The equine endometrium and its multiple connections, interrelationships and clinical effects in aged mares

Mares, which make up 90% of animals requiring reproductive assistance in commercial equine production systems, are subjected to strong breeding and reproductive efficiency pressure throughout their lives, but the effects of aging on overall and reproductive systems in particular; it often means that we are forcing the natural homeostasis mechanisms under pressure over time. The objective of this brief communication is to summarize some concepts related to the role and importance of equine endometrium, particularly in old mares, the most challenged category to achieve productive and efficiency goals established by humans. Endometritis is one of the most frequent and recurrent pathologies in equine gynecology and is responsible for enormous economic losses in the industry. Alterations of the microbiota, molecular signals and uterine endocrine microenvironment can lead to infertility, but degenerative phenomena associated with age and parity can lead to endometriosis altering maternal recognition of pregnancy and pregnancy maintenance. Maintaining horses in an adequate nutrition status and environment is essential to achieve pregnancy but also to obtain healthy offspring.(AU)

Effect of assisted calving on uterine puerperal disorders occurrence, and on reproductive efficiency in crossbred dairy cows / Efeito do parto assistido na ocorrência de desordens uterinas puerperais e na eficiência reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras mestiças

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the type of calving (normal or assisted) on the occurrence of puerperal uterine disorders and on the number of artificial inseminations (AI) per conception and pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum (PPD). Cows were observed during parturition and the type of calving was classified as normal or assisted. Normal calving required no human interference, while assisted calving required a calf removal aid via vaginal access. There were 825 births, 7 stillbirths (0.85%) and 17 twins (2.06%). We analyzed 801 single births, from which 766 (95.63%) were normal and 35 (4.36%) assisted. Were evaluated the uterine disorders occurrence such as retained placenta combined with metritis (PR/ME) and clinical endometritis (CE). The overall occurrences were 10.24% (82/801) of RP/ME, 12.86% for CE and 5.12% for RP/ME and CE. Most of normal calving cows had healthy puerperium (73.89%), whereas a majority of assisted calving cows had uterine disorders (74.29%). The number of AI per conception was similar for cows that had either normal or assisted calving (2.39±0.08 and 3.00±0.43, P = 0.16). There was no evidence of negative influence of calving type on the 150 PPD pregnancy rate of lactating crossbreed dairy cows (P = 0.44). Healthy cows had higher 150 PPD pregnancy rate than cows affected by puerperium uterine disorders (51.65 vs. 42.92%). Normal calving crossbred dairy cows had a healthier puerperium, compared to cows with assisted calving which were more susceptible to puerperium uterine disorders. And cows with a health puerperium have a higher pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum.

Objetivou-se avaliar em vacas leiteiras mestiças que pariram um bezerro vivo, o efeito do tipo de parto (normal ou assistido) na ocorrência de desordens uterinas puerperais e no número de inseminações artificiais (IA) por concepção e taxa de prenhez 150 dias pós-parto (DPP). As vacas foram monitoradas durante o parto e o tipo de parto foi classificado como normal ou assistido. O parto normal não precisou de interferência humana, enquanto o parto assistido precisou de auxílio para retirada do bezerro por via vaginal. Foram registrados 825 partos, sendo 7 natimortos (0,85%) e 17 gemelares (2,06%). Foram analisados 801 partos simples, dos quais 766 (95,63%) foram normais e 35 (4,36%) foram assistidos. Foram avaliadas a ocorrência de desordens uterinas como a retenção de placenta associada com metrite (RP/ME) e endometrite clínica (EC). A ocorrência das doenças foi de 10,24% (82/801) para RP/ME, 12,86% para EC e 5.12% para RP/ME com CE. A maioria das vacas com parto normal tiveram puerpério saudável (73,89%), enquanto a maioria das vacas com parto assistido apresentaram desordens uterinas (74,29%). O número de IA por concepção foi semelhante nas vacas que tiveram parto normal ou assistido (2,39±0,08 e 3,00±0,43, P = 0,16). Não houve evidência de influência negativa do tipo de parto na taxa de prenhez 150 DPP de vacas leiteiras mestiças em lactação (P = 0,44). Vacas saudáveis apresentaram maior taxa de prenhez 150 DPP do que vacas afetadas por desordens uterinas no puerpério (51,65 vs. 42,92%). Vacas leiteiras mestiças com parto normal tiveram um puerpério saudável, comparadas às que tiveram parto assistido, por sua vez foram mais susceptíveis as desordens uterinas no puerpério. E vacas com puerpério saudável resultaram em maiores taxas de prenhez aos 150 dias pós parto.

