First evidence of frugivory in Gardnerycteris crenulatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) / Primera evidencia de frugivoría en Gardnerycteris crenulatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Gardnerycteris crenulatum is a bat species restricted to South America, being particularly rare in lowland rainforests. It is characterized by a diet composed mainly of arthropods and small vertebrates, with no confirmed evidence of fruit consumption. Here, we provide the first records of seeds in the diet of G. crenulatum. The seeds were found in the feces of two individuals captured in late-successional forests in the Colombian Amazon (one pregnant female and one adult male), that belonged to Piper sp. (n = 125) and Cecropia engleriana (n = 3). In germination experiments, only Piper seeds germinated (8%). Insectivores can potentially perform other functions than the role assigned to their corresponding guild. More research is needed on the natural history and ecology of G. crenulatum to elucidate its possible role as seed disperser.(AU)

Gardnerycteris crenulatum es una especie de murciélago restringida a América del Sur, siendo particularmente rara en los bosques húmedos de tierras bajas. Se caracteriza por una dieta compuesta principalmente de insectos, artrópodos y pequeños vertebrados, sin evidencia confirmada de consumo de frutos. En esta nota, reportamos los primeros registros de semillas en la dieta de G. crenulatum. Las semillas fueron encontradas en las fecas de dos individuos capturados en bosques de sucesión avanzada en la Amazonía colombiana (una hembra preñada y un macho adulto), pertenecientes a Piper sp. (n = 125) y Cecropia engleriana (n = 3). En experimentos de germinación, solo germinaron las semillas de Piper sp. (8%). Los insectívoros pueden realizar potencialmente otras funciones además del papel asignado a su gremio correspondiente. Es necesario desarrollar más investigaciones sobre la historia natural y la ecología de G. crenulatum para dilucidar su posible papel como dispersor de semillas.(AU)

Diet composition of abundant fish species in the shallow waters of the Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil

Coastal habitats have great ecological importance with estuarine environments providing feeding sites for many fish species, especially during juvenile life stages. This study investigates the diet composition and trophic guild organization of the common and abundant ichthyofauna in shallow areas of the Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), Bahia, Brazil, and their relationships with environmental parameters. Six fish sampling campaigns were carried out in the shallow zones (infralittoral) of the Paraguaçu River estuary which encompasses the inner and outer (marine exposure) reaches of theTSB. The stomach contents of 1231 individualsbelonging to common and abundant species were examined. A total of 32 food items were identifiedand fish were into four trophic guilds: detritivores, zoobenthivores I, zoobenthivores II, and zooplanktivores. The relationship between the guilds and environmental parameters showed that zoobenthivores II and zooplanktivores guilds had a positive relationship with salinity and pH, explaining 86% of data variability, though only the salinity variable was significant. This study provides basic information about the diet composition of common and abundant species in the TSBand their organization into trophic guilds. In addition, demonstrates that shallow waters fish across all guilds have broadly similar diets, comprising food items that are usually associated with bottom waters.

Diet composition of abundant fish species in the shallow waters of the Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil

Coastal habitats have great ecological importance with estuarine environments providing feeding sites for many fish species, especially during juvenile life stages. This study investigates the diet composition and trophic guild organization of the common and abundant ichthyofauna in shallow areas of the Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), Bahia, Brazil, and their relationships with environmental parameters. Six fish sampling campaigns were carried out in the shallow zones (infralittoral) of the Paraguaçu River estuary which encompasses the inner and outer (marine exposure) reaches of theTSB. The stomach contents of 1231 individualsbelonging to common and abundant species were examined. A total of 32 food items were identifiedand fish were into four trophic guilds: detritivores, zoobenthivores I, zoobenthivores II, and zooplanktivores. The relationship between the guilds and environmental parameters showed that zoobenthivores II and zooplanktivores guilds had a positive relationship with salinity and pH, explaining 86% of data variability, though only the salinity variable was significant. This study provides basic information about the diet composition of common and abundant species in the TSBand their organization into trophic guilds. In addition, demonstrates that shallow waters fish across all guilds have broadly similar diets, comprising food items that are usually associated with bottom waters.(AU)

Hydropower affects fish trophic structure both downstream of the dam and upstream of the reservoir

Dams often cause drastic changes in freshwater environments and can compromise the quality and availability of food resources in rivers. This study aims to analyze the influence of a dam on the trophic structure of fish assemblages in lotic areas located both upstream and downstream of the Irapé Hydroelectric Power Plant. Fish sampling occurred before (2003 to 2005) and after (2011 to 2017) the impoundment, which began in 2006. The trophic structure and species composition before dam construction were similar upstream of the reservoir and downstream of the dam. After the building of the dam, both aspects of the assemblages changed along the lotic stretches - the upstream incurred an increase in biomass of detritivores and a decrease of piscivores and omnivores, while downstream went exactly the opposite, causing a differentiation between the two assemblages. Because lotic areas upstream of reservoirs are also impacted by river damming, efforts for impact mitigation should also focus on these areas.(AU)

