Carcinoma de células escamosas em gato - tratamento com quimioterapia metronômica / Squamous cell carcinoma in a cat - treatment with metronomic chemotherapy

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm associated with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light and lack of skin pigment in white-coated animals. The disease diagnosis is based on the animal's history, clinical signs and histopathology of the samples collected. The therapeutic alternatives are diverse. Among them, one of the most used is the metronomic chemotherapy which is based on the use of cytostatics drugs, applied in low and frequent doses for a longer period of time. One of the mechanisms of action of this type of therapy is the decrease in angiogenesis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are simultaneously used to maximize the angiogenic effect. The objective of this study is to report the results of a treatment accomplised with metronomic chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide with meloxicam) in a domestic feline which presented a squamous cell tumor. Case: A 7-year-old female cat, mixed breed, not neutered, weighing 3.5 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Specialties Teaching Clinic (CEEV) of the Technical University of Machala (UTMACH), presenting bilateral ulcerative lesion in the nasal plane for 5 months. Chronic exposure to sunlight is referred to in the patient's anamnesis. Aspiration cytology performed in the patient revealed an inflammatory process with a predominance of neutrophils and macrophages, and showed absence of neoplastic cells. A treatment based on antibiotics and corticosteroids was adopted. As there were no favorable results, an excisional biopsy procedure was chosen to collect the affected tissues. The result of the histopathological analysis was a level 2 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The initial treatment consisted of surgical removal of the tumor and later the use of metronomic chemotherapy based on Cyclophosphamide, Meloxicam, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and Sucralfate for 5 months was adopted. At the beginning of the second phase of treatment, the patient developed a macula that progressively diminished. Currently, the patient does not have any recurrence of the diagnosed neoplasm. Discussion: The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was based on clinical and histopathological findings. The macroscopic lesions were crusted ulcers that do not heal in the nasal plane and auricular pavilion, as reported in the literature. SCC is characterized by the infiltration of squamous cells in the dermal layer of the skin, forming epithelial islands with keratin pearls. The histopathological findings of this case present the same characteristics. The climatic conditions of Ecuador, high temperatures with greater incidence of sunlight, hypopigmented areas of the animal's body and chronic exposure to solar radiation are risk factors present in this case that foster the development of this malignant neoplasm. There are multiple treatments to be introduced in this sort of pathology. In this case, surgical removal of the tumor was adopted, followed by metronomic chemotherapy based on cyclophosphamide at 10 mg/m2 and meloxicam at a 0.05 mg/kg per day for a period of time of five months, obtaining favorable results and absence of recurrence. Despite metronomic chemotherapy being easy to administer, with fewer side effects, which includes a better acceptance of care takers who are reluctant to administer conventional chemotherapy, further studies are still necessary in what concerns certain variables such as age, carcinoma level, appropriate dosages and drugs according to each neoplasm.

Effect of rearing, season of birth, and father on labyrinth behaviour of dairy heifers

Objective of this study was to test the hypotheses that heifer's behaviour after 12 months (M) are impacted by rearing (feeding/housing) before weaning, seasons of birth, and father lineage. Fifty-one Holstein heifers (born in year seasons SB1, SB2, SB3, and SB4, originating from 4 fathers) were assigned to one of three rearing treatments: restricted suckling (RS), calf in pen with mother to 21st day, suck three times daily, then group pen (6 kg milk) to weaning; unrestricted suckling (US), calf in pen with foster cows (6 kg milk) to weaning; conventional rearing (CR), calf in the hutch to 56th day, then group pen to weaning (milk replacer 6 kg). After weaning at the 84th day, heifers were kept in groups with the same ration. The labyrinth behaviour was tested in the 12th and 19th M of the age. In the evaluation factors rearing and season of birth, groups US and SB3 solved the passage of the labyrinth the fastest (868.0 s, 857.4 s), the slowest were CR and SB1 (1148.2 s, 1257.5 s). The results show that the manner (housing/feeding) used to rear heifers and season of birth may impact their later labyrinth behaviour.(AU)

Effect of rearing, season of birth, and father on labyrinth behaviour of dairy heifers

Objective of this study was to test the hypotheses that heifer's behaviour after 12 months (M) are impacted by rearing (feeding/housing) before weaning, seasons of birth, and father lineage. Fifty-one Holstein heifers (born in year seasons SB1, SB2, SB3, and SB4, originating from 4 fathers) were assigned to one of three rearing treatments: restricted suckling (RS), calf in pen with mother to 21st day, suck three times daily, then group pen (6 kg milk) to weaning; unrestricted suckling (US), calf in pen with foster cows (6 kg milk) to weaning; conventional rearing (CR), calf in the hutch to 56th day, then group pen to weaning (milk replacer 6 kg). After weaning at the 84th day, heifers were kept in groups with the same ration. The labyrinth behaviour was tested in the 12th and 19th M of the age. In the evaluation factors rearing and season of birth, groups US and SB3 solved the passage of the labyrinth the fastest (868.0 s, 857.4 s), the slowest were CR and SB1 (1148.2 s, 1257.5 s). The results show that the manner (housing/feeding) used to rear heifers and season of birth may impact their later labyrinth behaviour.

Effect of raising method of calves during liquid milk nutrition on their open-field and maze behaviour after weaning

The objective was to find whether calf behaviour is affected by it rearing to weaning in 84 days, gender, and the sire lineage. 99 Holstein calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: artificially reared in hutches (A), suckling of a foster cow (F), or suckling of the mother (M). After weaning (84 days), all calves were kept separately by sex in age-balanced groups. The speed of traversing the maze was recorded at 6 months of age. The open-field observation was performed at 10 months. The average time of traversing the maze facility was no significantly different among treatment groups. The average time of traversing the maze for 6 tasks was the highest in A and the lowest in the F group (P 0.05). At the open field test, the difference compared to the grid (square) crossings was significant at the 1st minute of the 1st test (P 0.05). The average of the grid crossings in all tests was highest in M (139.5) and the lowest in A (123.1) (P 0.05). There were no significant differences between sex in behaviour in the maze or the open field tests. Sire lineage significant effect was found in vocalisation and defecation behaviour. The results show that the method used to rear calves and sire lineage may have an impact on their later behaviour.(AU)

Effect of raising method of calves during liquid milk nutrition on their open-field and maze behaviour after weaning

The objective was to find whether calf behaviour is affected by it rearing to weaning in 84 days, gender, and the sire lineage. 99 Holstein calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: artificially reared in hutches (A), suckling of a foster cow (F), or suckling of the mother (M). After weaning (84 days), all calves were kept separately by sex in age-balanced groups. The speed of traversing the maze was recorded at 6 months of age. The open-field observation was performed at 10 months. The average time of traversing the maze facility was no significantly different among treatment groups. The average time of traversing the maze for 6 tasks was the highest in A and the lowest in the F group (P 0.05). At the open field test, the difference compared to the grid (square) crossings was significant at the 1st minute of the 1st test (P 0.05). The average of the grid crossings in all tests was highest in M (139.5) and the lowest in A (123.1) (P 0.05). There were no significant differences between sex in behaviour in the maze or the open field tests. Sire lineage significant effect was found in vocalisation and defecation behaviour. The results show that the method used to rear calves and sire lineage may have an impact on their later behaviour.

