Bartonelose: doença de importância para a saúde pública envolvendo a tríade homem-ambiente-animal / Bartonellosis: disease of importance for public health involving the man-environment-animal triad / Bartonelosis: enfermedad de importancia para la salud pública que involucra la triada hombre-ambiente-animal

A relação hospedeiro-parasita é caracterizada como uma interação alelobiótica construída por meio de processos evolutivo-adaptativos com hospedeiros assintomáticos. No ambiente silvestre é notório o equilíbrio desta relação, porém quando há intervenção antropogênica um ciclo enzoótico pode se estabelecer proporcionando o surgimento de enfermidades emergentes ou reemergentes. Dentre estes agentes etiológicos, a Bartonella spp. é um bacilo gram-negativo da classe Proteobacteria que apresentam tropismo por eritrócitos e células endoteliais, com infecção já descrita em animais das Ordens: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla e Chiroptera. A infecção pela bactéria pode estar associada à linfadenite, endocardite, angiomatose bacilar e peliose hepática em humanos. Treze espécies de Bartonella spp. são tidas como zoonóticas. O objetivo desta revisão está em apontar para a comunidade científica a bartonelose como uma doença de notificação obrigatória, assim como, os possíveis hospedeiros em animais domésticos e silvestres e sua etiopatogenia.(AU)

The host-parasite relationship is characterized as an allelobiotic interaction built through evolutionary-adaptive processes with asymptomatic hosts. In the wild environment, the balance of this relationship is notorious, but when there is anthropogenic intervention, an enzootic cycle can be established, providing the emergence of emerging or reemerging diseases. Among these etiologic agents, Bartonella spp. is a gram-negative bacillus of the Proteobacteria class that presents tropism for erythrocytes and endothelial cells, with infection already described in animals of the Orders: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla and Chiroptera. Infection by the bacterium may be associated with lymphadenitis, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatica in humans. Thirteen species of Bartonella spp. are considered zoonotic. The objective of this review is to point out to the scientific community bartonellosis as a notifiable disease, as well as the possible hosts in domestic and wild animals and their etiopathogenesis.(AU)

La relación hospedador-parásito se caracteriza por ser una interacción alelobiótica construida mediante procesos evolutivo-adaptativos con hospedadores asintomáticos. En el medio silvestre, el equilibrio de esta relación es notorio, pero cuando hay intervención antropogénica, puede establecerse un ciclo enzoótico, propiciando la aparición de enfermedades emergentes o reemergentes. Entre estos agentes etiológicos, Bartonella spp. es un bacilo gramnegativo de la clase Proteobacteria que presenta tropismo por eritrocitos y células endoteliales, con infección ya descrita en animales de los Órdenes: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla y Chiroptera. La infección por la bacteria puede estar asociada a linfadenitis, endocarditis, angiomatosis bacilar y peliosis hepática en humanos. Trece especies de Bartonella spp. se consideran zoonóticas. El objetivo de esta revisión es señalar a la comunidad científica la bartonelosis como enfermedad de declaración obligatoria, así como los posibles hospedadores en animales domésticos y salvajes y su etiopatogenia.(AU)

Molecular analysis of Bartonella spp. in liver tissue of bats from the Atlantic Forest biome, Brazil / Análise molecular de Bartonella spp. em tecido hepático de morcegos do bioma Mata Atlântica, Brasil

The genus Bartonella comprises gram-negative bacilli that possess tropism for erythrocytes and endothelial cells in animals of the orders Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla, and Chiroptera. Bacterial infection may be associated with lymphadenitis, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis, and peliosis hepatis. Thirteen species of Bartonella are recognized as zoonotic and bats are considered to be their potential reservoirs. This study aimed to analyze the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in livers of neotropical bats belonging to the families Molossidae, Phyllostomidae, and Vespertilionidae, classified into 21 genera from the Atlantic Forest biome in São Paulo. A total of 341 (n = 341) chiropterans samples were tested for the presence of citrate synthase (gltA) gene of Bartonella by partial amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Samples of two bats (0.6%) of the species Glossophaga soricina from the municipality of São Roque were tested positive for gltA gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that sequences clustered in a clade that was close to the Bartonella sp. detected in G. soricina, which was collected from the Cerrado biome in Tocantins, Brazil. Despite a low prevalence of the detected infection, results indicated that neotropical bats from the Atlantic Forest were potential hosts of Bartonella spp., which might be related to the maintenance of a wild enzootic cycle of the bacterium. Additional studies, particularly on bats of genus Glossophaga, are required to elucidate the dynamics of intraspecific relationships between etiologic agent-vector-hosts.

