Optimizing in vitro growth of basil using LED lights / Otimização crescimento in vitro de manjericão usando lâmpadas LED

ABSTRACT: Tissue culture is an important technique for assessing the influence of light on plant growth. This study evaluated the in vitro cultivation of Ocimum basilicum cultivars under different light sources. First, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fluorescent and LED (Light Emitting Diode) light sources (yellow, blue, green, and red) on five basil cultivars (Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla, Italian Large, Limoncino, and Maria Bonita), followed by, another experiment, with two LED lights (Growlux and Blue). In vitro basil plants did not exhibit good growth under yellow lamps. The size of the roots of Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla and Limoncino cultivars under the two light conditions were similar. Moreover, the luminous condition of the Growlux lamps generated a greater quantity of leaves and fresh, and dry weight than blue LED lamps for Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla and Limoncino cultivars. Thus, it was concluded that the Growlux lamps promoted a greater amount of basil biomass.

RESUMO: A cultura de tecidos é uma técnica importante para avaliar a influência da luz no desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo in vitro de cultivares de Ocimum basilicum sob diferentes fontes de luz. Primeiramente, foi avaliado o efeito de fontes de luz fluorescentes e LEDs (Diodo emissores de luz amarela, azul, verde e vermelha) em cinco cultivares de manjericão (Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla, Italian Large, Limoncino e Maria Bonita); e posteriormente o efeito de duas lâmpadas LED (Growlux e Azul). As lâmpadas amarelas não proporcionaram um bom desenvolvimento das plantas de manjericão in vitro. Verificou-se que o tamanho das raízes e massa fresca nas cultivares Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla e Limoncino nas duas condições luminosas foram semelhantes. A condição luminosa das lâmpadas Growlux promoveu maior número de folhas, massa fresca e seca quando comparada com lâmpadas LED azuis nas cultivares Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla e Limoncino. Assim, concluiu-se que as lâmpadas Growlux promovem uma maior quantidade de biomassa de manjericão.

Optimizing in vitro growth of basil using LED lights / Otimização crescimento in vitro de manjericão usando lâmpadas LED

Tissue culture is an important technique for assessing the influence of light on plant growth. This study evaluated the in vitro cultivation of Ocimum basilicum cultivars under different light sources. First, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fluorescent and LED (Light Emitting Diode) light sources (yellow, blue, green, and red) on five basil cultivars (Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla, Italian Large, Limoncino, and Maria Bonita), followed by, another experiment, with two LED lights (Growlux and Blue). In vitro basil plants did not exhibit good growth under yellow lamps. The size of the roots of Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla and Limoncino cultivars under the two light conditions were similar. Moreover, the luminous condition of the Growlux lamps generated a greater quantity of leaves and fresh, and dry weight than blue LED lamps for Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla and Limoncino cultivars. Thus, it was concluded that the Growlux lamps promoted a greater amount of basil biomass.

A cultura de tecidos é uma técnica importante para avaliar a influência da luz no desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo in vitro de cultivares de Ocimum basilicum sob diferentes fontes de luz. Primeiramente, foi avaliado o efeito de fontes de luz fluorescentes e LEDs (Diodo emissores de luz amarela, azul, verde e vermelha) em cinco cultivares de manjericão (Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla, Italian Large, Limoncino e Maria Bonita); e posteriormente o efeito de duas lâmpadas LED (Growlux e Azul). As lâmpadas amarelas não proporcionaram um bom desenvolvimento das plantas de manjericão in vitro. Verificou-se que o tamanho das raízes e massa fresca nas cultivares Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla e Limoncino nas duas condições luminosas foram semelhantes. A condição luminosa das lâmpadas Growlux promoveu maior número de folhas, massa fresca e seca quando comparada com lâmpadas LED azuis nas cultivares Cinnamon, Grecco a Palla e Limoncino. Assim, concluiu-se que as lâmpadas Growlux promovem uma maior quantidade de biomassa de manjericão.

Efeitos da inclusão de óleo essencial de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) e extrato de erva doce (Foeniculum vulgare) na fisiologia de frangos caipira / Effects of including cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) extractonthephysiology of free-range chickens / Efectos de la inclusión del aceite esencial de canela(Cinnamomum zeylanicum) y del extracto de hinojo(Foeniculum vulgare) en la fisiología de los pollos decorral