Pyometra in a tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

Utilização da ozonioterapia como tratamento da endometrite em égua / Use of ozone therapy as endometritis treatment in mare

Conformações perineais inadequadas estão frequentemente associadas à pneumovagina, predispondo animais a processos inflamatórios vaginais e uterinos. Dentre as patologias reprodutivas que acometem éguas, a endometrite é a que ocorre com maior frequência, com forte impacto negativo sobre os índices reprodutivos de um criatório. Para essa afecção, a ozonioterapia se apresenta como tratamento em potencial. Assim, este estudo objetiva relatar um caso de endometrite em égua Quarto de Milha, multípara, de 17 anos de idade, atendida no Hospital Veterinário Sylvio Barbosa Cardoso, da Universidade Estadual de Ceará. Durante a avaliação ginecológica, observou-se alterações na conformação vulvar e teste de Windsucker positivo, indicando pneumovagina. Foram coletadas amostras endometriais para exames laboratoriais, os quais apresentaram citologia com contagem de neutrófilos polimorfonucleares ≥30% e cultura negativa para fungos e bactérias. O exame histopatológico revelou fibrose intersticial endometrial crônica acentuada. Diante do diagnóstico de endometrite, iniciou-se o tratamento com lavagem uterina usando solução ringer lactato ozonizada, seguido por insuflação uterina com ozônio. O animal foi submetido à técnica cirúrgica de Caslick para correção da má conformação vulvar. Após o tratamento, a égua foi inseminada, resultando na coleta de dois embriões viáveis. Diante do exposto, o caso reforça a efetividade da ozonioterapia associada à Caslick para o tratamento de endometrite em éguas.

Dysfunctional perineal conformations are often associated with pneumovagina, predisposing animals to vaginal and uterine inflammatory processes. Among the reproductive pathologies that affect mares, endometritis is the most frequent, with a strong negative impact on the reproductive indices of a farm. For this condition, ozone therapy presents itself as a potential treatment. The study aimed to report a case of endometritis in a 17-year-old multiparous quarter-mile mare, which was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Sylvio Barbosa Cardoso located in the State University of Ceará. During the gynecological evaluation, changes in vulvar conformation and a positive Windsucker test were observed, indicating pneumovagina. Endometrial samples were collected for laboratory exams, resulting in cytology with polymorphonuclear neutrophil count ≥30% and negative culture for fungi and bacteria. The histopathological examination revealed severe chronic endometrial interstitial fibrosis. Regarding the diagnosis of endometritis, the treatment with uterine lavage using ozonated ringer lactate solution was initiated followed by uterine insufflation with ozone. The animal was submitted to Caslick's surgical technique to correct the vulvar malformation. After treatment, the mare was inseminated, resulting in the collection of two viable embryos. In view of the above, the case reinforces the effectiveness of ozone therapy associated with Caslick`s technique for endometritis treatment in mares.

Oxidative stress, ceruloplasmin and neopterin biomarkers in dromedary camels with clinical endometritis

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of some oxidative stress (OS), ceruloplasmin (Cp), and neopterin (NPT) as diagnostic biomarkers for dromedary camels endometritis as well as to explore the impact of ceftiofur treatment on endometritis. Camels were categorized into two groups; healthy control group (n = 20) and endometritis group (n = 60). She-camels with clinical signs of endometritis (CE) received 6.6 mg/kg BW of ceftiofur (i/m). On days 7, and 14, she-camels were evaluated and clinical cure or failure to cure was determined. The comparison of the groups for OS demonstrated that endometritis caused an increase in serum malondialdehyde (sMDA), Cp, and NPT levels (P<0.05), but decreased serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) (P<0.05). The most prevalent pathogens involved in the etiology of CE are Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. All examined biomarkers demonstrated a high degree of recognition between CE camel and healthy controls (the area under the curve (AUC) was 95.9 for NPT). A higher proportion of camels with CE that were treated with ceftiofur (90%, P<0.0001) showed clinical cure by the first dose, while 10% required a second dose. In conclusion, CE causes increased oxidative reactions and decreased antioxidant defense competence. Subsequently, the alteration in that balance that was represented by the biomarkers of OS could be beneficial for clinical practice and basic clinical research. Additionally, all trials demonstrated the efficacy of ceftiofur for the treatment of CE in she-camel.(AU)

Canine cystitis - biofilm formation by bacterial isolates

Background: Biofilms have been reported as important virulent markers associated with drug resistance in urinary tractinfections (UTIs) in humans and dogs. However, in veterinary medicine, researches involving biofilm formation, treatments and preventions have been limited; yet, it is still possible to find few studies demonstrating biofilm-forming bacteriaassociated with different comorbidities such as otitis, wound infections, UTIs, and endometritis. These studies generallyselect dogs with chronic and recurrent infections, which could be an important factor in antibiotic resistance. We aimed toevaluate biofilms in sporadic cystitis regarding prevalence and drug resistance.Materials, Methods & Results: Urine samples were collected by cystocentesis from 36 client-owned dogs under clinicaland laboratory suspicion of non-recurrent urinary bladder infection (cystitis). Urine was aseptically plated onto bloodagar, MacConkey, and CLED, followed by incubation for 24 to 48 h. Definitive identification of a potential pathogen wasmade by subculture collected from an isolated colony to obtain a pure culture. The gram staining method and specificbiochemical tests (phenol red fermentation, lysine, phenylalanine, citrate, sulfide-indole-motility, and urease) were usedto distinguish and classify the bacteria. After identification, the bacteria were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by astandard disk diffusion method, using the following antimicrobials: amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cefazolin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim. The biofilm-forming ability was determined based on a culture...

