Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de saladas de frutas comercializadas em Recife-PE / Evaluation of the microbiological quality of fruit salad commercialized in Recife-PE

Para auxiliar na mudança de vida e melhorar os hábitos alimentares, a população vem buscando integrar no seu cotidiano uma alimentação prática, saudável e nutritiva. Nesse contexto, a salada de frutas se torna um aliado por fornecer vitaminas e minerais importantes para a função básica do organismo, porém para tornar esse alimento seguro faz-se necessário um controle de sua qualidade. Por ser um alimento que contém um alto teor de água, sendo propício ao desenvolvimento de bactérias pode apresentar risco para a saúde do consumidor, caso não obtenham cuidados higiênicos-sanitários durante o seu processo produtivo. O presente estudo objetivou-se verificar a qualidade microbiológica das saladas de frutas prontas para consumo comercializadas na cidade do Recife-PE. Foram analisadas presença ou ausência de Salmonella sp. e a enumeração de coliformes termotolerantes a 45° C em vinte amostras do alimento coletado. A metodologia utilizada foi a descrita por Silva et al. (2017) e os resultados comparados com os parâmetros contidos na RDC nº 331 de 2019 e na Instrução Normativa nº 60 de 2019. Todas as amostras apresentaram ausência para Salmonella sp. em 25 g, mas para Coliformes termotolerantes foi detectada presença em 100% das amostras embora os valores estão dentro do que foi determinado na legislação. Conforme os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, as saladas de frutas estão aptas para consumo segundo as normas vigentes.(AU)

To help change their lives and improve eating habits, the population has been seeking to integrate into their daily lives a practical, healthy and nutritious diet. In this context, fruit salad becomes an ally for providing important vitamins and minerals for the basic function of the body, but to make this food safe it is necessary to control its quality. Because it is a food that presents a high water content, being prone to the development of bacteria and presenting a risk to the consumer's health, if hygienic-sanitary care is not taken during its production process. The present study aimed to verify the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat fruit salads sold in the city of Recife-PE. The presence or absence of Salmonella sp. and the enumeration of thermotolerant coliforms at 45°C in twenty samples of the food collected were analyzed. The methodology used was the one described by Silva et al. (2017) and the results were compared with the parameters contained in the RDC Nº 12 of 2001 and in the Normative Instruction Nº60 of 2019. All samples showed absence for Salmonella sp. in 25g, as for thermotolerant Coliforms was detected presence in 100% of products, but both values are within what was determined in the legislation. According to the results obtained in this study, the fruit salads are fit for consumption according to the current regulations.(AU)

Spatial variability of the occurrence of lesions on cattle carcasses in association with pre-slaughter factors in the forest-savannah transition zone

This study mapped cattle carcass lesions and associated the isoline maps with the occurrence factors of these lesions. Isoline maps were drawn by common kriging. The associated occurrence factors were the layout of the boards in the crowding tub (CT), characteristics of the hauling truck (general state and the presence of loose and/or sharp boards), broken boards in the corral (BBC), type of road covered (TRC), and animal falls upon unloading at the slaughterhouse (FAUS). The BBC showed a higher number of carcass lesions in the rib region. The data on FAUS and deterioration of hauling trucks fit an exponential model, with more carcass lesions in the rib and hindquarters, and plate regions, respectively. The data on spaced boards in the CT and TRC (mixed) showed greater carcass lesions in the rib region. Therefore, this method provides important information about the spatial distribution of lesions in bovine carcasses, and the drawing sheet used is adequate to represent such lesions.(AU)

Interação competitiva e nível de dano econômico de azevém daninho emhíbridos de canola / Competitive interaction and economic damage level of ryegrass harmfulg in canola hybrids

Na canola ocorrem perdas de produtividade e da qualidade de grãos em função da interferência causada pelo azevém (Lolium multiflorum). Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar a interferência e identificar variáveis explicativas visando determinar o nível de dano econômico (NDE) de diferentes densidades do azevém infestante de híbridos de canola. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com uma repetição. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos híbridos de canola (Hyola 433, Hyola 61, Alht B4, Hyola 575 CL e Hyola 76) e 12 densidades de azevém, de 0 até 260 plantas m-2, em competição com a cultura. Avaliou-se aos 50 dias após a emergência das plantas as variáveis densidades de plantas, área foliar, cobertura de solo e massa seca da parte aérea do azevém. A produtividade de grãos, custo de controle, preço de grãos e eficiência de controle foram determinados na canola. A cobertura do solo apresentou melhor ajuste ao modelo da hipérbole retangular estimando adequadamente as perdas de produtividades de grãos pela interferência do azevém. Os híbridos de canola Hyola 433, Hyola 575 CL e Hyola 76 foram os mais competitivos ao se comparar com os demais na presença do azevém, porém demonstraram as menores produtividades de grãos e também os que apresentaram os maiores valores de NDE. Os híbridos de canola Hyola 433 e Hyola 575 CL apresentaram os maiores valores de NDE com 3,85 a 5,13 plantas m-2 em todas as simulações realizadas, respectivamente. Os menores valores de NDE foram obtidos com os híbridos Hyola 61, Alht B4 e Hyola 76 com variações médias de 1,02 à 2,15 plantas m-2, respectivamente. A produtividade de grãos de canola, o preço da saca, a eficiência do herbicida e a redução no custo de controle, causam variação dos valores do NDE.(AU)

