Early maturation of corpus luteum in rabbits - effect of sildenafil citrate on luteolytic capacity in the early luteal period

Background: Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 α) binds to the specific receptor (PTGFR) on the corpus luteum (CL) in mammals, inducing regression of the CL structure (luteolysis) and initiating a new cycle. While PGF2 α is effective only on mature CL, the immature CL structure (early luteal phase) resists PGF2 α. In this study, sildenafil citrate, which is used to increase blood flow in the genital organs for treating specific pregnancy issues in women, was administered during the early luteal phase in a rabbit model to test the hypothesis of enhancing blood flow to the CL, thereby promoting earlier maturation and enabling a response to PGF2 α. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in 2 sub-studies: clinical and molecular. A large number of rabbits were initially included in the sub-studies to ensure a sufficient number of pseudo-pregnant rabbits. Ovulation in rabbits was induced with buserelin acetate and was considered as day 0 of the study. The sub-studies were continued with rabbits whose pseudo-pregnancies were confirmed according to progesterone (P4 ) results. As a result, the studies were continued with a total of 41 pseudo-pregnant New Zealand female rabbits, 21 of which were included in the clinical sub-study and 20 in the molecular sub-study. In both sub-studies, on day 3 of the luteal period, rabbits in the treatment group received 5 mg/kg sildenafil citrate and all rabbits received a single dose of exogenous PGF2 α on day 4 to induce luteolysis. In the clinical sub-study, echotexture and intraovarian blood flow changes in the ovaries were determined by ultrasonography (USG) examination. In the molecular sub-study, the expression changes of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Alpha (HIF1A) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) related to angiogenesis, Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) related to P4 metabolism, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (PTGS2) related to prostaglandin (PG) mechanism and 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase (HPGD) genes at mRNA level were determined using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in CL tissues obtained with ovariohysterectomy (OVH) at 1 and 12 h after PGF2 α injection. In addition, blood samples were collected for determine P4 levels from all rabbits. In the clinical sub-study; there was no difference between the groups in mean gray values (MGV), whereas there was a significant decrease in both pulsatile index (PI) and resistance index (RI) values at 40 min after PGF2 α injection (P < 0.05). In the molecular sub-study, it was determined that sildenafil citrate had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the expression levels 1 and 12 h after PGF2 α injection. According to the results of the molecular sub-study, no significant effect of sildenafil citrate on the mRNA expression levels in the investigated genes was detected (P > 0.05). However, within each group, differences were found according to OVH time after PGF2 α injection. It was observed that PTGS2 and HPGD mRNA expressions decreased at the 12th h compared to the 1st h, while HIF1A expression increased (P < 0.05). Discussion: According to the results obtained from clinical and molecular sub-studies, it was determined that a single dose of sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg) applied on the 3rd day of the luteal period did not contribute to the maturation process of the CL, did not increase blood flow, and was insufficient to break the resistance of the CL against PGF2 α applied on the 4th day of the luteal period. However, a significant decrease in the PI value at the 40th min after PGF2 α injection suggests that sildenafil citrate has a supportive effect, and that this decrease is also seen in the RI value, suggesting that its effect is insufficient against the vasoconstrictive effect of PGF2 α.

Reproductive performance of fixed-time artificial insemination in heifers supplemented with a homeopathic complex / Desempenho reprodutivo à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em novilhas suplementadas com complexo homeopático

For this study, ½ blood Nelore × Aberdeen Angus heifers (n = 40; 14 months) were divided into two groups: control (n=20; 310 kg) and Pró-Cio (n=20; 304 kg). For Pró-Cio group, 20g of homeopathic product (Pró-cio®, Real H, Campo Grande, Brazil) was supplied together with corn eighteen days prior (D-18) to the beginning of the fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI). On D0, all females received an intravaginal P4 device and 2 mg BE. On D5, the AFC was assessed by ultrasound and blood was collected for AMH dosage. On D8, P4 device was removed; 300 IU eCG, 0.530 mg of cloprostenol sodium and 0.5 mg of EC were administered; an estrus-identifying adhesive was fixed at the tail insertion and the diameter of the dominant follicle (DF) was measured. On D10, all heifers were inseminated, estrus manifestation was assessed and the preovulatory follicle (POF) was measured. On D20, the CL area was measured and blood flow was assessed using Doppler ultrasound. Data were analyzed by Student, Mann-Whitney or Friedman test. The rates of heat expression, ovulation, and blood flow score with Doppler were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and pregnancy rate by binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in AFC or AMH dosage (P > 0.05). Pró-Cio group had greater diameters of the DF (9.94 ± 0.42 mm) and POF (11.61 ± 0.56 mm) than the controls (DF: 7.72 ± 0.34 mm and POF: 9.91 ± 0.37 mm), as well a larger CL area (3.26 ± 0.26 versus 2.35 ± 0.16 cm2) and a higher mean CL vascularization score (3.06 versus 2.26; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between estrus manifestation or conception rate for control and Pró-Cio groups. Heifers supplemented with the homeopathic product showed larger follicular diameters at the end of the FTAI protocol and CL with better blood flow scores compared to the control group.

Para esse estudo, novilhas ½ sangue Nelore x Aberdeen Angus (n = 40; 14 meses) foram divididas em dois grupos: Controle (n = 20; 310 kg) e Pró-cio (n = 20; 304 kg). Para o grupo Pró-Cio, 20 g/animal de produto homeopático (Pró-cio®, Real H, Campo Grande, Brazil) foi fornecido juntamente com o milho dezoito dias antes (D-18) de inicar o protocolo de inseminaçãoa artificial em tempo-fixo (IATF). No D0, todas as fêmeas receberam um dispositivo intravaginal de P4 e 2 mg BE. No D5, avaliou-se a contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) por ultrassonografia e realizou-se coleta de sangue para dosagem de AMH. No D8, procedeu-se a retirada do dispositivo de P4; aplicação de 300 UI de eCG, 0,530 mg de cloprostenol sódico e 0,5 mg de CE; um adesivo identificador de estro foi fixado na inserção da cauda e foi feita a mensuração do diâmetro do folículo dominante (FD). No D10, todas as novilhas foram inseminadas, foi realizada a avaliação da manifestação de estro e mensuração do folículo pré-ovulatório (FPO). No D20, realizou-se mensuração da área e avaliação do fluxo sanguíneo do CL por ultrassonografia Doppler. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes de Student, Mann-Whitney ou Friedman. As taxas de expressão de estro, ovulação e escore de fluxo sanguíneo com Doppler foram analisadas usando o teste exato de Fisher e taxa de prenhez pelo modelo de regressão logística binária (p ≤ 0,05). Não houve diferença na CFA nem na dosagem de AMH (p > 0,05). O grupo PróCio apresentou maior diâmetro do FD (9,94 ± 0,42 mm) e FPO (11,61 ± 0,56 mm) em relação ao controle (FD: 7,72 ± 0,34 mm e FPO: 9,91 ± 0,37 mm), além de maior área do CL (3,26 ± 0,26 versus 2,35 ± 0,16 cm2; p < 0,05) e maior escore de vascularização médio do CL (3,06 versus 2,26; p < 0,05). Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) na taxa de manifestação de estro e nem na taxa de concepção entre os grupos Controle e Pró-Cio, respectivamente. Novilhas suplementadas com o produto homeopático apresentaram maiores diâmetros foliculares ao final do protocolo de IATF e CL com melhores escores de fluxo sanguíneo em relação ao grupo controle.