Colony aging affects the reproductive performance of Swiss Webster females used as recipients for embryo transfer

The objective was to evaluate the influence of colony aging in a Swiss Webster (SW) outbred stock used as recipients for embryo transfer. In the first study, a retrospective analysis was performed throughout several generations during a 38-month period in 2,398 embryos transferred to 108 SW recipients. A decrease in the percentage of live pups from transferred embryos was found at the end of the period. Impairment occurred due to the incidence of maternal cannibalism that increased from 0% to 67-100% (P 0.05), while pregnancy rate (pregnant/transferred recipients) and number of pups per delivered female were not affected throughout the period (P=NS). A following study was carried out to compare the reproductive performance of SW stock vs. B6D2F1 hybrid females in a 5-year interval. The study was conducted on a total of 893 embryos transferred to 40 females (20 SW and 20 B6D2F1) in Year /1, and 514 embryos transferred to 30 females (15 SW and 15 B6D2F1) in Year /5. No cases of maternal cannibalism were found on Year /1 in any of the strains (0/10 and 0/10). However, an incidence of 44,4% (4/9) was seen on Year /5 for SW, while for B6D2F1 the incidence was 0% (0/12) (P 0.05). Further examination of the uterus showed endometrial cysts and abnormal implantation sites in SW on Year /5 but not in B6D2F1 females. In conclusion, this study reports an impairment of the reproductive performance of an early aged SW outbred stock colony mainly due to the occurrence of maternal cannibalism. This finding has important implications for embryo transfer programs conducted in mouse facilities.

Colony aging affects the reproductive performance of Swiss Webster females used as recipients for embryo transfer

The objective was to evaluate the influence of colony aging in a Swiss Webster (SW) outbred stock used as recipients for embryo transfer. In the first study, a retrospective analysis was performed throughout several generations during a 38-month period in 2,398 embryos transferred to 108 SW recipients. A decrease in the percentage of live pups from transferred embryos was found at the end of the period. Impairment occurred due to the incidence of maternal cannibalism that increased from 0% to 67-100% (P 0.05), while pregnancy rate (pregnant/transferred recipients) and number of pups per delivered female were not affected throughout the period (P=NS). A following study was carried out to compare the reproductive performance of SW stock vs. B6D2F1 hybrid females in a 5-year interval. The study was conducted on a total of 893 embryos transferred to 40 females (20 SW and 20 B6D2F1) in Year /1, and 514 embryos transferred to 30 females (15 SW and 15 B6D2F1) in Year /5. No cases of maternal cannibalism were found on Year /1 in any of the strains (0/10 and 0/10). However, an incidence of 44,4% (4/9) was seen on Year /5 for SW, while for B6D2F1 the incidence was 0% (0/12) (P 0.05). Further examination of the uterus showed endometrial cysts and abnormal implantation sites in SW on Year /5 but not in B6D2F1 females. In conclusion, this study reports an impairment of the reproductive performance of an early aged SW outbred stock colony mainly due to the occurrence of maternal cannibalism. This finding has important implications for embryo transfer programs conducted in mouse facilities.(AU)

Uso da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) em vacas mestiças: uma revisão / Use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst) in crossbred cows: review / Uso de somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) en vacas mestizas: una revisión

A maioria dos estudos sobre o uso da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) foram conduzidos em países de clima temperado utilizando animais de genética Bos taurus e todo o protocolo de utilização foi pautado para tais animais e extrapolados aos mestiços (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) em ambientes tropicais. No entanto, existem características diferenciadas da curva de produção de leite e alguns aspectos fisiológicos que diferem os mestiços dos taurinos, sendo assim, estabelecer padrões específicos para uso do rbST para vacas mestiças podem melhorar a eficiência, reduzir custos e expandir o uso da tecnologia para os sistemas brasileiros. Estabelecer ajuste da dosagem, o intervalo, o melhor tempo para início e término da aplicação, avaliar o melhor retorno financeiro do uso para o sistema produtivo assim como as respostas produtivas e reprodutivas das vacas pode trazer adequação do uso da tecnologia no sistema de produção de gado mestiço leiteiro. O objetivo da revisão é identificar critérios a serem considerados para uso do rbST em vacas mestiças a fim de potencializar a estratégia do uso do mesmo. O rbST promove notório aumento da produção de leite e mais detalhes do protocolo de uso do hormônio para vacas mestiças necessita ser avaliado já que algumas características da curva de leite e capacidade produtiva são diferentes para animais cruzados.(AU)

Most studies on the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) were conducted in countries with temperate climates using Bos taurus animals and the entire use protocol was based on such animals and extrapolated to crossbred animals (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) in tropical environments. However, there are different characteristics in the milk production curve and some physiological aspects that differentiate the crossbred from those cattle. Therefore, the establishment of specific standards for the use of rbST for crossbred cattle can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and expand the use of technology to Brazilian systems. Establishing dosage adjustment, the interval, the best time to start and end the application, evaluating the best financial return from use on the productive system, as well as the productive and reproductive responses of the cows can help foster the adequacy of the use of technology in the production system of crossbred dairy cattle. The purpose of this review is to identify criteria to be considered for the use of rbST in crossbred cows in order to enhance the strategy of using it. The use of rbST promotes a noticeable increase in milk production; however, further details of the hormone use protocol for crossbred cows need to be evaluated since some characteristics of the milk curve are different for crossbred animals.(AU)