Streptococcus spp. in equines - infection and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles

Background: Empirical antimicrobial prescribing is commonly used in equine veterinary. Therefore, professionals can obtain information about antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the bacterial strains based on veterinary literature. Considering equine infections, Streptococcus spp. are important pathogens that can cause serious damage in horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and infection profiles of Streptococcus spp. strains isolated from equines with infectious diseases subjected to microbiological analysis. Materials, Methods & Results: Veterinarians sent 13 samples and culture in Blood and MacConkey Agar were performed. After the incubation period, suspected colonies, which showed significative growth, were analyzed by Gram-staining, biochemical tests, and subjected to confirmatory identification in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. In vitro AST analysis were performed by disc diffusion method, in accordance with the veterinarians' request. The antimicrobials tested in this study were: ceftiofur, gentamicin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, amikacin, penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, vancomycin and metronidazole. The samples included uterine exudate, hock fistula, osteosynthesis exudate, exudate from the guttural pouch, and were originated from animals located in different and distant geographical regions in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas, and Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus thoraltensis were the Streptococcus species identified in the samples. S. dysgalactiae was the mainly species found in the uterus samples, while S. thoraltensis, an unusual Streptococcus species, was identified as etiological agent of endometritis in 2 of the analyzed animals. On the other hand, S. equi was found in both the guttural pouch, representing the etiological agent of the strangle case, and in the osteosynthesis exudate, as infectious agent of post-osteosynthesis surgery. The majority of streptococci strains were susceptible to ceftiofur drug. Amikacin and ciprofloxacin, however, were the drugs for which the strains were mainly resistant according to the results. Discussion: The present study provided the AST and infection profile of Streptococcus species related to equine infectious diseases. S. dysgalactiae is considered an unusual bacterium isolated from horses that can be related to endometritis, S. equi is the causative agent of strangles, and S. thoraltensis is unusual in equines. Generally, the observed susceptibility to ceftiofur of the strains analyzed was in agreement with previous results reported in the literature. However, ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin and is considered a critically important antibiotic for human health and its use in veterinary medicine should be cautious. Considering the resistance profile found, Streptococcus spp. can be intrinsically resistant to low drug concentrations of aminoglycosides. Moreover, the emergence and spread of fluoroquinolones resistance may also be due to the acquisition of resistance via horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, the present study described both infection and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus strains related to equine infectious diseases. Considering the findings, the results found in this study might contribute to the decision-making by veterinarians to further equine treatments.

Ultrasound measurements of uterine height, horns diameter and presence of intraluminal fluid to investigate uterine involution in lactating sows housed in farrowing crates

The uterine involution of sows housed in farrowing crates was investigated during lactation using B-mode trans-abdominal ultrasonography. The objectives were to describe uterine involution, detect any delay or uterine disorders and assess possible associations between involution and subsequent reproductive performance. Three parameters were measured: uterine height (H), horns diameter (D) and the percentage of sows with intraluminal fluid (F). During lactation (3-4 weeks), H decreased from 11.0±1.6 the first week to 5.9±1.5 cm the last week (p<0.001), and D from 2.6±0.7 to 1.4±0.2 cm (p<0.001). Between days 1-7, H and D decreased significantly faster, i.e. respectively 0.38 cm (p<0.0001) and 0.20 cm (p<0.0001) per day than between days 22-28, i.e. respectively 0.02 cm (p=0.49) and 0.00 cm (p=0.75) per day. F decreased significantly (p<0.0001) from 78% at the beginning to 16% at the end of lactation. Between days 1-7, F decreased significantly (p<0.001) faster than during the last week of lactation (p=0.41). Between days 22-28, H of sows from parity ≥3 were significantly higher than those of sows from parity 1 and 2 (p=0.007). During that period, F was significantly higher in sows of higher parity. This effect of parity on F was significantly higher during the entire lactation period in sows of parity ≥6. Some sows were monitored after weaning. There was no significant relationship between the 3 parameters measured at the end of lactation and the subsequent performance. A small number of sows was suspected of endometritis (2%) and one case of fœtoplacental retention was detected. In conclusion, B-mode ultrasonography is a suitable tool to monitor uterine involution in lactating sows. When examination is conducted during the last week of lactation, it may help the farmer to verify whether uterine involution is complete, and to decide whether a sow should be either culled or maintained on farm.(AU)

Diagnosis of endometritis in the bitch / Diagnóstico da endometrite em cadelas

Endometritis refers to an inflammation of the uterine mucosa that does not extend beyond the stratum spongiosum. Recent studies indicate it is a common finding in 30-50% of bitches suffering from infertility/subfertility. This disorder is subclinical, and its diagnosis involves sampling the uterus, whether it is by performing a cytology from flushing the organ or histology on collected uterine biopsies. Its pathophysiology remains unclear in 2021. Some cases are associated with cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which leads to disruption in the uterine clearance mechanisms after breeding ; while other appear as a pure inflammatory process. While we don’t have all the answers yet, there is no doubt today that these disorders must be included in the differential diagnosis of infertility in the bitch. The work that has already been done on this topic already offers some idea on how to approach these cases in our veterinary clinics.