Barragens causam mudanças drásticas em ambientes de água doce e podem comprometer a qualidade e a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares nos rios. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência de uma barragem na estrutura trófica da assembleia de peixes em áreas lóticas localizadas a montante e a jusante da usina hidrelétrica de Irapé. A amostragem de peixes ocorreu antes (2003 a 2005) e após (2011 a 2017) o fechamento das comportas, iniciado em 2006. A estrutura trófica e a composição das espécies antes da construção da barragem eram semelhantes a montante do reservatório e a jusante da barragem. Após a construção da barragem, ambos os aspectos das assembleias mudaram ao longo dos trechos lóticos - a montante ocorreu um aumento na biomassa de detritívoros e diminuição de piscívoros e onívoros, enquanto a jusante ocorreu exatamente o oposto, causando uma diferenciação entre as duas assembleias. Como as áreas lóticas a montante dos reservatórios também são impactadas por barramentos, esforços para mitigação de impactos também devem se concentrar nessas áreas.(AU)

Hydropower affects fish trophic structure both downstream of the dam and upstream of the reservoir

Dams often cause drastic changes in freshwater environments and can compromise the quality and availability of food resources in rivers. This study aims to analyze the influence of a dam on the trophic structure of fish assemblages in lotic areas located both upstream and downstream of the Irapé Hydroelectric Power Plant. Fish sampling occurred before (2003 to 2005) and after (2011 to 2017) the impoundment, which began in 2006. The trophic structure and species composition before dam construction were similar upstream of the reservoir and downstream of the dam. After the building of the dam, both aspects of the assemblages changed along the lotic stretches - the upstream incurred an increase in biomass of detritivores and a decrease of piscivores and omnivores, while downstream went exactly the opposite, causing a differentiation between the two assemblages. Because lotic areas upstream of reservoirs are also impacted by river damming, efforts for impact mitigation should also focus on these areas.(AU)

Barragens causam mudanças drásticas em ambientes de água doce e podem comprometer a qualidade e a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares nos rios. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência de uma barragem na estrutura trófica da assembleia de peixes em áreas lóticas localizadas a montante e a jusante da usina hidrelétrica de Irapé. A amostragem de peixes ocorreu antes (2003 a 2005) e após (2011 a 2017) o fechamento das comportas, iniciado em 2006. A estrutura trófica e a composição das espécies antes da construção da barragem eram semelhantes a montante do reservatório e a jusante da barragem. Após a construção da barragem, ambos os aspectos das assembleias mudaram ao longo dos trechos lóticos - a montante ocorreu um aumento na biomassa de detritívoros e diminuição de piscívoros e onívoros, enquanto a jusante ocorreu exatamente o oposto, causando uma diferenciação entre as duas assembleias. Como as áreas lóticas a montante dos reservatórios também são impactadas por barramentos, esforços para mitigação de impactos também devem se concentrar nessas áreas.(AU)

Trophic strategies of the invasive Twospot livebearer (Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, Teleostei: Poeciliidae) in a gradient of environmental quality in central Mexico

RESUMEN Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus es una especie invasora ampliamente propagada en los ecosistemas de agua dulce del centro de México, por eso se describe su estrategia trófica en un gradiente de calidad ambiental. Se muestrearon individuos de P. bimaculatus en ocho sitios localizados en las cuencas de los Ríos Lerma-Chapala y Pánuco durante la temporada de secas. Estas cuencas se han visto afectadas por los procesos de industrialización y urbanización, pero la Comisión Nacional del Agua las considera reservas de agua en México. Para evaluar las condiciones ambientales de las cuencas, aplicamos el Índice de Integridad Biótica basado y el Índice Biótico basado en Familias. Evaluamos el gremio trófico, la amplitud de la dieta y la selectividad de la dieta de P. bimaculatus en sitios con diferente calidad ambiental. Además, exploramos la relación de las estrategias tróficas con la condición del hábitat. Capturamos un total de 202 individuos de P. bimaculatus de 10 a 67 mm de LP, encontrando un total de 24 artículos alimenticios. La dieta de P. bimaculatus está compuesta de insectos terrestres y acuáticos y restos óseos de peces. Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus en algunos sitios puede alimentarse de diferentes niveles tróficos, en otros, es especialista y consumidor secundario. Encontramos que P. bimaculatus cambia su dieta acorde con alteraciones en la estructura del hábitat, la calidad del agua y la integridad biótica. Además, esta especie invasora puede tolerar cambios en la red trófica y la disponibilidad de alimento.

ABSTRACT Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus is an invasive species widely spread throughout freshwater ecosystems in central Mexico, for that reason we described its trophic strategy into a gradient of environmental quality. We sampled individuals of P. bimaculatus at eight sites located in the Lerma-Chapala and Pánuco River Basins during dry season. These basins have been impacted by industrialization and urbanization processes, but are considered as water reserves in México. To evaluate the environmental quality of the river, we applied the Visual-based Habitat Assessment, the Index of Biological Integrity and the Family-level Biotic Index. We assessed the trophic guild, the diet width, the omnivory level, and the diet selectivity. We also explored the relation of trophic strategies with the habitat condition. We captured a total of 202 individuals of P. bimaculatus from 10 to 67 mm of SL, finding a total of 24 food items. The diet of P. bimaculatus was composed of terrestrial, aquatic insects and bony fish. Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus in some sites can feed on different trophic levels, in other it is a specialist and secondary consumer. We found that P. bimaculatus changes its diet according the alterations in the habitat structure, water quality, and biotic integrity. Moreover, this invasive species can endure changes in the trophic web and food availability.