O gênero Bartonella compreende bacilos gram-negativos que possuem tropismo por eritrócitos e células endoteliais em animais das ordens Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla e Chiroptera. A infecção bacteriana pode estar associada a linfadenite, endocardite, angiomatose bacilar e peliose hepática. Treze espécies de Bartonella são reconhecidas como zoonóticas e os morcegos são considerados seus potenciais reservatórios. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de Bartonella spp. em fígados de morcegos neotropicais pertencentes às famílias Molossidae, Phyllostomidae e Vespertilionidae, classificados em 21 gêneros do bioma Mata Atlântica em São Paulo. Um total de 341 (n = 341) amostras de quirópteros foram testados para a presença do gene da citrato sintase (gltA) de Bartonella por amplificação parcial usando reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Amostras de dois morcegos (0,6%) da espécie Glossophaga soricina do município de São Roque foram testadas positivas para o gene gltA. A análise filogenética indicou que as sequências agrupadas em um clado próximo ao de Bartonella sp. detectada em G. soricina, que foi coletada no bioma Cerrado no Tocantins, Brasil. Apesar da baixa prevalência da infecção detectada, os resultados indicaram que os morcegos neotropicais da Mata Atlântica eram potenciais hospedeiros de Bartonella spp., o que pode estar relacionado à manutenção de um ciclo enzoótico selvagem da bactéria. Estudos adicionais, particularmente em morcegos do gênero Glossophaga, são necessários para elucidar a dinâmica das relações intraespecíficas entre agente etiológico-vetor-hospedeiro.

Valvular endocarditis associated with Helcococcus ovis in a cow in Southern Brazil / Endocardite vegetativa associada à Helcococcus ovis em uma vaca no Sul do Brasil

A 4-year-old cow with a history of breathing difficulty, progressive weight loss, and muffled heart sound was treated for a period of two weeks, but died and underwent necropsy examination. Macroscopic examination revealed heart with vegetative proliferative lesion firmly adhered to pulmonary valve, lungs with marked consolidation, and the presence of thrombus in vessels. There were grade II ulcers in abomasal mucosa associated to blood clots. Microscopic examination revealed marked thickening of the pulmonary valve due to the proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, inflammatory neutrophil infiltration, fibrin deposition, and a significant number of coccoid basophilic bacteria. Septic thromboemboli were present in the large and small pulmonary blood vessels suggestive of embolic pneumonia. The bacterial culture of the valve showed growth of small, nonhemolytic colonies that demonstrated satellitism to coagulase-negative staphylococci contaminating colonies, which were subjected to 16S gene sequencing and were compatible with Helcococcus ovis in GenBank. This was the first report of H. ovis endocarditis in cattle in South America.(AU)

Um bovino, fêmea, 4 anos com histórico de dificuldade respiratória, perda de peso progressiva e som cardíaco abafado, foi tratado por um período de duas semanas, porém veio a óbito e foi submetido a exame de necropsia. No exame macroscópico, notou-se coração com lesão proliferativa vegetativa firmemente aderida em valva pulmonar, pulmões com consolidação acentuada, e presença de trombos no interior de vasos. Havia ainda úlcera abomasal grau II em mucosa associada a coágulo sanguíneo. No exame microscópico notou-se acentuado espessamento da valva pulmonar por proliferação de tecido conjuntivo fibroso, infiltrado inflamatório de neutrófilos, deposição de fibrina e acentuado número de miríades bacterianas basofílicas cocoides. Tromboembolia séptica foi vista no interior de vasos pulmonares de pequeno e médio calibre, sugestivo de pneumonia embólica. Em cultivo bacteriano da valva notou-se crescimento de colônias pequenas, não hemolíticas que demonstravam satelitismo a colônias contaminantes de estafilococos coagulase negativa, essas foram submetidas ao sequenciamento do gene 16S e foram compatíveis com Helcococcus ovis no GenBank. Este foi o primeiro relato de endocardite por H. ovis em bovino na América do Sul.(AU)

Glossite por Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli em um equino / Glossitis by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli in an equine

Background: Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equulisubsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen,and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existinglesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis,infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathologicalaspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case: A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, theanimal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity.Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dentalprocedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented withsialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks,and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue andgums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, andculture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance.These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized...