Endometrite: resistência antimicrobiana e suas abordagens diagnósticas / Endometritis: antimicrobial resistance and its diagnostic approaches

A endometrite é a principal causa de infertilidade em éguas, além de gerar grandes transtornos econômicos e produtivos. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho, realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre endometrite equina, sua etiologia, os mecanismos próprios de defesa uterina mecânicos e quimiotáticos. Avaliando ainda os principais microrganismos envolvidos no processo bem como sua virulência e resistência antimicrobiana. Apresentamos ainda uma proposta de abordagem diagnóstica contemplando a identificação dos agentes, susceptibilidade farmacológica associadas a comprovação da produção de biofilme, assim como sua graduação, possibilitando assim em caso de comprovação de produção de biofilme uma terapia alternativa eficaz para a quebra desse biofilme associado a um tratamento antibacteriano específico. A correlação desses testes possivelmente fornecerá subsídios ainda mais importantes para melhorar a eficiência reprodutiva dos rebanhos equinos.

Endometritis is the main cause of infertility in mares, in addition to promote major economic and productive disorders. The objective of this work was to carry out a systematic review of equine endometritis, its etiology, mechanical and chemotactic uterine defense mechanisms. Also evaluating the main microorganisms involved in the process as well as their virulence and antimicrobial resistance. We also present a proposal for a diagnostic approach contemplating the identification of agents, pharmacological susceptibility associated with presence of biofilm production, as well as its graduation, thus enabling, in case of biofilm present, an effective alternative therapy to break this biofilm associated with an specific antibacterial treatment. The correlation of these tests will possibly provide even more important subsidies to improve reproductive efficiency of equine herds.

Using vaginal discharge score (VDS) grading system to evaluate the effect of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance of dairy cows in China

Abstract Clinical endometritis (CE) is a major cause in affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of CE and to evaluate the effect of CE on reproductive performance in dairy cows using vaginal discharge score (VDS) grading system. 803 dairy cows were examined by vaginoscope with 4-point VDS at 26 ± 3 days in milk (DIM) and classified into six groups: non-endometritis with VDS 0 (control; CON), endometritis with VDS 1 (MEM), non-treated endometritis with VDS 2 (NTME), treated endometritis with VDS 2 (TME), non-treated endometritis with VDS 3 (NTPE), and treated endometritis with VDS 3 (TPE). Cows in TME and TPE groups were treated with 200 mL of 50% dextrose solution by intrauterine infusion. The prevalence of CE was 33% at 26 ± 3 DIM. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed cows in MEM, NTME and NTPE groups had a less likelihood of first artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy than those in CON group (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curves for days open were statistically different (P = 0.004). In Cox regression model, cows in NTME and NTPE groups had a reduced pregnancy rate than those in CON group (P < 0.05). The hazard of pregnancy in NTME group was lower than that in TME group (P = 0.044). Similarly, it was lower for the hazard of pregnancy in NTPE group than in TPE group (P = 0.048). Cows in MEM, NTME, and NTPE groups required more services per pregnancy than those in CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CE examined by the VDS grading system impaired reproductive performance, and mild endometritis with VDS 1 should be treated in the early postpartum period to ameliorate fertility in dairy herds.

Using vaginal discharge score (VDS) grading system to evaluate the effect of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance of dairy cows in China

Clinical endometritis (CE) is a major cause in affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of CE and to evaluate the effect of CE on reproductive performance in dairy cows using vaginal discharge score (VDS) grading system. 803 dairy cows were examined by vaginoscope with 4-point VDS at 26 ± 3 days in milk (DIM) and classified into six groups: non-endometritis with VDS 0 (control; CON), endometritis with VDS 1 (MEM), non-treated endometritis with VDS 2 (NTME), treated endometritis with VDS 2 (TME), non-treated endometritis with VDS 3 (NTPE), and treated endometritis with VDS 3 (TPE). Cows in TME and TPE groups were treated with 200 mL of 50% dextrose solution by intrauterine infusion. The prevalence of CE was 33% at 26 ± 3 DIM. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed cows in MEM, NTME and NTPE groups had a less likelihood of first artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy than those in CON group (P 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curves for days open were statistically different (P = 0.004). In Cox regression model, cows in NTME and NTPE groups had a reduced pregnancy rate than those in CON group (P 0.05). The hazard of pregnancy in NTME group was lower than that in TME group (P = 0.044). Similarly, it was lower for the hazard of pregnancy in NTPE group than in TPE group (P = 0.048). Cows in MEM, NTME, and NTPE groups required more services per pregnancy than those in CON group (P 0.05). In conclusion, CE examined by the VDS grading system impaired reproductive performance, and mild endometritis with VDS 1 should be treated in the early postpartum period to ameliorate fertility in dairy herds.(AU)