La mayoría de los estudios sobre el uso de somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) se han realizado en países de clima templado utilizando animales de genética Bos taurus y todo el protocolo de utilización se ha pautado para tales animales y extrapolados a los mestizos (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) en ambientes tropicales. Sin embargo, existen diferentes características de la curva de producción de leche y algunos aspectos fisiológicos que diferencian al mestizo de los toros, por lo tanto, establecer estándares específicos para el uso de rbST para vacas mestizas puede mejorar la eficiencia, reducir costos y expandir el uso de tecnología para Sistemas brasileños. Establecer el ajuste de dosis, el intervalo, el mejor momento para iniciar y finalizar la aplicación, evaluar el mejor retorno económico del uso para el sistema productivo, así como las respuestas productivas y reproductivas de las vacas pueden propiciar la adecuación del uso de la tecnología en el sistema de producción de ganado mestizo lechero. El propósito de la revisión es identificar los criterios que se deben considerar para el uso de rbST en vacas mestizas con el fin de mejorar la estrategia de uso. El rbST promueve un aumento notable en la producción de leche y es necesario evaluar más detalles del protocolo de uso de hormonas para vacas cruzadas, ya que algunas características de la curva de la leche son diferentes para los animales cruzados.(AU)

Uso da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) em vacas mestiças: uma revisão / Use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst) in crossbred cows: review / Uso de somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) en vacas mestizas: una revisión

A maioria dos estudos sobre o uso da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) foram conduzidos em países de clima temperado utilizando animais de genética Bos taurus e todo o protocolo de utilização foi pautado para tais animais e extrapolados aos mestiços (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) em ambientes tropicais. No entanto, existem características diferenciadas da curva de produção de leite e alguns aspectos fisiológicos que diferem os mestiços dos taurinos, sendo assim, estabelecer padrões específicos para uso do rbST para vacas mestiças podem melhorar a eficiência, reduzir custos e expandir o uso da tecnologia para os sistemas brasileiros. Estabelecer ajuste da dosagem, o intervalo, o melhor tempo para início e término da aplicação, avaliar o melhor retorno financeiro do uso para o sistema produtivo assim como as respostas produtivas e reprodutivas das vacas pode trazer adequação do uso da tecnologia no sistema de produção de gado mestiço leiteiro. O objetivo da revisão é identificar critérios a serem considerados para uso do rbST em vacas mestiças a fim de potencializar a estratégia do uso do mesmo. O rbST promove notório aumento da produção de leite e mais detalhes do protocolo de uso do hormônio para vacas mestiças necessita ser avaliado já que algumas características da curva de leite e capacidade produtiva são diferentes para animais cruzados.(AU)

Most studies on the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) were conducted in countries with temperate climates using Bos taurus animals and the entire use protocol was based on such animals and extrapolated to crossbred animals (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) in tropical environments. However, there are different characteristics in the milk production curve and some physiological aspects that differentiate the crossbred from those cattle. Therefore, the establishment of specific standards for the use of rbST for crossbred cattle can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and expand the use of technology to Brazilian systems. Establishing dosage adjustment, the interval, the best time to start and end the application, evaluating the best financial return from use on the productive system, as well as the productive and reproductive responses of the cows can help foster the adequacy of the use of technology in the production system of crossbred dairy cattle. The purpose of this review is to identify criteria to be considered for the use of rbST in crossbred cows in order to enhance the strategy of using it. The use of rbST promotes a noticeable increase in milk production; however, further details of the hormone use protocol for crossbred cows need to be evaluated since some characteristics of the milk curve are different for crossbred animals.(AU)

La mayoría de los estudios sobre el uso de somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) se han realizado en países de clima templado utilizando animales de genética Bos taurus y todo el protocolo de utilización se ha pautado para tales animales y extrapolados a los mestizos (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) en ambientes tropicales. Sin embargo, existen diferentes características de la curva de producción de leche y algunos aspectos fisiológicos que diferencian al mestizo de los toros, por lo tanto, establecer estándares específicos para el uso de rbST para vacas mestizas puede mejorar la eficiencia, reducir costos y expandir el uso de tecnología para Sistemas brasileños. Establecer el ajuste de dosis, el intervalo, el mejor momento para iniciar y finalizar la aplicación, evaluar el mejor retorno económico del uso para el sistema productivo, así como las respuestas productivas y reproductivas de las vacas pueden propiciar la adecuación del uso de la tecnología en el sistema de producción de ganado mestizo lechero. El propósito de la revisión es identificar los criterios que se deben considerar para el uso de rbST en vacas mestizas con el fin de mejorar la estrategia de uso. El rbST promueve un aumento notable en la producción de leche y es necesario evaluar más detalles del protocolo de uso de hormonas para vacas cruzadas, ya que algunas características de la curva de la leche son diferentes para los animales cruzados.(AU)

Multidimensional poverty of the ethnic tibetan farm and Herder households in Gansu province, China / Pobreza multidimensional da fazenda tibetana étnica e das famílias de Herder na província de Gansu, China

Ethnic Tibetan farm and herder households (FHH) in Gansu Province, China are stricken with poverty. Solving the poverty problem in this or other poverty pockets across China has special importance for the countrys political stability, ethnic unity, social well-being, and ecological security. This paper calculates the multidimensional poverty situation of ethnic Tibetan farm and herder households of Gansu Province, China by using the Alkire-Foster method. Twelve indicators are included in the multidimensional poverty indicator system. Results showed that 1) in the single indicator measure, the adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x3), the home toilet type (x7), and the labor availability (x2) showed a higher incidence of deprivation, 2) many FHH in the Tibetan areas of the Gansu Province are facing multidimensional poverty but the proportion of extreme poverty is very small, and 3) from the perspective of contribution rate, the adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x3), labor availability (x2), self-health assessment (x1), home toilet type (x7), and school-age children dropout rate (x4) occupied the top five positions as obtained from the equal weight to dimensions (DEW) method.(AU)

As fazendas tibetanas e lares de pastores na província de Gansu, na China, são atingidas pela pobreza. Resolver o problema da pobreza neste ou em outros aglomerados em toda a China tem importância especial para a estabilidade política do país, a unidade étnica, o bem-estar social e a segurança ecológica. Esta pesquisa calcula a situação multidimensional da pobreza das famílias de fazendeiros e pastores tibetanos da Província de Gansu, usando o método Alkire-Foster. Doze indicadores estão incluídos no sistema multidimensional de indicadores de pobreza. Os resultados mostram que: 1) na medida de indicador único, os membros adultos da família receberam o grau de instrução até, pelo menos, a 9ª série (x3); o tipo de banheiro (x7) e a disponibilidade de mão-de-obra (x2) apresentam maior incidência de privação; 2) muitas FHH nas áreas tibetanas da Província de Gansu enfrentam pobreza multidimensional, mas a proporção de pobreza extrema é muito pequena e, 3) do ponto de vista da taxa de contribuição, os membros adultos da família receberam pelo menos a 9ª série (x3), disponibilidade (x2), a análise de auto-avaliação (x1), o tipo de banheiro domiciliar (x7) e a taxa de desistência de crianças em idade escolar (x4) ocuparam as cinco primeiras posições obtidas do método de peso igual a dimensões (DEW).(AU)

