Soybean adaptability and stability analyzes to the organic system through AMMI, GGE Biplot and mixed models methodologies / Análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade da soja ao sistema orgânico por meio de metodologias AMMI, GGE Biplot e modelos mistos

This research determined the adaptability and stability of soybean yield for organic systems in different environments. Grain yield data (GY, kg ha-1) from experiments with six soybean genotypes evaluated in six environments in Brazil and one environment in Paraguay were used. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, organized in an incomplete factorial scheme, with six environments in Brazil (Toledo- PR, Palotina- PR, Mangueirinha- PR, Três Passos- RS, Passo Fundo- RS, Major Vieira- SC) and one in Paraguay (Bela Vista do Norte- PY) with six soybean genotypes (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) arranged in four replications per environment. BRS 511 genotype was characterized by high average grain yield and stability by the AMMI method. BRS 284 genotype was identified as the ideal genotype in the GGE biplot method. WAASBY and BLUP index selected BRS511 and BRS284 genotypes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produtividade da soja para sistemas orgânicos em diferentes ambientes. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de grãos (GY, kg ha-1) de experimentos com seis genótipos de soja avaliados em seis ambientes no Brasil e um ambiente no Paraguai. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, organizados em esquema fatorial incompleto, com seis ambientes no Brasil (Toledo - PR, Palotina - PR, Mangueirinha - ​​PR, Três Passos - RS, Passo Fundo - RS, Major Vieira - SC) e um no Paraguai (Bela Vista do Norte - PY) com seis genótipos de soja (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) dispostos em quatro repetições por ambiente. O genótipo BRS 511 foi caracterizado por alta produtividade média de grãos e estabilidade pelo método AMMI. O genótipo BRS 284 foi identificado como o genótipo ideal pelo método GGE biplot. Os índices WAASBY e BLUP selecionaram os genótipos BRS511 e BRS284.

Genotypic selection of pre-clultivars of carioca and early carioca beans for the Agreste-Sertão of Pernambuco, Brazil / Seleção genotípica de pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e carioca precoce para o Agreste-Sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil

Genotype x environment interactions represent a major challenge in identifying and selecting genotypes responsive to different climate and soil conditions. This research evaluated and selected pre-cultivars of carioca bean and early carioca bean based on adaptability, stability, and grain yield. In the 2014 crop season, two regional competition trials were conducted in the state of Pernambuco: carioca beans (14 genotypes in Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru and São João) and early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Caruaru) and, in the 2015 crop season, with early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Brejão). Parameters were estimated by mixed models, and the selection was performed using the Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genetic Values (HMRPGV) method following three strategies: i) selection based on predicted genetic value with no interaction; ii) selection according to predicted genetic value considering each location; and iii) simultaneous selection for grain yield, adaptability, and stability. The environments influenced the phenotypic expression of the carioca and early carioca bean genotypes, representing a specific adaptation. The genotypes BRS Notável, BRS Estilo and BRS Pérola, of carioca beans, and CNFC 15875, BRS Notável and CNFC 15630, of early carioca beans, had the best results in the environments tested, regarding, simultaneously, adaptability to different soil and climate conditions, performance stability, and grain yield.

A interação genótipo x ambiente representa um grande desafio na identificação e seleção de genótipos responsivos às diversas condições de clima e solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e selecionar pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e feijão carioca precoce com base na adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de grãos. Na safra 2014 foram conduzidos dois ensaios regionais de competição no estado de Pernambuco: feijão carioca (14 genótipos em Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru e São João) e feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos em Araripina, Arcoverde e Caruaru) e na safra de 2015 com feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos, em Araripina, Arcoverde e Brejão). Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio de modelos mistos e a seleção foi realizada pelo método da Média Harmônica do Desempenho Relativo dos Valores Genéticos (MHPRVG), adotando-se três estratégias: i) seleção com base no valor genético predito, sem interação; ii) seleção com base no valor genético predito, considerando cada local; iii) seleção simultânea quanto à produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Observou-se que os ambientes influenciaram na expressão fenotípica dos genótipos de feijão carioca e carioca precoce, configurando adaptação específica. Os genótipos BRS Notável, BRS Estilo e BRS Pérola, de feijão carioca, e CNFC 15875, BRS Notável e CNFC 15630, de feijão carioca precoce, apresentaram os melhores desempenhos nos ambientes testados, considerando-se, simultaneamente, a adaptabilidade a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, estabilidade de desempenho e produtividade de grãos