Altrenogest during early pregnancy modulates uterine glandular epithelium and endometrial growth factor expression at the time implantation in pigs

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of supplying altrenogest from day 6-12 of pregnancy on the endometrial glandular epithelium, corpora lutea (CL) morphology, and endometrial and CL gene expression. A total of 12 crossbred females (Landrace × Large White) were used. The females were assigned to 4 treatments according to a random design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with two categories (sow or gilt) and two treatments (non-treated and treated with altrenogest). On day 6 of pregnancy, animals were allocated to one of the following groups: non-treated (NT, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts), and (T, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts) treated daily with 20 mg of altrenogest, from day 6-12 of pregnancy. All animals were euthanized on day 13 of pregnancy. All CLs were individually weighed, and their volume were determined. The endometrial glandular density (GD), mean glandular area (MGA), and vascular density (VD) were determined by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Endometrium samples were collected and analyzed by qRT-PCR to evaluate the abundance of transcripts for VEGF and IGF-I. Females in the T group had higher MGA (P < 0.05) compared to the NT group. There was no effect of treatment on GD or VD for both experimental groups. Sows in the T group had augmented expression of IGF-I (P < 0.05). Progestagen had no detrimental effect on CL morphology. In conclusion, altrenogest improves the uterine environment during the peri-implantation period in pigs without compromising corpora lutea development.

Synchronization with estradiol benzoate in the presence of the corpus luteum in Wagyu cows increases the number of medium follicles but does not interfere with in vitro production of embryos / Sincronização com benzoato de estradiol na presença do corpo lúteo em vacas de Wagyu aumenta o número de folículos médios, mas não interfere com a produção in vitro de embriões

Reproductive biotechnologies are emerging as an important element for livestock; however, some strategies must be modified to adapt to different breeding systems, such as the use of follicular synchronization protocols. This study aimed to evaluate follicular synchronization using estradiol benzoate (EB), in the presence of the corpus luteum (CL) from Wagyu oocyte donors in in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Rounds of IVEP were performed in heifers and cows (n=19) that were classified into three groups: G1/CL - animals with CL, G2/WCL - animals without CL, and G3/CL + EB - animals with CL that were subjected to follicular synchronization with EB at D0. The groups G1/CL and G2/WCL were considered the control and undertook the natural process of follicular dynamics. The results showed that the synchronization of the follicular wave with the application of EB in the presence of CL, presented a smaller number of small (6.05 ± 0.55) and large follicles (0.45 ± 0.15), but increased (P < 0.05) the number of medium-sized follicles (16.20 ± 0.90). However, the results of ovum pick up showed that regardless of whether or not EB was applied, and regardless of the presence or absence of CL in the Wagyu donor, there was no difference among the groups (P > 0.05) concerning the number of viable oocytes and the viability rate. It was concluded that follicular synchronization using EB in Wagyu oocyte donors that presented a CL, increased the number of medium-sized follicles. However, there was no improvement in the efficiency of ovum pick up, in vitro embryo production, and pregnancy rate.(AU)

As biotecnologias reprodutivas estão emergindo como um elemento importante para a pecuária, entretanto, algumas estratégias devem ser modificadas para se adaptar a diferentes sistemas de criação, como o uso de protocolos de sincronização folicular. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sincronização folicular utilizando benzoato de estradiol (BE), na presença do corpo lúteo (CL) de doadoras de oócitos Wagyu na produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE). Sessões de PIVE foram realizadas em novilhas e vacas (n=19) que foram classificadas em três grupos: G1/CL - animais com CL, G2/SCL - animais sem CL e G3/CL+BE - animais com CL que foram submetidos para sincronização folicular com BE em D0. Os grupos G1/CL e G2/ SCL foram considerados o controle e realizaram o processo natural da dinâmica folicular. Os resultados mostraram que a sincronização da onda folicular com a aplicação de BE na presença de CL, apresentou um menor número de folículos pequenos (6,05 ± 0,55) e grandes (0,45 ± 0,15), mas aumentou (P < 0,05) o número de folículos de tamanho médio (16,20 ± 0,90). No entanto, os resultados da ovum pick up mostraram que independente da aplicação ou não de BE, e independente da presença ou ausência de CL na doadora Wagyu, não houve diferença entre os grupos (P > 0,05) quanto ao número de oócitos viáveis e a taxa de viabilidade. Concluiu-se que a sincronização folicular por meio de BE em doadoras de oócitos Wagyu que apresentaram CL, aumentou o número de folículos de tamanho médio. No entanto, não houve melhora na eficiência da ovum pick up, na produção in vitro de embriões e na taxa de prenhez.(AU)

Altrenogest during early pregnancy modulates uterine glandular epithelium and endometrial growth factor expression at the time implantation in pigs

This study evaluated the effects of supplying altrenogest from day 6-12 of pregnancy on the endometrial glandular epithelium, corpora lutea (CL) morphology, and endometrial and CL gene expression. A total of 12 crossbred females (Landrace × Large White) were used. The females were assigned to 4 treatments according to a random design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with two categories (sow or gilt) and two treatments (non-treated and treated with altrenogest). On day 6 of pregnancy, animals were allocated to one of the following groups: non-treated (NT, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts), and (T, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts) treated daily with 20 mg of altrenogest, from day 6-12 of pregnancy. All animals were euthanized on day 13 of pregnancy. All CLs were individually weighed, and their volume were determined. The endometrial glandular density (GD), mean glandular area (MGA), and vascular density (VD) were determined by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Endometrium samples were collected and analyzed by qRT-PCR to evaluate the abundance of transcripts for VEGF and IGF-I. Females in the T group had higher MGA (P < 0.05) compared to the NT group. There was no effect of treatment on GD or VD for both experimental groups. Sows in the T group had augmented expression of IGF-I (P < 0.05). Progestagen had no detrimental effect on CL morphology. In conclusion, altrenogest improves the uterine environment during the peri-implantation period in pigs without compromising corpora lutea development.(AU)

Ovarian responses and FSH profiles at superovulation with a single epidural administration of gonadotropin in the Thai-Holstein crossbreed

The conventional method of ovarian superstimulation requires multiple injections of gonadotropins which is time-consuming and may be stressful for the cows. This study was designed to determine whether a single epidural injection of FSH (EI group) would induce the superovulatory response in the Thai-Holstein crossbreed and evaluate FSH plasma hormone concentrations. Eight cows (replication = 3; n=24) were assigned to one of 2 treatments in switch back design. Control group (n=12): cows were received 400 mg FSH twice daily by intramuscularly for 4 days (80, 80, 60, 60, 40, 40, 20 and 20 mg), EI group (n=12): cows were received 400 mg FSH by single epidural injection. Data were collected in term of ovarian follicle responses, superovulatory responses, ova/embryo collection. FSH concentrations were examined using ELISA. The total follicular responses during oestrus were not different between treatments; however, the large follicles were less frequent (P < 0.01) while the medium follicle sizes were higher (P < 0.05) in the EI group. The plasma concentration of FSH in EI was dramatically increased within 2 hours before decreasing sharply thereafter (P < 0.01) and did not remain above baseline after 10 hours of administration. The embryo quality was better in the control than the EI groups (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the number of ovulation cysts in the EI group was 50%. The ovarian responses and embryo quality in the cows with cysts were worse compared with the non-cyst groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, alternative protocols decreased the superovulatory response and increased poor embryo quality in Thai-Holstein crossbred. Also, the incidence of ovarian follicular cysts is higher in the EI group.(AU)

The effect of Gonadotropin releasing hormone administration on fertility and embryonic loss in goats during the anoestrus period

