Diel feeding activity of Abudefduf saxatilis (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) on southwestern Atlantic reefs

Feeding ecology studies are crucial for understanding energy flow in reef ecosystems. In this study, we used an integrative approach to investigate the diel-feeding ecology of the sergeant-major Abudefduf saxatilis. To examine the possibility of diel-periodicity and size-class differences in foraging behaviour, we tracked fish individuals until their first bite on two subtropical reefs. During each observation, we recorded the substratum that was bitten and estimated the individual's total length. To assess the diet, we analysed the stomach contents of five individuals from each location. In total, we observed 2,703 individuals biting seven substrates. Our results showed no significant differences in substrate use for diel-periodicity. However, we found significant differences between two size classes. Despite this, both populations tended to forage near the surface in the water column in the morning and on the benthos in the afternoon, although this tendency was not statistically significant. Smaller individuals fed mostly in the water column, while larger individuals foraged on all substrates, likely due to their different energetic demands. Our findings indicate this species has an omnivorous, generalist diet, comprising 12 items from both benthos and plankton. The lack of differences in diel-periodicity is likely due to the sergeant-major's opportunistic behaviour.

Estudos de ecologia alimentar são cruciais para entender o fluxo de energia em ecossistemas recifais. Neste estudo, usamos uma abordagem integrativa para investigar a ecologia alimentar do sargentinho Abudefduf saxatilis. Para responder se há periodicidade ou diferenças relacionadas a classes de tamanho no substrato forrageado, acompanhamos indivíduos deste peixe até a primeira mordida, em dois recifes subtropicais. Durante cada observação, registramos o substrato mordido e estimamos o comprimento total do indivíduo. Para estudar a sua dieta, analisamos o conteúdo estomacal de cinco indivíduos em cada recife. No total, observamos 2.703 indivíduos mordendo em sete substratos diferentes. Nossos resultados não mostraram diferenças significativas no uso de substrato para a periodicidade diária. No entanto, encontramos diferenças significativas entre duas classes de tamanho. Apesar disso, ambas as populações tenderam a forragear próximo à superfície na coluna d'água pela manhã e no substrato bentônico à tarde, embora essa tendência não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa. Indivíduos menores forragearam principalmente na coluna d'água, enquanto os indivíduos maiores forragearam em todos os tipos de substratos, provavelmente devido às suas diferentes demandas energéticas. Nossos resultados corroboram que o sargentinho tem uma dieta onívora e generalista, composta por 12 itens de ambos os compartimentos, bentônico e planctônico. A falta de diferenças na periodicidade diária é provavelmente devido ao comportamento oportunista do sargentinho.

Diel variation of aquatic insect drift in streams of Southern Brazil

Some organisms, such as aquatic insects, are transported from the upstream to downstream region of streams through a process called drift. This process occurs in passive and active ways and can be variable throughout the day, mainly between the nocturnal and diurnal periods. Here, we evaluate the periodicity of the drift of aquatic insects in two streams of the Middle Iguaçu basin, southern region of Brazil. We predicted that the drift of aquatic insects brings the highest richness, diversity and abundance during the nocturnal period, compared to the diurnal period. In addition, we expected that the composition of species is different between these periods. In each stream, aquatic insect sampling was carried out 10 times, for 24 hours, using drift nets. A total of 2,114 aquatic insect specimens were recorded, distributed in 26 families. Of these families, 20 were recorded during the diurnal period and 24 during the nocturnal period. Our results showed an increase in the diversity and abundance of aquatic insect drift in the nocturnal period. However, only abundance was significantly different between the periods. We attribute the higher abundance in nocturnal drift possibly to biological interactions. Thus, nocturnal drift can be a strategy of some aquatic insects to avoid visual predation by other invertebrates and/or vertebrates, in Neotropical streams. We highlight the importance of our study, because it can be used for comparison in surveys of lotic environments that have been impacted by human activity (e.g. by dam construction), which can alter the water flow, and consequently the pattern of insect drift.

Diel variation of aquatic insect drift in streams of Southern Brazil

Some organisms, such as aquatic insects, are transported from the upstream to downstream region of streams through a process called drift. This process occurs in passive and active ways and can be variable throughout the day, mainly between the nocturnal and diurnal periods. Here, we evaluate the periodicity of the drift of aquatic insects in two streams of the Middle Iguaçu basin, southern region of Brazil. We predicted that the drift of aquatic insects brings the highest richness, diversity and abundance during the nocturnal period, compared to the diurnal period. In addition, we expected that the composition of species is different between these periods. In each stream, aquatic insect sampling was carried out 10 times, for 24 hours, using drift nets. A total of 2,114 aquatic insect specimens were recorded, distributed in 26 families. Of these families, 20 were recorded during the diurnal period and 24 during the nocturnal period. Our results showed an increase in the diversity and abundance of aquatic insect drift in the nocturnal period. However, only abundance was significantly different between the periods. We attribute the higher abundance in nocturnal drift possibly to biological interactions. Thus, nocturnal drift can be a strategy of some aquatic insects to avoid visual predation by other invertebrates and/or vertebrates, in Neotropical streams. We highlight the importance of our study, because it can be used for comparison in surveys of lotic environments that have been impacted by human activity (e.g. by dam construction), which can alter the water flow, and consequently the pattern of insect drift.(AU)