Environmental variability in indirect selection for grain yield in common bean lines

An approach to the number of experiments that should be used in correlation analyses aimed at increasing efficiency in indirect selection for grain yield is unprecedented for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). We hypothesize that trait correlation estimates vary in response to the growing environment. This study was undertaken to investigate the correlations between plant architecture and yield traits in common bean lines and to determine the minimum number of experiments required by Pearson's linear correlation analysis to increase efficiency in indirect selection for grain yield. Seventeen common bean genotypes were evaluated for 17 agronomic traits in four experiments. Pearson's linear correlation analyses were carried out using data from individual experiments and different combinations of growing seasons and years. Ten out of the 17 agronomic traits showed a significant genotype × environment interaction effect, meaning that common bean genotypes exhibited variation for most of the traits evaluated in different growing seasons and years, which resulted in changes in the correlation estimates between these traits. Pearson's linear correlation estimates obtained between plant architecture and yield traits varied in significance, magnitude, and sign when data from individual experiments and combinations of growing seasons and years were considered. The number of grains per pod is the most promising agronomic trait used in indirect selection for grain yield in common bean lines. Data from at least three experiments should be used in Pearson's linear correlation analysis to achieve greater efficiency in indirect selection for grain yield in common bean lines.

Genotypic selection of pre-clultivars of carioca and early carioca beans for the Agreste-Sertão of Pernambuco, Brazil / Seleção genotípica de pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e carioca precoce para o Agreste-Sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Genotype x environment interactions represent a major challenge in identifying and selecting genotypes responsive to different climate and soil conditions. This research evaluated and selected pre-cultivars of carioca bean and early carioca bean based on adaptability, stability, and grain yield. In the 2014 crop season, two regional competition trials were conducted in the state of Pernambuco: carioca beans (14 genotypes in Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru and São João) and early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Caruaru) and, in the 2015 crop season, with early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Brejão). Parameters were estimated by mixed models, and the selection was performed using the Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genetic Values (HMRPGV) method following three strategies: i) selection based on predicted genetic value with no interaction; ii) selection according to predicted genetic value considering each location; and iii) simultaneous selection for grain yield, adaptability, and stability. The environments influenced the phenotypic expression of the carioca and early carioca bean genotypes, representing a specific adaptation. The genotypes BRS Notável, BRS Estilo and BRS Pérola, of carioca beans, and CNFC 15875, BRS Notável and CNFC 15630, of early carioca beans, had the best results in the environments tested, regarding, simultaneously, adaptability to different soil and climate conditions, performance stability, and grain yield.

RESUMO: A interação genótipo x ambiente representa um grande desafio na identificação e seleção de genótipos responsivos às diversas condições de clima e solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e selecionar pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e feijão carioca precoce com base na adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de grãos. Na safra 2014 foram conduzidos dois ensaios regionais de competição no estado de Pernambuco: feijão carioca (14 genótipos em Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru e São João) e feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos em Araripina, Arcoverde e Caruaru) e na safra de 2015 com feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos, em Araripina, Arcoverde e Brejão). Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio de modelos mistos e a seleção foi realizada pelo método da Média Harmônica do Desempenho Relativo dos Valores Genéticos (MHPRVG), adotando-se três estratégias: i) seleção com base no valor genético predito, sem interação; ii) seleção com base no valor genético predito, considerando cada local; iii) seleção simultânea quanto à produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Observou-se que os ambientes influenciaram na expressão fenotípica dos genótipos de feijão carioca e carioca precoce, configurando adaptação específica. Os genótipos BRS Notável, BRS Estilo e BRS Pérola, de feijão carioca, e CNFC 15875, BRS Notável e CNFC 15630, de feijão carioca precoce, apresentaram os melhores desempenhos nos ambientes testados, considerando-se, simultaneamente, a adaptabilidade a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, estabilidade de desempenho e produtividade de grãos.