Glossite por Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli em um equino / Glossitis by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli in an equine

Background: Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equulisubsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen,and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existinglesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis,infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathologicalaspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case: A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, theanimal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity.Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dentalprocedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented withsialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks,and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue andgums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, andculture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance.These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized...(AU)

Aortic valve endocarditis due to Bartonella clarridgeiae in a dog in Brazil / Endocardite de válvula aórtica por Bartonella clarridgeiae em um cão no Brasil

We report the first documented case of endocarditis associated with Bartonella clarridgeiae in a dog in Latin America. Infective vegetative valvular aortic endocarditis was diagnosed in a 10-year-old male mixed breed dog. The dog presented grade V/VI systolic and diastolic murmur, hyperthermia, and progressive weight loss. Cardiomegaly and presence of diffuse alveolar pattern in the lung fields were observed in the thorax radiography evaluation. Irregular and hyperechogenic structures adhered to the aortic leaflets, causing obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract and severe aortic insufficiency, were observed in the echocardiography evaluation. A vegetative, whitish, hardened structure measuring 1.0 cm in diameter was observed in aortic semilunar valve at necropsy. Based on a combination of pre-enrichment insect-based medium liquid culture, quantitative real-time and conventional PCR assays based on nuoG and gltA genes, respectively, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic inferences, B. clarridgeiae DNA was detected in the patients aortic valve lesions. Clinical, echocardiographic, anatomopathologic and molecular features supported the diagnosis of severe aortic vegetative endocarditis possibly caused by B. clarridgeiae in a dog in Brazil.(AU)

Relatamos o primeiro caso documentado de endocardite associada à Bartonella clarridgeiae em um cão na América Latina. Endocardite aórtica valvar vegetativa infecciosa foi diagnosticada em um cão sem raça definida de 10 anos de idade. O cão apresentou sopro sistólico e diastólico de grau V / VI, hipertermia e perda progressiva de peso. Cardiomegalia e presença de padrão alveolar difuso nos campos pulmonares foram observados na avaliação radiográfica do tórax. Estruturas irregulares e hiperecogênicas aderidas aos folhetos aórticos, causando obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo e insuficiência aórtica grave, foram observadas na avaliação ecocardiográfica. À necropsia, foi observada uma estrutura vegetativa, esbranquiçada e endurecida medindo 1,0 cm de diâmetro na válvula semilunar aórtica. Por meio de uma combinação de cultura líquida baseada em meio de pré-enriquecimento de inseto, ensaios de PCR quantitativa em tempo real e convencional baseados nos genes nuoG e gltA, respectivamente, seguidos de sequenciamento e inferências filogenéticas, DNA de B. clarridgeiae foi detectado no tecido valvular lesionado do paciente. O diagnóstico de endocardite vegetativa aórtica grave, possivelmente causado por B. clarridgeiae em um cão no Brasil, foi apoiado por características clínicas, ecocardiográficas, anatomopatológicas e moleculares.(AU)

Endocardite infecciosa associada à doença periodontal e Diabetes mellitus - relato de caso / Endocarditis infectious associated with periodontal disease and Diabetes mellitus - case report / Endocarditis infecciosa asociada la enfermedad periodontal y Diabetes mellitus - relato de caso

Foi atendido um paciente canino, fêmea, apresentando endocardite da válvula mitral, doença periodontal severa e diabetes mellitus. A endocardite infecciosa é uma doença com baixa taxa de morbidade, porém, com alta taxa de mortalidade. É uma infecção do endocárdio que surge como consequência de uma bacteremia transitória ou permanente. A doença periodontal tem sido incriminada como responsável por bacteremia e fator de risco para a endocardite e resistência à insulina. O estado diabético é considerado um fator agravante para a endocardite e para a doença periodontal pelo comprometimento de várias funções do organismo, inclusive a resposta imune e integridade vascular. O diagnóstico da endocardite geralmente é realizado na necropsia e quando feito na clínica médica, o tratamento é bastante agressivo, prolongado e muitas vezes frustrante. O objetivo do presente trabalho é de relatar o diagnóstico e o sucesso do tratamento de um paciente com endocardite de mitral.

A canine female patient was treated with mitral valve endocarditis, severe periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Infective endocarditis is a disease with a low morbidity rate, but with a high mortality rate. It is an endocardial infection that arises as a consequence of transient or permanent bacteremia. Periodontal disease has been incriminated as responsible for bacteremia and risk factor for endocarditis and insulin resistance. The diabetic state is considered an aggravating factor for endocarditis and periodontal disease due to the impairment of various functions of the organism, including immune response and vascular integrity. The diagnosis of endocarditis is usually performed at necropsy and when done at the medical clinic, the treatment is quite aggressive, prolonged and often frustrating. The aim of this study is to report the diagnosis and success of the treatment of a patient with mitral endocarditis.