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster, 1781) located in Pontal do Sul, PR, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitas gastrintestinais em Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster, 1781) localizados em Pontal do Sul, PR, Brasil

Gastrointestinal parasitism is the main health problem faced by Spheniscus magellanicus, known as Magellanic penguins, in route on the Brazilian coast. The aim of this research was to report the occurrence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in S. magellanicus that reached Pontal do Sul, Paraná, South of Brazil. The study was performed at the Marine Study Center of the Federal University of Parana (CEM-UFPR) with 38 specimens, 31 were necropsied and seven were examined alive with coproparasitological exams. From the necropsied animals, 93.5% (29/31) were parasitized with at least one parasite species. Contracaecum pelagicum was the most prevalent 93,5% (29/31) parasite, followed by Cardiocephaloides physalis (64.5%) and Tetrabothrius lutzi (51.6%). Only one animal was free of parasites and the most infected bird had 1.076 parasites with an average of 194 worms. Willis-Mollay method revealed that 57.1% (4/7) had C. pelagicum eggs. In conclusion, the high rate of gastrointestinal parasites in S. magellanicus confirms the clinical exams, when animals had poor health conditions when they were found in the cost of Paraná. This study provides data to enrich the literature regarding the helminth fauna of the Magellanic penguins, assisting sanitary control programs in Rehabilitation Centers for Marine Animals.(AU)

As parasitoses gastrintestinais são o principal problema sanitário enfrentado pelo Spheniscus magellanicus, conhecido como pinguim-de-magalhães, que faz rota no litoral brasileiro. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi relatar a ocorrência e a intensidade de parasitas gastrintestinais em Spheniscus magellanicus encontrados em Pontal do Sul, Paraná, Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Estudos Marinhos da Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEM-UFPR, com 38 espécimes; 31 dos quais foram necropsiados, e em sete aves vivas foram realizados exames coproparasitológicos. Do total analisado, 93,5% (29/31) aves estavam parasitadas com pelo menos uma espécie, sendo o Contracaecum pelagicum o mais prevalente, 93,5% (29/31), seguido de Cardiocephaloides physalis (64,5%) e de Tetrabothrius lutzi (51,6%). Somente um animal estava livre de parasitas e a ave mais infectada possuía 1.076 parasitas; a média foi em 194 vermes. No exame de Willis-Mollay, foi observada positividade em 57,1% (4/7) para C. pelagicum. Conclui-se que o alto índice de parasitas gastrintestinais em S. magellanicus confirma os exames clínicos que eles apresentaram, de baixa condição sanitária, quando foram encontrados no litoral do Paraná. Este estudo fornece dados que irão enriquecer a literatura sobre a helminto fauna do pinguim-de-magalhães, auxiliando programas de controle sanitário em Centros de Reabilitação de Animais Marinhos.(AU)

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster, 1781) located in Pontal do Sul, PR, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitas gastrintestinais em Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster, 1781) localizados em Pontal do Sul, PR, Brasil

Gastrointestinal parasitism is the main health problem faced by Spheniscus magellanicus, known as Magellanic penguins, in route on the Brazilian coast. The aim of this research was to report the occurrence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in S. magellanicus that reached Pontal do Sul, Paraná, South of Brazil. The study was performed at the Marine Study Center of the Federal University of Parana (CEM-UFPR) with 38 specimens, 31 were necropsied and seven were examined alive with coproparasitological exams. From the necropsied animals, 93.5% (29/31) were parasitized with at least one parasite species. Contracaecum pelagicum was the most prevalent 93,5% (29/31) parasite, followed by Cardiocephaloides physalis (64.5%) and Tetrabothrius lutzi (51.6%). Only one animal was free of parasites and the most infected bird had 1.076 parasites with an average of 194 worms. Willis-Mollay method revealed that 57.1% (4/7) had C. pelagicum eggs. In conclusion, the high rate of gastrointestinal parasites in S. magellanicus confirms the clinical exams, when animals had poor health conditions when they were found in the cost of Paraná. This study provides data to enrich the literature regarding the helminth fauna of the Magellanic penguins, assisting sanitary control programs in Rehabilitation Centers for Marine Animals.(AU)

As parasitoses gastrintestinais são o principal problema sanitário enfrentado pelo Spheniscus magellanicus, conhecido como pinguim-de-magalhães, que faz rota no litoral brasileiro. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi relatar a ocorrência e a intensidade de parasitas gastrintestinais em Spheniscus magellanicus encontrados em Pontal do Sul, Paraná, Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Estudos Marinhos da Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEM-UFPR, com 38 espécimes; 31 dos quais foram necropsiados, e em sete aves vivas foram realizados exames coproparasitológicos. Do total analisado, 93,5% (29/31) aves estavam parasitadas com pelo menos uma espécie, sendo o Contracaecum pelagicum o mais prevalente, 93,5% (29/31), seguido de Cardiocephaloides physalis (64,5%) e de Tetrabothrius lutzi (51,6%). Somente um animal estava livre de parasitas e a ave mais infectada possuía 1.076 parasitas; a média foi em 194 vermes. No exame de Willis-Mollay, foi observada positividade em 57,1% (4/7) para C. pelagicum. Conclui-se que o alto índice de parasitas gastrintestinais em S. magellanicus confirma os exames clínicos que eles apresentaram, de baixa condição sanitária, quando foram encontrados no litoral do Paraná. Este estudo fornece dados que irão enriquecer a literatura sobre a helminto fauna do pinguim-de-magalhães, auxiliando programas de controle sanitário em Centros de Reabilitação de Animais Marinhos.(AU)

Nitrogen fertilization in the contents of secondary compounds in cassava cultivars / Adubação nitrogenada nos teores de compostos secundários em cultivares de mandioca industrial