As aves são animais homeotermos, apresentam a capacidade de manter uma temperaturainterna constante. Os produtos fitogênicos têm propriedade de promotor de crescimentoanimal, sendo uma opção para o uso de antimicrobianos, que podem causar riscos à saúdehumana, se usados indiscriminadamente. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeitodainclusão de óleo essencial de canela e extrato de erva-doce na alimentação, sobreocomportamento fisiológico de frangos de corte caipira na Amazônia Ocidental. Foramutilizados 270 frangos de corte Pedrês de um dia, divididos entre os tratamentos: raçãobasal (RB) com antimicrobiano (T1), RB sem antimicrobiano com 37,5 ppm/kg de óleo de canela(T2) e RB sem antimicrobiano com 37,5 ppm/kg de extrato de erva-doce (T3), com 9 repetições cada. Para avaliar as respostas fisiológicas foram aferidas temperatura da pele em diferentes partes, temperatura cloacal e frequência respiratória, pela manhã e tarde. Nãohouvediferença significativa entre as variáveis analisadas. Portanto, a inclusão do óleo essencial decanela ou extrato de erva-doce na ração não influenciou o comportamento fisiológicodosfrangos, indicando que podem substituir os antimicrobianos, como promotores de crescimento, para frangos de corte de linhagem caipira, em ciclo de produção de 70 dias.(AU)

Birds are homeothermic animals, with the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature. Phytogenic products have the property of promoting animal growth, being an optiontotheuse of antimicrobials, which can cause risks to human health if used indiscriminately. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including cinnamon essential oil andfennel extract in the feed, on the physiological behavior of free-range broilers in the WesternAmazon. A total of 270 one-day-old Pedrês broilers were used, divided among the treatments: basal feed (RB) with antimicrobial (T1), RB without antimicrobial with 37.5 ppm/kgcinnamon oil (T2) and RB without antimicrobial with 37.5 ppm/kg fennel extract (T3), with9repetitions each. To evaluate the physiological responses, skin temperature, cloacal temperature, and respiratory rate were measured in the morning and afternoon. There wasnosignificant difference between the variables analyzed. Therefore, the inclusion of cinnamon essential oil or fennel extract in the feed did not influence the physiological behavior of thechickens, indicating that they can replace antimicrobials as growth promoters for free-rangechickens in a 70-day production cycle.(AU)

Las aves son animales homeotermos, que presentan la capacidad de mantener una temperaturainterna constante. Los productos fitogénicos tienen la propiedad de promover el crecimientode los animales, siendo una opción al uso de antimicrobianos, que pueden causar riesgos parala salud humana, si se utilizan indiscriminadamente. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudiofue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión del aceite esencial de canela y del extracto de hinojoenlaalimentación, sobre el comportamiento fisiológico de los pollos de engorde en la AmazoniaOccidental. Se utilizó un total de 270 pollos de engorde Pedrês de un día de edad, divididosentre los tratamientos: alimento basal (RB) con antimicrobiano (T1), RB sin antimicrobianocon 37,5 ppm/kg de aceite de canela (T2) y RB sin antimicrobiano con 37,5 ppm/kgdeextracto de hinojo (T3), con 9 repeticiones cada uno. Para evaluar las respuestas fisiológicasse midió la temperatura de la piel en diferentes partes, la temperatura cloacal y la frecuenciarespiratoria, por la mañana y por la tarde. No hubo diferencias significativas entrelasvariables analizadas. Por lo tanto, la inclusión de aceite esencial de canela o de extractodehinojo en el pienso no influyó en el comportamiento fisiológico de los pollos, lo que indicaque pueden sustituir a los antimicrobianos como promotores del crecimiento de los polloscamperos en un ciclo de producción de 70 días.(AU)

Essential oils isolated from popular medicinal plants and spices as alternative antimicrobial and antibiofilm compounds against the pig pathogen Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae / Óleos essenciais isolados de plantas medicinais e temperos populares como compostos antimicrobianos e antibiofilme alternativos contra o patógeno de suínosActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

ABSTRACT: Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of swine pleuropneumonia, a contagious respiratory disease associated with high morbidity and economic losses. While antibiotic therapy helps to control the spreading of the pathogen on the farm, resistance to several classes of antibiotics were reported, and treatment can be impaired by the bacterial ability to form biofilms. This increases the need for alternative therapy approaches, including the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activities. In this research we analyzed, by the broth microdilution method, the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of the essential oils obtained from eighteen Brazilian popular medicinal plants or spices against clinical isolates of Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae. After that, sub-inhibitory concentrations of active oils were tested for their antibiofilm effects, analyzed by the crystal violet method. Among the eighteen oils tested, eight (extracted from cinnamon, coriander, peppermint, spearmint, thyme, marjoram, eucalyptus, and laurel) presented bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against all isolates, and subinhibitory concentrations of five of them disrupted up to 80% preformed biofilms, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation. The chemical composition of such oils was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and is presented, indicating that their bactericidal and antibiofilm properties were mostly associated with the presence of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of essential oils with potential to control environmental contamination and animal infection with A. pleuropneumoniae, representing an alternative to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance.