Following the induction of oestrus out of season in small ruminants, low fertility and variations in fertility rates are associated with embryonic losses. One of the main causes of embryonic loss is luteal dysfunction. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) supports the luteal structure, and increasing progesterone levels may be beneficial in terms of promoting embryonic life. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of GnRH administration following an oestrus induction protocol in the anoestrus season for preventing embryonic loss in goats having failure to conceive during the season. In the study, 106 Damascus goats aged 3-5 years and weighing 45-60 kg were used. The oestrus of 106 goats in the anoestrous group was stimulated with progesterone and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) treatment. Out of breeding season, goats were divided into the 4 following groups: GnRH0 (n = 27), GnRH7 (n = 26), GnRH0+7 (n = 27) and control (n = 26). In each goat, an intravaginal sponge (IS) containing 20 mg of fluorogestone acetate (FGA) was placed into the vagina and left for 9 days. With the withdrawal of the sponge, 550IU PMSG and 125 µg of d-cloprostenol were injected intramuscularly. Oestrus detection was made via teaser bucks for 3 days starting 24 h after withdrawal of the IS. Eighteen bucks known to be fertile were used for breeding. Goats in the oestrus period were mated via natural breeding. The GnRH analogue lecirelin was injected intramuscularly at breeding in the GnRH0 group, on day 7 post-breeding in the GnRH7 group, and both at breeding and on day 7 post-breeding in the GnRH0+7 group. No injections were given to the control group. Blood samples for progesterone measurement were taken by jugular vena puncturing on days 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 after breeding from 10 randomly chosen goats in all groups. The goats with a level of > 3.5 ng/mL of progesterone on day 21 post-breeding were evaluated as pregnant. Pregnancy was also viewed on day 50 after breeding by real-time ultrasonography (USG) with a 5-7.5 MHz convex probe. The oestrus rate was 96.23% (102/106) in the goats. The rates of onset of oestrus between 36-48 h, 48-60 h and 60 h and beyond were 38.7% (41/106), 21.7% (23/106) and 35.8% (38/106), respectively. The total pregnancy rate was 35.8% (38/106). There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) found for the pregnancy rate, embryonic death rate or progesterone concentration of the groups. However, serum progesterone levels were statistically different in the GnRH7 group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). After synchronisation, various anti-luteolytic strategies can be used to support corpus luteum development and elevate progesterone concentration in the luteal phase to decrease embryonic loss and increase reproductive performance. Therefore, application of GnRH to support the luteal structure and to increase progesterone levels may be beneficial in terms of supporting embryonic life. The results showed that GnRH treatment on the day 7 post-breeding following oestrus induction, including FGA and PMSG, can increase serum progesterone levels in Damascus goats in the anoestrus period. However, following oestrus induction in the anoestrus period, it was seen that GnRH treatment at breeding or on day 7 after breeding did not have any positive effect on embryonic loss or reproductive performance. In conclusion, it was considered that this protocol could be implemented successfully, yielding a 35% pregnancy rate in Damascus goats in the anoestrus period, but embryonic loss must be deeply studied in detail.(AU)

Reproductive biology, morphology, and morphometry of ovaries and oviducts of Trachemys scripta elegans in Brazilian Cerrado / Biologia reprodutiva, morfologia e morfometriade ovários e ovidutos de Trachemys scripta elegans no Cerrado Brasileiro

Although Trachemys scripta elegans is an exotic species popular as a pet in Brazil, studies on reproductive biology and capacity are non-existent in the Brazilian Cerrado. This study analyzed ovarian and oviduct characteristics and the egg production capacity of T. scripta elegans grown in this biome. The findings will associate with the size of the specimens and the sexual maturity, aiming at comparisons with native and exotic populations, as well as interspecific and contributing to the understanding of its impact on the invaded ecosystems and the establishment of eradication programs. Thus, 39 females had evaluated the body biometry and the morphology and morphometry of the ovaries and oviducts. G2 (N=20): with Class I (>5-10mm) follicles, with Class I and Class II (>10-fold) follicles, 25mm) and G3 (N=9) with Class I, Class II and Class III (>25mm) follicles. Analysis of variance, Scott-Knott's test, and Pearson's correlation analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in body biometry; in the mean gonadosomatic index and gonadal morphometry, only the width of the oviducts in the right antimer and the mass and width in the left antimer were higher in G3, the only one that presented eggs. There was positive and harmonic development between body mass, carapace, and plastron, and gonadal growth occurred concomitantly with body growth, indicating a higher reproductive potential and a positive relationship between the size of the litter and the female litter. The gonadosomatic index proved to be an excellent reproductive indicator, and the ovarian evaluation was a better indicator of sexual maturity than the maximum carapace length.(AU)

Embora Trachemys scripta elegans seja uma espécie exótica popular como animal de estimação no Brasil, estudos sobre biologia e capacidade reprodutivas são inexistentes no Cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo analisou características ovarianas e do oviduto e a capacidade de produção de ovos em T. scripta elegans criadas neste bioma, correlacionando estes achados ao tamanho dos espécimes e a maturidade sexual, visando comparações com populações nativas e exóticas, bem como interespecíficas e contribuir para a compreensão de seu impacto nos ecossistemas invadidos e com o estabelecimento de programas de erradicação. Assim, 39 fêmeas tiveram avaliadas a biometria corporal e a morfologia e morfometria dos ovários e ovidutos. De acordo com o tamanho dos folículos ovarianos as fêmeas foram separadas em G1 (N= 10): com folículos Classe I (>5-10 mm), G2 (N= 20): com folículos Classe I e Classe II (>10-25 mm) e G3 (N= 9) com folículos Classe I, Classe II e Classe III (>25 mm). À análise de variância, teste de Scott-Knott e à análise de correlação de Pearson verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na biometria corporal; no índice gonadossomático médio e na morfometria gonadal, apenas a largura dos ovidutos no antímero direito e a massa e a largura no antímero esquerdo foram maiores no G3, o único que apresentou ovos. Houve desenvolvimento positivo e harmônico entre massa corporal, carapaça e plastrão e o crescimento gonadal ocorreu concomitante ao crescimento corporal, indicando maior potencial reprodutivo e relação positiva entre o tamanho da ninhada de ovos e o da fêmea. O índice gonadossomático mostrou-se um bom indicador reprodutivo e a avaliação ovariana um melhor indicador da maturidade sexual que o comprimento máximo da carapaça. (AU)

Efeito do extrato etanólico da Simarouba versicolor sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de ratas / Effect of Simarouba vesrsicolor's ethanolic extract on the reproductive parameters of rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ethanol extract of Simarouba versicolor on reproductive parameters of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus): implantation index (%), resorption index (%), pre-implant loss, post-implant loss of the parents. pregnancy, the rats with approximately 90 days, weighing 160 to 250 g were divided into 4 groups (n=8), Control, Sv-EtOH 10, 20, 40mg/kg. The formulas used to evaluate reproductive parameters were following: IMPLEMENTATION INDEX = (number of implantations / number of corpus luteum)x100; REABSORPTION INDEX = (no resorption*/ no implants) x100* no resorptions = (no implants)-(nofetuses); PRE-IMPLANT LOSSES = (No. of corpus luteum - No. of implants / No. of corpus luteum) x100; POSTIMPLANT LOSSES = (number of implants - number of natives / number of implants) x100. In the analysis of the implantation index, resorption, pre-implant loss and post-implantation loss were not significant when compared to the control. These results indicate the absence of maternal toxicity for the investigated doses during the period of pre-implantation, implantation and full term pregnancy. However, further studies with different doses and concentrations of Simarouba versicolor extract will be necessary in the gestational period.