The production of chemical substances is a strategy of plants to defend against the attack of pest insects. The synthesis of secondary compounds in plants is influenced by genotype and cultural management, such as the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of doses of nitrogen fertilizer over time on the production of secondary compounds in two industrial cassava cultivars. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse (25 ± 5 °C) of Embrapa Soybean in Londrina, Paraná, with the cultivation of potted plants (4l) in a 2 × 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with five replications. Two genotypes of industrial cassava (‘Baianinha and ‘Caiuá) and four different nitrogen doses (0, 30,60, and 90 kg ha-¹) were used, with sampling at 15, 30, and 45 d after fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization was performed 50 d after sprouting. In the apical leaves, the levels of rutin, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were evaluated in a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Exploratory analyses were performed on the data variables to verify the assumptions for analysis of variance (ANOVA), suchas the independence and normality of errors, homogeneity of treatment variances and non-additivity of the model (they were submitted to analysis of homogeneity and normality, respectively. After these tests, ANOVA and Tukeys test (p ≤ 0.05) were performed. For the quantitative data concerning the N rates, regression study analyzes were performed. The Caiuá cultivar was found to have a higher ferulic acid content. The caffeic acid content decreased over time after the application of N in both cultivars. The rutin content in both cultivars did not increase with an increase in nitrogen dose. At a dose of 90 kg ha-¹, both cultivars presented a lower p-coumaric acid content after 30 d.(AU)

A produção de substâncias químicas é uma estratégia de defesa das plantas ao ataque de insetos praga. A síntese de compostos secundários em plantas é influenciada pelo genótipo e pelo manejo cultural, como o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados. Deste modo, o trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio sobre a produção de compostos secundários em duas cultivares industriais de mandioca ao longo do tempo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação semiclimatizada (25°±5°C) da Embrapa Soja em Londrina/PR, com cultivo das plantas em vasos (4 litros), em esquema fatorial 2x4x3, com cinco repetições. Foram utilizados dois cultivares de mandioca industrial (Baianinha e Caiuá) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-¹), com avaliações aos 15, 30 e 45 dias após a adubação. A adubação nitrogenada foi realizada com ureia, 50 dias após a brotação das manivas. Nas folhas apicais foram avaliados os teores de rutina e de ácidos caféico, p-cumárico e ferúlico em cromatógrafo líquido de alto desempenho (HPLC). Foram realizadas análises exploratórias com os dados das variáveis e verificado os pressupostos para a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) como a independência e normalidade dos erros, homogeneidade de variâncias dos tratamentos e não-aditividade do modelo (SHAPIRO;WILK, 1965; PARENTE, 1984; BURR; FOSTER, 1972; TUKEY, 1949), respectivamente. Após estes testes foram realizadas as Anovas e os testes de comparações múltiplas de médias por Tukey (0,05), (STEEL; TORRIE, 1960). Para os dados quantitativos referentes as doses de N foi realizada análises de regressão. A cultivar Caiuá acumulou maior teor de ácido ferúlico. O teor de ácido caféico diminui ao longo do tempo após a aplicação de N em ambas cultivares. O teor de rutina nas cultivares de mandioca Baianinha e Caiuá não foi influenciada com acréscimo das doses de nitrogênio. Na dose de 90 kg ha-¹ as cultivares apresentam menor teor de ácido p-cumárico após os 30 dias.(AU)

Spider community responds to litter complexity: insights from a small-scale experiment in an exotic pine stand

ABSTRACT Conservation of biodiversity in agroecosystems is an urgent need, and a suitable approach to maximize animal biodiversity and their services is the restoration of habitat heterogeneity. Here we investigated the value of increasing litter complexity in tree plantations of exotic pine for ground spiders. We hypothesized that increasing the litter complexity of these systems, as it would be the case in ecologically designed plantations, would increase spider aggregations. We performed a small-scale litter manipulation experiment within an exotic pine stand in the municipality of Minas do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and compared spider diversity in simple (only pine needles) and complex substrates (with the addition of diverse native broadleaves). We found 1,110 spiders, 19 families and 32 morphospecies. The most abundant families were Linyphiidae, Theridiidae and Salticidade, and the dominant morphospecies were Thymoites sp. 2 and Lygarina sp. Web-building spiders represented 61% of total spider abundance, and 17 species, while hunting spiders, 49% and 15 species. As expected, densities of spider individuals and species from both web-building and hunting spiders were higher in complex litter substrate. Potential preys (Collembola) also responded positively to the treatment, and had influence of spider community patterns. Our results suggest that ensuring some degree of plant and litter diversity within pine stands (e.g. understory establishment) might foster spider aggregations and possibly help to conserve their diversity at local-scales.

RESUMO A conservação da biodiversidade em agroecossistemas é uma necessidade urgente, e uma abordagem adequada a maximizar a biodiversidade animal e seus serviços é a restauração da heterogeneidade de habitats. Aqui nós investigamos o valor do aumento da complexidade da serapilheira em plantações exóticas de pinus para aranhas de solo. Nossa hipótese é que aumentando a complexidade da serapilheira nestes sistemas, como seria o caso em plantações com design ecológico, as agregações de aranhas aumentariam. Nós realizamos uma manipulação experimental de pequena escala em uma plantação exótica de pinus no município de Minas do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, e comparamos a diversidade de aranhas em substrato simples (somente acículas de pinus) e complexo (com adição de folhas nativas diversas). Nós encontramos 1.110 aranhas, 19 famílias e 32 morfoespécies. As famílias mais abundantes foram Linyphiidae, Theridiidae e Salticidade, e as morfoespécies dominantes foram Thymoites sp. 2 e Lygarina sp. Aranhas de teia representaram 61% da abundância total de aranhas e 17 espécies, enquanto aranhas caçadoras, 49% e 15 espécies. Como esperado, densidades de indivíduos e de espécies de ambas construtoras de teia e caçadoras foram maiores em substrato complexo. Potenciais presas (Collembola) também responderam positivamente ao tratamento, e influenciaram os padrões das comunidades de aranhas. Nossos resultados sugerem que garantir algum grau de diversidade de plantas e serapilheira dentro de talhões de pinus (e.g. estabelecimento de sub-bosque) poderia promover agregações de aranhas e possivelmente ajudar a conservar sua diversidade em escalas locais.