Chilling to the bone: Lower temperatures increase vertebrate predation by Tonatia bidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

The greater round-eared bat, Tonatia bidens (Spix, 1823), is a medium-sized phyllostomid bat distributed in the north of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. The diet and foraging patterns of this species are poorly known. We analyzed the composition of the diet of a population of T. bidens and how the temperature influences the consumption of vertebrates and invertebrates. To describe diet composition, we conducted weekly collections of food scrap from two monospecific night-perches. Data of temperature for the study period were taken from the meteorological station installed 300 m from the collection perches. The influence of temperature was evaluated using generalized linear models (GLMs) with negative binomial distribution. Tonatia bidens consumed 28 taxons (204 records), being at least 17 Artropods and 11 Passeriformes birds. Temperature explained a greater proportion of vertebrate abundance (R2 = 0.23) than invertebrate (R2 = 0.16) or to both pooled (R2 = 0.11). The relation with temperature was positive with invertebrates and negative with the vertebrates. The diet of the population of T. bidens comprised mainly invertebrates, which were the most frequent and diverse taxa. Data suggests that T. bidens has a diverse diet, with proportion of the item’s consumption varying temporally. Environmental factors, such as the temperature presented on this work, seems to be good proxies for the dietary traits of this species.

Chilling to the bone: Lower temperatures increase vertebrate predation by Tonatia bidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

The greater round-eared bat, Tonatia bidens (Spix, 1823), is a medium-sized phyllostomid bat distributed in the north of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. The diet and foraging patterns of this species are poorly known. We analyzed the composition of the diet of a population of T. bidens and how the temperature influences the consumption of vertebrates and invertebrates. To describe diet composition, we conducted weekly collections of food scrap from two monospecific night-perches. Data of temperature for the study period were taken from the meteorological station installed 300 m from the collection perches. The influence of temperature was evaluated using generalized linear models (GLMs) with negative binomial distribution. Tonatia bidens consumed 28 taxons (204 records), being at least 17 Artropods and 11 Passeriformes birds. Temperature explained a greater proportion of vertebrate abundance (R2 = 0.23) than invertebrate (R2 = 0.16) or to both pooled (R2 = 0.11). The relation with temperature was positive with invertebrates and negative with the vertebrates. The diet of the population of T. bidens comprised mainly invertebrates, which were the most frequent and diverse taxa. Data suggests that T. bidens has a diverse diet, with proportion of the items consumption varying temporally. Environmental factors, such as the temperature presented on this work, seems to be good proxies for the dietary traits of this species.(AU)

Trophic strategies of the invasive Twospot livebearer (Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, Teleostei: Poeciliidae) in a gradient of environmental quality in central Mexico

Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus is an invasive species widely spread throughout freshwater ecosystems in central Mexico, for that reason we described its trophic strategy into a gradient of environmental quality. We sampled individuals of P. bimaculatus at eight sites located in the Lerma-Chapala and Pánuco River Basins during dry season. These basins have been impacted by industrialization and urbanization processes, but are considered as water reserves in México. To evaluate the environmental quality of the river, we applied the Visual-based Habitat Assessment, the Index of Biological Integrity and the Family-level Biotic Index. We assessed the trophic guild, the diet width, the omnivory level, and the diet selectivity. We also explored the relation of trophic strategies with the habitat condition. We captured a total of 202 individuals of P. bimaculatus from 10 to 67 mm of SL, finding a total of 24 food items. The diet of P. bimaculatus was composed of terrestrial, aquatic insects and bony fish. Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus in some sites can feed on different trophic levels, in other it is a specialist and secondary consumer. We found that P. bimaculatus changes its diet according the alterations in the habitat structure, water quality, and biotic integrity. Moreover, this invasive species can endure changes in the trophic web and food availability.(AU)

Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus es una especie invasora ampliamente propagada en los ecosistemas de agua dulce del centro de México, por eso se describe su estrategia trófica en un gradiente de calidad ambiental. Se muestrearon individuos de P. bimaculatus en ocho sitios localizados en las cuencas de los Ríos Lerma-Chapala y Pánuco durante la temporada de secas. Estas cuencas se han visto afectadas por los procesos de industrialización y urbanización, pero la Comisión Nacional del Agua las considera reservas de agua en México. Para evaluar las condiciones ambientales de las cuencas, aplicamos el Índice de Integridad Biótica basado y el Índice Biótico basado en Familias. Evaluamos el gremio trófico, la amplitud de la dieta y la selectividad de la dieta de P. bimaculatus en sitios con diferente calidad ambiental. Además, exploramos la relación de las estrategias tróficas con la condición del hábitat. Capturamos un total de 202 individuos de P. bimaculatus de 10 a 67 mm de LP, encontrando un total de 24 artículos alimenticios. La dieta de P. bimaculatus está compuesta de insectos terrestres y acuáticos y restos óseos de peces. Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus en algunos sitios puede alimentarse de diferentes niveles tróficos, en otros, es especialista y consumidor secundario. Encontramos que P. bimaculatus cambia su dieta acorde con alteraciones en la estructura del hábitat, la calidad del agua y la integridad biótica. Además, esta especie invasora puede tolerar cambios en la red trófica y la disponibilidad de alimento.(AU)

The phyllostomid bat (Mammalia, Chiroptera) assemblage in a fragmented landscape in Midwestern Brazil