RESUMO: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é o agente causador da pleuropneumonia suína, uma doença respiratória contagiosa associada à alta morbidade e perdas econômicas. Embora a antibioticoterapia ajude a controlar a disseminação do patógeno na fazenda, a resistência a várias classes de antibióticos tem sido relatada e o tratamento pode ser prejudicado pela capacidade bacteriana de formar biofilmes. Isso aumenta a necessidade de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas, que incluem o uso de compostos naturais com atividades antimicrobianas e/ou antibiofilme. Neste trabalho, analisamos, pelo método de microdiluição em caldo nutriente, os efeitos inibitórios e bactericidas dos óleos essenciais obtidos de dezoito plantas medicinais brasileiras populares e/ou temperos contra isolados clínicos de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Então, concentrações subinibitórias dos óleos ativos foram testados quanto a suas atividades antibiofilme, analisados pelo método do cristal violeta. Dentre os dezoito óleos testados, oito (extraídos da canela, coentro, hortelã-pimenta, hortelã, tomilho, manjerona, eucalipto e louro) apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e bactericida contra todos os isolados, e concentrações subinibitórias de cinco deles romperam biofilmes pré-formados em até 80%, além de inibirem fortemente a formação de biofilmes. A composição química desses óleos foi avaliada por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (CG/MS) e é apresentada, indicando que suas propriedades bactericidas e antibiofilme estavam principalmente associadas à presença de monoterpenos e fenilpropanóides. Este é o primeiro relato de óleos essenciais com potencial para controlar a contaminação ambiental e infecção animal por A. pleuropneumoniae, representando uma alternativa contra o crescente aumento de resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum) Bark against Selected Microbes

To combat pathogens and reduce the major public health problem of antibiotic residues in animal products, scientists are looking for natural antibiotic substitutes that are effective against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes and spoilage fungi. The antimicrobial activity of three Cinnamomum verum extracts prepared with three different solvents (absolute ethanol, 50% ethanol, and aqueous extracts) was determined against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli) as well as two fungal strains. The antimicrobial activities of various Cinnamomum verum extracts against selected microbes were evaluated using the disc diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC), and the poisoned food technique. Cinnamomum verum bark (CVB) extracts inhibited and killed microbial growth to varying degrees. Our findings also revealed that extracts prepared with alcoholic solvents, particularly absolute ethanol-CVB extract, were more active compared with aqueous solvents, suggesting that the cinnamon plant is a promising natural antimicrobial agent for food preservation.(AU)

Effects of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on feed digestibility, intestinal mucosa, and biochemical and antioxidant parameters in broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on metabolizable energy, feed digestibility, intestinal morphometric analysis, and antioxidant parameters in broilers. A completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications of eight broilers (Cobb male) was used, and collections were carried out at 20 and 42 days of age. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde concentrations (mg/kg) were: 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improved apparent metabolizable energy but did not change protein and ether extract digestibility. Supplementation increased intestinal villus height and villi:crypt ratio; in which 100 mg/kg produced the greatest villus height. Serum uric acid levels were lower in birds receiving supplementation. Improvement in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase was observed, while lower uric acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and reactive oxygen species levels were observed. Microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improve apparent metabolizable energy and can be administered in broiler feed without risk to the bird's health. These supplements may serve as alternative products to aid the performance of commercial poultry.

Essential oils isolated from popular medicinal plants and spices as alternative antimicrobial and antibiofilm compounds against the pig pathogen Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae / Óleos essenciais isolados de plantas medicinais e temperos populares como compostos antimicrobianos e antibiofilme alternativos contra o patógeno de suínosActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of swine pleuropneumonia, a contagious respiratory disease associated with high morbidity and economic losses. While antibiotic therapy helps to control the spreading of the pathogen on the farm, resistance to several classes of antibiotics were reported, and treatment can be impaired by the bacterial ability to form biofilms. This increases the need for alternative therapy approaches, including the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activities. In this research we analyzed, by the broth microdilution method, the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of the essential oils obtained from eighteen Brazilian popular medicinal plants or spices against clinical isolates of Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae. After that, sub-inhibitory concentrations of active oils were tested for their antibiofilm effects, analyzed by the crystal violet method. Among the eighteen oils tested, eight (extracted from cinnamon, coriander, peppermint, spearmint, thyme, marjoram, eucalyptus, and laurel) presented bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against all isolates, and subinhibitory concentrations of five of them disrupted up to 80% preformed biofilms, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation. The chemical composition of such oils was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and is presented, indicating that their bactericidal and antibiofilm properties were mostly associated with the presence of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of essential oils with potential to control environmental contamination and animal infection with A. pleuropneumoniae, representing an alternative to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é o agente causador da pleuropneumonia suína, uma doença respiratória contagiosa associada à alta morbidade e perdas econômicas. Embora a antibioticoterapia ajude a controlar a disseminação do patógeno na fazenda, a resistência a várias classes de antibióticos tem sido relatada e o tratamento pode ser prejudicado pela capacidade bacteriana de formar biofilmes. Isso aumenta a necessidade de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas, que incluem o uso de compostos naturais com atividades antimicrobianas e/ou antibiofilme. Neste trabalho, analisamos, pelo método de microdiluição em caldo nutriente, os efeitos inibitórios e bactericidas dos óleos essenciais obtidos de dezoito plantas medicinais brasileiras populares e/ou temperos contra isolados clínicos de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Então, concentrações subinibitórias dos óleos ativos foram testados quanto a suas atividades antibiofilme, analisados pelo método do cristal violeta. Dentre os dezoito óleos testados, oito (extraídos da canela, coentro, hortelã-pimenta, hortelã, tomilho, manjerona, eucalipto e louro) apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e bactericida contra todos os isolados, e concentrações subinibitórias de cinco deles romperam biofilmes pré-formados em até 80%, além de inibirem fortemente a formação de biofilmes. A composição química desses óleos foi avaliada por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (CG/MS) e é apresentada, indicando que suas propriedades bactericidas e antibiofilme estavam principalmente associadas à presença de monoterpenos e fenilpropanóides. Este é o primeiro relato de óleos essenciais com potencial para controlar a contaminação ambiental e infecção animal por A. pleuropneumoniae, representando uma alternativa contra o crescente aumento de resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos.