Spider community responds to litter complexity: insights from a small-scale experiment in an exotic pine stand / Comunidade de aranhas responde a complexidade da serapilheira: percepções de um experimento de pequena escala em um talhão de pinus exótico

Conservation of biodiversity in agroecosystems is an urgent need, and a suitable approach to maximize animal biodiversity and their services is the restoration of habitat heterogeneity. Here we investigated the value of increasing litter complexity in tree plantations of exotic pine for ground spiders. We hypothesized that increasing the litter complexity of these systems, as it would be the case in ecologically designed plantations, would increase spider aggregations. We performed a small-scale litter manipulation experiment within an exotic pine stand in the municipality of Minas do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and compared spider diversity in simple (only pine needles) and complex substrates (with the addition of diverse native broadleaves). We found 1,110 spiders, 19 families and 32 morphospecies. The most abundant families were Linyphiidae, Theridiidae and Salticidade, and the dominant morphospecies were Thymoites sp. 2 and Lygarina sp. Web-building spiders represented 61% of total spider abundance, and 17 species, while hunting spiders, 49% and 15 species. As expected, densities of spider individuals and species from both web-building and hunting spiders were higher in complex litter substrate. Potential preys (Collembola) also responded positively to the treatment, and had influence of spider community patterns. Our results suggest that ensuring some degree of plant and litter diversity within pine stands (e.g. understory establishment) might foster spider aggregations and possibly help to conserve their diversity at local-scales.(AU)

A conservação da biodiversidade em agroecossistemas é uma necessidade urgente, e uma abordagem adequada a maximizar a biodiversidade animal e seus serviços é a restauração da heterogeneidade de habitats. Aqui nós investigamos o valor do aumento da complexidade da serapilheira em plantações exóticas de pinus para aranhas de solo. Nossa hipótese é que aumentando a complexidade da serapilheira nestes sistemas, como seria o caso em plantações com design ecológico, as agregações de aranhas aumentariam. Nós realizamos uma manipulação experimental de pequena escala em uma plantação exótica de pinus no município de Minas do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, e comparamos a diversidade de aranhas em substrato simples (somente acículas de pinus) e complexo (com adição de folhas nativas diversas). Nós encontramos 1.110 aranhas, 19 famílias e 32 morfoespécies. As famílias mais abundantes foram Linyphiidae, Theridiidae e Salticidade, e as morfoespécies dominantes foram Thymoites sp. 2 e Lygarina sp. Aranhas de teia representaram 61% da abundância total de aranhas e 17 espécies, enquanto aranhas caçadoras, 49% e 15 espécies. Como esperado, densidades de indivíduos e de espécies de ambas construtoras de teia e caçadoras foram maiores em substrato complexo. Potenciais presas (Collembola) também responderam positivamente ao tratamento, e influenciaram os padrões das comunidades de aranhas. Nossos resultados sugerem que garantir algum grau de diversidade de plantas e serapilheira dentro de talhões de pinus (e.g. estabelecimento de sub-bosque) poderia promover agregações de aranhas e possivelmente ajudar a conservar sua diversidade em escalas locais.(AU)

Spider community responds to litter complexity: insights from a small-scale experiment in an exotic pine stand / Comunidade de aranhas responde a complexidade da serapilheira: percepções de um experimento de pequena escala em um talhão de pinus exótico

Conservation of biodiversity in agroecosystems is an urgent need, and a suitable approach to maximize animal biodiversity and their services is the restoration of habitat heterogeneity. Here we investigated the value of increasing litter complexity in tree plantations of exotic pine for ground spiders. We hypothesized that increasing the litter complexity of these systems, as it would be the case in ecologically designed plantations, would increase spider aggregations. We performed a small-scale litter manipulation experiment within an exotic pine stand in the municipality of Minas do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and compared spider diversity in simple (only pine needles) and complex substrates (with the addition of diverse native broadleaves). We found 1,110 spiders, 19 families and 32 morphospecies. The most abundant families were Linyphiidae, Theridiidae and Salticidade, and the dominant morphospecies were Thymoites sp. 2 and Lygarina sp. Web-building spiders represented 61% of total spider abundance, and 17 species, while hunting spiders, 49% and 15 species. As expected, densities of spider individuals and species from both web-building and hunting spiders were higher in complex litter substrate. Potential preys (Collembola) also responded positively to the treatment, and had influence of spider community patterns. Our results suggest that ensuring some degree of plant and litter diversity within pine stands (e.g. understory establishment) might foster spider aggregations and possibly help to conserve their diversity at local-scales.

A conservação da biodiversidade em agroecossistemas é uma necessidade urgente, e uma abordagem adequada a maximizar a biodiversidade animal e seus serviços é a restauração da heterogeneidade de habitats. Aqui nós investigamos o valor do aumento da complexidade da serapilheira em plantações exóticas de pinus para aranhas de solo. Nossa hipótese é que aumentando a complexidade da serapilheira nestes sistemas, como seria o caso em plantações com design ecológico, as agregações de aranhas aumentariam. Nós realizamos uma manipulação experimental de pequena escala em uma plantação exótica de pinus no município de Minas do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, e comparamos a diversidade de aranhas em substrato simples (somente acículas de pinus) e complexo (com adição de folhas nativas diversas). Nós encontramos 1.110 aranhas, 19 famílias e 32 morfoespécies. As famílias mais abundantes foram Linyphiidae, Theridiidae e Salticidade, e as morfoespécies dominantes foram Thymoites sp. 2 e Lygarina sp. Aranhas de teia representaram 61% da abundância total de aranhas e 17 espécies, enquanto aranhas caçadoras, 49% e 15 espécies. Como esperado, densidades de indivíduos e de espécies de ambas construtoras de teia e caçadoras foram maiores em substrato complexo. Potenciais presas (Collembola) também responderam positivamente ao tratamento, e influenciaram os padrões das comunidades de aranhas. Nossos resultados sugerem que garantir algum grau de diversidade de plantas e serapilheira dentro de talhões de pinus (e.g. estabelecimento de sub-bosque) poderia promover agregações de aranhas e possivelmente ajudar a conservar sua diversidade em escalas locais.