Unravelling the foraging behavior of the southern stingray, Hypanus americanus (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) in a Southwestern Atlantic MPA

Previous study suggested that the southern stingray (Hypanus americanus) displays a marked ontogenetic shift in its habitat use in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (FNA), an attractive touristic spot in Brazil, that could be associated with changes in its feeding habits and foraging strategies. Here, we conducted underwater visual surveys (~100 h a 3 years' study) at this site to describe the foraging behavior of the same species in details and to assess diel patterns in activity. We observed that H. americanus is capable of several complex and highly plastic behaviors (we described more than 21 of them) while foraging. The foraging events' timing appears to be related to the size (as well as sex) of the stingrays, environment and depth. In addition, our results support a segregation of habitat mediated by the size and sex of the stingrays, but it is able to modulate its foraging repertoire based mainly on environmental stimulus. Finally, we found that H. americanus forage intermittently throughout the day and tidal cycle, yet are less active during non-crepuscular periods and at flood and ebb tides. These results, coupled with the fact that the species uses both reef and beach environments, should be considered by decision makers in management plans.(AU)

Um estudo anterior sugeriu que a raia-prego (Hypanus americanus) apresenta uma marcante mudança ontogenética no seu uso de hábitat no Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha (FNA), local turístico atraente no Brasil, que pode ser associado a mudanças em seus hábitos alimentares e estratégias de forrageamento. Aqui, nós conduzimos amostragens visuais subaquáticas (~100 h em 3 anos de estudo) nesse local para descrever o comportamento de forrageamento dessa mesma espécie em detalhes e acessar seu padrão de atividade diário. Nós observamos que H. americanus tem capacidade para comportamentos complexos e altamente plásticos (nós descrevemos mais de 21 deles) enquanto forrageia. O tempo dos eventos de forrageamento parece estar relacionado com o tamanho (e também sexo) das raias, ambiente e profundidade. Além disso, nossos resultados apoiam a ideia de uma segregação de hábitat mediada pelo tamanho e sexo das arraias, mas que ela é capaz de modular seu repertório de forrageio baseado principalmente em estímulos ambientais. Finalmente, nós descobrimos que H. americanus forrageia de forma intermitente ao longo do dia e ciclos de marés, mas é menos ativa durante os períodos não-crepusculares e nas enchentes e vazantes das marés. Esses resultados, somado ao fato que a espécie utiliza tanto ambientes recifais quanto praianos, devem ser considerados pelos tomadores de decisão em planos de manejo.(AU)

Unravelling the foraging behavior of the southern stingray, Hypanus americanus (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) in a Southwestern Atlantic MPA

Previous study suggested that the southern stingray (Hypanus americanus) displays a marked ontogenetic shift in its habitat use in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (FNA), an attractive touristic spot in Brazil, that could be associated with changes in its feeding habits and foraging strategies. Here, we conducted underwater visual surveys (~100 h a 3 years' study) at this site to describe the foraging behavior of the same species in details and to assess diel patterns in activity. We observed that H. americanus is capable of several complex and highly plastic behaviors (we described more than 21 of them) while foraging. The foraging events' timing appears to be related to the size (as well as sex) of the stingrays, environment and depth. In addition, our results support a segregation of habitat mediated by the size and sex of the stingrays, but it is able to modulate its foraging repertoire based mainly on environmental stimulus. Finally, we found that H. americanus forage intermittently throughout the day and tidal cycle, yet are less active during non-crepuscular periods and at flood and ebb tides. These results, coupled with the fact that the species uses both reef and beach environments, should be considered by decision makers in management plans.(AU)

Um estudo anterior sugeriu que a raia-prego (Hypanus americanus) apresenta uma marcante mudança ontogenética no seu uso de hábitat no Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha (FNA), local turístico atraente no Brasil, que pode ser associado a mudanças em seus hábitos alimentares e estratégias de forrageamento. Aqui, nós conduzimos amostragens visuais subaquáticas (~100 h em 3 anos de estudo) nesse local para descrever o comportamento de forrageamento dessa mesma espécie em detalhes e acessar seu padrão de atividade diário. Nós observamos que H. americanus tem capacidade para comportamentos complexos e altamente plásticos (nós descrevemos mais de 21 deles) enquanto forrageia. O tempo dos eventos de forrageamento parece estar relacionado com o tamanho (e também sexo) das raias, ambiente e profundidade. Além disso, nossos resultados apoiam a ideia de uma segregação de hábitat mediada pelo tamanho e sexo das arraias, mas que ela é capaz de modular seu repertório de forrageio baseado principalmente em estímulos ambientais. Finalmente, nós descobrimos que H. americanus forrageia de forma intermitente ao longo do dia e ciclos de marés, mas é menos ativa durante os períodos não-crepusculares e nas enchentes e vazantes das marés. Esses resultados, somado ao fato que a espécie utiliza tanto ambientes recifais quanto praianos, devem ser considerados pelos tomadores de decisão em planos de manejo.(AU)