Se atendió a un paciente canino, hembra, presentando endocarditis de la válvula mitral, enfermedad periodontal varias y diabetes mellitus. La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad con baja tasa de morbilidad, pero con alta tasa de mortalidad. Es una infección del endocardio que surge como consecuencia de una bacteriemia transitoria o permanente. La enfermedad periodontal ha sido incriminada como fuese por bacteremia y factor de riesgo para la endocarditis y resistencia a la insulina. El estado diabético se considera un factor agravante para la endocarditis y para la enfermedad periodontal por el compromiso de varias funciones del organismo, incluyendo la respuesta inmune e integridad vascular. El diagnóstico de la endocarditis generalmente se realiza en la necropsia y cuando se hace en la clínica médica, el tratamiento es bastante agresivo, prolongado y muchas veces frustrante. El objetivo del presente trabajo es relatar el diagnóstico y el éxito del tratamiento de un paciente con endocarditis de mitral.

Endocardite infecciosa associada à doença periodontal e Diabetes mellitus - relato de caso / Endocarditis infectious associated with periodontal disease and Diabetes mellitus - case report / Endocarditis infecciosa asociada la enfermedad periodontal y Diabetes mellitus - relato de caso

Foi atendido um paciente canino, fêmea, apresentando endocardite da válvula mitral, doença periodontal severa e diabetes mellitus. A endocardite infecciosa é uma doença com baixa taxa de morbidade, porém, com alta taxa de mortalidade. É uma infecção do endocárdio que surge como consequência de uma bacteremia transitória ou permanente. A doença periodontal tem sido incriminada como responsável por bacteremia e fator de risco para a endocardite e resistência à insulina. O estado diabético é considerado um fator agravante para a endocardite e para a doença periodontal pelo comprometimento de várias funções do organismo, inclusive a resposta imune e integridade vascular. O diagnóstico da endocardite geralmente é realizado na necropsia e quando feito na clínica médica, o tratamento é bastante agressivo, prolongado e muitas vezes frustrante. O objetivo do presente trabalho é de relatar o diagnóstico e o sucesso do tratamento de um paciente com endocardite de mitral.(AU)

A canine female patient was treated with mitral valve endocarditis, severe periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Infective endocarditis is a disease with a low morbidity rate, but with a high mortality rate. It is an endocardial infection that arises as a consequence of transient or permanent bacteremia. Periodontal disease has been incriminated as responsible for bacteremia and risk factor for endocarditis and insulin resistance. The diabetic state is considered an aggravating factor for endocarditis and periodontal disease due to the impairment of various functions of the organism, including immune response and vascular integrity. The diagnosis of endocarditis is usually performed at necropsy and when done at the medical clinic, the treatment is quite aggressive, prolonged and often frustrating. The aim of this study is to report the diagnosis and success of the treatment of a patient with mitral endocarditis.(AU)

Se atendió a un paciente canino, hembra, presentando endocarditis de la válvula mitral, enfermedad periodontal varias y diabetes mellitus. La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad con baja tasa de morbilidad, pero con alta tasa de mortalidad. Es una infección del endocardio que surge como consecuencia de una bacteriemia transitoria o permanente. La enfermedad periodontal ha sido incriminada como fuese por bacteremia y factor de riesgo para la endocarditis y resistencia a la insulina. El estado diabético se considera un factor agravante para la endocarditis y para la enfermedad periodontal por el compromiso de varias funciones del organismo, incluyendo la respuesta inmune e integridad vascular. El diagnóstico de la endocarditis generalmente se realiza en la necropsia y cuando se hace en la clínica médica, el tratamiento es bastante agresivo, prolongado y muchas veces frustrante. El objetivo del presente trabajo es relatar el diagnóstico y el éxito del tratamiento de un paciente con endocarditis de mitral.(AU)

Endocarditis vegetativa en lechones causadas por Streptococcus suis serotipo 9 / Vegetative endocarditis in piglets caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 9 / Endocardite vegetativa em leitões causada por Streptococcus suis sorotipo 9

La endocarditis vegetativa es una importante alteración del endocardio del cerdo, siendo casi siempre asociada las infecciones sistémicas provocadas por bacterias. Fue identificado como un agente causante de endocarditis vegetativa por Streptococcus suisserotipo 9 en cerdos de edad de 7 a 10 y 30 días de edad. Ese caso resultó ser de interés debido a la edad de los animales y el serotipo identificado. Al ser una lesión de causa crónica, endocarditis vegetativa en los lechones jóvenes es considerada inusual, no siendo relatada previamente en la literatura. Por otra parte, no se encontró relato que relaciona el serotipo 9 como causador de endocarditis vegetativa causado en lechones jóvenes.(AU)

Vegetative endocarditis is an important endocardium alteration in swine, related with bacterial systemic infection. It was identified Streptococcus suis serotype 9 as the causative agent of the vegetative endocarditis in piglets with 7 to 10 and 30 days of age. This case arouses interest due the age of the affected animals and the identified serotype. Because it is a chronic injury, the vegetative endocarditis is considered unusual in piglets and it is not report previously in the literature. Furthermore, it was not found report that relates serotype 9 causing vegetative endocarditis in young piglets.(AU)