Paclobutrazol reduces growth and increases chlorophyll indices and gas exchanges of basil (Ocimum basilicum) / Paclobutrazol reduz o crescimento e aumenta os índices de clorofila e trocas gasosas de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum)

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a medicinal, ornamental and aromatic plant, however, its size can be an obstacle to its commercialization as a potted ornamental plant. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a substance that can retard plant growth by inhibiting the synthesis of gibberellins. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol on growth regulation and gas exchange of basil (var. Cinnamon). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments (PBZ doses: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg L-1), with eight replicates. Growth (plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry mass, stem dry mass, inflorescence dry mass, and total), growth rates (leaf mass ratio, stem mass ratio, inflorescence mass ratio, and robustness quotient), chlorophyll indices, gas exchange (gs, A, E, Ci, WUE, iWUE and iCE) were evaluated. Paclobutrazol reduced the growth of basil plants and increased the chlorophyll indices, A, gs, and WUE. Paclobutrazol can be used to regulate plant growth of basil plants var. Cinnamon, without altering its physiological and ornamental characteristics.(AU)

Manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) é uma planta medicinal, ornamental e aromática, contudo, seu porte pode ser um entrave para a sua comercialização como planta ornamental de vaso. O paclobutrazol (PBZ) é uma substância que pode retardar o crescimento de plantas, através da inibição da síntese de giberelinas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do paclobutrazol na regulação do crescimento e trocas gasosas no manjericão (Ocimum basilicum var. Cinnamon). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos (doses de PBZ: 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10 mg L-1), com oito repetições. O crescimento (altura de planta, número de folhas, diâmetro de caule, massa seca da folha, do caule, da inflorescência e total), taxas de crescimento (razão de massa da folha, do caule e da inflorescência e quociente de robustez), índices de clorofilas a e b, trocas gasosas (gs, A, E, Ci, WUE, iWUE e iCE) foram avaliados. Paclobutrazol reduziu o crescimento de plantas de manjericão e aumentou o índice de clorofilas, A, gs e WUE. Paclobutrazol pode ser usado para regular o crescimento de plantas de manjericão var. Cinnamon, sem alterar suas características fisiológicas e ornamentais.(AU)

Use of essential oils in the diet of slow-growing broilers and their effects on performance / Uso de óleos essenciais em dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho

This study proposes to examine the effect of supplementing the diet of slow-growing broilers with essential oils. A total of 270 one-day-old female chicks of the Pesadão Vermelho line, reared in an intensive system, were allocated to one of three treatments (1: Control, without addition of essential oils; 2: Feed supplemented with cinnamon essential oil; and 3: Feed supplemented with lemongrass essential oil) in a completely randomized design with nine replicates of 10 birds each. Growth performance variables were evaluated at 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 days, whereas carcass yield, primal cuts, and internal organs were analyzed at 71 days of age. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and differences between means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Supplementation with lemongrass essential oil improved the live weight of birds at 14, 28, and 42 days, as well as feed conversion and feed efficiency at 42 and 56 days of rearing (P<0.05). The treatments with cinnamon and lemongrass essential oils provided the highest thigh yields (P<0.05). The other evaluated variables did not show statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments.(AU)

O experimento teve como objetivo, avaliar o efeito da suplementação de óleos essenciais nas dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento. Foram utilizados 270 pintos de um dia, fêmeas da linhagem Pesadão Vermelho, criados em sistema intensivo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com três tratamentos (Tratamento 1: Controle, sem adição de óleo essencial; Tratamento 2: Ração suplementada com óleo essencial de canela e Tratamento 3: ração suplementada com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira) e nove repetições de 10 aves cada. Aos 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho zootécnico e aos 71 dias o rendimento de carcaça, cortes nobres e órgãos internos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças entre as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A suplementação com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira melhorou o peso vivo das aves aos 14, 28 e 42 dias e a conversão e eficiência alimentar aos 42 e 56 dias de criação (P<0,05). Os tratamentos com óleo essencial de canela e de capim-cidreira proporcionaram maior rendimento de sobrecoxa (P<0,05). Em relação as demais variáveis avaliadas, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas significativas (P>0,05) para os tratamentos testados.(AU)