ABSTRACT Bats are the second largest order of mammals, with varying feeding habits and great ecological significance. Anthropization has several important effects on animal communities and the Brazilian Cerrado, a Neotropical savannah, has been severely affected by human activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate phyllostomid bat assemblage distributions in the different landscape formations of a modified savannah. Using mist nets, we performed 36 sampling nights between 2015 and 2016. The sampling effort was 23,328 m².h and was equally distributed over three landscape formations: a large fragment, riparian forest, and small fragments. We compared capture rates, richness, diversity, similarity, and feeding guilds for the three formations. We captured 418 bats of 12 species belonging to the family Phyllostomidae. The most abundant species was Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (n = 126). We found no significant differences in capture rate or diversity between the areas, but there were differences in feeding guild representation. Frugivores species were the most abundant in the three areas. No gleaning insectivore or carnivore species were captured in the small fragments, and the large fragment contained no hematophages. The large fragment and the small fragments had the greatest similarity whereas the riparian forest and small fragments had the least similarity.

RESUMO Os morcegos são a segunda maior ordem de mamíferos, com diversos hábitos alimentares e grande importância ecológica. A antropização possui diversos efeitos nas comunidades animais e o Cerrado Brasileiro, uma savana neotropical, tem sido severamente afetada pela atividade humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição da assembleia de morcegos filostomídeos nas diferentes formações de paisagem de uma savana modificada. Utilizando redes de neblina, nós realizamos 36 noites de amostragem entre 2015 e 2016. O esforço amostral foi de 23.238 m².h igualmente distribuído entre três formações de paisagem: um fragmento grande, mata ciliar e pequenos fragmentos. Nós comparamos a taxa de captura, riqueza, diversidade, similaridade e guildas alimentares para as três formações. Foram capturados 418 morcegos de 12 espécies da família Phyllostomidae. A espécie mais abundante foi Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (n = 126). Nós não encontramos diferenças significativas na taxa de captura ou diversidade entre as áreas, mas houve diferenças na representatividade das guildas alimentares. As espécies frugívoras foram as mais abundantes nas três áreas. Não houve capturas de espécies insetívoras catadoras ou carnívoras nos pequenos fragmentos e de hematófagos no fragmento grande. O fragmento grande e os pequenos tiveram a maior similaridade entre as formações, enquanto a mata ciliar e os fragmentos pequenos tiveram a menor similaridade.

The phyllostomid bat (Mammalia, Chiroptera) assemblage in a fragmented landscape in Midwestern Brazil / Assembleia de morcegos filostomídeos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) em uma paisagem modificada no Centro-Oeste do Brasil

Bats are the second largest order of mammals, with varying feeding habits and great ecological significance. Anthropization has several important effects on animal communities and the Brazilian Cerrado, a Neotropical savannah, has been severely affected by human activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate phyllostomid bat assemblage distributions in the different landscape formations of a modified savannah. Using mist nets, we performed 36 sampling nights between 2015 and 2016. The sampling effort was 23,328 m².h and was equally distributed over three landscape formations: a large fragment, riparian forest, and small fragments. We compared capture rates, richness, diversity, similarity, and feeding guilds for the three formations. We captured 418 bats of 12 species belonging to the family Phyllostomidae. The most abundant species was Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (n = 126). We found no significant differences in capture rate or diversity between the areas, but there were differences in feeding guild representation. Frugivores species were the most abundant in the three areas. No gleaning insectivore or carnivore species were captured in the small fragments, and the large fragment contained no hematophages. The large fragment and the small fragments had the greatest similarity whereas the riparian forest and small fragments had the least similarity.(AU)

Os morcegos são a segunda maior ordem de mamíferos, com diversos hábitos alimentares e grande importância ecológica. A antropização possui diversos efeitos nas comunidades animais e o Cerrado Brasileiro, uma savana neotropical, tem sido severamente afetada pela atividade humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição da assembleia de morcegos filostomídeos nas diferentes formações de paisagem de uma savana modificada. Utilizando redes de neblina, nós realizamos 36 noites de amostragem entre 2015 e 2016. O esforço amostral foi de 23.238 m².h igualmente distribuído entre três formações de paisagem: um fragmento grande, mata ciliar e pequenos fragmentos. Nós comparamos a taxa de captura, riqueza, diversidade, similaridade e guildas alimentares para as três formações. Foram capturados 418 morcegos de 12 espécies da família Phyllostomidae. A espécie mais abundante foi Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (n = 126). Nós não encontramos diferenças significativas na taxa de captura ou diversidade entre as áreas, mas houve diferenças na representatividade das guildas alimentares. As espécies frugívoras foram as mais abundantes nas três áreas. Não houve capturas de espécies insetívoras catadoras ou carnívoras nos pequenos fragmentos e de hematófagos no fragmento grande. O fragmento grande e os pequenos tiveram a maior similaridade entre as formações, enquanto a mata ciliar e os fragmentos pequenos tiveram a menor similaridade.(AU)

The phyllostomid bat (Mammalia, Chiroptera) assemblage in a fragmented landscape in Midwestern Brazil