Efeito da criação de tilápia-do-nilo sobre variáveis limnológicas de um reservatório do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte em um período de 24 horas / Effect of Nile tilapia culture on limnological variables in a reservoir of Rio Grande do Norte semiarid in a period of 24 hours

The goal of the present work was to verify the effect of Tilapia culture on net cages over the diel and vertical variation of the limnological characteristics of a reservoir from semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte. Samples were collected in November 2010 in the Santa Cruz reservoir at intervals of 3 hours between collections for 24 hours. Samples were collected at a site near the activities of fish production and at another location away from there. The limnological variables analyzed were: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and turbidity. Samples of water were collected on surface, middle (4 m) and bottom (9 m) determining values of total N, NH3, N-NO3, N-NO2, total P and chlorophyll a. It could be observed that there was no thermal stratification and chemistry of the water column during throughout the analyzed period. In general, the current activity of fish farming in net cages did not increase the values of nitrogen forms and chlorophyll a in the water column of the reservoir of Santa Cruz in the different times analyzed. However, it is important to do a long-term monitoring of limnological and biological variables and sediment in order to infer about the future impacts of fish farming activity on the water quality of the reservoir.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a influência da criação de tilápia-do-Nilo em tanques-rede sobre a variação nictemeral e vertical de algumas características limnológicas de um reservatório do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. As coletas foram realizadas em novembro de 2010 no reservatório de Santa Cruz do Apodi - RN, em intervalos de 3 horas em um período de 24 horas. As amostragens foram feitas em um local próximo às atividades de piscicultura e em outro afastado das atividades. As variáveis limnológicas analisadas foram temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e turbidez. Amostras de água foram coletadas na superfície, meio (4 m) e fundo (9 m) para determinação dos valores de N-total, NH3, N-NO2, N-NO3, P-total e clorofila a. Pôde-se constatar que não houve uma estratificação térmica e química da coluna d´água durante todo o período analisado. A atual atividade de piscicultura em tanque-rede não influenciou no aumento dos valores médios das formas nitrogenadas e clorofila a da coluna d´água do reservatório de Santa Cruz nos diferentes horários analisados. Contudo, é relevante que seja realizado um monitoramento de longo prazo das variáveis limnológicas, biológicas e do sedimento no intuito de inferir sobre os futuros impactos da atividade de piscicultura sobre a qualidade da água do reservatório.(AU)

Efeito da criação de tilápia-do-nilo sobre variáveis limnológicas de um reservatório do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte em um período de 24 horas / Effect of Nile tilapia culture on limnological variables in a reservoir of Rio Grande do Norte semiarid in a period of 24 hours

The goal of the present work was to verify the effect of Tilapia culture on net cages over the diel and vertical variation of the limnological characteristics of a reservoir from semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte. Samples were collected in November 2010 in the Santa Cruz reservoir at intervals of 3 hours between collections for 24 hours. Samples were collected at a site near the activities of fish production and at another location away from there. The limnological variables analyzed were: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and turbidity. Samples of water were collected on surface, middle (4 m) and bottom (9 m) determining values of total N, NH3, N-NO3, N-NO2, total P and chlorophyll a. It could be observed that there was no thermal stratification and chemistry of the water column during throughout the analyzed period. In general, the current activity of fish farming in net cages did not increase the values of nitrogen forms and chlorophyll a in the water column of the reservoir of Santa Cruz in the different times analyzed. However, it is important to do a long-term monitoring of limnological and biological variables and sediment in order to infer about the future impacts of fish farming activity on the water quality of the reservoir.

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a influência da criação de tilápia-do-Nilo em tanques-rede sobre a variação nictemeral e vertical de algumas características limnológicas de um reservatório do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. As coletas foram realizadas em novembro de 2010 no reservatório de Santa Cruz do Apodi - RN, em intervalos de 3 horas em um período de 24 horas. As amostragens foram feitas em um local próximo às atividades de piscicultura e em outro afastado das atividades. As variáveis limnológicas analisadas foram temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e turbidez. Amostras de água foram coletadas na superfície, meio (4 m) e fundo (9 m) para determinação dos valores de N-total, NH3, N-NO2, N-NO3, P-total e clorofila a. Pôde-se constatar que não houve uma estratificação térmica e química da coluna d´água durante todo o período analisado. A atual atividade de piscicultura em tanque-rede não influenciou no aumento dos valores médios das formas nitrogenadas e clorofila a da coluna d´água do reservatório de Santa Cruz nos diferentes horários analisados. Contudo, é relevante que seja realizado um monitoramento de longo prazo das variáveis limnológicas, biológicas e do sedimento no intuito de inferir sobre os futuros impactos da atividade de piscicultura sobre a qualidade da água do reservatório.