A biotecnologia e o biodireito como estratégias de aperfeiçoamento na saúde a partir da tradução de um manual de traqueostomia em neopediatria

A dignidade da vida tornara-se conteúdo fundamental no meio da medicina preventiva e no ordenamento jurídico no Estado Moderno. Deve-se assegurar que a vida seja entendida como inerente ao ser humano e a ciência disponibiliza técnicas, procedimentos e avanços que em consonância com o direito formam o biodireito, a biotecnologia e a bioética. O progresso da biotecnologia provoca inquietação pública originada em concepções errôneas sobre a natureza e os usos das novas pesquisas nesse campo devem ser avaliados em face do ônus do sofrimento presente. A traqueostomia é um exemplo dos recursos que pode ser usado associando a biotecnologia em benefício do paciente, sendo indicada para facilitar a chegada do ar aos pulmões quando existe alguma obstrução no trajeto natural. Deste modo optou-se pelo uso da tradução utilizando-se do Manual of Care for the Pediatric Trach da UNC Health Care, elaborado no ano de 2002 pela equipe médica da Universidade da Carolina do Norte, tendo intuito de informar a comunidade científica, especialmente fisioterapeutas, bem como familiares e cuidadores as vertentes da escolha de uma traqueostomia, assim elaborou-se a presente tradução para a língua portuguesa associada a revisão bibliográfica, a sua associação ao biodireito quando se determina de modo precoce a realização da técnica, minimizando o risco físico e biológico para a criança. Através deste estudo, pode-se perceber que os cuidados direcionados a crianças traqueostomizadas nos Estados Unidos são bastante individualizados e que é de suma importância o treinamento e o fornecimento de informações para os cuidadores, sendo o manual do cuidador um instrumento de grande valia e distribuição. A realização de estudos mais aprofundados que envolvam o direito a vida, o biodireito e a medicina preventiva fomentam a instrumentaçao cada

vez mais aprimorada, a elaboração de manuais com maior tecnologia e

principalmente permite que haja incremento na qualidade e na expectativa de

vida da populaçao neopediátrica em decorrencia de uma assistencia hospitalar

The dignity of life become key contents in the middle of preventive medicine and the legal system in the Modern State. It must be ensured that life is understood as inherent to human nature and science provides techniques, procedures and advances in accordance with the law form the biolaw, biotechnology and bioethics. The progress of biotechnology causes restlessness originated in public misconceptions about the nature and uses of new research in this field should be evaluated in light of the burden of this suffering. Tracheostomy is an example of resources that can be used associating biotechnology for the benefit of the patient, is indicated to facilitate the arrival of air to the lungs when there is some obstruction in the natural way. We chose to use the translation using the Manual of Pediatric Trach Care for the UNC Health Care , established in 2002 by the medical team at the University of North Carolina , with a view to inform the scientific community , especially physiotherapists as well as family caregivers and the aspects of choosing a tracheotomy, so we prepared this translation to Portuguese language associated with the literature review, its association with the biolaw when determining early so the technique, minimizing physical risk and biologically to the child. Through this study, it can be noticed that the tracheotomy care directed at children in the United States are very individualized and that is of paramount way training and provision of information to carers, and the caregiver's manual an instrument of great value and distribution. Conducting further studies involving the right to life, and preventive medicine biolaw foster increasingly improved instrumentation, developing manuals and especially with higher technology allows for an increase in the quality and life expectancy of the population in pediatric due to a suitable hospital or home assistance.

A biotecnologia e o biodireito como estratégias de aperfeiçoamento na saúde a partir da tradução de um manual de traqueostomia em neopediatria

A dignidade da vida tornara-se conteúdo fundamental no meio da medicina preventiva e no ordenamento jurídico no Estado Moderno. Deve-se assegurar que a vida seja entendida como inerente ao ser humano e a ciência disponibiliza técnicas, procedimentos e avanços que em consonância com o direito formam o biodireito, a biotecnologia e a bioética. O progresso da biotecnologia provoca inquietação pública originada em concepções errôneas sobre a natureza e os usos das novas pesquisas nesse campo devem ser avaliados em face do ônus do sofrimento presente. A traqueostomia é um exemplo dos recursos que pode ser usado associando a biotecnologia em benefício do paciente, sendo indicada para facilitar a chegada do ar aos pulmões quando existe alguma obstrução no trajeto natural. Deste modo optou-se pelo uso da tradução utilizando-se do Manual of Care for the Pediatric Trach da UNC Health Care, elaborado no ano de 2002 pela equipe médica da Universidade da Carolina do Norte, tendo intuito de informar a comunidade científica, especialmente fisioterapeutas, bem como familiares e cuidadores as vertentes da escolha de uma traqueostomia, assim elaborou-se a presente tradução para a língua portuguesa associada a revisão bibliográfica, a sua associação ao biodireito quando se determina de modo precoce a realização da técnica, minimizando o risco físico e biológico para a criança. Através deste estudo, pode-se perceber que os cuidados direcionados a crianças traqueostomizadas nos Estados Unidos são bastante individualizados e que é de suma importância o treinamento e o fornecimento de informações para os cuidadores, sendo o manual do cuidador um instrumento de grande valia e distribuição. A realização de estudos mais aprofundados que envolvam o direito a vida, o biodireito e a medicina preventiva fomentam a instrumentaçao cada

vez mais aprimorada, a elaboração de manuais com maior tecnologia e

principalmente permite que haja incremento na qualidade e na expectativa de

vida da populaçao neopediátrica em decorrencia de uma assistencia hospitalar

ou domiciliar adequadas.(AU)

The dignity of life become key contents in the middle of preventive medicine and the legal system in the Modern State. It must be ensured that life is understood as inherent to human nature and science provides techniques, procedures and advances in accordance with the law form the biolaw, biotechnology and bioethics. The progress of biotechnology causes restlessness originated in public misconceptions about the nature and uses of new research in this field should be evaluated in light of the burden of this suffering. Tracheostomy is an example of resources that can be used associating biotechnology for the benefit of the patient, is indicated to facilitate the arrival of air to the lungs when there is some obstruction in the natural way. We chose to use the translation using the Manual of Pediatric Trach Care for the UNC Health Care , established in 2002 by the medical team at the University of North Carolina , with a view to inform the scientific community , especially physiotherapists as well as family caregivers and the aspects of choosing a tracheotomy, so we prepared this translation to Portuguese language associated with the literature review, its association with the biolaw when determining early so the technique, minimizing physical risk and biologically to the child. Through this study, it can be noticed that the tracheotomy care directed at children in the United States are very individualized and that is of paramount way training and provision of information to carers, and the caregiver's manual an instrument of great value and distribution. Conducting further studies involving the right to life, and preventive medicine biolaw foster increasingly improved instrumentation, developing manuals and especially with higher technology allows for an increase in the quality and life expectancy of the population in pediatric due to a suitable hospital or home assistance. (AU)