Condição microbiológica após antissepsia da genitália externa em éguas / Microbiological condition after antisepsis of reproductive tract in mares

A endometrite é a principal responsável pela diminuição nas taxas de fertilidade e recuperação embrionária em éguas e em parte, pode ser associada a contaminações por falhas na antissepsia das biotécnicas reprodutivas aplicadas à espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de contaminação decorrentes de diferentes protocolos de antissepsia da genitália externa de éguas doadoras de embrião. Éguas sadias tiveram a vulva higienizada conforme um dos três grupos experimentais: (G1) sabão de côco; (G2) detergente neutro e (G3) clorexidina degermante 2%. Foi realizada a coleta de material da região da vulva, vestíbulo e útero com auxílio de swab estéril. As amostras foram processadas com objetivo de se determinar os principais microgranismos presentes, além da avaliação de Unidades Formadoras de Colônia (UFC). O G1 mostrou-se mais efetivo quanto à redução nas contagens de UFC em todas amostras. Por outro lado, G2 apresentou eficiência de 62%, sendo o tratamento menos eficiente na redução da contaminação das diferentes regiões avaliadas. A escolha adequada do agente sanitizante utilizado na higienização de períneo previamente a intervenções ginecológicas são de suma importância afim de se evitar contaminações ascendentes que levem a endometrites.(AU)

Endometritis is mainly responsible for the decrease in fertility and embryonic recovery rates in mares and, in part, it can be associated with contaminations due to failures in the antisepsis of reproductive biotechniques applied to the specie. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of contamination resulting from different protocols for antisepsis of the external genitalia of embryo donor mares. Healthy mares had their vulva sanitized according to one of the three experimental groups: (G1) coconut soap; (G2) neutral detergent and (G3) 2% chlorhexidine degerming. It was made the collection of material from the vulva, vestibule and uterus region with the aid of a sterile swab. The samples were processed in order to determine the main microorganisms present, in addition to the evaluation of Colony Forming Units (CFU). G1 was more effective in reducing CFU counts in all samples. On the other hand, G2 showed an efficiency of 62%, being the treatment less efficient in reducing contamination in the different regions evaluated. The proper choice of the sanitizing agent used to clean the perineum prior to gynecological interventions is of paramount importance in order to avoid ascending contamination that lead to endometritis.(AU)

Condição microbiológica após antissepsia da genitália externa em éguas / Microbiological condition after antisepsis of reproductive tract in mares

A endometrite é a principal responsável pela diminuição nas taxas de fertilidade e recuperação embrionária em éguas e em parte, pode ser associada a contaminações por falhas na antissepsia das biotécnicas reprodutivas aplicadas à espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de contaminação decorrentes de diferentes protocolos de antissepsia da genitália externa de éguas doadoras de embrião. Éguas sadias tiveram a vulva higienizada conforme um dos três grupos experimentais: (G1) sabão de côco; (G2) detergente neutro e (G3) clorexidina degermante 2%. Foi realizada a coleta de material da região da vulva, vestíbulo e útero com auxílio de swab estéril. As amostras foram processadas com objetivo de se determinar os principais microgranismos presentes, além da avaliação de Unidades Formadoras de Colônia (UFC). O G1 mostrou-se mais efetivo quanto à redução nas contagens de UFC em todas amostras. Por outro lado, G2 apresentou eficiência de 62%, sendo o tratamento menos eficiente na redução da contaminação das diferentes regiões avaliadas. A escolha adequada do agente sanitizante utilizado na higienização de períneo previamente a intervenções ginecológicas são de suma importância afim de se evitar contaminações ascendentes que levem a endometrites.

Endometritis is mainly responsible for the decrease in fertility and embryonic recovery rates in mares and, in part, it can be associated with contaminations due to failures in the antisepsis of reproductive biotechniques applied to the specie. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of contamination resulting from different protocols for antisepsis of the external genitalia of embryo donor mares. Healthy mares had their vulva sanitized according to one of the three experimental groups: (G1) coconut soap; (G2) neutral detergent and (G3) 2% chlorhexidine degerming. It was made the collection of material from the vulva, vestibule and uterus region with the aid of a sterile swab. The samples were processed in order to determine the main microorganisms present, in addition to the evaluation of Colony Forming Units (CFU). G1 was more effective in reducing CFU counts in all samples. On the other hand, G2 showed an efficiency of 62%, being the treatment less efficient in reducing contamination in the different regions evaluated. The proper choice of the sanitizing agent used to clean the perineum prior to gynecological interventions is of paramount importance in order to avoid ascending contamination that lead to endometritis.