A endocardite vegetativa é uma importante alteração do endocárdio do suíno, quase sempre associada a infecções sistêmicas provocadas por bactérias. Foi identificado como agente causador de endocardite vegetativa Streptococcus suis sorotipo 9, em leitões de 7 a 10 e 30 dias de idade. Esse caso mostrou-se de interesse devido à idade dos animais acometidos e o sorotipo identificado. Por ser uma lesão de causa crônica, a endocardite vegetativa em leitões jovens é considerada incomum, não sendo relatada anteriormente na literatura. Além disso, não foi encontrado relato que relacione o sorotipo 9 como causador de endocardite vegetativa em leitões jovens.(AU)

Endocarditis vegetativa en lechones causadas por Streptococcus suis serotipo 9 / Vegetative endocarditis in piglets caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 9 / Endocardite vegetativa em leitões causada por Streptococcus suis sorotipo 9

La endocarditis vegetativa es una importante alteración del endocardio del cerdo, siendo casi siempre asociada las infecciones sistémicas provocadas por bacterias. Fue identificado como un agente causante de endocarditis vegetativa por Streptococcus suisserotipo 9 en cerdos de edad de 7 a 10 y 30 días de edad. Ese caso resultó ser de interés debido a la edad de los animales y el serotipo identificado. Al ser una lesión de causa crónica, endocarditis vegetativa en los lechones jóvenes es considerada inusual, no siendo relatada previamente en la literatura. Por otra parte, no se encontró relato que relaciona el serotipo 9 como causador de endocarditis vegetativa causado en lechones jóvenes.

Vegetative endocarditis is an important endocardium alteration in swine, related with bacterial systemic infection. It was identified Streptococcus suis serotype 9 as the causative agent of the vegetative endocarditis in piglets with 7 to 10 and 30 days of age. This case arouses interest due the age of the affected animals and the identified serotype. Because it is a chronic injury, the vegetative endocarditis is considered unusual in piglets and it is not report previously in the literature. Furthermore, it was not found report that relates serotype 9 causing vegetative endocarditis in young piglets.

A endocardite vegetativa é uma importante alteração do endocárdio do suíno, quase sempre associada a infecções sistêmicas provocadas por bactérias. Foi identificado como agente causador de endocardite vegetativa Streptococcus suis sorotipo 9, em leitões de 7 a 10 e 30 dias de idade. Esse caso mostrou-se de interesse devido à idade dos animais acometidos e o sorotipo identificado. Por ser uma lesão de causa crônica, a endocardite vegetativa em leitões jovens é considerada incomum, não sendo relatada anteriormente na literatura. Além disso, não foi encontrado relato que relacione o sorotipo 9 como causador de endocardite vegetativa em leitões jovens.

Thromboembolic encephalitis secondary to bacterial valvular endocarditis in a red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii)

A case of bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) valvular endocarditis in a red-billed curassow is described. A traumatic fracture in one limb of the bird was considered the port of entry for the bacterium, followed by septicemia and seeding of the heart valve. Brain embolism resulting from detached thrombus fragments followed.

Thromboembolic encephalitis secondary to bacterial valvular endocarditis in a red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii)

A case of bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) valvular endocarditis in a red-billed curassow is described. A traumatic fracture in one limb of the bird was considered the port of entry for the bacterium, followed by septicemia and seeding of the heart valve. Brain embolism resulting from detached thrombus fragments followed.(AU)

Clinical, laboratory and therapeutic aspects of canine idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: case report

The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a rare disease, characterized by variable eosinophilia and its massive infiltration into various organs. This study aimed to report clinical-laboratory findings and therapy in a canine with IHES. A one-year, 10-month-old male Rottweiler dog had a history of emesis, weight loss, hyporexia, and persistent eosinophilia on prior hematological exams. Vaccinations and worming were up to date. A complete blood count, serum biochemistry, bone marrow cytology, serology for leishmaniasis, chromatographic immunoassay for the detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen, and abdominal ultrasound were requested. The tests for infectious diseases were negative. Blood biochemistry revealed no significant changes. An intense eosinophilia was observed in the hematology. A large number of cell precursors of the eosinophilic lineage were detected in the bone marrow cytology. Abdominal ultrasound showed thickening of intestinal loops. Considering the clinical and laboratory findings, the diagnosis of IHES was defined. Prednisolone treatment was instituted. The recurrence of peripheral eosinophilia occurred on the 35th day after therapy initiation. At that time, we opted to suspend the use of prednisolone and indicate the administration of deflazacort. With follow-up, therapeutic success with deflazacort was demonstrated, promoting the complete regression of clinical and ultrasound signs. The last glucocorticoid was maintained, but with a gradual dose reduction. The recognition of clinical and laboratory manifestations related to canine IHES is essential to establish an adequate diagnosis and therapy. Deflazacort emerges as a promising drug for controlling this disease.