Efeito do extrato etanólico da Simarouba versicolor sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de ratas / Effect of Simarouba vesrsicolor's ethanolic extract on the reproductive parameters of rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ethanol extract of Simarouba versicolor on reproductive parameters of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus): implantation index (%), resorption index (%), pre-implant loss, post-implant loss of the parents. pregnancy, the rats with approximately 90 days, weighing 160 to 250 g were divided into 4 groups (n=8), Control, Sv-EtOH 10, 20, 40mg/kg. The formulas used to evaluate reproductive parameters were following: IMPLEMENTATION INDEX = (number of implantations / number of corpus luteum)x100; REABSORPTION INDEX = (no resorption*/ no implants) x100* no resorptions = (no implants)-(nofetuses); PRE-IMPLANT LOSSES = (No. of corpus luteum - No. of implants / No. of corpus luteum) x100; POSTIMPLANT LOSSES = (number of implants - number of natives / number of implants) x100. In the analysis of the implantation index, resorption, pre-implant loss and post-implantation loss were not significant when compared to the control. These results indicate the absence of maternal toxicity for the investigated doses during the period of pre-implantation, implantation and full term pregnancy. However, further studies with different doses and concentrations of Simarouba versicolor extract will be necessary in the gestational period.(AU)

Reproductive biology, morphology, and morphometry of ovaries and oviducts of Trachemys scripta elegans in Brazilian Cerrado / Biologia reprodutiva, morfologia e morfometriade ovários e ovidutos de Trachemys scripta elegans no Cerrado Brasileiro

Although Trachemys scripta elegans is an exotic species popular as a pet in Brazil, studies on reproductive biology and capacity are non-existent in the Brazilian Cerrado. This study analyzed ovarian and oviduct characteristics and the egg production capacity of T. scripta elegans grown in this biome. The findings will associate with the size of the specimens and the sexual maturity, aiming at comparisons with native and exotic populations, as well as interspecific and contributing to the understanding of its impact on the invaded ecosystems and the establishment of eradication programs. Thus, 39 females had evaluated the body biometry and the morphology and morphometry of the ovaries and oviducts. G2 (N=20): with Class I (>5-10mm) follicles, with Class I and Class II (>10-fold) follicles, 25mm) and G3 (N=9) with Class I, Class II and Class III (>25mm) follicles. Analysis of variance, Scott-Knott's test, and Pearson's correlation analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in body biometry; in the mean gonadosomatic index and gonadal morphometry, only the width of the oviducts in the right antimer and the mass and width in the left antimer were higher in G3, the only one that presented eggs. There was positive and harmonic development between body mass, carapace, and plastron, and gonadal growth occurred concomitantly with body growth, indicating a higher reproductive potential and a positive relationship between the size of the litter and the female litter. The gonadosomatic index proved to be an excellent reproductive indicator, and the ovarian evaluation was a better indicator of sexual maturity than the maximum carapace length. Ovaries were irregular structures, without delimitation between the cortical and medullary regions and filled with vitelogenic follicles of different diameters, atresic follicles, and corpora lutea, which reflected the ovarian complexity of the species and the presence of follicular hierarchy. In the scarce stroma, two germinative beds were observed per ovary and the presence of gaps very close to the follicles and associated with the blood vessels. Analysis of gonadal tissue revealed three types of oocytes according to cytoplasmic characteristics: homogeneous, vesicular or vesicular in the cortex with apparent granules. Oviducts were functional and separated, joining only in the final portion to form the cloaca and subdivided into infundibulum, tuba, isthmus, uterus, and vagina. The structure of the uterine tube was composed of serosa, muscular and mucous, which was full of glands. The presence of eggs in the oviducts indicated that the specimens can reproduce in the Brazilian Cerrado. This study provides necessary and relevant information on the reproductive biology and capacity of T. scripta elegans in the Brazilian Cerrado and can contribute to the understanding of its impact on the invaded ecosystems and the establishment of eradication programs. The extraction of females with capacity can reduce the annual reproductive yield of the species and decrease its effect on local biodiversity.(AU)

Embora Trachemys scripta elegans seja uma espécie exótica popular como animal de estimação no Brasil, estudos sobre biologia e capacidade reprodutivas são inexistentes no Cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo analisou características ovarianas e do oviduto e a capacidade de produção de ovos em T. scripta elegans criadas neste bioma, correlacionando estes achados ao tamanho dos espécimes e a maturidade sexual, visando comparações com populações nativas e exóticas, bem como interespecíficas e contribuir para a compreensão de seu impacto nos ecossistemas invadidos e com o estabelecimento de programas de erradicação. Assim, 39 fêmeas tiveram avaliadas a biometria corporal e a morfologia e morfometria dos ovários e ovidutos. De acordo com o tamanho dos folículos ovarianos as fêmeas foram separadas em G1 (N= 10): com folículos Classe I (>5-10 mm), G2 (N= 20): com folículos Classe I e Classe II (>10-25 mm) e G3 (N= 9) com folículos Classe I, Classe II e Classe III (>25 mm). À análise de variância, teste de Scott-Knott e à análise de correlação de Pearson verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na biometria corporal; no índice gonadossomático médio e na morfometria gonadal, apenas a largura dos ovidutos no antímero direito e a massa e a largura no antímero esquerdo foram maiores no G3, o único que apresentou ovos. Houve desenvolvimento positivo e harmônico entre massa corporal, carapaça e plastrão e o crescimento gonadal ocorreu concomitante ao crescimento corporal, indicando maior potencial reprodutivo e relação positiva entre o tamanho da ninhada de ovos e o da fêmea. O índice gonadossomático mostrou-se um bom indicador reprodutivo e a avaliação ovariana um melhor indicador da maturidade sexual que o comprimento máximo da carapaça. Ovários foram estruturas irregulares, sem delimitação entre a região cortical e medular e repletos de folículos vitelogênicos de diferentes diâmetros, folículos atrésicos e corpos lúteos, que refletiram a complexidade ovariana da espécie e a presença de hierarquia folicular. No estroma escasso foram observados dois leitos germinativos por ovário e a presença de lacunas muito próximas aos folículos e associadas aos vasos sanguíneos. A análise do tecido gonadal revelou três tipos de oócitos de acordo com as características do citoplasma: homogêneo, vesicular ou vesicular no córtex com grânulos aparentes. Ovidutos eram funcionais e separados, unindo-se apenas na porção final para formar a cloaca e subdividiam-se em infundíbulo, tuba uterina, istmo, útero e vagina. A estrutura da tuba uterina era constituída de serosa, muscular e mucosa, a qual era repleta de glândulas. A presença de ovos nos ovidutos indicou que os espécimes podem se reproduzir no cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo fornece informações básicas e relevantes da biologia e capacidade reprodutivas de T. scripta elegans no Cerrado brasileiro e pode contribuir com a compreensão de seu impacto nos ecossistemas invadidos e com o estabelecimento de programas de erradicação, uma vez que a extração de fêmeas com capacidade reprodutiva pode contribuir com a diminuição do rendimento reprodutivo anual da espécie e diminuir seu efeito sobre a biodiversidade local.(AU)