Bats are the second largest order of mammals, with varying feeding habits and great ecological significance. Anthropization has several important effects on animal communities and the Brazilian Cerrado, a Neotropical savannah, has been severely affected by human activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate phyllostomid bat assemblage distributions in the different landscape formations of a modified savannah. Using mist nets, we performed 36 sampling nights between 2015 and 2016. The sampling effort was 23,328 m².h and was equally distributed over three landscape formations: a large fragment, riparian forest, and small fragments. We compared capture rates, richness, diversity, similarity, and feeding guilds for the three formations. We captured 418 bats of 12 species belonging to the family Phyllostomidae. The most abundant species was Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (n = 126). We found no significant differences in capture rate or diversity between the areas, but there were differences in feeding guild representation. Frugivores species were the most abundant in the three areas. No gleaning insectivore or carnivore species were captured in the small fragments, and the large fragment contained no hematophages. The large fragment and the small fragments had the greatest similarity whereas the riparian forest and small fragments had the least similarity.(AU)

Os morcegos são a segunda maior ordem de mamíferos, com diversos hábitos alimentares e grande importância ecológica. A antropização possui diversos efeitos nas comunidades animais e o Cerrado Brasileiro, uma savana neotropical, tem sido severamente afetada pela atividade humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição da assembleia de morcegos filostomídeos nas diferentes formações de paisagem de uma savana modificada. Utilizando redes de neblina, nós realizamos 36 noites de amostragem entre 2015 e 2016. O esforço amostral foi de 23.238 m².h igualmente distribuído entre três formações de paisagem: um fragmento grande, mata ciliar e pequenos fragmentos. Nós comparamos a taxa de captura, riqueza, diversidade, similaridade e guildas alimentares para as três formações. Foram capturados 418 morcegos de 12 espécies da família Phyllostomidae. A espécie mais abundante foi Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (n = 126). Nós não encontramos diferenças significativas na taxa de captura ou diversidade entre as áreas, mas houve diferenças na representatividade das guildas alimentares. As espécies frugívoras foram as mais abundantes nas três áreas. Não houve capturas de espécies insetívoras catadoras ou carnívoras nos pequenos fragmentos e de hematófagos no fragmento grande. O fragmento grande e os pequenos tiveram a maior similaridade entre as formações, enquanto a mata ciliar e os fragmentos pequenos tiveram a menor similaridade.(AU)

The phyllostomid bat (Mammalia, Chiroptera) assemblage in a fragmented landscape in Midwestern Brazil

Bats are the second largest order of mammals, with varying feeding habits and great ecological significance. Anthropization has several important effects on animal communities and the Brazilian Cerrado, a Neotropical savannah, has been severely affected by human activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate phyllostomid bat assemblage distributions in the different landscape formations of a modified savannah. Using mist nets, we performed 36 sampling nights between 2015 and 2016. The sampling effort was 23,328 m².h and was equally distributed over three landscape formations: a large fragment, riparian forest, and small fragments. We compared capture rates, richness, diversity, similarity, and feeding guilds for the three formations. We captured 418 bats of 12 species belonging to the family Phyllostomidae. The most abundant species was Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (n = 126). We found no significant differences in capture rate or diversity between the areas, but there were differences in feeding guild representation. Frugivores species were the most abundant in the three areas. No gleaning insectivore or carnivore species were captured in the small fragments, and the large fragment contained no hematophages. The large fragment and the small fragments had the greatest similarity whereas the riparian forest and small fragments had the least similarity.

Os morcegos são a segunda maior ordem de mamíferos, com diversos hábitos alimentares e grande importância ecológica. A antropização possui diversos efeitos nas comunidades animais e o Cerrado Brasileiro, uma savana neotropical, tem sido severamente afetada pela atividade humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição da assembleia de morcegos filostomídeos nas diferentes formações de paisagem de uma savana modificada. Utilizando redes de neblina, nós realizamos 36 noites de amostragem entre 2015 e 2016. O esforço amostral foi de 23.238 m².h igualmente distribuído entre três formações de paisagem: um fragmento grande, mata ciliar e pequenos fragmentos. Nós comparamos a taxa de captura, riqueza, diversidade, similaridade e guildas alimentares para as três formações. Foram capturados 418 morcegos de 12 espécies da família Phyllostomidae. A espécie mais abundante foi Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (n = 126). Nós não encontramos diferenças significativas na taxa de captura ou diversidade entre as áreas, mas houve diferenças na representatividade das guildas alimentares. As espécies frugívoras foram as mais abundantes nas três áreas. Não houve capturas de espécies insetívoras catadoras ou carnívoras nos pequenos fragmentos e de hematófagos no fragmento grande. O fragmento grande e os pequenos tiveram a maior similaridade entre as formações, enquanto a mata ciliar e os fragmentos pequenos tiveram a menor similaridade.

Sex differences on the feeding of the gobiid fish Bathygobius soporator in tide pools of Maiandeua Island, Pará, Brazil

Abstract Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) is one of the most common fishes in tide pools in the estuary of Pará state, and has an omnivorous feeding habit. This study examined the diet of the species in Maiandeua Island, and aimed to: (i) describe the diet of B. soporator through indexes based on the occurrence and weight of consumed items; and (ii) evaluate if there is variation in diet composition between males and females. Frequency of Occurrence, frequency of weight and Alimentary Index were calculated for each item, and differences in the diet composition of males and females were observed through multivariate analyses (ANOSIM, NMDS and SIMPER). Bathygobius soporator presented carnivorous feeding habit, eating mainly crustaceans, and differences among males and females were observed, males consuming smaller amounts of crustaceans and including algae in their diet.