Environmental variability in simultaneous selection of common bean for grain quality and mineral concentration traits

The selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines based on grain quality and mineral concentration traits will be more efficient if a minimum number of experiments is established. This study was carried out to determine whether grain quality and mineral concentration traits are significantly affected by the genotype × environment interaction; to estimate heritability and genetic gain in individual and combined experiments; and to select superior common bean lines considering a minimum number of experiments. A total of 17 common bean genotypes were evaluated in four experiments. Grain quality was determined through seven traits, and the concentration of six minerals was analyzed by acid digestion. Statistical analyses were completed using data obtained from both individual (I, II, III and IV) and combined (I and II; I, II and III; and I, II, III and IV) experiments. Except for the potassium concentration, all traits showed a significant genotype × environment interaction effect. Heritability and genetic gain estimates of grain quality and mineral concentration traits varied when the data were obtained from one or more experiments. Genetic gain may be inflated because of the data being based on one or two experiments. Four carioca bean (BRS MG Uai, LP 09-33, LEC 01-16 and Pérola) and four black bean (TB 02-19, CHP 04-239-52, TB 03-11 and IAC Netuno) genotypes were selected for their high grain quality and mineral concentration based on four experiments. Data from at least four experiments should be used to select common bean lines superior in grain quality and mineral concentration traits to increase the efficiency of simultaneous selection.

Mega-environment analysis of maize breeding data from Brazil

The development and recommendation of single cross maize hybrids (SH) to be used in extensive land areas (mega-environments), and in different crop seasons requires many experiments under numerous environmental conditions. The question we asked is if the data from these multi-environment experiments are sufficient to identify the best hybrid combinations. The aim of this study was to critically analyze the phenotype data of experiments of yield, established by a large seed producing company, under a high level of imbalance. Data from evaluation of 2770 SH were used from experiments conducted over four years, involving the first and second crop seasons, in 50 locations of different years and regions of Brazil. Different types of analysis were carried out and genetic and non-genetic components were estimated, with emphasis on the different interactions of the SH with the environments. Results showed that the coincidence of common hybrids in these experiments is normally small. The estimates of the correlations between of the hybrids coinciding in the environments two by two is of low magnitude. The hybrid × crop season interaction was always expressive; however, the interactions of hybrids and other environmental variables were also important. Under these conditions, alternatives were discussed for making with the information obtained from the experiments, can be more efficient on the process to obtain new hybrids by companies.

Genotype plus genotype by-environment interaction biplot and genetic diversity analyses on multi-environment trials data of yield and technological traits of cotton cultivars / Biplot de genótipo mais interação genótipo por ambiente e diversidade genética em dados de produtividade e qualidade de fibras em cultivares de algodão provenientes de ensaios multi-ambientes

Understanding the genetic diversity and overcoming genotype-by-environment interaction issues is an essential step in breeding programs that aims to improve the performance of desirable traits. This study estimated genetic diversity and applied genotype + genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analyses in cotton genotypes. Twelve genotypes were evaluated for fiber yield, fiber length, fiber strength, and micronaire. Estimation of variance components and genetic parameters was made through restricted maximum likelihood and the prediction of genotypic values was made through best linear unbiased prediction. The modified Tocher and principal component analysis (PCA) methods, were used to quantify genetic diversity among genotypes. GGE biplot was performed to find the best genotypes regarding adaptability and stability. The Tocher technique and PCA allowed for the formation of clusters of similar genotypes based on a multivariate framework. The GGE biplot indicated that the genotypes IMACV 690 and IMA08 WS were highly adaptable and stable for the main traits in cotton. The cross between the genotype IMACV 690 and IMA08 WS is the most recommended to increase the performance of the main traits in cotton crops.

Compreender a diversidade genética e contornar os problemas causados pela interação genótipos por ambientes é uma etapa importante em programas de melhoramento. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a diversidade genética e aplicar a metodologia de biplot genótipo + genótipo por ambiente (GGE biplot) em doze genótipos de algodão avaliados quanto ao rendimento da fibra, comprimento da fibra, resistência da fibra e micronaire. A estimativa dos componentes de variância e dos parâmetros genéticos foi feita através do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita e a predição dos valores genotípicos por meio da melhor predição linear não enviesada. Os métodos de Tocher modificado e análise de componentes principais (PCA) foram utilizados para quantificar a diversidade genética entre os genótipos. O método GGE biplot foi conduzido para encontrar os melhores genótipos em relação à adaptabilidade e estabilidade. As técnicas de Tocher e PCA permitiram a formação de clusters de genótipos semelhantes com base em uma estrutura multivariada. O GGE biplot indicou que os genótipos IMACV 690 e IMA08 WS foram altamente adaptáveis e estáveis para as principais características do algodão. O cruzamento dentre os genótipos IMACV 690 e IMA08 WS é o mais recomendado para aumentar o desempenho das principais características na cultura do algodão.