Clinical, laboratory and therapeutic aspects of canine idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: case report

The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a rare disease, characterized by variable eosinophilia and its massive infiltration into various organs. This study aimed to report clinical-laboratory findings and therapy in a canine with IHES. A one-year, 10-month-old male Rottweiler dog had a history of emesis, weight loss, hyporexia, and persistent eosinophilia on prior hematological exams. Vaccinations and worming were up to date. A complete blood count, serum biochemistry, bone marrow cytology, serology for leishmaniasis, chromatographic immunoassay for the detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen, and abdominal ultrasound were requested. The tests for infectious diseases were negative. Blood biochemistry revealed no significant changes. An intense eosinophilia was observed in the hematology. A large number of cell precursors of the eosinophilic lineage were detected in the bone marrow cytology. Abdominal ultrasound showed thickening of intestinal loops. Considering the clinical and laboratory findings, the diagnosis of IHES was defined. Prednisolone treatment was instituted. The recurrence of peripheral eosinophilia occurred on the 35th day after therapy initiation. At that time, we opted to suspend the use of prednisolone and indicate the administration of deflazacort. With follow-up, therapeutic success with deflazacort was demonstrated, promoting the complete regression of clinical and ultrasound signs. The last glucocorticoid was maintained, but with a gradual dose reduction. The recognition of clinical and laboratory manifestations related to canine IHES is essential to establish an adequate diagnosis and therapy. Deflazacort emerges as a promising drug for controlling this disease.(AU)

Endocardite por Staphylococcus sp. em bovino e ovino causando osteoartrite e sepse como desfechos incomuns / Endocarditis by Staphylococcus sp. in cow and sheep leading to osteoarthritis and sepsis as unusual outcomes

Background: Endocarditis is one of the most important heart diseases in cattle and a rare disease in sheep. This illness could be caused by any bacteria when related to bacteremia, being Staphylococcus aureus one uncommon cause for this disorder in ruminants. The clinical sings at the early stages are unspecific and many cases are only diagnosed just at the final stages of the disease, resulting in heart insufficiency with bad prognosis. The aim of this study is to report two cases of endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus spp. leading to sepsis in a sheep and osteoarthritis in a cow, showing the importance of this bacteria in the pathogenesis of this disease.Cases: Case 1. A 8-month-old sheep, female, Texel showed lameness in the left thoracic limb, and even treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug had anorexia, locomotion difficulty and on the day before of death showed neurological sings, with less than one week of total clinical course. At necropsy, in the heart was observed thrombus in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves and pale areas in the myocardium. Multiples abscesses were observed in the lungs, liver and kidneys and infarcts in kidneys, spleen and brain. At the histopathology exam was observed in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves subacute endocarditis with intralesional coccoids bacteria Gram positives. There were multifocal fibrinonecrotic myocarditis, abscess in lung, liver and kidney with intralesional bacterial myriads. In kidneys, spleen and brain was observed thrombosis associated to multiple infarct areas. Samples of cardiac thrombus, heart, spleen, kidney and meningeal swabs were submitted for bacterial cultivation and was isolated Staphylococcus aureus in all samples, in pure culture. Case 2. A 2-year-old cow, female, mixed breed Angus and Charolais showed a wound in the distal part of the thoracic limb that was done topical treatment.[...](AU)

Endocardite por Staphylococcus sp. em bovino e ovino causando osteoartrite e sepse como desfechos incomuns / Endocarditis by Staphylococcus sp. in cow and sheep leading to osteoarthritis and sepsis as unusual outcomes

Background: Endocarditis is one of the most important heart diseases in cattle and a rare disease in sheep. This illness could be caused by any bacteria when related to bacteremia, being Staphylococcus aureus one uncommon cause for this disorder in ruminants. The clinical sings at the early stages are unspecific and many cases are only diagnosed just at the final stages of the disease, resulting in heart insufficiency with bad prognosis. The aim of this study is to report two cases of endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus spp. leading to sepsis in a sheep and osteoarthritis in a cow, showing the importance of this bacteria in the pathogenesis of this disease.Cases: Case 1. A 8-month-old sheep, female, Texel showed lameness in the left thoracic limb, and even treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug had anorexia, locomotion difficulty and on the day before of death showed neurological sings, with less than one week of total clinical course. At necropsy, in the heart was observed thrombus in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves and pale areas in the myocardium. Multiples abscesses were observed in the lungs, liver and kidneys and infarcts in kidneys, spleen and brain. At the histopathology exam was observed in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves subacute endocarditis with intralesional coccoids bacteria Gram positives. There were multifocal fibrinonecrotic myocarditis, abscess in lung, liver and kidney with intralesional bacterial myriads. In kidneys, spleen and brain was observed thrombosis associated to multiple infarct areas. Samples of cardiac thrombus, heart, spleen, kidney and meningeal swabs were submitted for bacterial cultivation and was isolated Staphylococcus aureus in all samples, in pure culture. Case 2. A 2-year-old cow, female, mixed breed Angus and Charolais showed a wound in the distal part of the thoracic limb that was done topical treatment.[...]