In canola, yield and grain quality losses occur due to the interference caused by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) when infesting the crop. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the interference and identify explanatory variables seeking to determine the level of economic damage (NDE) of different densities of ryegrass infesting canola hybrids. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with one replication. The treatments consisted of five canola hybrids (Hyola 433, Hyola 61, Alht B4, Hyola 575 CL and Hyola 76) and 12 ryegrass densities, from 0 to 260 plants m-2, in competition with the crop. At 50 days after plant emergence, the variables as plant densities, leaf area, soil cover and shoot dry matter of ryegrass plants were evaluated. Grain yield, control cost, grain price and control efficiency were determined in canola plants. The soil cover presented the best fit to the rectangular hyperbola model, adequately estimating the grain yield losses due to ryegrass interference. The canola hybrids Hyola 433 and Hyola 575 CL were the most competitive when compared to the others in the presence of the competitor, with higher values of EDL. The canola hybrids Hyola 433 and Hyola 575 CL showed the highest EDL values with 3.85 to 5.13 plants m-2in all simulations performed, respectively. The lowest EDL values were obtained with hybrids Hyola 61, Alht B4and Hyola 76 with average variations of 1.02 to 2.15 plants m-2, respectively. The canola grain yield, grain bag price, efficiency of the herbicide, and the reduction in the control cost cause variation in the economic damage level values.(AU)

A two-location trial for selecting corn silage hybrids for the humid tropic: forage and grain yields and in vitro fermentation characteristics

The goal of our study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of dented corn hybrids for silage production. We performed a two-location trial in which 19 dented corn hybrids and five corn controls grew in four randomized blocks within two experimental areas located in the Northern (Campos dos Goytacazes) and Northwestern (Itaocara) Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. We recorded yields of fresh and dry forage matter and yields of fresh and dry grain matter, as well as chemical composition variables. We interpreted variables by assuming a Normal distribution for yield variables and a Beta distribution for chemical composition and ratios. The SAS GLIMMIX procedure fitted the linear model under those assumptions. Dual-pool models fitted the gas production profiles generated by in vitro anaerobic fermentations. We used the nlme of R software to fit the dual-pool models and the information-theoretic approach to evaluate their quality of fit. We did a cluster analysis (NbClust of R) to group corn hybrids based on fresh and DM yields and kinetic parameters of in vitro gas production. Three clusters of corn hybrids stood out, their basic differences relied on fresh and DM yields. Nonetheless, the least-squares means for gas production characteristics among groups did not present disjoint confidence intervals. Therefore, we can infer that dented corn hybrids rank by forage yield, but not by forage quality, and recommend the most productive ones that consistently outstand in both locations (hybrids UENF-2203, UENF-2192, UENF-2193, and UENF-506-11).

Breed, heterosis, and recombination effects for lactation curves in Brazilian cattle

The objective of this study was to estimate the breed, heterosis, and recombination effects on different components of the lactation curve of Girolando cattle. The dataset used consisted of 12,121 purebred cows of Holstein (H) and Gyr (G) breeds, and six H×G crossbred cows (Girolando). The model used presents random effects of herd and cow, regression coefficient associated with linear effect of proportion of H breed, regression coefficient associated with the linear effect of heterosis between H and G breeds, regression coefficient associated with the linear effect of recombination between H and G breeds, and random effect of residual. Dijkstra's (DJ), Nelder's (ND), Wilmink's (WL), and Wood's (WD) models were tested to fit production records of these different genetic groups. These models were then tested according to evaluation criteria of quality of fit (AIC, BIC, and RMSE), and the two best models (WD and WL) were chosen for estimation of 305-day milk yield (MY305), peak yield, time to peak, and persistency of milk yield. The breed effect was significant for all traits and components of the lactation curve. The heterosis effect was significant for all traits, and was more significant for MY305 (945.62±79.17 kg). Peak yield was the component of lactation curve that presented the most significant heterosis effect, partially explaining the heterosis effect (12 to 21%) found for MY305. The recombination effect was positive only for lactation period and time to peak of lactation in Girolando cows.

Estimation of genetic parameters for test-day milk yield in Girolando cows using a random regression model / [Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para produção de leite no dia do teste em vacas da raça Girolando utilizando modelo de regressão aleatória]

The objective of this study was to estimate the components of variance and genetic parameters of test-day milk yield in first lactation Girolando cows, using a random regression model. A total of 126,892 test-day milk yield (TDMY) records of 15,351 first-parity Holstein, Gyr, and Girolando breed cows were used, obtained from the Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Girolando. To estimate the components of (co) variance, the additive genetic functions and permanent environmental covariance were estimated by random regression in three functions: Wilmink, Legendre Polynomials (third order) and Linear spline Polynomials (three knots). The Legendre polynomial function showed better fit quality. The genetic and permanent environment variances for TDMY ranged from 2.67 to 5.14 and from 9.31 to 12.04, respectively. Heritability estimates gradually increased from the beginning (0.13) to mid-lactation (0.19). The genetic correlations between the days of the control ranged from 0.37 to 1.00. The correlations of permanent environment followed the same trend as genetic correlations. The use of Legendre polynomials via random regression model can be considered as a good tool for estimating genetic parameters for test-day milk yield records.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os componentes de variância e os parâmetros genéticos da produção de leite no dia do teste (TDMY) em vacas Girolando de primeira lactação, usando modelo de regressão aleatória. Foram utilizados 126.892 registros de produção de leite no dia controle de 15.351 vacas primíparas das raças Holandesa, Gir e Girolando, obtidas na Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Girolando. Para estimar os componentes de (co) variância, as funções genéticas aditivas e de covariância ambiental permanente foram estimadas por regressão aleatória em três funções: Wilmink, polinômios de Legendre (terceira ordem) e polinômios splines lineares (três nós). A função polinomial de Legendre apresentou melhor qualidade de ajuste. As variâncias genéticas e de ambiente permanente para produção de leite no dia do controle variaram de 2,67 a 5,14 e de 9,31 a 12,04, respectivamente. As estimativas de herdabilidade aumentaram gradativamente do início (0,13) para o meio da lactação (0,19). As correlações genéticas entre os dias do controle variaram de 0,37 a 1,00. As correlações de ambiente permanente seguiram a mesma tendência das correlações genéticas. A utilização dos polinômios de Legendre via modelos de regressão aleatória pode ser considerada como uma boa ferramenta para estimação de parâmetros genéticos da produção de leite no dia do teste.(AU)