Mega-environment analysis of maize breeding data from Brazil

The development and recommendation of single cross maize hybrids (SH) to be used in extensive land areas (mega-environments), and in different crop seasons requires many experiments under numerous environmental conditions. The question we asked is if the data from these multi-environment experiments are sufficient to identify the best hybrid combinations. The aim of this study was to critically analyze the phenotype data of experiments of yield, established by a large seed producing company, under a high level of imbalance. Data from evaluation of 2770 SH were used from experiments conducted over four years, involving the first and second crop seasons, in 50 locations of different years and regions of Brazil. Different types of analysis were carried out and genetic and non-genetic components were estimated, with emphasis on the different interactions of the SH with the environments. Results showed that the coincidence of common hybrids in these experiments is normally small. The estimates of the correlations between of the hybrids coinciding in the environments two by two is of low magnitude. The hybrid × crop season interaction was always expressive; however, the interactions of hybrids and other environmental variables were also important. Under these conditions, alternatives were discussed for making with the information obtained from the experiments, can be more efficient on the process to obtain new hybrids by companies.

Mega-environment analysis of maize breeding data from Brazil

ABSTRACT: The development and recommendation of single cross maize hybrids (SH) to be used in extensive land areas (mega-environments), and in different crop seasons requires many experiments under numerous environmental conditions. The question we asked is if the data from these multi-environment experiments are sufficient to identify the best hybrid combinations. The aim of this study was to critically analyze the phenotype data of experiments of yield, established by a large seed producing company, under a high level of imbalance. Data from evaluation of 2770 SH were used from experiments conducted over four years, involving the first and second crop seasons, in 50 locations of different years and regions of Brazil. Different types of analysis were carried out and genetic and non-genetic components were estimated, with emphasis on the different interactions of the SH with the environments. Results showed that the coincidence of common hybrids in these experiments is normally small. The estimates of the correlations between of the hybrids coinciding in the environments two by two is of low magnitude. The hybrid × crop season interaction was always expressive; however, the interactions of hybrids and other environmental variables were also important. Under these conditions, alternatives were discussed for making with the information obtained from the experiments, can be more efficient on the process to obtain new hybrids by companies.

Maize topcrosses for yield performance by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis / Seleção de topcrosses de milho para rendimento de grãos por meio da análise de efeitos principais aditivos e interação multiplicativa

The analysis of main additive effects and multiplicative interaction is commonly used in the evaluation of the genotype x environment interaction, however, its application can be used for other purposes, as it is performed in the presentresearch, which uses this technique in the selection of inbred lines, testers and hybrids in maize topcrosses. Thisresearch determined the effect of the inbred lines x testers interaction through the analysis of main additive effects and multiplicative interaction, verifying their efficiency in the selection of inbred lines, testers and hybrid combinations in topcrosses. The trials were carried out in the 2015/16 and 2016/17 crop seasons, with a complete block design, with three replications. Thirty S3 maize inbred lines were evaluated in crosses with the AG8025, P30B39, MLP102, 60.H23.1 and 70.H26.1 testers forming 150 hybrids topcrosses. The trait evaluated was grain yield. The adaptability and stability of testers and inbred lines were evaluated by the methodology of analysis of main additive effects and multiplicative interaction directed to the interaction of testers x inbred lines. The 96.3 inbred line has the most homogeneous performance and the highest grain yield, considering the crossing with all testers in both environments. The 70.H26.1 tester is considered the most stable and the most recommended for topcrosses. The best specific combinations were 96.3 x 70.H26.1 and 96.3 x 60.H23.1.