Induction of puberty in Bos indicus heifers in the western Amazon region / Indução da puberdade em novilhas Bos indicus na região oeste da Amazônia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and cost of two distinct hormonal protocols forinduction of puberty in Bos indicus heifers in the western Amazon region. Nelore prepubertal heifers (n= 127) aged 20 to 24 months (21 ± 0.3 months) and weighing 300 to 340 kg (318 ± 7 kg) were submittedto two distinct protocols for induction of cyclicity. Females were previously submitted to two ovarianultrasound examinations (12-day interval) to verify the absence of the corpus luteum (CL). Then, theheifers were divided into two experimental groups: G-CIDR/EC (n = 54) and G-P4/EC (n = 73). TheG-CIDR/EC group utilized a CIDR® for 12 days and on the day of its withdrawal, 0.6 mg of estradiolcypionate (IM) was administered. The G-P4/EC group received 150 mg of injectable progesterone (IM)and one injection of 0.6 mg EC 12 days after the progesterone injection. Twelve days after the end ofthe hormonal protocols, the heifers were submitted to another ultrasound evaluation for identificationof cyclicity (ovulatory follicle or CL). These females were then submitted to a conventional protocol ofsynchronization of ovulation for timed artificial insemination (TAI). Only heifers responsive to pubertyinduction (G-CIDR/EC (n=30) and G-P4/EC (n=51)) were included in the TAI protocol. After sevendays of insemination, both groups were exposed to natural breeding. In addition, an economic analysiswas performed to evaluate cyclicity induction, the TAI protocol, and pregnancy in both groups. TheG-CIDR/EC group showed 81.48% (44/54) of females responsive to induction of cyclicity (presence ofCL) while the G-P4/EC group obtained 86.3% (63/73; p=0.463). Regarding the conception rate to TAIand to bull (natural breeding), the G-CIDR/EC group displayed 43.33% (13/30) and 33.33% (10/30),respectively, and the G-P4/EC group exhibited 54.9% (28/51) and 39.22% (20/51), respectively. Theoverall pregnancy rate (TAI+Bull) was 76.67% (23/30) [...].

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência e o custo de dois protocolos hormonais distintos paraindução da puberdade em novilhas Bos indicus na região oeste da Amazônia. Novilhas pré-púberesNelore (n = 127) com idades entre 20 a 24 meses (21 ± 0,3 meses) e peso de 300 a 340 kg (318 ± 7 kg)foram submetidas a dois protocolos distintos para indução de ciclicidade. As fêmeas foram submetidaspreviamente a dois exames ultrassonográficos dos ovários (intervalo de 12 dias) para verificar a ausênciado corpo lúteo (CL). Em seguida, as novilhas foram divididas em dois grupos experimentais: G-CIDR/ EC (n = 54) e G-P4 / EC (n = 73). O grupo G-CIDR / EC utilizou um CIDR® por 12 dias e no dia desua retirada, foram administrados 0,6 mg de cipionato de estradiol (IM). O grupo G-P4 / EC recebeu150 mg de progesterona injetável (IM) e após 12 dias da administração de progesterona, administrouse 0,6 mg de EC. Doze dias após o término dos protocolos hormonais, as novilhas foram submetidasa outra avaliação ultrassonográfica para identificação da ciclicidade (folículo ovulatório ou CL). Essasfêmeas foram submetidas a um protocolo convencional de sincronização da ovulação para inseminaçãoartificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Apenas novilhas responsivas à indução da puberdade (G-CIDR / EC(n = 30) e G-P4 / EC (n = 51)) foram incluídas no protocolo de IATF. Após sete dias da inseminação,ambos os grupos foram expostos à monta natural. Além disso, uma análise econômica foi realizada paraavaliar a indução da ciclicidade, o protocolo IATF e a prenhez nos dois grupos. O grupo G-CIDR / CEapresentou 81,48% (44/54) de fêmeas responsivas à indução da ciclicidade (presença de CL) enquantoo grupo G-P4 / EC obteve 86,3% (63/73; p = 0,463). Em relação à taxa de concepção de IATF e de touro(monta natural), o grupo G-CIDR / CE apresentou 43,33% (13/30) e 33,33% (10/30), respectivamente,e o grupo G-P4 / EC exibiu 54,9 % (28/51) e 39,22% (20/51), respectivamente. [...].

Induction of puberty in Bos indicus heifers in the western Amazon region / Indução da puberdade em novilhas Bos indicus na região oeste da Amazônia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and cost of two distinct hormonal protocols forinduction of puberty in Bos indicus heifers in the western Amazon region. Nelore prepubertal heifers (n= 127) aged 20 to 24 months (21 ± 0.3 months) and weighing 300 to 340 kg (318 ± 7 kg) were submittedto two distinct protocols for induction of cyclicity. Females were previously submitted to two ovarianultrasound examinations (12-day interval) to verify the absence of the corpus luteum (CL). Then, theheifers were divided into two experimental groups: G-CIDR/EC (n = 54) and G-P4/EC (n = 73). TheG-CIDR/EC group utilized a CIDR® for 12 days and on the day of its withdrawal, 0.6 mg of estradiolcypionate (IM) was administered. The G-P4/EC group received 150 mg of injectable progesterone (IM)and one injection of 0.6 mg EC 12 days after the progesterone injection. Twelve days after the end ofthe hormonal protocols, the heifers were submitted to another ultrasound evaluation for identificationof cyclicity (ovulatory follicle or CL). These females were then submitted to a conventional protocol ofsynchronization of ovulation for timed artificial insemination (TAI). Only heifers responsive to pubertyinduction (G-CIDR/EC (n=30) and G-P4/EC (n=51)) were included in the TAI protocol. After sevendays of insemination, both groups were exposed to natural breeding. In addition, an economic analysiswas performed to evaluate cyclicity induction, the TAI protocol, and pregnancy in both groups. TheG-CIDR/EC group showed 81.48% (44/54) of females responsive to induction of cyclicity (presence ofCL) while the G-P4/EC group obtained 86.3% (63/73; p=0.463). Regarding the conception rate to TAIand to bull (natural breeding), the G-CIDR/EC group displayed 43.33% (13/30) and 33.33% (10/30),respectively, and the G-P4/EC group exhibited 54.9% (28/51) and 39.22% (20/51), respectively. Theoverall pregnancy rate (TAI+Bull) was 76.67% (23/30) [...].(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência e o custo de dois protocolos hormonais distintos paraindução da puberdade em novilhas Bos indicus na região oeste da Amazônia. Novilhas pré-púberesNelore (n = 127) com idades entre 20 a 24 meses (21 ± 0,3 meses) e peso de 300 a 340 kg (318 ± 7 kg)foram submetidas a dois protocolos distintos para indução de ciclicidade. As fêmeas foram submetidaspreviamente a dois exames ultrassonográficos dos ovários (intervalo de 12 dias) para verificar a ausênciado corpo lúteo (CL). Em seguida, as novilhas foram divididas em dois grupos experimentais: G-CIDR/ EC (n = 54) e G-P4 / EC (n = 73). O grupo G-CIDR / EC utilizou um CIDR® por 12 dias e no dia desua retirada, foram administrados 0,6 mg de cipionato de estradiol (IM). O grupo G-P4 / EC recebeu150 mg de progesterona injetável (IM) e após 12 dias da administração de progesterona, administrouse 0,6 mg de EC. Doze dias após o término dos protocolos hormonais, as novilhas foram submetidasa outra avaliação ultrassonográfica para identificação da ciclicidade (folículo ovulatório ou CL). Essasfêmeas foram submetidas a um protocolo convencional de sincronização da ovulação para inseminaçãoartificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Apenas novilhas responsivas à indução da puberdade (G-CIDR / EC(n = 30) e G-P4 / EC (n = 51)) foram incluídas no protocolo de IATF. Após sete dias da inseminação,ambos os grupos foram expostos à monta natural. Além disso, uma análise econômica foi realizada paraavaliar a indução da ciclicidade, o protocolo IATF e a prenhez nos dois grupos. O grupo G-CIDR / CEapresentou 81,48% (44/54) de fêmeas responsivas à indução da ciclicidade (presença de CL) enquantoo grupo G-P4 / EC obteve 86,3% (63/73; p = 0,463). Em relação à taxa de concepção de IATF e de touro(monta natural), o grupo G-CIDR / CE apresentou 43,33% (13/30) e 33,33% (10/30), respectivamente,e o grupo G-P4 / EC exibiu 54,9 % (28/51) e 39,22% (20/51), respectivamente. [...].(AU)