Accuracy and reliability of two body weight estimators based on linear measurements in horses / Acurácia e confiabilidade de dois estimadores de peso corporal baseados em mensurações lineares em equídeos

Estimation methods are routinely used to determine the body weight of a horse when a scale is not available. However, it is important to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of these predictions since nutritional management and drug dosage, among others, require knowledge of the animal’s weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of estimated weights of horses using two prediction models, and to discuss the effect of the predictions on animal management. Seventy-one adult male animals (40 mules and 31 horses) were weighed on a precision scale (control weight). Chest circumference and body length were measured and used to estimate body weight using the two models. Accuracy was evaluated by analysis of fit indices, comparison of squared prediction errors, delta Akaike’s information criterion, and decomposition of the mean squared error of prediction. For economic evaluation, three production scenarios were established: simple (worming + forage), traditional (worming + forage + concentrate mixture), and traditional with supplementation (worming + forage + concentrate mixture + supplementation). Economic values were collected through a pricing survey carried out in the Midwest region of Brazil and converted to US dollars. Percent differences in costs were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test. The most suitable model for the morphometric profile of the animals was that using a combination of chest circumference and body length. The differences in economic values between production scenarios were significant (P<0.05). Losses using the inadequate model are 10% higher compared to control; thus, in a facility with 20 equids that uses this model, the losses are ≈ US$ 10,000/year. When investment in a scale is not possible, it is fundamental to evaluate which model is more compatible with the body biotype of the herd since all types of management that depend on the body weight of the animals may result in significant economic losses.

Estimativas para determinar o peso corporal de um equino são rotineiramente usadas quando uma balança não está disponível. Todavia, é fundamental realizar um diagnóstico da acurácia e confiabilidade das predições destes estimadores, pois o manejo nutricional, dosificação de fármacos, entre outros, exigem o conhecimento do peso. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a acurácia e confiabilidade de predições de peso estimado de equídeos utilizando dois modelos de cálculos e discutir o reflexo das predições no manejo dos animais. Foram pesados 71 equídeos machos (40 Muares e 31 Equinos) com idade adulta, em balança de precisão (peso controle). Medidas de perímetro torácico e comprimento corporal foram realizadas e utilizadas para estimar o peso corporal usando os modelos. A acurácia foi avaliada via análise do índice de adequação, comparação entre o quadrado do erro de predição, critério de informação Delta Akaike's e decomposição do erro quadrático médio da predição. Para avaliação econômica, criaram-se três cenários de produção: simples (vermifugação + volumoso), tradicional (vermifugação + volumoso + concentrado) e tradicional com suplementação (vermifugação + volumoso + concentrado + suplementação). Valores econômicos foram verificados em pesquisa de preço na região Centro Oeste do Brasil e convertidos em dólar. Avaliou-se as diferenças de percentagem dos custos utilizando teste de Fisher. O modelo mais adequado para o perfil morfométrico dos animais foi o que usa combinação entre perímetro torácico e comprimento corporal. Foram significativas (P<0,05) as diferenças para os valores econômicos nos cenários de produção. Prejuízos usando o modelo inadequado são 10% superiores em relação ao controle, assim em um estabelecimento com 20 equídeos que usa este modelo, os prejuízos são ≈ 10 mil dólares/ano. Na ausência da balança, é fundamental avaliar qual modelo de cálculo será mais compatível com biotipo corporal do rebanho, pois todo tipo de manejo que depende do peso corporal dos animais, pode gerar prejuízos econômicos significativos.

Accuracy and reliability of two body weight estimators based on linear measurements in horses / Acurácia e confiabilidade de dois estimadores de peso corporal baseados em mensurações lineares em equídeos