A broad-range PCR technique for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a severe and potentially fatal disease demanding sophisticated diagnostic strategies for detection of the causative microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to develop a broad-range 16S ribosomal RNA gene polymerase chain reaction in the routine diagnostic of IE for the early diagnosis of fatal disease. A broad-range PCR technique was selected and evaluated in terms of its efficiency in the diagnosis of endocarditis using 19 heart valves from patients undergoing cardiovascular surgeries at the Habib Bourguiba Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia, on the grounds of suspected IE. The results demonstrated the efficiency of this technique particularly in cases involving a limited number of bacteria since it helped to increase detection sensitivity. The technique proved to be efficient, particularly, in the bacteriological diagnosis of IE in contexts involving negative results from conventional culture methods and other contexts involving bacterial species that were not amenable to identification by phenotypic investigations. Indeed, the sequencing of the partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed the presence of Bartonella henselae, Enterobacter sp., and Streptococcus pyogenes in three heart valves with the negative culture. It should be noted that the results obtained from the polymerase chain reaction-sequencing identification applied to the heart valve and the strain isolated from the same tissue were not consistent with the ones found by the conventional microbiological methods in the case of IE caused by Gemella morbillorum. In fact, the results from the molecular identification revealed the presence of Lactobacillus jensenii. Overall, the results have revealed that the proposed method is sensitive, reliable and might open promising opportunities for the early diagnosis of IE.(AU)

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome in a rottweiler: a case report / Síndrome hipereosinofílica idiopática do rottweiler: relato de caso

Eosinophils are cells of the immune system that have several important functions including phagocytosisof microorganisms, antigen presentation, contribution to chronic inflammation, and immunity againstparasites. The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare disease in humans that is characterized bypersistent eosinophilia (over six months) and variable eosinophil infiltration in organs such as the lungs,spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the tissues, these cells cancause damage by various mechanisms such as release of cytotoxic oxygen free radical and proteins. Noetiology has yet been established for HES. The clinical signs vary and relate to the organs involved.In veterinary medicine, the disease has been described in cats, but rarely in dogs, with Rottweilersapparently more predisposed to developing the disease. Owing to the small number of cases reportedin the veterinary literature, the prognosis of this disease and the most appropriate treatment options areunclear. Although it can be fatal in animals showing severe clinical symptoms, spontaneous remissionmay also occur. This study reports a case of HES in a Rottweiler in which the predominant clinical signwas abdominal effusion. We discuss the clinical and laboratory aspects of the disease.(AU)

Os eosinófilos são células do sistema imunológico que tem importantes funções, tais como fagocitose de micro-organismos, apresentação de antígenos, contribuição para a cronicidade do processo inflamatório e imunidade contra parasitas. A síndrome hipereosinofílica (SHE) é uma enfermidade rara que acomete seres humanos, caracterizada por eosinofilia periférica persistente (acima de seis meses) e infiltração variável de eosinófilos em diferentes órgãos, como pulmão, baço, fígado, linfonodos, medula óssea e o trato gastrointestinal. Uma vez nos tecidos, essas células causam danos por diversos mecanismos, como liberação de proteínas citotóxicas e radicais livres de oxigênio. Não é possível identificar uma etiologia nos casos de SHE. Os sinais clínicos são variáveis, e diretamente relacionados com os órgãos acometidos. Em medicina veterinária, a moléstia já foi descrita em felinos, mas raramente em cães, sendo que animais da raça Rottweiler são mais predispostos ao desenvolvimento da doença. Em função do pequeno número de casos descritos na literatura veterinária, a evolução da doença e as opções mais apropriadas de tratamento são pouco conhecidas. Embora alguns animais apresentem sinais clínicos graves, podendo evoluir para o óbito, a remissão espontânea também pode ocorrer. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de SHE com sinal clínico predominante de efusão abdominal em um filhote de cão da raça Rottweiler, abordando aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais da enfermidade.(AU)

Indicações, complicações e cuidados no uso de cateteres periféricos em pequenos animais / Indications, complications and care in the use of peripheral catheters in small animals