Development of a facial biocosmetic containing levan, almond and cinnamon oils with antioxidant and moisturizing properties

The addition of natural molecules such as microbial exopolysaccharides in cosmetics is a trend in the current market, adding properties and improving the product quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a facial biocosmetic formulation containing microbial levan, almond and cinnamon oils. The centroid-simplex design was used to evaluate the spreadability, antioxidant activity, moisture retention capacity and viscosity of formulations. Since it is a facial cosmetic, the formulation was optimized using the intermediate viscosity. The optimized formulation with intermediate viscosity was 75% (0.75 g) levan and 25% (2 mL) almond oil, without the addition of cinnamon oil. This formulation was submitted to 90 days under different exposure conditions, and the results showed a spreadability of 805 mm2, pH and density ideal for the facial area, with an antioxidant activity of 72%, hydration capacity of 100.3%, viscosity with no-Newtonian behavior, and normal organoleptic properties when stored at room and low temperature. The formulation with levan associated with almond oil showed potential for application in the facial area, with high antioxidant properties, moisturizing intermediate viscosity and stability for 90 days. The utilization of centroid-simplex design allowed the development of a biocosmetic with desired characteristics just by adjusting the concentrations of the bioactive.(AU)

The Use of A Compound Based on Phyllosilicates and Cinnamon Essential Oil for Chicken Broiler's Litter

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a litter conditioning compound (LCC) based on 98% phyllosilicates (kaolinite) and 2% cinnamon essential oil to be applied on the litter of broiler houses. Animal performance, prevalence of footpad lesions, and litter quality (water activity, pH, and moisture) were evaluated, in addition to the effect on the incidence of Salmonella spp., evaluated by testing shoe-drag swabs, fecal samples, and organs. Twenty-one broiler houses with similar structure and rearing conditions were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and seven replications each, as follows: T0: control, without the use of LCC; T100: application of 100 grams of LCC per m² of litter per week; T200: application of 200 grams of LCC per m² of litter per week. There was no significant effect of treatments on performance variables; however litter pH was lower when 200g/m2 was used in comparison with the control treatment, a result not verified for moisture and water activity (p>0.05). Our findings demonstrated significant reduction in the percentage of footpad lesions in birds that received the LCC (T0: 63.37%; T100: 41.38% and T200: 27.24%). A reduction in the number of positive flocks for Salmonella spp. Was also observed (with overall positivity rates of 17.86%, 12.14%, and 5% for treatments T0, T100, and T200, respectively). It is concluded that the product reduces the incidence of Salmonella spp. and also significantly reduces the incidence of footpad lesions, two important factors for the poultry industry.(AU)

Effect of essential oils and aqueous extracts of plants on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production under the influence of two sources of phytochemicals: essential oils (EOs) and aqueous extracts (AEs). Treatments were set up in a completely randomized block design, with 4×2+1 factorial arrangement of four species, S (garlic, G; cinnamon, C; rosemary, R; eucalyptus; EU) × two types of presentation, P (essential oil, EO; aqueous extract, AE) and a basal diet, BD (50% concentrate, 20% alfalfa and 30% corn silage). Rumen fermentation was evaluated using the in vitro gas production technique. All experimental units were incubated with 500 mg of BD for 72 hours. Treatments were added at a single dose of 900 mg/L of rumen inoculum. Gas pressure was recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60 and 72 h postincubation. There was an interaction effect (P × S) between plant extract presentation (P) and plant species (S) for all variables. Treatments GEO, CEO, REO decreased volatile fatty acids (mmol/200 mg), microbial mass production (mg/g), CH4 production (mL/g), in vitro dry matter digestibility (P < 0.05), and total gas production at 24 and 72 h post-incubation (P < 0.05; mL/g DM, mL/g OM). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between AEs and BD. In conclusion, the use of EOs negatively affected rumen fermentation parameters and the production of CH4. Garlic and cinnamon EOs effectively reduced methane emissions; however, they also reduced in vitro dry matter digestibility.