Estimation methods are routinely used to determine the body weight of a horse when a scale is not available. However, it is important to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of these predictions since nutritional management and drug dosage, among others, require knowledge of the animals weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of estimated weights of horses using two prediction models, and to discuss the effect of the predictions on animal management. Seventy-one adult male animals (40 mules and 31 horses) were weighed on a precision scale (control weight). Chest circumference and body length were measured and used to estimate body weight using the two models. Accuracy was evaluated by analysis of fit indices, comparison of squared prediction errors, delta Akaikes information criterion, and decomposition of the mean squared error of prediction. For economic evaluation, three production scenarios were established: simple (worming + forage), traditional (worming + forage + concentrate mixture), and traditional with supplementation (worming + forage + concentrate mixture + supplementation). Economic values were collected through a pricing survey carried out in the Midwest region of Brazil and converted to US dollars. Percent differences in costs were evaluated using Fishers exact test. The most suitable model for the morphometric profile of the animals was that using a combination of chest circumference and body length. The differences in economic values between production scenarios were significant (P<0.05). Losses using the inadequate model are 10% higher compared to control; thus, in a facility with 20 equids that uses this model, the losses are ≈ US$ 10,000/year. When investment in a scale is not possible, it is fundamental to evaluate which model is more compatible with the body biotype of the herd since all types of management that depend on the body weight of the animals may result in significant economic losses.(AU)

Estimativas para determinar o peso corporal de um equino são rotineiramente usadas quando uma balança não está disponível. Todavia, é fundamental realizar um diagnóstico da acurácia e confiabilidade das predições destes estimadores, pois o manejo nutricional, dosificação de fármacos, entre outros, exigem o conhecimento do peso. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a acurácia e confiabilidade de predições de peso estimado de equídeos utilizando dois modelos de cálculos e discutir o reflexo das predições no manejo dos animais. Foram pesados 71 equídeos machos (40 Muares e 31 Equinos) com idade adulta, em balança de precisão (peso controle). Medidas de perímetro torácico e comprimento corporal foram realizadas e utilizadas para estimar o peso corporal usando os modelos. A acurácia foi avaliada via análise do índice de adequação, comparação entre o quadrado do erro de predição, critério de informação Delta Akaike's e decomposição do erro quadrático médio da predição. Para avaliação econômica, criaram-se três cenários de produção: simples (vermifugação + volumoso), tradicional (vermifugação + volumoso + concentrado) e tradicional com suplementação (vermifugação + volumoso + concentrado + suplementação). Valores econômicos foram verificados em pesquisa de preço na região Centro Oeste do Brasil e convertidos em dólar. Avaliou-se as diferenças de percentagem dos custos utilizando teste de Fisher. O modelo mais adequado para o perfil morfométrico dos animais foi o que usa combinação entre perímetro torácico e comprimento corporal. Foram significativas (P<0,05) as diferenças para os valores econômicos nos cenários de produção. Prejuízos usando o modelo inadequado são 10% superiores em relação ao controle, assim em um estabelecimento com 20 equídeos que usa este modelo, os prejuízos são ≈ 10 mil dólares/ano. Na ausência da balança, é fundamental avaliar qual modelo de cálculo será mais compatível com biotipo corporal do rebanho, pois todo tipo de manejo que depende do peso corporal dos animais, pode gerar prejuízos econômicos significativos.(AU)

Nonlinear models for describing lettuce growth in autumn-winter / Modelos não lineares para descrição do crescimento de cultivares de alface em condições de outono-inverno

The objectives of this study were to fit the Gompertz and Logistic models for the fresh and dry matter of leaves and the fresh and dry matter of shoots of three lettuce cultivars and indicate the best model to describe their growth in autumn-winter. The lettuce cultivars Gloriosa, Pira Verde, and Stella were evaluated in the autumn-winter of 2016 and 2017, in soilless in a protected environment. After transplantation, the fresh and dry matter of leaves and shoots were weighed every seven days. These dependent variables were fit using the accumulated thermal sum. The parameters of the Gompertz and Logistic models were estimated, the assumptions of the models were verified, the indicators of fit quality and critical points were calculated and the parametric and intrinsic curvature measures quantified. The Logistic and Gompertz models presented a satisfactory adjustment for the fresh and dry matter of leaves and the fresh and dry matter of shoots, for the lettuce cultivars Gloriosa, Pira Verde and Stella, in autumn-winter. The Logistic model best describes the growth of the lettuce cultivars.(AU)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram ajustar os modelos Gompertz e Logístico para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas, e as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea de três cultivares de alface e indicar o modelo que melhor descreve o crescimento no outono-inverno. As cultivares de alface Gloriosa, Pira Verde e Stella, foram avaliadas no outono-inverno de 2016 e outono-inverno de 2017, em cultivo sem solo em ambiente protegido. Após o transplante, a cada sete dias, foram pesadas as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas e as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea. Essas variáveis dependentes foram ajustadas em função da soma térmica acumulada. Foram estimados os parâmetros dos modelos Gompertz e Logístico, verificados os pressupostos dos modelos, calculados os indicadores de qualidade do ajuste e os pontos críticos e quantificadas as medidas de curvatura intrínseca e de parametrização. Os modelos Logístico e Gompertz apresentam ajuste satisfatório para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de folhas e para as massas de matéria fresca e seca de parte aérea, para as cultivares de alface Gloriosa, Pira Verde e Stella, no outono-inverno. O modelo Logístico é o que melhor descreve o crescimento das cultivares de alface.(AU)

Nonlinear mixed effects models for comparing growth curves for Guzerá cattle / Modelos não lineares mistos para comparar curvas de crescimento de bovinos da raça Guzerá