Prevalência de cistos ovarianos em vacas de alta produção submetidas a sistema de confinamento e dieta total / Prevalence of ovarian cysts in production high cows under containment system and diet total

Objetivou-se avaliar prevalência de cistos ovarianos em vacas leiteiras de alta produção, no pós-parto, submetidas ao regime de dieta total em três sistemas diferentes: Compost Barn, Free Stall e confinamento a céu aberto no sudoeste do estado de Goiás. Foram avaliadas 1600 vacas, HPB, de sete rebanhos, das quais 792 (49,5%) estavam vazias e com atraso nos protocolos reprodutivos. Ao exame ultrassonográfico o escore ovariano foi classificado em: Grau 1 (61,4%), Grau 2 (18,1%), Grau 3 (4,0%) e Cistos Ovarianos (16,5%). Quanto ao sistema de produção as prevalências de cistos foram: 16% no Free Stall, 17,2% no Compost Barn e 16,2% no confinamento a céu aberto, diferenças somente numéricas, mas não significativas estatisticamente. 84,7% (n=131) dos animais estavam em anestro, na presença do diagnóstico cisto folicular. 67,7% desses animais, situavam-se entre 60 a 180 dias pós-parto. Divididos em 27,5% entre 60 e 90 dias, 24,5% entre 91 e 120 dias, 15,5% entre 121 e 150 dias e 32,5% entre 151 e 500. A prevalência dos cistos em função do número de lactações foi: 29,8% na primeira, 26,7% na segunda, 24,4% na terceira, 5,3% na quarta, 4,6% na quinta e 9,2% na sexta, resultados estatísticos significativos para maior ocorrência de cistos nas três primeiras lactações. Quanto ao escore de condição corporal 62,6% das vacas com cisto ovariano mostraram-se com escore entre 2,0 a 2,5, 25,2% entre 2,6 a 3,0 e 12,2% entre 3,1 a 4,0, resultados significativos, e a chance de vacas em balanço energético negativo desenvolverem cistos foi 5,1 vezes maior, quando comparadas com animais em escore corporal ideal. Os cistos foliculares apresentam-se com elevada casuística em vacas de alta produção leite, impactando em subfertilidade e prejuízos importantes na pecuária leiteira mundial, assim, faz-se necessário outros estudos visando o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas mais eficazes no controle deste quadro.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the follicular cysts prevalence in high production dairy cows, post-partum, under total diet regime in three different systems: Compost Barn, Free Stall and opened feedlot. There were evaluated 1600 cows, HPB, seven flocks, of which 792 (49.5%) were empty and late in the reproductive protocols. The examination sonographic ovarian score was distributed as: Score 1 (61.4%), Score 2 (18,1) Score 3 (4.0%) and Cystic Ovary (16.5%). As for the production system the cysts prevalence were 16% in Free Stall, 17.2% in Compost Barn and 16.2% in opened feedlot, without significant difference. 84.7% (n = 131) of animals were in anestrus in the presence of diagnosis follicular cyst. 60.7% of animal with follicular cysts were 60 to 180 days postpartum. Divided in 27.5% between 60 and 90 days, 24.5% between 91 and 120 days, 15.5% between 121 and 150 days and 32.5% between 151 and 500 postpartum. The cysts prevalence according to lactation number were: 29.8% in first, 26.7% in second, 24.4% in third, 5.3% in fourth, 4.6% in fifth and 9.2% in sixth, statistically significant results to higher cysts occurrence in the first three lactations. For body condition score 62.6% of animals with ovarian cyst were with scores from 2.0 to 2.5, 25.2% with a score of 2.6 to 3.0 and 12.2% with score of 3.1 to 4.0 also significant results. Where the chance of cows with low body score develop cysts was 5.1 times higher compared to animals with good score. Follicular cysts present high prevalence in high producing dairy cows, impacting sub-fertility and causing important damage in global dairy farming, thus, it is necessary further studies for the development of more effective preventive measures to control this situation.(AU)

Prevalência de cistos ovarianos em vacas de alta produção submetidas a sistema de confinamento e dieta total / Prevalence of ovarian cysts in production high cows under containment system and diet total

Objetivou-se avaliar prevalência de cistos ovarianos em vacas leiteiras de alta produção, no pós-parto, submetidas ao regime de dieta total em três sistemas diferentes: Compost Barn, Free Stall e confinamento a céu aberto no sudoeste do estado de Goiás. Foram avaliadas 1600 vacas, HPB, de sete rebanhos, das quais 792 (49,5%) estavam vazias e com atraso nos protocolos reprodutivos. Ao exame ultrassonográfico o escore ovariano foi classificado em: Grau 1 (61,4%), Grau 2 (18,1%), Grau 3 (4,0%) e Cistos Ovarianos (16,5%). Quanto ao sistema de produção as prevalências de cistos foram: 16% no Free Stall, 17,2% no Compost Barn e 16,2% no confinamento a céu aberto, diferenças somente numéricas, mas não significativas estatisticamente. 84,7% (n=131) dos animais estavam em anestro, na presença do diagnóstico cisto folicular. 67,7% desses animais, situavam-se entre 60 a 180 dias pós-parto. Divididos em 27,5% entre 60 e 90 dias, 24,5% entre 91 e 120 dias, 15,5% entre 121 e 150 dias e 32,5% entre 151 e 500. A prevalência dos cistos em função do número de lactações foi: 29,8% na primeira, 26,7% na segunda, 24,4% na terceira, 5,3% na quarta, 4,6% na quinta e 9,2% na sexta, resultados estatísticos significativos para maior ocorrência de cistos nas três primeiras lactações. Quanto ao escore de condição corporal 62,6% das vacas com cisto ovariano mostraram-se com escore entre 2,0 a 2,5, 25,2% entre 2,6 a 3,0 e 12,2% entre 3,1 a 4,0, resultados significativos, e a chance de vacas em balanço energético negativo desenvolverem cistos foi 5,1 vezes maior, quando comparadas com animais em escore corporal ideal. Os cistos foliculares apresentam-se com elevada casuística em vacas de alta produção leite, impactando em subfertilidade e prejuízos importantes na pecuária leiteira mundial, assim, faz-se necessário outros estudos visando o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas mais eficazes no controle deste quadro.

This study aimed to evaluate the follicular cysts prevalence in high production dairy cows, post-partum, under total diet regime in three different systems: Compost Barn, Free Stall and opened feedlot. There were evaluated 1600 cows, HPB, seven flocks, of which 792 (49.5%) were empty and late in the reproductive protocols. The examination sonographic ovarian score was distributed as: Score 1 (61.4%), Score 2 (18,1) Score 3 (4.0%) and Cystic Ovary (16.5%). As for the production system the cysts prevalence were 16% in Free Stall, 17.2% in Compost Barn and 16.2% in opened feedlot, without significant difference. 84.7% (n = 131) of animals were in anestrus in the presence of diagnosis follicular cyst. 60.7% of animal with follicular cysts were 60 to 180 days postpartum. Divided in 27.5% between 60 and 90 days, 24.5% between 91 and 120 days, 15.5% between 121 and 150 days and 32.5% between 151 and 500 postpartum. The cysts prevalence according to lactation number were: 29.8% in first, 26.7% in second, 24.4% in third, 5.3% in fourth, 4.6% in fifth and 9.2% in sixth, statistically significant results to higher cysts occurrence in the first three lactations. For body condition score 62.6% of animals with ovarian cyst were with scores from 2.0 to 2.5, 25.2% with a score of 2.6 to 3.0 and 12.2% with score of 3.1 to 4.0 also significant results. Where the chance of cows with low body score develop cysts was 5.1 times higher compared to animals with good score. Follicular cysts present high prevalence in high producing dairy cows, impacting sub-fertility and causing important damage in global dairy farming, thus, it is necessary further studies for the development of more effective preventive measures to control this situation.