Activity pattern of Cuniculus paca (Rodentia: Cuniculidae) in relation to lunar illumination and other abiotic variables in the southern Brazilian Amazon

Understanding what influences the activity of organisms is important for both ecological understanding and species conservation. Using data from 2,707 camera trap days distributed across 24 forest sites, we present quantitative analyses of the activity pattern of Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766) in southern Amazonia. We compared the activity pattern of this species across four designated subsets of the 24-hours diel cycle (dawn, dusk, day and night). Using linear regression models we tested the influence of season, temperature and rainfall on the activity patterns of C. paca (paca). We also evaluated the nocturnal photos of paca (N = 111) as a function of the degree of lunar illumination in order to test the prediction that pacas minimize their activity during moon phase when illumination is brighter. Pacas were not recorded during the day but were active at dawn, dusk and night time. We found differences in the influence of the abiotic variables on the nocturnal activity of pacas in the study area. There was no significant difference between the observed (expressed as the frequency of total counts of independent photos over the five classes of lunar illumination) and the expected activity of pacas, based on the frequency of days in the lunar cycle with different classes of lunar illumination, whereas lunar illumination had a weak negative influence on the timing of paca activity (i.e. pacas were active closer to sunset with increasing lunar illumination). However, the timing of nocturnal activity in pacas was not influenced by season, temperature or rainfall. Our findings highlight the ecological plasticity of this Neotropical rodent which has a key function in the maintenance of Neotropical forests.

Activity pattern of Cuniculus paca (Rodentia: Cuniculidae) in relation to lunar illumination and other abiotic variables in the southern Brazilian Amazon

Understanding what influences the activity of organisms is important for both ecological understanding and species conservation. Using data from 2,707 camera trap days distributed across 24 forest sites, we present quantitative analyses of the activity pattern of Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766) in southern Amazonia. We compared the activity pattern of this species across four designated subsets of the 24-hours diel cycle (dawn, dusk, day and night). Using linear regression models we tested the influence of season, temperature and rainfall on the activity patterns of C. paca (paca). We also evaluated the nocturnal photos of paca (N = 111) as a function of the degree of lunar illumination in order to test the prediction that pacas minimize their activity during moon phase when illumination is brighter. Pacas were not recorded during the day but were active at dawn, dusk and night time. We found differences in the influence of the abiotic variables on the nocturnal activity of pacas in the study area. There was no significant difference between the observed (expressed as the frequency of total counts of independent photos over the five classes of lunar illumination) and the expected activity of pacas, based on the frequency of days in the lunar cycle with different classes of lunar illumination, whereas lunar illumination had a weak negative influence on the timing of paca activity (i.e. pacas were active closer to sunset with increasing lunar illumination). However, the timing of nocturnal activity in pacas was not influenced by season, temperature or rainfall. Our findings highlight the ecological plasticity of this Neotropical rodent which has a key function in the maintenance of Neotropical forests.

Activity pattern of Cuniculus paca (Rodentia: Cuniculidae) in relation to lunar illumination and other abiotic variables in the southern Brazilian Amazon

Understanding what influences the activity of organisms is important for both ecological understanding and species conservation. Using data from 2,707 camera trap days distributed across 24 forest sites, we present quantitative analyses of the activity pattern of Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766) in southern Amazonia. We compared the activity pattern of this species across four designated subsets of the 24-hours diel cycle (dawn, dusk, day and night). Using linear regression models we tested the influence of season, temperature and rainfall on the activity patterns of C. paca (paca). We also evaluated the nocturnal photos of paca (N = 111) as a function of the degree of lunar illumination in order to test the prediction that pacas minimize their activity during moon phase when illumination is brighter. Pacas were not recorded during the day but were active at dawn, dusk and night time. We found differences in the influence of the abiotic variables on the nocturnal activity of pacas in the study area. There was no significant difference between the observed (expressed as the frequency of total counts of independent photos over the five classes of lunar illumination) and the expected activity of pacas, based on the frequency of days in the lunar cycle with different classes of lunar illumination, whereas lunar illumination had a weak negative influence on the timing of paca activity (i.e. pacas were active closer to sunset with increasing lunar illumination). However, the timing of nocturnal activity in pacas was not influenced by season, temperature or rainfall. Our findings highlight the ecological plasticity of this Neotropical rodent which has a key function in the maintenance of Neotropical forests.