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the accuracy of the fitted Gompertz and von Bertalanffy models for male and female Guzerá cattle, respectively. Four production regions in Northeast Brazil were included in the models as a fixed effect, and the animals were included as a random effect. In addition, the coefficients of the growth models in the production regions were compared. The accuracy of the fit equations was assessed with the Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, mean absolute deviation, mean squared error, and coefficient of determination. Confidence intervals were used for comparing the production regions. The Guzerá males in the Gado-Algodão and Serra Geral da Bahia production regions were statistically equal in asymptotic weight, and the animals in the Itapetinga-Valadares and Mata-Agreste regions had equivalent maturity rates. The Guzerá females in the Itapetinga-Valadares and Serra Geral da Bahia regions had the same asymptotic weight. The maturity rates in Itapetinga-Valadares were equal to those estimated for Mata-Agreste and Serra Geral da Bahia. The inclusion of the fixed effect of the production region and the random effect of the animals in the models improved the fit quality and increased the possibility of generating growth curves for each region.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a acurácia dos modelos Gompertz e Von Bertalanffy ajustados, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas da raça Guzerá, sendo incorporado nos modelos o efeito fixo de quatro regiões de produção do nordeste brasileiro e efeito aleatório de animal, além de comparar os coeficientes dos modelos de crescimento entre regiões de produção. A acurácia das equações ajustadas foi avaliada por meio do critério de informação de Akaike, critério de informação Bayesiano, desvio médio absoluto, erro quadrático médio e o coeficiente de determinação. Para comparar as regiões de produção foram utilizados intervalos de confiança. Verificou-se que machos da raça Guzerá das regiões de produção Gado-Algodão e Serra Geral da Bahia possuem peso assintótico estatisticamente igual, enquanto que a taxa de maturidade é equivalente para animais das regiões Itapetinga-Valadares e Mata-Agreste. As fêmeas da raça Guzerá das regiões de Itapetinga-Valadares e Serra Geral da Bahia possuem o mesmo peso assintótico. A taxa de maturidade em Itapetinga-Valadares é igual a estimada para Mata-Agreste e Serra Geral da Bahia. Ao incluir o efeito fixo de região de produção e aleatório de animal nos modelos, houve melhora na qualidade de ajuste e a possibilidade de gerar curvas de crescimento para cada região.(AU)

Nonlinear mixed effects models for comparing growth curves for Guzerá cattle / Modelos não lineares mistos para comparar curvas de crescimento de bovinos da raça Guzerá

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the accuracy of the fitted Gompertz and von Bertalanffy models for male and female Guzerá cattle, respectively. Four production regions in Northeast Brazil were included in the models as a fixed effect, and the animals were included as a random effect. In addition, the coefficients of the growth models in the production regions were compared. The accuracy of the fit equations was assessed with the Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, mean absolute deviation, mean squared error, and coefficient of determination. Confidence intervals were used for comparing the production regions. The Guzerá males in the Gado-Algodão and Serra Geral da Bahia production regions were statistically equal in asymptotic weight, and the animals in the Itapetinga-Valadares and Mata-Agreste regions had equivalent maturity rates. The Guzerá females in the Itapetinga-Valadares and Serra Geral da Bahia regions had the same asymptotic weight. The maturity rates in Itapetinga-Valadares were equal to those estimated for Mata-Agreste and Serra Geral da Bahia. The inclusion of the fixed effect of the production region and the random effect of the animals in the models improved the fit quality and increased the possibility of generating growth curves for each region.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a acurácia dos modelos Gompertz e Von Bertalanffy ajustados, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas da raça Guzerá, sendo incorporado nos modelos o efeito fixo de quatro regiões de produção do nordeste brasileiro e efeito aleatório de animal, além de comparar os coeficientes dos modelos de crescimento entre regiões de produção. A acurácia das equações ajustadas foi avaliada por meio do critério de informação de Akaike, critério de informação Bayesiano, desvio médio absoluto, erro quadrático médio e o coeficiente de determinação. Para comparar as regiões de produção foram utilizados intervalos de confiança. Verificou-se que machos da raça Guzerá das regiões de produção Gado-Algodão e Serra Geral da Bahia possuem peso assintótico estatisticamente igual, enquanto que a taxa de maturidade é equivalente para animais das regiões Itapetinga-Valadares e Mata-Agreste. As fêmeas da raça Guzerá das regiões de Itapetinga-Valadares e Serra Geral da Bahia possuem o mesmo peso assintótico. A taxa de maturidade em Itapetinga-Valadares é igual a estimada para Mata-Agreste e Serra Geral da Bahia. Ao incluir o efeito fixo de região de produção e aleatório de animal nos modelos, houve melhora na qualidade de ajuste e a possibilidade de gerar curvas de crescimento para cada região.

Soybean molasses: an alternative to sheep’s supplementation / Melaço de soja: uma alternativa de suplementação para ovinos

The objective was to evaluate soybean molasses as supplement for sheep at crescent levels. Five-crossbred ½ Dorper -Santa Inês ewes with initial body mass of 45 ± 3.5 kg and 12 ± 2 months of age were used. Treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of soybean molasses inclusion to a basal corn silage diet, which fed exclusively supports the nutritional requirements of ewes at maintenance. The treatments were assigned into 5×5 latin square design. Five experimental periods, of 12 days each (1st to 5th day: diet adaptation period; 6th to 12th: data collection and sampling), was adopted. The statistical analysis performed were regression analysis with 5% of significance. Crude protein and water intakes increase as increase the supplementation levels of soybean molasses increased allowing the fit of linear regressions (P0.05). Also, ingestive behavior and blood variables, as metabolic mineral profile, was not affected (P>0.05). Soybean molasses can be used as supplement for sheep until 12 % of daily ration without affect feed digestibility, ingestive behaviour and metabolic profile.