A análise dos principais efeitos aditivos e interação multiplicativa é comumente utilizada na avaliação da interação genótipo x ambiente, porém, sua aplicação pode ser estendida para outros propósitos assim como realizado no presente trabalho em que utiliza esta técnica na seleção de linhagens, testadores e híbridos em topcrosses de milho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da interação linhagens x testadores por meio da análise dos principais efeitos aditivos e da interação multiplicativa, verificando sua eficiência na seleção de linhagens, testadoras e combinações híbridas em topcrosses. Os ensaios foram realizados nas safras 2015/16 e 2016/17, com delineamento em blocos completos, com três repetições. Trinta linhagens de milho S3 foram avaliadas em cruzamentos com os testadores AG8025, P30B39, MLP102, 60.H23.1 e 70.H26.1 formando 150 topcrosses híbridos. A característica avaliada foi a produtividade de grãos. A adaptabilidade e estabilidade de testadores e linhagens foram avaliadas pela metodologia de análise de efeitos aditivos principais e interação multiplicativa direcionada à interação testadores x linhagens. A linhagem 96.3 apresentou o desempenho mais homogêneo e o maior rendimento de grãos, considerando o cruzamento com todos os testadores em ambos os ambientes. O testador 70.H26.1 é considerado o mais estável e o mais recomendado para topcrosses. As melhores combinações específicas foram 96.3 x 70.H26.1 e 96.3 x 60.H23.1.

Selection strategies for identifying fast cooking, mineral-biofortified bean cultivars with high agronomic performance

Simultaneous selection for various agronomic traits, cooking time and mineral concentration are major challenges for common-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding programs. The authors of this study proposed to analyze genetic gain estimates obtained by direct and indirect selection using selection indices and economic weights for 13 traits, and to determine the most efficient selection strategy for the simultaneous selection of fast cooking, mineral-biofortified common bean cultivars with high agronomic performance. For this purpose, three experiments were carried out in different growing seasons to evaluate 49 common bean cultivars of different grain types. Agronomic performance was evaluated based on six traits; cooking time was determined using a Mattson cooker; and the concentration of six minerals was analyzed in samples of raw grains. Significant genotype × environment interaction or genotype effects were observed for all traits, indicating the existence of genetic variability. Direct selection resulted in high genetic gain estimates for individual traits, but caused undesirable changes in one or more of the traits under selection. The classic, base, desired-gains and rank-sum selection indices tested with six economic weights do not provide genetic gain estimates favorable to the selection of all traits. The multiplicative index is the best selection strategy for use in the breeding program when aiming at the simultaneous selection of fast cooking, mineral-biofortified common bean cultivars with high agronomic performance.

Yield and nutritional value of sorghum genotype silages using Azospirillum brasilense in the northern region of the state of Minas Gerais / Produtividade e valor nutricional das silagens de genótipos de sorgo com uso de Azospirillum brasilense na região norte de Minas Gerais

Sorghum is a crop of great interest in animal feed in semiarid regions. The environment and nitrogen fertilization can influence its productive potential and nutritional quality. This study aimed to evaluate sorghum biomass genotypes associated or not with Azospirillum brasilense managed at different sowing sites on the yield and nutritional value of silage. We evaluated 3 sorghum genotypes combined with 3 fertilization strategies using urea, Azospirillum brasilense and the urea/A brasilense combination in two planting sites (Janaúba, MG, and Montes Claros, MG). A randomized block design was carried out in a 3 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of 3 genotypes, 3 fertilization strategies and 2 sowing sites. Azospirillum brasilense foliar spraying was carried out using a costal (Backpack) atomizer and for silage production, PVC silos with weight and length of 50 cm and 10 cm in diameter were used. There was no triple interaction between the studied variables. There were differences between genotypes and between sites for agronomic traits. Statistical differences were detected between genotypes and sites for chemical composition, and sorghum forage on digestibility evaluations. The region of Montes Claros has greater forage production and the region of Janaúba has better quality of silage. Biomass sorghum genotypes have higher forage production and the Volumax genotype has better silage quality(AU)

O sorgo é uma cultura de grande interesse na alimentação animal em regiões semiáridas. O ambiente e a adubação nitrogenada podem influenciar seu potencial produtivo e qualidade nutricional. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar genótipos de biomassa de sorgo associados ou não ao Azospirillum brasilense manejados em diferentes locais de semeadura sobre a produtividade e valor nutricional da silagem. Foram avaliados três genótipos de sorgo associados e três estratégias de adubação utilizando ureia, Azospirillum brasilense e a associação ureia/A. brasilense em dois locais de plantio (Janaúba, MG e Montes Claros, MG). O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 x 2, com 3 genótipos, 3 estratégias de adubação e 2 locais de semeadura. A pulverização foliar de Azospirillum brasilense foi feita com o auxílio de um atomizador costal e para a produção de silagem foram utilizados silos de PVC com peso conhecido e comprimento de 50 cm e 10 cm de diâmetro. Não houve interação tripla entre as variáveis estudadas. Houve diferenças entre genótipos e entre locais para características agronômicas. Também foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os genótipos e locais estudados para a composição química e forrageira de sorgo nas avaliações de digestibilidade. A região de Montes Claros possui maior produção de forragem e a região de Janaúba possui melhor qualidade de silagem. Os genótipos de sorgo biomassa apresentam maior produção de forragem e o genótipo Volumax apresenta melhor qualidade de silagem.(AU)