Resumo Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) é um dos peixes mais comuns em poças de maré no estuário paraense e apresenta hábito alimentar onívoro. Esse estudo examinou a dieta da espécie na Ilha de Maiandeua, com o objetivo de: (i) descrever a dieta de B. soporator através de índices baseados na ocorrência e biomassa dos itens alimentares; (ii) avaliar se há variação na composição da dieta entre machos e fêmeas. Calculou-se a frequência de ocorrência, frequência de peso e o Índice de Importância Alimentar, e utilizaram-se análises multivariadas (ANOSIM, NMDS e SIMPER) para avaliar a diferença na composição da dieta de machos e fêmeas. Bathygobius soporator apresentou hábito carnívoro, consumindo predominantemente crustáceos, e houve variação na dieta de machos e fêmeas, sendo que machos consumiram crustáceos em menor quantidade e incluíram algas em sua dieta.

Sex differences on the feeding of the gobiid fish Bathygobius soporator in tide pools of Maiandeua Island, Pará, Brazil / Diferença entre sexos na alimentação do peixe gobídeo Bathygobius soporator em poças de maré da Ilha de Maiandeua, Pará, Brasil

Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) is one of the most common fishes in tide pools in the estuary of Pará state, and has an omnivorous feeding habit. This study examined the diet of the species in Maiandeua Island, and aimed to: (i) describe the diet of B. soporator through indexes based on the occurrence and weight of consumed items; and (ii) evaluate if there is variation in diet composition between males and females. Frequency of Occurrence, frequency of weight and Alimentary Index were calculated for each item, and differences in the diet composition of males and females were observed through multivariate analyses (ANOSIM, NMDS and SIMPER). Bathygobius soporator presented carnivorous feeding habit, eating mainly crustaceans, and differences among males and females were observed, males consuming smaller amounts of crustaceans and including algae in their diet.(AU)

Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) é um dos peixes mais comuns em poças de maré no estuário paraense e apresenta hábito alimentar onívoro. Esse estudo examinou a dieta da espécie na Ilha de Maiandeua, com o objetivo de: (i) descrever a dieta de B. soporator através de índices baseados na ocorrência e biomassa dos itens alimentares; (ii) avaliar se há variação na composição da dieta entre machos e fêmeas. Calculou-se a frequência de ocorrência, frequência de peso e o Índice de Importância Alimentar, e utilizaram-se análises multivariadas (ANOSIM, NMDS e SIMPER) para avaliar a diferença na composição da dieta de machos e fêmeas. Bathygobius soporator apresentou hábito carnívoro, consumindo predominantemente crustáceos, e houve variação na dieta de machos e fêmeas, sendo que machos consumiram crustáceos em menor quantidade e incluíram algas em sua dieta.(AU)

Sex differences on the feeding of the gobiid fish Bathygobius soporator in tide pools of Maiandeua Island, Pará, Brazil / Diferença entre sexos na alimentação do peixe gobídeo Bathygobius soporator em poças de maré da Ilha de Maiandeua, Pará, Brasil

Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) is one of the most common fishes in tide pools in the estuary of Pará state, and has an omnivorous feeding habit. This study examined the diet of the species in Maiandeua Island, and aimed to: (i) describe the diet of B. soporator through indexes based on the occurrence and weight of consumed items; and (ii) evaluate if there is variation in diet composition between males and females. Frequency of Occurrence, frequency of weight and Alimentary Index were calculated for each item, and differences in the diet composition of males and females were observed through multivariate analyses (ANOSIM, NMDS and SIMPER). Bathygobius soporator presented carnivorous feeding habit, eating mainly crustaceans, and differences among males and females were observed, males consuming smaller amounts of crustaceans and including algae in their diet.

Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) é um dos peixes mais comuns em poças de maré no estuário paraense e apresenta hábito alimentar onívoro. Esse estudo examinou a dieta da espécie na Ilha de Maiandeua, com o objetivo de: (i) descrever a dieta de B. soporator através de índices baseados na ocorrência e biomassa dos itens alimentares; (ii) avaliar se há variação na composição da dieta entre machos e fêmeas. Calculou-se a frequência de ocorrência, frequência de peso e o Índice de Importância Alimentar, e utilizaram-se análises multivariadas (ANOSIM, NMDS e SIMPER) para avaliar a diferença na composição da dieta de machos e fêmeas. Bathygobius soporator apresentou hábito carnívoro, consumindo predominantemente crustáceos, e houve variação na dieta de machos e fêmeas, sendo que machos consumiram crustáceos em menor quantidade e incluíram algas em sua dieta.