Nocturnal and diurnal activity of armored suckermouth catfish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) associated with wintering Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)

Several Pterygoplichthys species, members of the Neotropical catfish family Loricariidae, have been widely introduced outside their native ranges. In this paper, I present observations on the diel activity pattern of non-native Pterygoplichthys, tentatively identified as P. disjunctivus, with respect to their attachment and grazing on endangered Florida manatees, Trichechus manatus latirostris. The study was conducted in December 2009 at Volusia Blue Spring, an artesianal spring system in the St. Johns River basin, Florida (USA). Supplemented by information gathered during previous visits to the spring site, this study revealed that adult Pterygoplichthys are active throughout the diel period (day, twilight and night). However, juvenile Pterygoplichthys were largely nocturnal and only at night did they consistently join adults in attaching to manatees. The juveniles generally remain hidden during the day, probably responding to presence of diurnal predators, mainly birds. Differences in diel behaviors among different Pterygoplichthys size classes in Florida are consistent with published observations on loricariids inhabiting clearwater streams within their native ranges.(AU)

Várias espécies de Pterygoplichthys, siluriformes Neotropicais da família Loricariidae, tem sido largamente introduzidos além de suas áreas naturais de ocorrência. Neste artigo, eu apresento observações dos padrões de atividade diária de uma população não nativa de Pterygoplichthys, identificada tentativamente como P. disjunctivus, associados com a espécie ameaçada de peixe-boi nativa da Flórida, Trichechus manatus latirostris. O estudo foi conduzido em dezembro de 2009 em Volusia Blue Spring um sistema artesiano na bacia do rio St. John, Flórida (USA). Suplementado por informações reunidas durante visitas prévias ao sítio em análise, este estudo revelou que Pterygoplichthys adultos estiveram ativos durante a maioria dos períodos (dia, crepúsculo e noite). No entanto, jovens foram principalmente noturnos e somente a noite eles uniram-se aos adultos sobre os peixes-boi. No sistema estudado na Flórida, jovens de Pterygoplichthys geralmente permanecem escondidos durante o dia, provavelmente respondendo a presença de predadores visuais diurnos, principalmente aves. As diferenças observadas na atividade diária entre diferentes classes de tamanho são semelhantes ao descrito para certos loricariídeos que habitam cursos d'água de águas límpidas em suas áreas nativas de ocorrência.(AU)

Diel and seasonal movements of grumatã Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes 1836) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in the Sinos River, Southern Brazil

Prochilodus lineatus is a reophilic migratory species of economical importance for local fisheries which is widely distributed in Brazil. The present study investigated diel and seasonal movement patterns, spawning migration and habitat use of P. lineatus in the Sinos River, Southern Brazil. Between August 2002 and March 2004, 19 grumatãs were tagged internally with digitally coded radio transmitters. Tracking was conducted weekly by boat or aircraft, and six fixed data loggers recorded movements of tagged fish. Results showed that the mean distance covered per fish and day was positively related with fish weight (p = 0.03; n = 19). Grumatã showed preference for river streches surrounded by wetlands (p 0.001; n = 286). Their diel activity pattern displayed one peak at 7 hours, and a second at 15 hours. During the night, activity was significantly reduced (p = 0.01). The seasonal movements pattern showed increased activity in October 2002 - March 2003 and from October 2003 to January 2004. Multiple regression analysis did not show a significant relationship between distance covered and temperature or water level (p = 0.116; n = 19). No synchronized long distance spawning migrations were observed. The mean distance covered by the individuals/day showed a negative significant relationship with number of tracking days (p = 0.022; n = 19), indicating a higher probability of being captured for more mobile individuals. The preservation of the still existing wetlands and reduction of the fishing pressure are essential for the future conservation of the grumatã population of the Sinos River.

Prochilodus lineatus é uma espécie migratória, de hábito reofílico e com grande importância como recurso pesqueiro. É uma espécie amplamente distribuída no Brasil. O presente estudo investigou os padrões diários e sazonais de atividades, migrações reprodutivas e uso de hábitat do P. lineatus no Rio dos Sinos, região sul do Brasil. Entre agosto de 2002 e março de 2004, 19 grumatãs foram internamente marcados com rádio transmissores codificados. O rastreamento foi semanalmente conduzido utilizando barco ou avião. Adicionalmente, seis radiorreceptores fixos registraram os movimentos dos peixes marcados. Os resultados mostram que a distância média percorrida por peixe foi positivamente relacionada com peso dos indivíduos (p = 0.03; n = 19). Grumatãs mostram preferências significativas por trechos do rio com presença de banhados (p 0.001; n = 286). O padrão nictimeral de atividade mostrou dois picos de atividade, um as 7 horas da manhã, e outro à tarde às 15 horas. Durante a noite, a atividade foi significativamente reduzida (p= 0,01). O padrão sazonal de atividade mostra um aumento de atividade em outubro de 2002 - março de 2003, e de outubro de 2003 a janeiro de 2004. A Análise de Regressão Múltipla não mostrou relação significativa entre a atividade e temperatura ou nível da água (p = 0,116; n = 19). Não foram observadas migrações reprodutivas sincronizadas de longa distância. A média da distância percorrida por indivíduo por dia mostrou uma relação significativa negativa com o número de dias monitorados (p = 0,022; n = 19), indicando, que indivíduos mais ativos têm uma probabilidade maior de serem capturados. A preservação de áreas úmidas existentes e a redução do recurso pesqueiro pela pressão da pesca são essenciais para a conservação futura da população de grumatãs no Rio dos Sinos.