Doenças do pós-parto e seus efeitos sobre a eficiência reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras / Postpartum diseases and their effects on dairy cows reproductive efficiency

O período de transição das vacas leiteiras é marcado por diversas alterações fisiológicas, metabólicas e endócrinas. Essas alterações aumentam a susceptibilidade das vacas às infecções no pósparto o que compromete bem-estar, resultando em menor desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo, levando ao aumento dos custos relacionados ao tratamento das infecções e ao descarte de leite. Dentre as doenças que acometem as vacas leiteiras no período pós-parto destacam-se as patologias relacionadas ao trato reprodutivo (retenção de placenta, metrite, endometrite clínica e subclínica) ou em outros órgãos (mastite, claudicação, problemas digestivos e respiratórios), e os distúrbios metabólicos (cetose, hipocalcemia e deslocamento de abomaso). Embora o impacto negativo das doenças no pós-parto sobre a eficiência reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras já tenha sido demonstrado por diversos estudos, os mecanismos pelos quais os processos infecciosos e inflamatórios interferem direta e/ou indiretamente no funcionamento do trato reprodutivo das vacas leiteiras ainda não foram totalmente elucidados. Sabe-se que as respostas inflamatória e imunológica frente à infecção podem influenciar processos reprodutivos como a dinâmica folicular ovariana, a esteroidogênese, a competência ovocitária, a fertilização, o desenvolvimento embrionário e a manutenção da gestação. Portanto, a ocorrência de doenças no pós-parto é um obstáculo a eficiência reprodutiva, principalmente devido à alta incidência dessas infecções nas vacas de leite. Podese concluir que a prevenção é a melhor estratégia para combater os efeitos negativos da ocorrência das doenças do pós-parto na eficiência reprodutiva, pois mesmo após a cura clínica dessas patologias a eficiência reprodutiva não é reestabelecida, e seus efeitos persistem por toda a lactação.

The transition period of dairy cows is marked by several physiological, metabolic and endocrine changes. These changes increase the susceptibility of cows to postpartum infections, which compromises welfare, resulting in lower productive and reproductive performance, leading to increased costs related to the treatment of infections and milk disposal. Among the diseases that affect dairy cows in the postpartum period are pathologies related to the reproductive tract (retention of placenta, metritis, clinical and subclinical endometritis) or to other organs (mastitis, claudication, digestive, and respiratory problems), and metabolic disorders (ketosis, hypocalcemia and abomasal displacement). Although the negative impact of postpartum diseases on dairy cows reproductive efficiency has already been demonstrated by several studies, the mechanisms by which infectious and inflammatory processes directly and/or indirectly interfere in the reproductive tract of dairy cows have not yet been fully elucidated. It is known that inflammatory and immunological responses to infection can influence reproductive processes such as ovarian follicular dynamics, steroidogenesis, oocyte competence, fertilization, embryonic development, and maintenance of pregnancy. Therefore, the occurrence of postpartum diseases is an obstacle to reproductive efficiency, mainly due to the high incidence of these infections in dairy cows. It can be concluded that prevention is the best strategy to combat the negative effects of the occurrence of postpartum diseases on reproductive efficiency, because even after the clinical cure of these pathologies reproductive efficiency is not reestablished, and its effects persist throughout lactation.

Caracterização fúngica e formação de biofilme em éguas com endometrite / Fungal characterization and biofilm formation in mares with endometritis

A endometrite é a principal causa de infertilidade em éguas, além de gerar grandes transtornos econômicos e produtivos. Objetivou-se caracterizar a citologia, cultura bacteriana e fúngica, além da identificação da formação de biofilme em éguas com endometrite. Amostras de 70 éguas foram coletadas para citologia uterina e exame microbiológico. A determinação da formação de biofilme foi realizada através da técnica de cristal violeta. Das 70 éguas diagnosticadas com endometrite 43 (61,4%) apresentaram infecção bacteriana e/ou fúngica. Das 43 éguas, 30,2% (13/43) apresentaram infecção fúngica, os mais evidenciados foram Aspergillus spp. e Candida albicans, Curvalaria spp., Cladosporium spp. e Zygomices spp. Dos fungos identificados, 9/13 (69,2%) formaram biofilme. Esses resultados revelam números de infecção fúngica acima da média em comparação com a literatura. Várias causas são reportadas ao aumento dos casos de endometrite fúngica, dentre elas o aumento no uso das biotecnologias reprodutivas provocando um excesso de manipulação uterina. É de suma importância a identificação do agente, o conhecimento da suscetibilidade farmacológica e a comprovação da produção de biofilme em casos de endometrite. Estas ferramentas podem fornecer subsídios ainda mais importantes para melhorar a eficiência reprodutiva e sanitária dos rebanhos equinos.(AU)