Effect of the Supplementation of Plant Extracts Based Additive in Broiler Chicken Diets on Productive Performance, Carcass Yield, and Meat Quality

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of an additive based on plant and spice extracts in broiler chicken diets on the productive performance, carcass yield, and meat quality. 704 male broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 4 treatment, 4 replicates of 44 broiler chickens each. The experimental diets consisted of Diet 1: Control diet; Diet 2: Control diet + antibiotic growth promoters (AGP); Diet 3: Control diet + vegetable extracts (100 g/ton) and Diet 4: Control diet + vegetable extracts (150 g/ton). The vegetable extracts used were carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol extracted from oregano, cinnamon, and cloves. The supplementation of vegetal extracts did not affect (p>0.05) broiler chickens' productive performance or carcass yield. The lipid peroxidation (MDA nmol/mg protein) in the meat in natura was decreased (p<0.05) for broilers supplemented with vegetable extracts. The supplementation of 100 or 150 g/ton of vegetal extracts based on carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol did not affect broiler chickens' productive performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality, and inhibited MDA production in broilers' in natura meat.(AU)

Inhibitory activities of propolis, nisin, melittin and essential oil compounds on Paenibacillus alvei and Bacillus subtilis

Background: Natural products represent important sources of antimicrobial compounds. Propolis and compounds from essential oils comprise good examples of such substances because of their inhibitory effects on bacterial spores, including bee pathogens. Methods: Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) from Apis mellifera were prepared using different methods: double ultrasonication, double maceration and maceration associated with ultrasonication. Together with the antimicrobial peptides nisin and melittin, and compounds present in the essential oils of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), assays were carried out on one Bacillus subtilis isolate and Paenibacillus alvei (ATCC 6344) against vegetative and sporulated forms, using the resazurin microtiter assay. Synergism with all the antimicrobials in association with tetracycline was verified by the time-kill curve method. Potassium and phosphate efflux, release of proteins and nucleic acids were investigated. Results: EEPs showed the same MIC, 156.25 µg/mL against B. subtilis and 78.12 µg/mL against P. alvei. The peptides showed better activities against B. subtilis (MIC of 12 µg/ mL for melittin and 37.50 µg/mL for nisin). Antimicrobials showed similar inhibitory effects, but cinnamaldehyde (39.06 µg/mL) showed the best action against P. alvei. Melittin and nisin showed the greatest capacity to reduce spores, regarding B. subtilis there was a 100% reduction at 6.25 and 0.78 µg/mL, respectively. Concerning P. alvei, the reduction was 93 and 98% at concentrations of 80 µg/mL of melittin and 15 µg/ mL of nisin. EEPs showed the highest effects on the protein release against B. subtilis and P. alvei. Nucleic acid release, phosphate and potassium efflux assays indicated bacterial cell membrane damage. Synergism between antimicrobials and tetracycline was demonstrated against both bacteria. Conclusion: All antimicrobials tested showed antibacterial activities against vegetative and sporulated forms of P. alvei and B. subtilis, especially nisin and melittin. Synergism with tetracycline and damage on bacterial cell membrane also occurred.(AU)

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus / Atividade acaricida dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Eremanthus erythropappus, compostos majoritários e acetato de cinamila sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

Abstract This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente os óleos essenciais (OE) de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) e Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) e avaliar sua atividade acaricida, juntamente com a de seus principais compostos e do derivado de acetato de cinamila, sobre Rhipicephalus microplus. Os compostos do óleo essencial foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados o Teste de Pacote de Larvas (TPL), em concentrações variando de 0,31 a 10,0 mg/mL, e o Teste de Imersão de Adultos (TIA), em concentrações entre 2,5 e 60,0 mg/mL. (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol foram os principais compostos nos OE da canela (86,93%) e da candeia (78,41%), respectivamente. No TPL, os OEs de canela e candeia, e os compostos (E)-cinnamaldeído, α-bisabolol e acetato de cinamila resultaram em 100% de mortalidade nas concentrações de 2,5, 2,5, 5,0, 10,0 e 10,0 mg/mL, respectivamente. No TIA, valores percentuais de controle >95% foram observados para OE de canela e candeia, (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol nas concentrações de 5,0, 60,0, 20,0 e 20,0 mg/mL, respectivamente, enquanto o acetato de cinamila apresentou baixa atividade. Conclui-se que os OEs e seus compostos apresentaram alta atividade acaricida, enquanto o derivado acetilado do (E)-cinnamaldeído apresentou menor atividade acaricida em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus.