Atividade reprodutiva em éguas quarto de milha durante o período de transição de primavera na região da Zona da Mata, Rondônia / Evaluation of the ciclicity of mares in the regions of Mata Zone, Rondonia State

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da ciclicidade, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e do grau de edema uterino de éguas criadas na zona da mata do Estado de Rondônia, durante o período de transição da estacionalidade reprodutiva. Para este propósito, durante os meses de agosto e setembro (transição de primavera), éguas da raça Quarto de Milha (n = 46), hígidas, criadas a campo ou estabuladas, com idades variando de 2 a 12 anos foram submetidas a dois exames ginecológicos com intervalo de 14 dias, a fim de se determinar e/ou monitorar a presença de corpo lúteo, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino. Empregando um modelo de regressão logística, o efeito do sistema de criação (a campo ou estabuladas) e da faixa etária ( 5, de 6 a 9 e 10 anos) foram avaliados sobre a ocorrência da ciclicidade, bem como sobre o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino por meio do modelo linear generalizado misto. Uma maior proporção de éguas (p = 0,001) foi considerada acíclica em relação às cíclicas [68,9% (31/45) vs. 31,1% (14/45), respectivamente]. Dentre as éguas acíclicas, houve uma semelhança (p = 0,127) na proporção daquelas com folículo dominante ou com folículos pequenos. O sistema de criação não influenciou (p > 0,05) a ocorrência da ciclicidade, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino. A faixa etária (≤ 5, de 6 a 9 e ≥ 10 anos) determinou influencia (p < 0,05) na ocorrência da ciclicidade [28,6 b; 18,2b e 66,7% a; respectivamente] e no grau de edema uterino (1,0 ± 0,1 b; 2,0 ± 0,1 a e 2,0 ± 0,2 a; respectivamente). Conclui-se que a maioria das éguas criadas na região da zona da mata rondoniense apresentam-se acíclicas no período de transição de primavera. No entanto, a ocorrência da ciclicidade e o grau de edema uterino demonstraram ser influenciados pela faixa etária das éguas avaliadas.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of cyclicity, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema in mares from forest area of the Rondonia State, during the transitional period of reproductive season. For this purpose, during the months of August and September (spring transition), healthy mares, Quarter Horse breed (N = 46), field or housed and aged 2 to 12 years were submitted to two examinations gynecological examination with a 14-day interval. The exams were performed to determine and / or monitor the presence of corpus luteum, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema. Using a logistic regression model, the effect of the breeding system (field or stabled) and age group (≤ 5, from 6 to 9 and ≥ 10 years) were evaluated on the occurrence of cyclicity as well as on the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema by generalized linear mixed model. A higher proportion of mares (P = 0.001) was considered acyclical in relation to the cyclical (68.9% (31/45) vs. 31.1% (14/45), respectively]. Among the acyclic mares, there was a similarity (P = 0.127) in proportion to those with dominant follicle or with small follicles. The breeding system did not influence (P > 0.05) the occurrence of cyclicity, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema. The age group (≤ 5, from 6 to 9 and ≥ 10 years) determined influence (P < 0.05) on the occurrence of cyclicity (28.6 b; 18.2 b and 66.7% a; respectively) and in the degree of uterine edema (1.0 ± 0.1 b, 2.0 ± 0.1 a and 2.0 ± 0.2 a, respectively). It is concluded that the majority of the mares created in the forest zone of Rondônia region are acyclical in the period of transition of spring. However, the occurrence of cyclicity and the degree of uterine edema were influenced by the age range of the mares evaluated.(AU)

Atividade reprodutiva em éguas quarto de milha durante o período de transição de primavera na região da Zona da Mata, Rondônia / Evaluation of the ciclicity of mares in the regions of Mata Zone, Rondonia State

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da ciclicidade, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e do grau de edema uterino de éguas criadas na zona da mata do Estado de Rondônia, durante o período de transição da estacionalidade reprodutiva. Para este propósito, durante os meses de agosto e setembro (transição de primavera), éguas da raça Quarto de Milha (n = 46), hígidas, criadas a campo ou estabuladas, com idades variando de 2 a 12 anos foram submetidas a dois exames ginecológicos com intervalo de 14 dias, a fim de se determinar e/ou monitorar a presença de corpo lúteo, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino. Empregando um modelo de regressão logística, o efeito do sistema de criação (a campo ou estabuladas) e da faixa etária ( 5, de 6 a 9 e 10 anos) foram avaliados sobre a ocorrência da ciclicidade, bem como sobre o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino por meio do modelo linear generalizado misto. Uma maior proporção de éguas (p = 0,001) foi considerada acíclica em relação às cíclicas [68,9% (31/45) vs. 31,1% (14/45), respectivamente]. Dentre as éguas acíclicas, houve uma semelhança (p = 0,127) na proporção daquelas com folículo dominante ou com folículos pequenos. O sistema de criação não influenciou (p > 0,05) a ocorrência da ciclicidade, o diâmetro do folículo dominante e o grau de edema uterino. A faixa etária (≤ 5, de 6 a 9 e ≥ 10 anos) determinou influencia (p < 0,05) na ocorrência da ciclicidade [28,6 b; 18,2b e 66,7% a; respectivamente] e no grau de edema uterino (1,0 ± 0,1 b; 2,0 ± 0,1 a e 2,0 ± 0,2 a; respectivamente). Conclui-se que a maioria das éguas criadas na região da zona da mata rondoniense apresentam-se acíclicas no período de transição de primavera. No entanto, a ocorrência da ciclicidade e o grau de edema uterino demonstraram ser influenciados pela faixa etária das éguas avaliadas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of cyclicity, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema in mares from forest area of the Rondonia State, during the transitional period of reproductive season. For this purpose, during the months of August and September (spring transition), healthy mares, Quarter Horse breed (N = 46), field or housed and aged 2 to 12 years were submitted to two examinations gynecological examination with a 14-day interval. The exams were performed to determine and / or monitor the presence of corpus luteum, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema. Using a logistic regression model, the effect of the breeding system (field or stabled) and age group (≤ 5, from 6 to 9 and ≥ 10 years) were evaluated on the occurrence of cyclicity as well as on the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema by generalized linear mixed model. A higher proportion of mares (P = 0.001) was considered acyclical in relation to the cyclical (68.9% (31/45) vs. 31.1% (14/45), respectively]. Among the acyclic mares, there was a similarity (P = 0.127) in proportion to those with dominant follicle or with small follicles. The breeding system did not influence (P > 0.05) the occurrence of cyclicity, the diameter of the dominant follicle and the degree of uterine edema. The age group (≤ 5, from 6 to 9 and ≥ 10 years) determined influence (P < 0.05) on the occurrence of cyclicity (28.6 b; 18.2 b and 66.7% a; respectively) and in the degree of uterine edema (1.0 ± 0.1 b, 2.0 ± 0.1 a and 2.0 ± 0.2 a, respectively). It is concluded that the majority of the mares created in the forest zone of Rondônia region are acyclical in the period of transition of spring. However, the occurrence of cyclicity and the degree of uterine edema were influenced by the age range of the mares evaluated.