Diel and seasonal movements of grumatã Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes 1836) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in the Sinos River, Southern Brazil

Prochilodus lineatus is a reophilic migratory species of economical importance for local fisheries which is widely distributed in Brazil. The present study investigated diel and seasonal movement patterns, spawning migration and habitat use of P. lineatus in the Sinos River, Southern Brazil. Between August 2002 and March 2004, 19 grumatãs were tagged internally with digitally coded radio transmitters. Tracking was conducted weekly by boat or aircraft, and six fixed data loggers recorded movements of tagged fish. Results showed that the mean distance covered per fish and day was positively related with fish weight (p = 0.03; n = 19). Grumatã showed preference for river streches surrounded by wetlands (p 0.001; n = 286). Their diel activity pattern displayed one peak at 7 hours, and a second at 15 hours. During the night, activity was significantly reduced (p = 0.01). The seasonal movements pattern showed increased activity in October 2002 - March 2003 and from October 2003 to January 2004. Multiple regression analysis did not show a significant relationship between distance covered and temperature or water level (p = 0.116; n = 19). No synchronized long distance spawning migrations were observed. The mean distance covered by the individuals/day showed a negative significant relationship with number of tracking days (p = 0.022; n = 19), indicating a higher probability of being captured for more mobile individuals. The preservation of the still existing wetlands and reduction of the fishing pressure are essential for the future conservation of the grumatã population of the Sinos River.

Prochilodus lineatus é uma espécie migratória, de hábito reofílico e com grande importância como recurso pesqueiro. É uma espécie amplamente distribuída no Brasil. O presente estudo investigou os padrões diários e sazonais de atividades, migrações reprodutivas e uso de hábitat do P. lineatus no Rio dos Sinos, região sul do Brasil. Entre agosto de 2002 e março de 2004, 19 grumatãs foram internamente marcados com rádio transmissores codificados. O rastreamento foi semanalmente conduzido utilizando barco ou avião. Adicionalmente, seis radiorreceptores fixos registraram os movimentos dos peixes marcados. Os resultados mostram que a distância média percorrida por peixe foi positivamente relacionada com peso dos indivíduos (p = 0.03; n = 19). Grumatãs mostram preferências significativas por trechos do rio com presença de banhados (p 0.001; n = 286). O padrão nictimeral de atividade mostrou dois picos de atividade, um as 7 horas da manhã, e outro à tarde às 15 horas. Durante a noite, a atividade foi significativamente reduzida (p= 0,01). O padrão sazonal de atividade mostra um aumento de atividade em outubro de 2002 - março de 2003, e de outubro de 2003 a janeiro de 2004. A Análise de Regressão Múltipla não mostrou relação significativa entre a atividade e temperatura ou nível da água (p = 0,116; n = 19). Não foram observadas migrações reprodutivas sincronizadas de longa distância. A média da distância percorrida por indivíduo por dia mostrou uma relação significativa negativa com o número de dias monitorados (p = 0,022; n = 19), indicando, que indivíduos mais ativos têm uma probabilidade maior de serem capturados. A preservação de áreas úmidas existentes e a redução do recurso pesqueiro pela pressão da pesca são essenciais para a conservação futura da população de grumatãs no Rio dos Sinos.

Diel and seasonal movements of grumatã Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes 1836) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in the Sinos River, Southern Brazil / Migração e Movimentos do grumatã Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) no Rio dos Sinos, sul do Brasil

Prochilodus lineatus is a reophilic migratory species of economical importance for local fisheries which is widely distributed in Brazil. The present study investigated diel and seasonal movement patterns, spawning migration and habitat use of P. lineatus in the Sinos River, Southern Brazil. Between August 2002 and March 2004, 19 grumatãs were tagged internally with digitally coded radio transmitters. Tracking was conducted weekly by boat or aircraft, and six fixed data loggers recorded movements of tagged fish. Results showed that the mean distance covered per fish and day was positively related with fish weight (p = 0.03; n = 19). Grumatã showed preference for river streches surrounded by wetlands (p < 0.001; n = 286). Their diel activity pattern displayed one peak at 7 hours, and a second at 15 hours. During the night, activity was significantly reduced (p = 0.01). The seasonal movements pattern showed increased activity in October 2002 - March 2003 and from October 2003 to January 2004. Multiple regression analysis did not show a significant relationship between distance covered and temperature or water level (p = 0.116; n = 19). No synchronized long distance spawning migrations were observed. The mean distance covered by the individuals/day showed a negative significant relationship with number of tracking days (p = 0.022; n = 19), indicating a higher probability of being captured for more mobile individuals. The preservation of the still existing wetlands and reduction of the fishing pressure are essential for the future conservation of the grumatã population of the Sinos River.