Na medicina veterinária, o acesso venoso tem diversas finalidades e é amplamente utilizado devido à facilidade de manuseio, tolerância da maioria dos pacientes e baixo custo. O mais frequente é se empregar os cateter periféricos venosos e para sua utilização deve-se considerar o tipo e calibre do cateter, tempo de permanência e tipo de fluido a ser administrado. Realizada a antissepsia, deve-se fazer o garroteamento para facilitar a localização do vaso. Ao penetrar no lúmen vascular, o cateter deve ser avançado em direção à veia. Por fim, retira-se a agulha, conecta-se o equipo e fixa-se o cateter para mantê-lo estável e viável por até 72 horas. A falha na colocação do cateter pode prolongar o período de internação hospitalar. Dentre as complicações estão o extravasamento de fluidos, impedimento do fluxo sanguíneo, dores, hematomas, hemorragias, flebites, infecções, trombos, endocardite bacteriana e septicemia. Sendo assim, apesar ser amplamente utilizado, o acesso venoso necessita de cuidados inerentes ao seu uso e manutenção, que são fundamentais para diminuir a incidência de complicações imediatas e tardias. Desde que a implantação e manutenção dos cateteres sejam objetos de atenção do clínico responsável, não haverá prejuízos ao bem-estar do paciente.(AU)

In veterinary medicine, venous access has several purposes and is widely used because of its practical handling, tolerance of most patients and low cost. The most frequent is to use the venous peripheral catheters and for their use it should be considered the type and caliber of the catheter, period of catheterization and type of fluid to be administered. After the antisepsis is done, the tourniquet should be made to facilitate the location of the vessel. When penetrating the vascular lumen, the catheter should be advanced toward the vein. Finally, the needle is withdrawn, the equipment is connected and the catheter is fixed to keep it stable and viable for up to 72 hours Failure to insert the catheter may prolong the period of hospitalization. Complications include fluid leakage, impaired blood flow, pain, hematoma, hemorrhage, phlebitis, infections, thrombi, bacterial endocarditis, and septicemia. Therefore, although it is widely used, venous access requires care that is inherent in its use and maintenance, which are fundamental for reducing the incidence of immediate and late complications. Provided that the implantation and maintenance of the catheters are objects of attention of a responsible clinician, there will be no damages to the health of the patient.(AU)

Indicações, complicações e cuidados no uso de cateteres periféricos em pequenos animais / Indications, complications and care in the use of peripheral catheters in small animals

Na medicina veterinária, o acesso venoso tem diversas finalidades e é amplamente utilizado devido à facilidade de manuseio, tolerância da maioria dos pacientes e baixo custo. O mais frequente é se empregar os cateter periféricos venosos e para sua utilização deve-se considerar o tipo e calibre do cateter, tempo de permanência e tipo de fluido a ser administrado. Realizada a antissepsia, deve-se fazer o garroteamento para facilitar a localização do vaso. Ao penetrar no lúmen vascular, o cateter deve ser avançado em direção à veia. Por fim, retira-se a agulha, conecta-se o equipo e fixa-se o cateter para mantê-lo estável e viável por até 72 horas. A falha na colocação do cateter pode prolongar o período de internação hospitalar. Dentre as complicações estão o extravasamento de fluidos, impedimento do fluxo sanguíneo, dores, hematomas, hemorragias, flebites, infecções, trombos, endocardite bacteriana e septicemia. Sendo assim, apesar ser amplamente utilizado, o acesso venoso necessita de cuidados inerentes ao seu uso e manutenção, que são fundamentais para diminuir a incidência de complicações imediatas e tardias. Desde que a implantação e manutenção dos cateteres sejam objetos de atenção do clínico responsável, não haverá prejuízos ao bem-estar do paciente.

In veterinary medicine, venous access has several purposes and is widely used because of it’s practical handling, tolerance of most patients and low cost. The most frequent is to use the venous peripheral catheters and for their use it should be considered the type and caliber of the catheter, period of catheterization and type of fluid to be administered. After the antisepsis is done, the tourniquet should be made to facilitate the location of the vessel. When penetrating the vascular lumen, the catheter should be advanced toward the vein. Finally, the needle is withdrawn, the equipment is connected and the catheter is fixed to keep it stable and viable for up to 72 hours Failure to insert the catheter may prolong the period of hospitalization. Complications include fluid leakage, impaired blood flow, pain, hematoma, hemorrhage, phlebitis, infections, thrombi, bacterial endocarditis, and septicemia. Therefore, although it is widely used, venous access requires care that is inherent in its use and maintenance, which are fundamental for reducing the incidence of immediate and late complications. Provided that the implantation and maintenance of the catheters are objects of attention of a responsible clinician, there will be no damages to the health of the patient.