Objetivou-se avaliar o melaço de soja como suplemento em níveis crescentes para ovinos. Foram utilizadas cinco ovelhas ½ Dorper-Santa Inês com massa corporal de 45 ± 3,5 kg e 12 ± 2 meses de idade. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 % de melaço de soja a uma dieta basal composta de silagem de milho, a qual como alimento exclusivo atende os requerimentos nutricionais de ovelhas em mantença. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 × 5. Cinco períodos experimentais de 12 dias foram adotados do 1º ao 5º dia: período de adaptação das dietas; do 6º ao 12º dia: coleta de dados e período de amostragem. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por regressão considerando 5 % de significância. A ingestão de proteína bruta e água aumentou à medida que aumentaram os níveis de suplementação de melaço de soja, permitindo o ajuste de regressões lineares (P0,05). Também o comportamento ingestivo e as variáveis sanguíneas de perfil metabólico e mineral, não foram afetados (P>0,05). O melaço de soja pode ser utilizado como suplemento para ovinos até 12% da ração diária, sem afetar a digestibilidade dos alimentos, o comportamento ingestivo e o perfil metabólico e mineral.

Development of copper hatch baskets and evaluation of the productive indexes of a commercial hatchery

Background: The dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms in hatcheries leads to a higher number of contaminated eggs, causing reduction in hatchability and increase of discarded chicks. Sanitation programs are crucial for maximum hatchability and chick quality. Efforts have been made to find alternative approaches to the conventional disinfectants, and surfaces with copper, which have antimicrobial properties, could assist in this process. However, the possible adverse effects of copper surfaces on chicks in hatcheries have not yet been evaluated. The present study aimed at developing hatch baskets composed of copper and evaluating the effect of these baskets on the productive indexes of a hatchery. Materials, Methods & Results: For this experiment, 3.15 kg hatch tray prototypes with 99.9% Cu (Cu11000) were developed to fit inside conventional polypropylene hatch baskets (580 × 755 × 83 mm). Six polypropylene hatch baskets (control group) and six polypropylene hatch baskets covered by 99.9% copper (Cu11000) hatch trays (test group) were evaluated during 5 hatchings. Hatched eggs and chicks remained in contact with the hatch basket surfaces for at least 72 h, corresponding to the entire period in which they were located in the hatcher. Cleaning and disinfection programs of the hatchery were not modified. The level of microbial contamination on the hatch baskets was evaluated at 6 different periods: 0 h (initial contamination after disinfection and egg transfer to the trays); 24 h, 30 h, 45 h and 60 h after the first sampling; and at the moment when chicks were removed from the hatching cabinet and transferred to the chick-holding room (> 60 h). Counting of total moulds and yeasts, mesophilic microorganisms, Enterobacteria and Escherichia coli colonies was performed. The number of hatched chicks, non-hatched eggs, and chicks discarded were registered for each hatching. Microbiologic analyses showed no growth on hatch baskets neither of the..

Soybean molasses: an alternative to sheeps supplementation / Melaço de soja: uma alternativa de suplementação para ovinos

The objective was to evaluate soybean molasses as supplement for sheep at crescent levels. Five-crossbred ½ Dorper -Santa Inês ewes with initial body mass of 45 ± 3.5 kg and 12 ± 2 months of age were used. Treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of soybean molasses inclusion to a basal corn silage diet, which fed exclusively supports the nutritional requirements of ewes at maintenance. The treatments were assigned into 5×5 latin square design. Five experimental periods, of 12 days each (1st to 5th day: diet adaptation period; 6th to 12th: data collection and sampling), was adopted. The statistical analysis performed were regression analysis with 5% of significance. Crude protein and water intakes increase as increase the supplementation levels of soybean molasses increased allowing the fit of linear regressions (P<0.05). Supplementation up to 12 % did not affect the intake of dry matter, energy and neutral detergent fiber or the digestibility of dry matter, protein and neutral detergent fiber (P>0.05). Also, ingestive behavior and blood variables, as metabolic mineral profile, was not affected (P>0.05). Soybean molasses can be used as supplement for sheep until 12 % of daily ration without affect feed digestibility, ingestive behaviour and metabolic profile.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o melaço de soja como suplemento em níveis crescentes para ovinos. Foram utilizadas cinco ovelhas ½ Dorper-Santa Inês com massa corporal de 45 ± 3,5 kg e 12 ± 2 meses de idade. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 % de melaço de soja a uma dieta basal composta de silagem de milho, a qual como alimento exclusivo atende os requerimentos nutricionais de ovelhas em mantença. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 × 5. Cinco períodos experimentais de 12 dias foram adotados do 1º ao 5º dia: período de adaptação das dietas; do 6º ao 12º dia: coleta de dados e período de amostragem. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por regressão considerando 5 % de significância. A ingestão de proteína bruta e água aumentou à medida que aumentaram os níveis de suplementação de melaço de soja, permitindo o ajuste de regressões lineares (P<0,05). A suplementação de até 12% não afetou o consumo de matéria seca, energia e fibra em detergente neutro ou a digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e fibra em detergente neutro (P>0,05). Também o comportamento ingestivo e as variáveis sanguíneas de perfil metabólico e mineral, não foram afetados (P>0,05). O melaço de soja pode ser utilizado como suplemento para ovinos até 12% da ração diária, sem afetar a digestibilidade dos alimentos, o comportamento ingestivo e o perfil metabólico e mineral.(AU)