Prochilodus lineatus é uma espécie migratória, de hábito reofílico e com grande importância como recurso pesqueiro. É uma espécie amplamente distribuída no Brasil. O presente estudo investigou os padrões diários e sazonais de atividades, migrações reprodutivas e uso de hábitat do P. lineatus no Rio dos Sinos, região sul do Brasil. Entre agosto de 2002 e março de 2004, 19 grumatãs foram internamente marcados com rádio transmissores codificados. O rastreamento foi semanalmente conduzido utilizando barco ou avião. Adicionalmente, seis radiorreceptores fixos registraram os movimentos dos peixes marcados. Os resultados mostram que a distância média percorrida por peixe foi positivamente relacionada com peso dos indivíduos (p = 0.03; n = 19). Grumatãs mostram preferências significativas por trechos do rio com presença de banhados (p < 0.001; n = 286). O padrão nictimeral de atividade mostrou dois picos de atividade, um as 7 horas da manhã, e outro à tarde às 15 horas. Durante a noite, a atividade foi significativamente reduzida (p= 0,01). O padrão sazonal de atividade mostra um aumento de atividade em outubro de 2002 - março de 2003, e de outubro de 2003 a janeiro de 2004. A Análise de Regressão Múltipla não mostrou relação significativa entre a atividade e temperatura ou nível da água (p = 0,116; n = 19). Não foram observadas migrações reprodutivas sincronizadas de longa distância. A média da distância percorrida por indivíduo por dia mostrou uma relação significativa negativa com o número de dias monitorados (p = 0,022; n = 19), indicando, que indivíduos mais ativos têm uma probabilidade maior de serem capturados. A preservação de áreas úmidas existentes e a redução do recurso pesqueiro pela pressão da pesca são essenciais para a conservação futura da população de grumatãs no Rio dos Sinos.

Behavioral repertory of Trichodactylus panoplus (Crustacea: Trichodactylidae) under laboratory conditions

This work describes the behavioral repertory of Trichodactylus panoplus von Martens, 1869, based on the animals' diel activity and the possible substrate preference under laboratory experiments. Three experimental replicates were carried out, each using six animals (three males and three females). There were four periods of observation a day, with a total of 864 observation sessions and 144 hours of experiments. A total of 15 behavioral acts divided into five categories were recorded: feeding, exploration of the environment, immobility, social interaction, and self-grooming. The obtained results suggest that T. panoplus has greater activity during the night (p 0.05), yet without showing an activity peak. In addition, the acceptance of food does not depend on the photoperiod. There was a significant preference for gravel as the chosen substrate. The Morisita index indicates an aggregated distribution of these animals, confirming their preference for substrate with gravel. The increase in activity at night and the preference for substrate with gravel, which can be used to disguise these individuals, would be associated to some anti-predator strategies of these crabs against visually orientated predators.

Behavioral repertory of Trichodactylus panoplus (Crustacea: Trichodactylidae) under laboratory conditions

This work describes the behavioral repertory of Trichodactylus panoplus von Martens, 1869, based on the animals' diel activity and the possible substrate preference under laboratory experiments. Three experimental replicates were carried out, each using six animals (three males and three females). There were four periods of observation a day, with a total of 864 observation sessions and 144 hours of experiments. A total of 15 behavioral acts divided into five categories were recorded: feeding, exploration of the environment, immobility, social interaction, and self-grooming. The obtained results suggest that T. panoplus has greater activity during the night (p 0.05), yet without showing an activity peak. In addition, the acceptance of food does not depend on the photoperiod. There was a significant preference for gravel as the chosen substrate. The Morisita index indicates an aggregated distribution of these animals, confirming their preference for substrate with gravel. The increase in activity at night and the preference for substrate with gravel, which can be used to disguise these individuals, would be associated to some anti-predator strategies of these crabs against visually orientated predators.

Behavioral repertory of Trichodactylus panoplus (Crustacea: Trichodactylidae) under laboratory conditions

This work describes the behavioral repertory of Trichodactylus panoplus von Martens, 1869, based on the animals' diel activity and the possible substrate preference under laboratory experiments. Three experimental replicates were carried out, each using six animals (three males and three females). There were four periods of observation a day, with a total of 864 observation sessions and 144 hours of experiments. A total of 15 behavioral acts divided into five categories were recorded: feeding, exploration of the environment, immobility, social interaction, and self-grooming. The obtained results suggest that T. panoplus has greater activity during the night (p 0.05), yet without showing an activity peak. In addition, the acceptance of food does not depend on the photoperiod. There was a significant preference for gravel as the chosen substrate. The Morisita index indicates an aggregated distribution of these animals, confirming their preference for substrate with gravel. The increase in activity at night and the preference for substrate with gravel, which can be used to disguise these individuals, would be associated to some anti-predator strategies of these crabs against visually orientated predators.