Endometritis is the main cause of infertility in mares, besides generating major economic and productive disorders. The objective was to characterize the cytology, microbiological and fungal culture, as well as the identification of biofilm formation in mares with endometritis. Samples of seventy mares were collected for uterine cytology and microbiological examination. The determination of biofilm formation was performed using violet crystal technique. Of the seventy mares diagnosed with endometritis 43 (61.4%) presented bacterial and/or fungal infection. From the 43 mares, 30.2% (13/43) presented fungal infection, the most evidenced were Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans, Curvalaria spp., Cladosporium spp. and Zygomices spp. Of the identified fungi, 9/13 (69.2%) formed biofilm. These results reveal above average numbers of fungal infection compared to the literature. Several causes are related to the increase in cases of fungal endometritis, among them the increase in the use of reproductive biotechnologies, causing an excessive uterine manipulation. Identification of the agent, knowledge of pharmacological susceptibility and evidence of biofilm production in endometritis cases are extremely important. These tools can provide even more important subsidies to improve the reproductive and sanitary efficiency of equine herds.(AU)

Caracterização fúngica e formação de biofilme em éguas com endometrite / Fungal characterization and biofilm formation in mares with endometritis

A endometrite é a principal causa de infertilidade em éguas, além de gerar grandes transtornos econômicos e produtivos. Objetivou-se caracterizar a citologia, cultura bacteriana e fúngica, além da identificação da formação de biofilme em éguas com endometrite. Amostras de 70 éguas foram coletadas para citologia uterina e exame microbiológico. A determinação da formação de biofilme foi realizada através da técnica de cristal violeta. Das 70 éguas diagnosticadas com endometrite 43 (61,4%) apresentaram infecção bacteriana e/ou fúngica. Das 43 éguas, 30,2% (13/43) apresentaram infecção fúngica, os mais evidenciados foram Aspergillus spp. e Candida albicans, Curvalaria spp., Cladosporium spp. e Zygomices spp. Dos fungos identificados, 9/13 (69,2%) formaram biofilme. Esses resultados revelam números de infecção fúngica acima da média em comparação com a literatura. Várias causas são reportadas ao aumento dos casos de endometrite fúngica, dentre elas o aumento no uso das biotecnologias reprodutivas provocando um excesso de manipulação uterina. É de suma importância a identificação do agente, o conhecimento da suscetibilidade farmacológica e a comprovação da produção de biofilme em casos de endometrite. Estas ferramentas podem fornecer subsídios ainda mais importantes para melhorar a eficiência reprodutiva e sanitária dos rebanhos equinos.

Endometritis is the main cause of infertility in mares, besides generating major economic and productive disorders. The objective was to characterize the cytology, microbiological and fungal culture, as well as the identification of biofilm formation in mares with endometritis. Samples of seventy mares were collected for uterine cytology and microbiological examination. The determination of biofilm formation was performed using violet crystal technique. Of the seventy mares diagnosed with endometritis 43 (61.4%) presented bacterial and/or fungal infection. From the 43 mares, 30.2% (13/43) presented fungal infection, the most evidenced were Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans, Curvalaria spp., Cladosporium spp. and Zygomices spp. Of the identified fungi, 9/13 (69.2%) formed biofilm. These results reveal above average numbers of fungal infection compared to the literature. Several causes are related to the increase in cases of fungal endometritis, among them the increase in the use of reproductive biotechnologies, causing an excessive uterine manipulation. Identification of the agent, knowledge of pharmacological susceptibility and evidence of biofilm production in endometritis cases are extremely important. These tools can provide even more important subsidies to improve the reproductive and sanitary efficiency of equine herds.

Indicators of immunosuppression peripartum in dual purpose cows in the tropics affected health, productive and reproductive parameters

Abstract The objective of the study was to identify immunosuppression peripartum indicators in dual purpose cows in the tropics and determine their effects on productive and reproductive parameters. The indicators used were: changes in leukocyte and neutrophils population, concentrations of energy metabolites (β-hydroxybutyrate and glucose) and body condition scores (BCS). Blood sampling and BCS (scale 1 - 5) were taken weekly during the peripartum. Uterine health was assessed (3 weeks postpartum) by ultrasonography and using a vaginal score (0-3) described by Sheldon et al. (2006). Cows (n=30) were classified as healthy or clinical endometritis (CE). CE prevalence was as high as 29.6%. Leukocyte and neutrophils populations diminished while in the peripartum and were lower (P<0.05) in cows suffering CE. Healthy cows had higher (P<0.05) daily milk production than those with CE (18.84±0.63 vs 14.76±0.84 kg). CE cows had lower (P<0.05) reproductive performance compared with healthy cows (open days: 244.40 ± 35.00 vs 178.00 ± 23.33 and services by conception 3.33 ± 0.51 vs 1.83 ± 0.34). BCS similarly (P>0.05) decreased following parturition in both groups. Concentrations of energy metabolites during peripartum fluctuated in a similar (P>0.05) manner in healthy and CE cows. In summary, dual purpose cows in tropical conditions, presented peripartum immunosuppression indicators, characterized by a decline in the leukocyte population, mainly neutrophils, as well as decreased glucose concentrations and BCS postpartum. In addition to it, there was a rise in the β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and cows presenting CE had a negative effect in the productive and reproductive parameters.