Productive and reproductive performance of Holstein cows in agreste, Pernambuco, from 2007 to 2017 / Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas Holandesas no agreste de Pernambuco, no período de 2007 a 2017

The aim of this study was to assess the productive and reproductive performance of Holstein cows grown in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. Dairy records were collected from three farms located in the Agreste region of the state of Pernambuco each month between 2007 and 2017. According to the National Institute of Meteorology the average annual temperature during the collection period was 24.21 ºC, mean annual rainfall was 551.7 mm and mean annual relative humidity was 75.92%. A total of 42,677 data points concerning milk production, milk components and somatic cell score (SCS), as well as other zootechnical information regarding reproductive management, are analyzed herein. In order to assess cow productive performance, lactation curve estimates were performed according to calving order by applying the Wood model, while milk production, milk components and SCS were analyzed according to calving order and farm, season, calving year and the interaction between calving order and season. Regarding reproductive evaluations, farm effects on indices such as age at first calving (IPP), calving interval (IP) and service period (PS) were evaluated. Data were processed using analysis of variance SAS PROC GLM commands, while PROC NLIN commands were used to estimate the curves. Significant (p < 0.05) farm, calving order, season, calving year and interaction effects on production values, milk composition and SCS were noted. Higher amounts of certain milk components (lactose, total solids and non-fat solids) were observed in primiparous cows. Multiparous cows were the most productive in relation to the amount of milk produced milk (34.15 kg/milk/day) and, consequently, presented the highest SCS (4.48). The Wood model showed a good fit of lactation curve characterized by an ascending phase until peaking and a descending phase following the peak. Regarding the assessed reproductive indices, a significant effect...(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas holandesas criadas no Agreste de Pernambuco. Foram analisados registros de controle leiteiro obtidos em três fazendas localizadas na região Agreste do estado de Pernambuco, realizados mensalmente entre os anos de 2007 e 2017. As características climáticas, de acordo com o Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, para o período de coleta foram: temperatura média anual de 24,21ºC; precipitação média anual de 551,7 mm e umidade relativa média anual de 75,92%. Um total de 42.677 informações sobre produção de leite, componentes do leite e escore de células somáticas (ECS) e outras informações de controle zootécnico referente ao manejo reprodutivo foram analisados neste estudo. Para avaliar o desempenho produtivo das vacas, foram feitas estimativas das curvas de lactação em função da ordem de parto utilizando o modelo de Wood e a produção de leite, componentes do leite e ECS foram analisados em função da ordem de parto e quanto aos efeitos de fazenda, estação do ano e ano de parto e a interação ordem de parto e estação do ano. Para avaliação reprodutiva, foi avaliado o efeito da fazenda sobre os índices como idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), intervalo de parto (IP) e período de serviço (PS). Os dados foram processados usando os comandos do SAS, PROC GLM para análise de variância e PROC NLIN para estimativa das curvas. Houve efeito significativo (p < 0,05) de fazenda, ordem de parto, estação do ano, ano de parto e da interação analisada, sobre os valores de produção, composição do leite e ECS. Os maiores teores de alguns componentes (lactose, sólidos totais e sólidos não gordurosos) do leite foram observados nas primíparas. As vacas multíparas foram as mais produtivas em relação à quantidade de leite produzido diariamente (34,15 kg/leite/dia) e consequentemente, apresentaram maior ECS (4,48). O modelo de Wood apresentou bom ajuste aos dados...(AU)

Water retention and penetration resistance equations for the least limiting water range

he least limiting water range is a soil physical quality indicator, which is useful to predict the optimum water range for plant growth in a given soil and to study the effects of soil use and management over this optimum water range by integrating the effects of available water, penetration resistance and air filled porosity. This study tested six equations to fit water retention and penetration resistance surface responses used to determine the least limiting water range and present a simple algorithm written in the open source software R for fitting, calculation and visualization of the least limiting water range. Five soils from Brazil and Canada, under different use and management conditions were used to test the functions. The results show that the three water retention surface responses had good statistical properties for fitting water retention and that two of the penetration resistance surface responses were adequate to fit the data, while one failed to achieve convergence in two instances. The open source code performed as well as the commercial statistical package SAS for fitting the penetration resistance and water retention equations.

Water retention and penetration resistance equations for the least limiting water range

he least limiting water range is a soil physical quality indicator, which is useful to predict the optimum water range for plant growth in a given soil and to study the effects of soil use and management over this optimum water range by integrating the effects of available water, penetration resistance and air filled porosity. This study tested six equations to fit water retention and penetration resistance surface responses used to determine the least limiting water range and present a simple algorithm written in the open source software R for fitting, calculation and visualization of the least limiting water range. Five soils from Brazil and Canada, under different use and management conditions were used to test the functions. The results show that the three water retention surface responses had good statistical properties for fitting water retention and that two of the penetration resistance surface responses were adequate to fit the data, while one failed to achieve convergence in two instances. The open source code performed as well as the commercial statistical package SAS for fitting the penetration resistance and water retention equations.(AU)