Diel density variation of amphipods associated with Sargassum beds from two shores of Ubatuba, Southeastern, Brazil

Densities of mobile epifaunal assemblages associated with macrophytes are very variable during the day and the activity of visually-oriented predators is thought to have an important influence on this pattern. Here we compared densities of amphipods associated with a common brown alga, Sargassum stenophyllum (Phaeophyceae), at sites contrasting in water turbidity. We expected that diel variation of amphipods would occur in a shore with clear waters (Perequê), whereas no variation was expected in a shore with turbid waters (Lamberto). Amphipod density varied during the day at both shores, with no indication of a larger variation at Perequê. Most species showed two density peaks, one at night and the other in the afternoon. These peaks occurred close the times of high tide, suggesting that tidal rhythms could influence more amphipod densities than the activity of predators. Thus, more studies are necessary to understand factors that influence short-term variation of epifaunal assemblages.

As densidades da epifauna móvel associada a macrófitas variam muito ao longo do dia, sendo a atividade de predadores visualmente orientados um dos principais fatores apontados para explicar este padrão. Neste estudo, comparamos as densidades de anfípodos associados a uma alga parda comum, Sargassum stenophyllum (Phaeophyceae), em praias contrastando em turbidez da água. Era esperada a ocorrência de variação ao longo do dia numa praia com águas claras (Perequê) e nenhuma variação na praia com águas turvas (Lamberto). A densidade de anfípodos variou ao longo do dia em ambas as praias, sem indicação de maior variação em Perequê. A maioria das espécies apresentou dois picos de densidade: um à noite e outro à tarde. Estes ocorreram próximos aos períodos de maré alta, sugerindo que o ritmo de maré poderia influenciar mais as densidades de anfípodos que a atividade de predadores. Assim, mais estudos são necessários para se compreender os fatores que influenciam a variação de curto prazo das comunidades epifaunais.

Diel density variation of amphipods associated with Sargassum beds from two shores of Ubatuba, Southeastern, Brazil

Densities of mobile epifaunal assemblages associated with macrophytes are very variable during the day and the activity of visually-oriented predators is thought to have an important influence on this pattern. Here we compared densities of amphipods associated with a common brown alga, Sargassum stenophyllum (Phaeophyceae), at sites contrasting in water turbidity. We expected that diel variation of amphipods would occur in a shore with clear waters (Perequê), whereas no variation was expected in a shore with turbid waters (Lamberto). Amphipod density varied during the day at both shores, with no indication of a larger variation at Perequê. Most species showed two density peaks, one at night and the other in the afternoon. These peaks occurred close the times of high tide, suggesting that tidal rhythms could influence more amphipod densities than the activity of predators. Thus, more studies are necessary to understand factors that influence short-term variation of epifaunal assemblages.

As densidades da epifauna móvel associada a macrófitas variam muito ao longo do dia, sendo a atividade de predadores visualmente orientados um dos principais fatores apontados para explicar este padrão. Neste estudo, comparamos as densidades de anfípodos associados a uma alga parda comum, Sargassum stenophyllum (Phaeophyceae), em praias contrastando em turbidez da água. Era esperada a ocorrência de variação ao longo do dia numa praia com águas claras (Perequê) e nenhuma variação na praia com águas turvas (Lamberto). A densidade de anfípodos variou ao longo do dia em ambas as praias, sem indicação de maior variação em Perequê. A maioria das espécies apresentou dois picos de densidade: um à noite e outro à tarde. Estes ocorreram próximos aos períodos de maré alta, sugerindo que o ritmo de maré poderia influenciar mais as densidades de anfípodos que a atividade de predadores. Assim, mais estudos são necessários para se compreender os fatores que influenciam a variação de curto prazo das comunidades epifaunais.

Atividade nictimeral e tempo de digestão de Aegla longirostri (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura)

The aim of this work was to characterize the diel activity rhythm and time of digestion in Aegla longirostri Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994. The individuals were collected in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. In laboratory, the animals were kept in individuals glass aquariums (5L). To test locomotor and feeding activity of the aeglids, a group remained under constant luminosity for 12 hours, while another group was mantained in the dark, this condition being reversed at each 12 hours. The observations were taken at every 6 hours. For the determination of digestion's time the animals were fed, and one individual was sacrificed at each 30 minutes. Aegla longirostri showed lower activity in periods of light time. This condition was recorded for both groups of animals. This species takes approximately 5 hours to conclude its extracellular digestion. The results suggest that A. longirostri has nocturnal habits and probably feeds whenever resources are available.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar o ritmo de atividade e tempo de digestão em Aegla longirostri Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994. Os animais foram coletados em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Em laboratório, os animais foram transferidos para aquários individuais (5L). Para testar a atividade locomotora e alimentar dos aeglídeos um grupo de animais permaneceu sob luminosidade constante durante 12 horas, enquanto outro grupo permanecia no escuro, essa condição sendo invertida a cada 12 horas. As observações foram realizadas a cada 6 horas. Para determinar o tempo de digestão os animais foram alimentados e a cada 30 minutos um indivíduo era sacrificado. Aegla longirostri mostrou menor atividade em períodos de luminosidade, o que aconteceu nos dois grupos de animais. Essa espécie leva aproximadamente 5 horas para concluir a digestão extracelular. Os resultados sugerem que A. longirostri possui hábitos noturnos e provavelmente se alimenta sempre que há recursos disponíveis.