was calculated using a developed algorithm software MATLAB®. EEG was evaluated from animals treated with IAA (40 mg/Kg body weight) and treated with tryptophan (40 mg/Kg body weight), both intragastric. The management control for those treatments were EEG collected 1 hour before and 1 hour after the intragstric administration of 1mL PBS at the same animal that received the treatment. The results were analysed by ANOVA with great significance of 0.05 using the Tukey test and were evaluated by bootstrap. The IAA administration (40 mg/Kg body weight) did not change the glycaemia rate and the animal weight evolution, to compare with the control. Were not observed any significant differences among results from animals treated with IAA (all doses) relating to respective controls to: a) brain and muscles antioxidants enzymes activity; b) activities of enzymes with muscular glucose metabolism; c) brain lipid peroxidation contents by TBARs level. No invasive EEG colleting methods developed for rat allowed to collect and analyse electric brain signal. After an administration of PBS, were not observed any changes at EEG pattern. IAA dose of 40 mg/Kg body weight did change the animal EEG standard, the frequency energy of alpha wave to (8-12 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz) was higher then normal after administration of PBS. On the other side, tryptophan dose of 40 mg/Kg body weight increased the delta wave energy to (0,3-4 Hz) and decreased the beta wave energy to (12-30 Hz), to compare withfthe normal standard. Non invasion EEG colleting methods for rat developed in this studies was sensible in order to detect an animals electric encephalic activity and the tryptophan became as reference parameter, due to several changes on pattern EEG to those animals treated with IAA. Concluding that, IAA did not interfere on oxidative metabolic parameters, neither to the brain and muscles of the studied animals, but promoted physiological changes that was possible to observe on animals electroencephalogram

Infecção e enfermidade neurológica pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5): coelhos como modelo experimental / Acute infection and neurological disease by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5): rabbits as an experimental model

Coelhos são susceptíveis à infecção pelo herpes-vírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5) e freqüentemente desenvolvem enfermidade neurológica aguda fatal após inoculação intranasal. A cinética da invasão do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de coelhos pelo BHV-5 foi estudada através de pesquisa de vírus em secções do SNC a diferentes intervalos pós-inoculação. Após inoculação intranasal, o vírus foi inicialmente detectado no bulbo olfatório às 48h, seguido do córtex olfatório às 48/72h. Às 72/96h o vírus foi detectado também no gânglio trigêmeo, ponte e córtex cerebral. Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar a importância do sistema olfatório na invasão do SNC de coelhos pelo BHV-5. No primeiro experimento, coelhos foram inoculados com duas amostras do BHV-5 no saco conjuntival. Coelhos inoculados por essa via também desenvolveram a enfermidade neurológica, porém com menor freqüência com curso clínico tardio. No segundo experimento, doze coelhos foram submetidos à ablação cirúrgica do bulbo olfatório e posteriormente inoculados com o BHV-5 pela via intranasal. Onze de 12 coelhos controle (91,6 por cento), não submetidos à cirurgia, desenvolveram a doença neurológica, contra quatro de 12 (33,3 por cento) dos animals submetidos à remoção cirúrgica do bulbo olfatório. Esses resultados demonstram que o sistema olfatório constitui-se na principal via de acesso do BHV-5 ao encéfalo de coelhos após inoculação intranasal. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de infecção neurológica em coelhos inoculados pela via conjuntival e em coelhos sem o bulbo olfatório indica que o BHV-5 pode utilizar outras vias para invadir o SNC, provavelmente as fibras sensoriais e autonômicas que compõe o nervo trigêmeo. Os efeitos da imunização com vírus homólogo (BHV-5) e heterólogo (BHV-1) na proteção à infecção neurológica foram investigados. Cinco entre 10 coelhos (50 por cento) imunizados com o BHV-5 apresentaram sinais neurológicos discretos e transitórios e um morreu após o desafio ... (AU)

Rabbits are susceptible to bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection and often develop an acute and fatal neurological disease upon intranasal inoculation. The kinetics of viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated by testing serial brain sections for infectivity at intervals after virus inoculation. The virus was first detected in the main olfactory bulb at 48h, followed by the olfactory cortex at 48/72h. At 72/96h infectivity was also detected in the trigeminal ganglia, pons and cerebral cortex. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the olfactory system in the invasion of the rabbits' CNS by BHV-5. In the first experiment, rabbits were inoculated with two BHV-5 isolates in the conjunctival sac. Rabbits inoculated by this route developed the neurological disease, yet with a reduced frequency and delayed clinical course. In a second experiment, twelve rabbits were submitted to surgical removal of the olfactory bulb and subsequently inoculated intranasally with BHV-5. Eleven out of 12 (91.6%) of the control rabbits developed the disease, against four out of 12 (33.3%) of the animals lacking the olfactory bulb. These results suggest that the olfactory system is the main pathway utilized by BHV-5 to reach the CNS of rabbits after intranasal inoculation. Nevertheless, the development of neurological infection in rabbits inoculated in the conjunctival sac and in rabbits lacking the olfactory bulb indicate that BHV-5 may utilize an alternative route to invade the CNS, probably the sensory and autonomic fibers of the trigeminal nerve. The effects of immunization with homologous (BHV-5) and heterologous (BHV-1) strains in prevention of neurological disease by BHV-5 were investigated. Five out of 10 rabbits (50%) immunized with BHV-5 showed mild and transient neurological signs and one died upon challenge. Interestingly, the degree of protection against BHV-5 challenge was higher in rabbits immunized with BHV-1: only...(AU)