Effects of treatment with quercetin on the quality of cryopreserved bovine semen

Background: Semen cryopreservation is one of the most common biotechnologies in the reproduction of animals ofagricultural interest, especially bulls. However, cryopreservation can be harmful to sperm cells, with susceptibility tooxidative stress being one of the causes. The addition of antioxidants such as quercetin may inhibit and/or reduce suchdamage, reducing fertility. Quercetin can increasing sperm motility and interaction capacity between spermatozoa-oocyte,to increase cellular metabolism and reduced DNA fragmentation and oxidation following thawing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of quercetin on the metabolism of bovine semen following thawing.Materials, Methods & Results: Three Brahman bulls in reproduction age and previously considered fit for reproductionwere used. The semen samples were collected via the electroejaculation method, and the samples were homogenized toform pooled semen from three ejaculates, which was diluted in Tris-yolk egg-glicerol diluent medium. Quercetin was addedto diluent, to final concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg.mL-1 in each group. The samples were kept frozen in strawsof 500 μL, with concentration of 40,000,000 spermatozoid / mL for 15 days and were thawed in water at 36°C for 30 s.All the tests was performed in five replicates. The cell metabolism status was evaluated by quantification of superoxideradical production with a nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT) and scanning spectrophotometry. By spermatic evaluation, thefollowing parameters were evaluated via the computerized system of sperm analysis (CASA): total motility (TM, %),progressive motility (PM, %), velocity curved line (VCL, mm/s), velocity straight line (VSL, mm/s), velocity averagepath (VAP, mm/s), distance curved line (DCL, mm), distance straight line (DSL, mm), distance average path (DAP, mm),amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, mm), beat cross frequency (BCF, Hz), wobble...

Effects of treatment with quercetin on the quality of cryopreserved bovine semen

Background: Semen cryopreservation is one of the most common biotechnologies in the reproduction of animals ofagricultural interest, especially bulls. However, cryopreservation can be harmful to sperm cells, with susceptibility tooxidative stress being one of the causes. The addition of antioxidants such as quercetin may inhibit and/or reduce suchdamage, reducing fertility. Quercetin can increasing sperm motility and interaction capacity between spermatozoa-oocyte,to increase cellular metabolism and reduced DNA fragmentation and oxidation following thawing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of quercetin on the metabolism of bovine semen following thawing.Materials, Methods & Results: Three Brahman bulls in reproduction age and previously considered fit for reproductionwere used. The semen samples were collected via the electroejaculation method, and the samples were homogenized toform pooled semen from three ejaculates, which was diluted in Tris-yolk egg-glicerol diluent medium. Quercetin was addedto diluent, to final concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg.mL-1 in each group. The samples were kept frozen in strawsof 500 μL, with concentration of 40,000,000 spermatozoid / mL for 15 days and were thawed in water at 36°C for 30 s.All the tests was performed in five replicates. The cell metabolism status was evaluated by quantification of superoxideradical production with a nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT) and scanning spectrophotometry. By spermatic evaluation, thefollowing parameters were evaluated via the computerized system of sperm analysis (CASA): total motility (TM, %),progressive motility (PM, %), velocity curved line (VCL, mm/s), velocity straight line (VSL, mm/s), velocity averagepath (VAP, mm/s), distance curved line (DCL, mm), distance straight line (DSL, mm), distance average path (DAP, mm),amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, mm), beat cross frequency (BCF, Hz), wobble...(AU)

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e de ambiente para medidas repetidas de produção leiteira em caprinos / Estimates of genetic and environmental parameters for repeated measures of milk production in goats

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar funções matemáticas no ajuste da curva de lactação média e individual de caprinos e estimar parâmetros genéticos e ambientais para medidas repetidas de produção de leite. Foram utilizadas 183 lactações, sendo 121 de cabras Saanen e 62 de cabras Alpinas, de animais pertencentes ao Laboratório de Caprinocultura e Ovinocultura da UFPB/CCHSA. O controle leiteiro foi realizado em intervalos de sete dias. O ajuste foi feito para curva média utilizando-se seis funções matemáticas: polinomial inversa, linear hiperbólica, gama incompleta, quadrática logarítmica, linear e quadrática, sendo ajustada por processos interativos, através de regressão não linear. Os critérios utilizados para verificar a qualidade do ajuste para cada função foram: coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2a), percentuais de desvio entre as produções totais observadas e estimadas, percentuais de curvas típicas, desvio médio absoluto e quadrado médio dos resíduos. Verificou-se que qualquer um dos modelos testados pode ser utilizado para estimativas da curva média, porém, para o estudo das curvas individuais, o modelo Gama Incompleto deve ser preferido por apresentar melhores estimativas dos componentes da curva de lactação.

The objective of this study was to compare mathematical functions in adjusting the mean and individual lactation curve of goats and to estimate genetic and environmental parameters for repeated measures of milk production. 183 lactations were used, 121 of Saanen goats and 62 of Alpine goats, of animals belonging to the Laboratory of goat and Sheep of UFPB/CCHSA. The milk control was performed at intervals of seven days. The adjustment was made to the mean curve using six mathematical functions: inverse polynomial, linear hyperbolic, incomplete gamma, quadratic logarithmic, linear and quadratic, and adjusted by interactive processes through non-linear regression. The criteria used to verify the fit quality for each function were adjusted coefficient of determination (R2a), percentages of deviation between observed and estimated total yields, percentages of typical curves, mean absolute deviation and mean square of residues. It was verified that any of the models tested can be used for mean curve estimates, but for the study of the individual curves, the incomplete gamma model should be preferred because it presents better estimates of the components of the lactation curve.