Avaliação morfofuncional do corpo lúteo para diagnóstico precoce de gestação 20 dias após IATF em vacas mestiças leiteiras / Morphological evaluation of corpus luteum for the diagnosis of 20-day pregnancy after IATF in crossbred cows

A detecção superprecoce de gestação é de grande relevância quando se trata do aumento da produtividade dos rebanhos, na tentativa de redução do tempo de serviço desses animais. Por tal relevância, objetivou-se utilizar a ultrassonografia (US) Doppler como ferramenta para predição de gestação, avaliando a irrigação do corpo lúteo (CL), vinte dias após IATF. Setenta e três vacas mestiças foram avaliadas 20 dias após IATF por US transretal. Para obtenção do diâmetro do CL (DCL) e sua área (ACL) utilizou-se o modo B, na mensuração da área de vascularização (VCL) e seu percentual no CL (VCL%) empregou-se o Doppler Colorido. As imagens foram classificadas com base na quantidade de pixels coloridos e sua distribuição no CL, em dois grupos: diagnóstico preditivo negativo de gestação (DPN) e preditivo positivo (DPP). No mesmo dia, a funcionalidade do CL foi determinada pela concentração plasmática de P4. O diagnóstico de gestação definitivo foi realizado por US 35 dias após as IATFs. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student (com P<0,05) na avaliação das variáveis. Grupo gestantes apresentou médias superiores (P<0,05) para todas as variáveis ao Grupo Não Gestantes. O diagnóstico preditivo demonstrou 83,33% de especificidade, sensibilidade de 100% e acurácia de 91,79%. Conclui-se que a US doppler do CL aos 20 dias pós IATF é um método confiável no diagnóstico precoce de gestação.(AU)

The super early gestation detection is of great relevance considering the increase of the herds' productivity, in an attempt to reduce the time of service of these animals. Due to this relevance, this study aimed to use Doppler ultrasonography as a tool for gestation prediction, evaluating the luteal body (CL) irrigation twenty days after FTAI. 73 crossbred cows were evaluated 20 days after FTAI through trans rectal US. In order to obtain the diameter of the CL (DCL) and its area (ACL), B mode was used. The Color Doppler was applied to measure the vascularization area (CLV) and its percentage in the CL (VCL %). The images were classified, based on the number of colored pixels and their distribution in CL, in two groups: negative predictive diagnosis of gestation (NPD) and positive predictive value (PPV). On the same day, LC functionality was determined based on P4 plasma concentration. The definitive gestation diagnosis was confirmed through US 35 days after the FTAIs. Student's T test (with P<0.05) was used to evaluate the variables. Pregnant group presented higher averages (P<0.05) for all variables compared to the Non-Pregnant Group. The predictive diagnosis showed 83.33% of specificity, 100% of sensitivity and 91.79% of accuracy. The conclusion is that the US Doppler at 20 days post FTAI is a reliable method for early gestation diagnosis.(AU)

Avaliação morfofuncional do corpo lúteo para diagnóstico precoce de gestação 20 dias após IATF em vacas mestiças leiteiras / Morphological evaluation of corpus luteum for the diagnosis of 20-day pregnancy after IATF in crossbred cows

A detecção superprecoce de gestação é de grande relevância quando se trata do aumento da produtividade dos rebanhos, na tentativa de redução do tempo de serviço desses animais. Por tal relevância, objetivou-se utilizar a ultrassonografia (US) Doppler como ferramenta para predição de gestação, avaliando a irrigação do corpo lúteo (CL), vinte dias após IATF. Setenta e três vacas mestiças foram avaliadas 20 dias após IATF por US transretal. Para obtenção do diâmetro do CL (DCL) e sua área (ACL) utilizou-se o modo B, na mensuração da área de vascularização (VCL) e seu percentual no CL (VCL%) empregou-se o Doppler Colorido. As imagens foram classificadas com base na quantidade de pixels coloridos e sua distribuição no CL, em dois grupos: diagnóstico preditivo negativo de gestação (DPN) e preditivo positivo (DPP). No mesmo dia, a funcionalidade do CL foi determinada pela concentração plasmática de P4. O diagnóstico de gestação definitivo foi realizado por US 35 dias após as IATFs. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student (com P<0,05) na avaliação das variáveis. Grupo gestantes apresentou médias superiores (P<0,05) para todas as variáveis ao Grupo Não Gestantes. O diagnóstico preditivo demonstrou 83,33% de especificidade, sensibilidade de 100% e acurácia de 91,79%. Conclui-se que a US doppler do CL aos 20 dias pós IATF é um método confiável no diagnóstico precoce de gestação.(AU)

The super early gestation detection is of great relevance considering the increase of the herds' productivity, in an attempt to reduce the time of service of these animals. Due to this relevance, this study aimed to use Doppler ultrasonography as a tool for gestation prediction, evaluating the luteal body (CL) irrigation twenty days after FTAI. 73 crossbred cows were evaluated 20 days after FTAI through trans rectal US. In order to obtain the diameter of the CL (DCL) and its area (ACL), B mode was used. The Color Doppler was applied to measure the vascularization area (CLV) and its percentage in the CL (VCL %). The images were classified, based on the number of colored pixels and their distribution in CL, in two groups: negative predictive diagnosis of gestation (NPD) and positive predictive value (PPV). On the same day, LC functionality was determined based on P4 plasma concentration. The definitive gestation diagnosis was confirmed through US 35 days after the FTAIs. Student's T test (with P<0.05) was used to evaluate the variables. Pregnant group presented higher averages (P<0.05) for all variables compared to the Non-Pregnant Group. The predictive diagnosis showed 83.33% of specificity, 100% of sensitivity and 91.79% of accuracy. The conclusion is that the US Doppler at 20 days post FTAI is a reliable method for early gestation diagnosis.(AU)

The effects of separate and combined use of PGF2α and GnRH hormones and the addition of beta-carotene on fertility parameters in dairy cows with ovarian cysts

Background: Ovarian cysts are commonly observed pathologies, which interfere with normal cyclic activity and adversely affect fertility in cows. Beta-carotene is effective in the reduction of reproductive problems by inducing the natural defence mechanisms of the body. There are several methods that can be used for the treatment of ovarian cysts. The separate and combined use of GnRH and PGF2α commonly uses in the treatment of ovarian cysts. Therefore, in the presented study the effects of Beta-carotene (βC) addition for the treatment of ovarian cysts either with GnRH solely or GnRH and PGF2α in combination on the fertility parameters of dairy cows were investigated.Materials, Methods & Results: Seventy-six Holstein Friesian cows having ovarian cysts diagnosed by ultrasonography (USG) were divided into three groups. Cows in Group I (GI, n = 27), were injected with GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im), PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5 mL, im) and βC (20 mL/cow, into 4 regions by im route). In Group II (GII, n = 25) GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) and PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5mL, im) were administrated while GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) solely in Group III (GIII, n = 24). Cysts were monitored via USG, and blood samples were collected on the on day of treatment (day 0) and on the 7th and 14th days following the administrations. Cows shoving oestrous were inseminated and pregnancy diagnoses were performed on the 40th day following insemination. Treatment results showed that there were statistically no significant differences between GI and GII (P > 0.05). Only numerical difference obtained in time from therapy to pregnancy and overall pregnancy index (P > 0.05). Overall pregnancy rate (85 %), first service pregnancy rates (40 %) and overall pregnancy index (2.11) in GI were found significantly higher than GIII (53.3 %; 20 %; 4.12) [P 0.05).[...]