Ozonioterapia no tratamento auxiliar de éguas inférteis: Potencial angiogênico e antimicrobiano / Ozone therapy in the supporting treatment of infertile mares: Angiogenic and antimicrobial actions

A endometrite infecciosa é considerada uma das principais causas de infertilidade em éguas. Por sua vez, alterações degenerativas endometriais interferem diretamente na hemodinâmica uterina, podendo comprometer a fertilização e a manutenção da gestação. Por serem poderosos agentes oxidantes nãoespecíficos, o gás ozônio (O3) e os óleos vegetais ozonizados tem sido utilizados como alternativas às terapias antimicrobianas convencionais. Além de apresentar ação germicida frente a forma livre de fungos e bactérias, a ozonioterapia possui marcante potencial antibiofilme. Adicionalmente, o preenchimento da cavidade uterina de éguas com gás O3 estimula a angiogênese local sem apresentar efeitos deletérios ao endométrio. Dessa forma, os potencias antimicrobianos e angiogênicos fazem da ozonioterapia uma promissora alterativa para o tratamento adjuvante de endometrites crônicas em éguas.

Infectious endometritis is considered one of the main causes of infertility in mares. Similarly, endometrial degenerative changes directly affect the uterine hemodynamics, compromising the fertilization and the maintenance of pregnancy. Based on their powerful non-specific oxidizing action, ozone (O3) and ozonized vegetable oils have been used as alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapies. In addition to the germicidal effect against the free-living cells of fungi and bacteria, O3 therapy has showed unspecific anti-biofilm potential. Additionally, the insufflation of the uterine cavity of mares with O3 stimulates local angiogenesis without inducing deleterious effects on the endometrium. Therefore, the antimicrobial and angiogenic potentials make O3 therapy a promising alternative for the adjuvant treatment of persistent endometritis in mares.

Histeropexia com aplicação de "toggles" para tratamento de piometra em mini horse / Pyometra treatment by histeropexy with toggles aplication in mini horse

Background: Brazil is an important horse breeder that creates about three million jobs and movements about R$16,15 billions per year. Although, it is important to the horse breeding industry success that the animals reproductive performance be kept. The mare pregnancy loss causes abundant forfeitures to horse breeders, furthermore, the chronic pyometra is one of that causes. The chronic pyometra is an uncommon mare condition, clinical treatments are often ineffective, under those circumstances the hysterectomy, ovariohysterectomy and uteropexy are recommended. This report proposes to describe the chronic pyometra surgical treatments with the uteropexy technique in mini horses that do not respond to the clinical treatment. Case: A 14-year-old mini breed horse mare weighing 117 kg was sent to Veterinarian Hospital (HV) of the Paraná Federal University (UFPR), presenting dystocia background and intrauterine purulent secretion. The clinical treatment had been conducted, but not well succeeded. An hysteroscopy was conducted with a cervix rupture monitoring, uterine mucosa edematiated and crispy, presenting liquid and a high amount of purulent secretion in the uterus horn and body. The biopsy identified uteropexy. The post-surgical complications were minimums and 30 days after the procedure the laparoscopy was repeated with uterine healing monitoring, without adherences and the uterus were at horizontal position. The hysteroscopy was conducted where a small amount of purulent secretion was perceived. Ten days after the second laparoscopy the patient was discharged. Two years after the procedure, the animal responsible informed that there was not a relapse. Discussion: the mare pyometra occurrence is uncommon and emerges by nature protection false mechanisms. Any change or flaw in one of these protection mechanics barriers, may result in a reproductive change due to uterine infection, resulting in reduction of mare reproductive capacity. Probably this reports patients developed pyometra due to the cervix lesion it's presented made easier the uterus external microorganisms entrance, that predisposes an chronic uterine infection. As many authors report, the chronic pyometra clinical treatment is not always successful, also observed in the case reported, indicating then surgical treatment. There are many pyometra surgical treatments indications as: Wedge resection technique in case of cervix adherence, uteropexy technique, ovary-hysterectomy technique or hysterectomy. The ovary-hysterectomy and the hysterectomy was not conducted for being considered highly invasive. This case choice procedure was the uteropexy, which corresponds to fixing the broad ligament of the uterus to the abdominal wall, repositioning it horizontally, to obtain a better drainage and motility, since this is your anatomic position. In the report, the surgical technique was conducted satisfactorily, certifying the uterine elevation by laparoscopy in the postoperative and also by the responsible report, that the animal does not relapse in two years. The postoperative complications were not alarming, considering that it ceased 24h after the procedure. The conclusions present in this treatment show that the hysteropexy conducted by videosurgery with toggles application developed the necessary uterine elevation to the liquid drainage, that allows the mare to execute the uterine cleaning by the physiological form.(AU)