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus / Atividade acaricida dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Eremanthus erythropappus, compostos majoritários e acetato de cinamila sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente os óleos essenciais (OE) de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) e Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) e avaliar sua atividade acaricida, juntamente com a de seus principais compostos e do derivado de acetato de cinamila, sobre Rhipicephalus microplus. Os compostos do óleo essencial foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados o Teste de Pacote de Larvas (TPL), em concentrações variando de 0,31 a 10,0 mg/mL, e o Teste de Imersão de Adultos (TIA), em concentrações entre 2,5 e 60,0 mg/mL. (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol foram os principais compostos nos OE da canela (86,93%) e da candeia (78,41%), respectivamente. No TPL, os OEs de canela e candeia, e os compostos (E)-cinnamaldeído, α-bisabolol e acetato de cinamila resultaram em 100% de mortalidade nas concentrações de 2,5, 2,5, 5,0, 10,0 e 10,0 mg/mL, respectivamente. No TIA, valores percentuais de controle >95% foram observados para OE de canela e candeia, (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol nas concentrações de 5,0, 60,0, 20,0 e 20,0 mg/mL, respectivamente, enquanto o acetato de cinamila apresentou baixa atividade. Conclui-se que os OEs e seus compostos apresentaram alta atividade acaricida, enquanto o derivado acetilado do (E)-cinnamaldeído apresentou menor atividade acaricida em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus.(AU)

Research of antifungal effects on some essential oils with tube dilution / Pesquisa de efeitos antifúngicos em alguns óleos essenciais com diluição em tubo

The aim of study to investigate inhibition effects of cinnamic acid (volatile compound of cinnamon), limonene (essential oil of lemon) and eugenol (essential oil of clove, cinnamon) on Metschnikowia fructicola, Candida oleophila, Schisosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces uvarum and Kloeckera apiculata. In this study, tube dilution method was used. Among eugenol, limonene and cinnamic acid, it was found that cinnamic acid has the most inhibition effect with low concentrations (%2.8, %3.84, %4.36, %5,4) at tube dilution methods. Also it was found that test yeast have different resistance against test materials.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos de inibição do ácido cinâmico (composto volátil da canela), limoneno (óleo essencial de limão) e eugenol (óleo essencial de cravo, canela) sobre Metschnikowia fructicola, Candida oleophila, Schisosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces uvarum e Kloeckera apiculata. Neste estudo, foi utilizado o método de diluição em tubo. Entre eugenol, limoneno e ácido cinâmico, verificou-se que o ácido cinâmico tem o maior efeito de inibição com baixas concentrações (% 2,8,% 3,84,% 4,36,% 5,4) nos métodos de diluição em tubo. Também foi descoberto que a levedura testada tem diferentes resistências contra os materiais de teste.(AU)

Avaliação in vitro de atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais contra Salmonella typhimurium e Staphylococcus aureus / In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de diferentes óleos essenciais e suas combinações contra linhagens patogênicas de Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 e Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565. Foram testados ao todo 41 óleos essenciais e as combinações em pares dos óleos de alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham.), capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.), tomilho (Thymus vulgaris L.), orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) e canela (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D.Don. para observar efeitos adicionais ou não na inibição dos microrganismos. Os resultados mostraram que as melhores atividades antimicrobianas para os dois microrganismos foram obtidas utilizando os óleos de Thymus vulgaris L. (tomilho), Origanum vulgare L. (orégano) e Lippia sidoides Cham. (alecrim-pimenta). As combinações de cada par dos óleos de alecrim-pimenta, capim-limão, tomilho, orégano e canela não apresentaram uma melhora adicional no efeito para os patógenos estudados quando comparados com os seus óleos testados isoladamente. As composições químicas dos óleos essenciais mais ativos foram obtidas por meio de análises por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), sendo que os compostos majoritários do óleo de orégano foram carvacrol (69,1%) e p-cimeno (18,8%), do óleo essencial de tomilho foram timol (45,5%) e p-cimeno (35,6%) e do alecrim-pimenta foram o timol (77,2%) e p-cimeno (14,2%). Análises quantitativas de p-cimeno, carvacrol e timol nos três óleos foram realizadas e comparadas com as composições químicas mostrando resultados proporcionalmente coerentes, exceto para p-cimeno, que foi quantificado com menores porcentagens por esse método. A aplicabilidade dos óleos selecionados, ou das substâncias presentes isoladas seria diretamente nos alimentos, com a finalidade de inibir ou controlar o crescimento desses patógenos, contribuindo assim para a segurança dos alimentos. (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of several essential oils and their combination against pathogenic strains of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565. A total of 41 essential oils and the combinations in pairs of the oils of rosemary pepper (Lippia sidoides Cham.), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), origanum (Origanum vulgare L.) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D.Don) were tested to observe additional effects or not in the inhibition of microorganisms. The results showed that the best antimicrobial activities for the two microorganisms were obtained using the oils of Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Origanum vulgare L. (origanum) and Lippia sidoides Cham. (rosemary pepper). The combinations of each pair of rosemary pepper, lemongrass, thyme, origanum and cinnamon oils did not show any further improvement in the effect for the studied pathogens when compared to their oils tested alone. The compositions of the most active essential oils were obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds in origanum oil were carvacrol (69.1%) and p-cymene (18.8%), thyme essential oil were thymol (45.5%) and p-cymene (35.6%) and rosemary pepper were thymol (77.2%) and p-cymene (14.2%). Quantitative analyses of p-cymene, carvacrol and thymol confirmed the presence in thyme, oregano and pepper rosemary oils and were compared with the chemical composition showing similar results, except for p-cymene, which was quantified with lower percentages in these oils. One of the possible applications of the results of this work is the use of essential oils, or the isolated substances, directly in foods, with the purpose of inhibiting or controlling the growth of these pathogens, thus contributing to the food safety.Keywords: Bioassay. GC-MS. Inhibition. Carvacrol. Thymol. p-cymene(AU)