Trace elements in the water and fish of tropical watercourses in Central Brazil / Elementos-traço na água e em peixes de cursos de água tropicais no Brasil Central

The aim was to compare the trace element concentrations found in samples of water (cadmium, copper, manganese, lead and zinc) from ten water catchments and muscle tissues (aluminum, iron, manganese, lead and zinc) from six fish trophic guilds, both samples collected in watercourses of the Upper Tocantins River, Goiás, Central Brazil. Trace element concentrations did not differ among the water catchments, except for Cu and Mn that exceeded the concentrations allowed by the environmental Brazilian legislation. The highest concentrations (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb e Zn) were found in fish of the guild detritivores, omnivores and terrestrial insectivores, while the aquatic invertivores showed the lowest ones; no correlation was observed between the concentrations of Mn, Pb and Zn of the water samples and fish muscle tissues. It suggests that the hydrological and chemical characteristics of watercourses sampled influence on a similar way the availability of trace elements in the water column. The differences of trace element concentrations observed among the trophic guilds do not display a trend based on fish feed strategy, but on the availability of the trace element in the environment, finding reinforced by the absence of relationship between trace elements concentrations of water and fish muscle tissue.(AU)

Objetivou-se comparar as concentrações dos elementos-traço encontrados em amostras de água (cádmio, cobre, manganês, chumbo e zinco) de dez sub-bacias e tecido muscular (alumínio, ferro, manganês, chumbo e zinco) de peixes pertencentes a seis guildas tróficas, ambas as amostras coletadas em cursos de água do alto rio Tocantins, Goiás, Brasil Central. As concentrações dos metais traços da água não diferiram entre sub-bacias, exceto para Cu e Mn que ultrapassaram estas indicadas pela legislação ambiental brasileira. As maiores concentrações (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb e Zn) foram encontradas nos peixes detritívoros, onívoros e insetívoros terrestres, enquanto que os invertívoros aquáticos apresentaram as menores concentrações, não se observou correlação entre as concentrações de Mn, Pb e Zn na água e nos peixes. Isto sugere que as características hidrológicas e químicas dos cursos de água amostrados influenciam de maneira semelhante a disponibilidade de elementos-traço na coluna de água. As diferenças de concentrações dos elementos-traço observadas entre as guildas tróficas não apresentam uma tendência com base na estratégia de alimentação dos peixes, mas relacionada à disponibilidade do elemento-traço no ambiente, resultado reforçado pela ausência de relação entre a concentração dos elementos-traço da água e do tecido muscular dos peixes.(AU)

Trace elements in the water and fish of tropical watercourses in Central Brazil / Elementos-traço na água e em peixes de cursos de água tropicais no Brasil Central

The aim was to compare the trace element concentrations found in samples of water (cadmium, copper, manganese, lead and zinc) from ten water catchments and muscle tissues (aluminum, iron, manganese, lead and zinc) from six fish trophic guilds, both samples collected in watercourses of the Upper Tocantins River, Goiás, Central Brazil. Trace element concentrations did not differ among the water catchments, except for Cu and Mn that exceeded the concentrations allowed by the environmental Brazilian legislation. The highest concentrations (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb e Zn) were found in fish of the guild detritivores, omnivores and terrestrial insectivores, while the aquatic invertivores showed the lowest ones; no correlation was observed between the concentrations of Mn, Pb and Zn of the water samples and fish muscle tissues. It suggests that the hydrological and chemical characteristics of watercourses sampled influence on a similar way the availability of trace elements in the water column. The differences of trace element concentrations observed among the trophic guilds do not display a trend based on fish feed strategy, but on the availability of the trace element in the environment, finding reinforced by the absence of relationship between trace elements concentrations of water and fish muscle tissue.

Objetivou-se comparar as concentrações dos elementos-traço encontrados em amostras de água (cádmio, cobre, manganês, chumbo e zinco) de dez sub-bacias e tecido muscular (alumínio, ferro, manganês, chumbo e zinco) de peixes pertencentes a seis guildas tróficas, ambas as amostras coletadas em cursos de água do alto rio Tocantins, Goiás, Brasil Central. As concentrações dos metais traços da água não diferiram entre sub-bacias, exceto para Cu e Mn que ultrapassaram estas indicadas pela legislação ambiental brasileira. As maiores concentrações (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb e Zn) foram encontradas nos peixes detritívoros, onívoros e insetívoros terrestres, enquanto que os invertívoros aquáticos apresentaram as menores concentrações, não se observou correlação entre as concentrações de Mn, Pb e Zn na água e nos peixes. Isto sugere que as características hidrológicas e químicas dos cursos de água amostrados influenciam de maneira semelhante a disponibilidade de elementos-traço na coluna de água. As diferenças de concentrações dos elementos-traço observadas entre as guildas tróficas não apresentam uma tendência com base na estratégia de alimentação dos peixes, mas relacionada à disponibilidade do elemento-traço no ambiente, resultado reforçado pela ausência de relação entre a concentração dos elementos-traço da água e do tecido muscular dos peixes.

Estrutura e organização de assembleias de Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) em diferentes fitofisionomias no sul do Brasil / Structure and organization of Scarabaeinae assemblages (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in different vegetation types in Southern Brazil

Patterns of species richness, abundance, diversity, equitability and dominance, and the organization in feeding and behavioral guilds of Scarabaeinae fauna were analyzed in three different vegetation types (forest, native field and crop) in northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, among September and November 2012, with the use of pitfall traps baited with different resources (feces, rotting meat and fermented banana). A total of 9,325 specimens were captured, distributed in nine genera and 32 species. The most abundant species wereOnthophagus aff. tristis Harold, 1873,Canthidium aff. trinodosum (Boheman, 1858), Canthon aff. fallax Harold, 1868,Canthon lividus Blanchard, 1845 and Deltochilum morbillosum Burmeister, 1848 which represented 65.54% of the total individuals sampled. The forest showed the highest values of number of individuals and species. The lower richness was observed in the field while the crop showed the lowest abundance of individuals. Scarabaeinae showed qualitative and quantitative differences in their assemblies across vegetation types sampled. The forest showed the highest observed species richness and a fraction of these are unique to this environment, and rarely occurs in other types of ecosystems. In general, the forest has a greater proportion of trophic generalist or copro-necrophagous species in its composition. Another part of this fauna, being largely represented by coprophagous species, is adapted to open environments indicating a change in food guild caused by replacing the forest with pasture. Thus, in a broader context the landscape can play an important role in diversity of dung beetles.(AU)