Avaliação da resposta imune celular de proteínas recombinantes de Staphylococcus aureus preditoras de cura e prevenção associados ao fator estimulante de colônia de granulócitos e macrófagos (GM-CSF)

Staphylococcus aureus é um patógeno notório associado a infecções intramamárias crônicas em vacas leiteiras, além de ser extremamente crítico por sua contagiosidade e refratariedade ao tratamento antimicrobiano, além de questões críticas relacionadas à segurança alimentar e saúde pública. Uma compreensão mais abrangente desses mecanismos, incluindo aqueles que podem não ser conhecidos ou totalmente apreciados no momento. Com isso em mente, a presente tese está dividida em três capítulos. Primeiramente, o primeiro capitulo objetivou explorou a expressão de CD62L e CD44 por PBMCs bovinos e células T WC1.1+ sob condição de estimulação de cultura de células de S. aureus. Assim, pudemos identificar que S. aureus está associado à alta expressão de CD44 em PBMC e células T WC1.1+ em geral, podendo gerar células T de memória WC1.1+ , de preferência células de memória central. O segundo capítulo compreende a avaliação da imunogenicidade de três proteínas recombinantes preventivas associadas a S. aureus denominadas: F0F1 ATP sintase subunidade (SAS), succinil-diaminopimelato (SDD) e cisteinil-tRNA sintetase (CTS). associada à vacina de DNA plasmídico de fator estimulador de colônia de granulócitos-macrófagos (GM-CSF) em um modelo murino. Neste capítulo, notamos que essas proteínas recombinantes de S. aureus associadas ao GM-CSF desencadeiam imunidade tipo 3, principalmente pela subpopulação TCRV4+, que poderia conferir uma imunidade protetora tipo 3 robusta. O último capítulo trata da avaliação da imunogenicidade de três proteínas de S. aureus, associadas à cura, chamadas: fator de alongamento-G (EF-G), enolase (ENO) e fosfoglicerato quinase (PGK) associada à vacina de DNA plasmídico de fator estimulador de colônia de granulócitos-macrófagos (GMCSF) em um modelo murino. Os resultados demonstraram que essas proteínas recombinantes sozinhas também são capazes de promover imunidade tipo 3 em resposta a S. aureus, mas por ambos os linfócitos e em vez da subpopulação TCRV4 +. Nesse caso, o GM-CSF não melhorou a imunogenicidade dessas proteínas recombinantes S aureus e, em vez disso, favoreceu o padrão de resposta imune tipo 2. Embora nosso estudo tenha indicado resultados promissores, mais estudos são necessários em animais desafiados experimentalmente com S. aureus para validar nossos resultados.

Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen associated with chronic intramammary infections in dairy cows, besides being extremely critical due to its contagiousness and refractoriness to antimicrobial treatment, beyond critical issues related to food security and public health. A more comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms, including those that may not be known or fully appreciated at present. With this in mind, the present thesis is divided into three chapters. First, the first aims explored the expression of CD62L and CD44 by bovine PBMCs and WC1.1+ T cells under S. aureus cell culture stimulation condition. Thus, we were able to identify that S. aureus was associated with high expression of CD44 in overall PBMC and WC1.1+ T cells, and they could generate a memory WC1.1+ T cells, preferably central memory cells. The second chapter comprises the evaluation of the immunogenic of three S. aureus -associated preventive recombinant proteins called: F0F1 ATP synthase subunit (SAS), succinyl-diaminopimelate (SDD) and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CTS). associated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plasmid DNA vaccine in a murine model. In this chapter, we observe that these recombinant S. aureus proteins associated with GM-CSF trigger type 3 immunity, mainly by the TCRV4+ subpopulation, that could confer a robust protective type 3 immunity. The last chapter deals with the evaluation of the immunogenicity of three S. aureus -cure associated, so-called: elongation factor-G (EF-G), enolase (ENO) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) in association with the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plasmid DNA vaccine in a murine model. The results demonstrated that these recombinant proteins alone are also capable to foster type 3 immunity in response to S. aureus, but by both and lymphocytes instead of TCRV4+ subpopulation. In this case, GM-CSF did not improve the immunogenicity of these S aureus recombinant proteins, and instead favor type 2 immune response pattern. Although, our study strongly indicated promising outcomes, more studies are needed in experimentally S. aureus challenged animals to validate our results.

Structural modifications on fishing gears of shrimp trawls: perceptions of the fishermen and implications in management on a marine protected area / Modificações estruturais nas redes de arrasto de camarão: percepção dos pescadores e implicações para a gestão em uma área marinha protegida

This paper comprises an analysis on fishers perceptions about using bycatch modification devices (BRD) as fishery management tools in a south Brazilian Marine Protected Area. Data collection included demonstration hauls with medium-sized trawling fishers (over 45HP), workshops and interviews about perceptions on fishery dynamics and BRD efficiency. Workshops encompassed a participatory analysis on BRDs performance and potential and constraints for adopting them. Fishers agreed on BRD performance results as well as to continue research and knowledge sharing to improve juvenile fishes and shrimp in bycatch. Otherwise, negative perceptions on reducing bycatch for sale and consumption were considered constraints and challenged fisheries management strategies. Despite perceived constraints, participatory approach was a conduit for using BRD as triggers for continued collaboration to improve fishery management performance, to foster institutional learning and fishers engagement to promote responsible small-scale fisheries. Experience can work as pilot site for future research and management in other MPA.(AU)

O artigo compreende uma análise das percepções dos pescadores sobre adotar modificações estruturais para a redução do bycatch (BRD) numa Área Marinha Protegida (AMP) do sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados incluiu arrastos demonstrativos com pescadores de média escala (acima de 45HP), oficinas devolutivas e entrevistas sobre a dinâmica da pesca e eficiência dos BRDs. As oficinas devolutivas compreenderam uma análise participativa do desempenho do BRD e possibilidades e obstáculos para a sua adoção. Pescadores concordaram com os resultados do BRD, bem como a continuidade de pesquisa para melhorar a redução de juvenis na fauna acompanhante. Percepções negativas da redução do bycatch comercializável afetaram a aceitação e são desafios à gestão pesqueira. Contudo, a abordagem participativa estimulou iniciativas colaborativas para melhorar a gestão, a aprendizagem institucional e o engajamento dos pescadores para pesca artesanal responsável. A experiência analisada pode servir de piloto para pesquisas futuras e gestão em outras AMPs.(AU)