Atividade do óleo essencial de Cinnamomum cassia contra Staphylococcus aureus- revisão / Cinnamomum cassia essential oil activity against Staphylococcus aureus ­ review

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar uma revisão sobre a atividade do óleo essencial de Cinnamomum. cassia contra Staphylococcus aureus por meio de pesquisas nas bases Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Lilacs e Medline. Para tanto, foram utilizados artigos que abordam os componentes químicos do óleo essencial (OE) de Cinnamomum cassia e sua atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus por meio de dados de diâmetro de inibição, Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM), publicados entre 2011 a 2021. De 98 estudos identificados, 26 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os componentes químicos mais comumente encontrados no óleo essencial de C. cassia foram nesta ordem; cinamaldeído, na forma Trans/E, acetato de cinamila/ benzaldeido e cumarina/ eugenol. Os resultados mostraram que a parte da planta mais utilizada para a produção do óleo essencial foi a casca. Os resultados de CIM indicam que a maioria dos trabalhos apresentou atividade antimicrobiana do OE de C. cassia contra S. aureus e tiveram como principal resultado o uso deste óleo como um agente antimicrobiano natural no controle de patógenos de origem alimentar. Nas bases Scopus e Web of Science foi obtido o maior número de artigos.(AU)

The aim of this work was to present a review on the activity of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus through research in the Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Lilacs and Medline databases. Therefore, articles that address the chemical components of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its activity against Staphylococcus aureus were used through inhibition diameter data, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (CBM), published between 2011 to 2021 Of 98 identified studies, 26 met the inclusion criteria. The chemical components most commonly found in C. cassia essential oil were in this order; Cinnamaldehyde in the form Trans/E, cinnamyl acetate/ benzaldehyde and coumarin/eugenol. The results showed that the most used part of the plant for the production of essential oil was the bark. The MIC results indicate that most of the works showed the antimicrobial activity of C. cassia essential oil against S. aureus and had as main result the use of this oil as a natural antimicrobial agent in the control of foodborne pathogens. The results showed the Scopus and Web of Science as the databases where more articles were found.(AU)

Antibacterial effects of seven essential plant oils on fish pathogens / Efeitos antibacterianos de sete óleos de plantas essenciais em patógenos de peixe

The use of natural products which have the least harmful effects on the environment has recently been taken as a novel approach against fish diseases. References on in vitro studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) against certain fish pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of some plant essential oils against fish pathogenic bacteria in vitro conditions. Seven plant EOs: lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), clove (Eugenia caryophyllus), peppermint (Mentha piperitae), basil (Ocimum sanctum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and black cumin (Nigella sativa) were used to identify their antibacterial properties against Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, Lactococcus garvieae and Vagococcus salmoninarum at five concentrations using disc diffusion method. Especially the EOs of clove, cinnamon and rosemary showed the strongest antibacterial activities than other oils against the three most susceptible bacterial strains (Y. ruckeri, A. hydrophila and V. salmoninarum). Besides, the EOs of clove, rosemary, cinnamon and black cumin showed similar inhibition zones with OTC against A. hydrophila. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the used EOs found between 500 and 62.5 µl mL-1. As a result, three of the EOs used in this study were...

A utilização de produtos naturais com menos efeitos nocivos para o ambiente foi recentemente considerada uma nova abordagem contra as doenças dos peixes. Referências em estudos in vitro demonstraram atividade antibacteriana de óleos essenciais (OE) contra certos patógenos de peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito antibacteriano de alguns óleos essenciais de plantas contra bactérias patogênicas de peixes em condições in vitro. Sete EOs de plantas: alfazema (Lavandula angustifolia), cravo (Eugenia caryophyllus), hortelã-pimenta (Mentha piperitae), manjericão (Ocimum sanctum), alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis), canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) e cominho preto (Nigella sativa) foram usados para identificar suas propriedades antibacterianas contra Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, Lactococcus garvieae e Vagococcus salmoninarum em cinco concentrações usando o método de difusão em disco. Especialmente os OEs de cravo, canela e alecrim mostraram as atividades antibacterianas mais fortes do que outros óleos contra as três cepas bacterianas mais suscetíveis (Y. ruckeri, A. hydrophila e V. salmoninarum). Além disso, os OEs de cravo, alecrim, canela e cominho preto mostraram zonas de inibição semelhantes com OTC contra A. hydrophila. As concentrações inibitórias mínimas dos OE usados encontradas entre 500 e 62.5 µl mL-1...