Padrões de riqueza de espécies, abundância, diversidade, equitabilidade e dominância, além da organização em guildas tróficas e comportamentais da fauna de Scarabaeinae foram analisados em três diferentes fitofisionomias (floresta, campo natural e lavoura) na região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre setembro e novembro de 2012, através da utilização de armadilhas de queda iscadas com distintos recursos (fezes, carne em decomposição e banana fermentada). Foram capturados 9.325 espécimes, distribuídos em nove gêneros e 32 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes foram Onthophagus aff.tristis Harold, 1873, Canthidium aff.trinodosum (Boheman, 1858), Canthon aff.fallax Harold, 1868, Canthon lividusBlanchard, 1845 e Deltochilum morbillosum Burmeister, 1848 que representaram 65,54% do total de indivíduos amostrados. A floresta apresentou os valores mais elevados de número de indivíduos e de espécies. A menor riqueza foi observada no campo, enquanto a lavoura apresentou a menor abundância de indivíduos. Scarabaeinae apresentou diferenças quali- e quantitativas em suas assembleias pelas fitofisionomias amostradas. A floresta abrigou a maior riqueza observada de espécies e uma fração destas é exclusiva deste ambiente, e dificilmente ocorre em outros tipos de ecossistemas. A floresta apresentou uma proporção maior de espécies generalistas ou copro-necrófagas em sua composição. Outra parte desta fauna, representada por espécies coprófagas, está adaptada ao ambiente aberto indicando uma modificação na guilda alimentar causada pela substituição da floresta por pastagem. Dessa forma, em um contexto mais amplo a paisagem pode desempenhar um papel importante na diversidade de Scarabaeinae.(AU)

Estrutura e organização de assembleias de Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) em diferentes fitofisionomias no sul do Brasil / Structure and organization of Scarabaeinae assemblages (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in different vegetation types in Southern Brazil

Patterns of species richness, abundance, diversity, equitability and dominance, and the organization in feeding and behavioral guilds of Scarabaeinae fauna were analyzed in three different vegetation types (forest, native field and crop) in northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, among September and November 2012, with the use of pitfall traps baited with different resources (feces, rotting meat and fermented banana). A total of 9,325 specimens were captured, distributed in nine genera and 32 species. The most abundant species wereOnthophagus aff. tristis Harold, 1873,Canthidium aff. trinodosum (Boheman, 1858), Canthon aff. fallax Harold, 1868,Canthon lividus Blanchard, 1845 and Deltochilum morbillosum Burmeister, 1848 which represented 65.54% of the total individuals sampled. The forest showed the highest values of number of individuals and species. The lower richness was observed in the field while the crop showed the lowest abundance of individuals. Scarabaeinae showed qualitative and quantitative differences in their assemblies across vegetation types sampled. The forest showed the highest observed species richness and a fraction of these are unique to this environment, and rarely occurs in other types of ecosystems. In general, the forest has a greater proportion of trophic generalist or copro-necrophagous species in its composition. Another part of this fauna, being largely represented by coprophagous species, is adapted to open environments indicating a change in food guild caused by replacing the forest with pasture. Thus, in a broader context the landscape can play an important role in diversity of dung beetles.

Padrões de riqueza de espécies, abundância, diversidade, equitabilidade e dominância, além da organização em guildas tróficas e comportamentais da fauna de Scarabaeinae foram analisados em três diferentes fitofisionomias (floresta, campo natural e lavoura) na região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre setembro e novembro de 2012, através da utilização de armadilhas de queda iscadas com distintos recursos (fezes, carne em decomposição e banana fermentada). Foram capturados 9.325 espécimes, distribuídos em nove gêneros e 32 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes foram Onthophagus aff.tristis Harold, 1873, Canthidium aff.trinodosum (Boheman, 1858), Canthon aff.fallax Harold, 1868, Canthon lividusBlanchard, 1845 e Deltochilum morbillosum Burmeister, 1848 que representaram 65,54% do total de indivíduos amostrados. A floresta apresentou os valores mais elevados de número de indivíduos e de espécies. A menor riqueza foi observada no campo, enquanto a lavoura apresentou a menor abundância de indivíduos. Scarabaeinae apresentou diferenças quali- e quantitativas em suas assembleias pelas fitofisionomias amostradas. A floresta abrigou a maior riqueza observada de espécies e uma fração destas é exclusiva deste ambiente, e dificilmente ocorre em outros tipos de ecossistemas. A floresta apresentou uma proporção maior de espécies generalistas ou copro-necrófagas em sua composição. Outra parte desta fauna, representada por espécies coprófagas, está adaptada ao ambiente aberto indicando uma modificação na guilda alimentar causada pela substituição da floresta por pastagem. Dessa forma, em um contexto mais amplo a paisagem pode desempenhar um papel importante na diversidade de Scarabaeinae.