Reciprocal recurrent selection for obtaining water-deficit tolerant maize progeny / Seleção recorrente recíproca para obtenção de progênies de milho tolerantes ao déficit hídrico

In view of the need to increase genetic variability to obtain materials with a significant capacity to drought tolerance, this study conducted a cycle of a reciprocal recurrent selection of full-sib families of maize. To this end, 64 full-sib families of maize were evaluated in two environments according to their morpho-agronomic data in a randomized block design with two replicates. It were analyzed of Male flowering (MF); Female flowering (FF); Flowering interval (IF); days for flowering (DF); Plant height (PH); Ear height (EH); number of plants at the Stand (NPS); Number of broken plant (NBrP); Number of bedded plants (NBeP); Strawing (St); Ear length (EL); Ear diameter (ED); Ear number (EN); Prolificacy (Pr); Number of diseased ears (NDE); Number of ears attacked by pests (NEP); Ear weight (EW); Yield (YIE) and Total Chlorophyll Index (TCI). The analysis of variance was performed by the F test at 5% significance level, and also the evaluation of genetic parameters. Regarding morpho-agronomic data, the analysis of variance and the analysis of genetic parameters showed that there was no interaction genotype x environment with regard to the genetic variability among the families under study. Lastly, the final selection of the superior genotypes was made on the basis of the ranking of the 40 most productive families, from which, combined with the molecular data, the 30 most productive, most drought-tolerant, and most genetically diverse ones were selected to compose the next cycle of recurrent maize selection aiming water-stress tolerance.

Tendo em vista a necessidade de aumentar a variabilidade genética para obter materiais com significativa capacidade de tolerância à seca, este estudo conduziu um ciclo de seleção recorrente recíproca de famílias de irmãos completos de milho. Para tanto, 64 famílias de irmãos completos de milho foram avaliadas em dois ambientes de acordo com seus dados morfoagronômicos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com duas repetições. Foram analisados o florescimento masculino (MF); florescimento feminino (FF); Intervalo de florescimento (IF); dias para florescimento (DF); Altura da planta (PH); Altura da espiga (EH); número de plantas na parcela (NPS); Número de planta quebrada (NBrP); Número de plantas com acamadas (NBeP); empalhamento (St); Comprimento da espiga (EL); Diâmetro da espiga (DE); Número de espigas (EN); Prolificidade (Pr); Número de espigas doentes (EQM); Número de espigas atacadas por pragas (NEP); Peso de espiga (EW); Rendimento de grãos (YIE) e Índice de clorofila total (TCI). A análise de variância foi realizada pelo teste F com nível de significância de 5% e também pela avaliação dos parâmetros genéticos. Em relação aos dados morfoagronômicos, a análise de variância e a análise dos parâmetros genéticos mostraram que não houve interação genótipo x ambiente no que diz respeito à variabilidade genética entre as famílias em estudo. Por fim, a seleção final dos genótipos superiores foi feita com base no ranking das 40 famílias mais produtivas, das quais, combinadas com os dados moleculares, foram selecionadas as 30 mais produtivas, mais tolerantes à seca e mais geneticamente diversificadas. para compor o próximo ciclo de seleção recorrente de milho visando tolerância ao estresse hídrico.

Growth analysis, photosynthate partition and nodulation in bean and soybean / Análise de crescimento, partição de fotoassimilados e nodulação em feijão e soja

Photoassimilate partition and allocation among plant organs varies throughout their development and is also influenced by factors inherent to the genotype and the environment. Nodulation in the soybean-diazotrophic bacteria interaction is more effective than in the bean-diazotrophic bacteria interaction. This investigation studied growth and photoassimilate partitioning throughout the bean and soybean cycles and inferred how much it could affect the nodulation of the roots. For this purpose, an experiment with two treatments was carried out, soybean (cultivar BRS GO - 7760 - RR) and bean (cultivar BRS Estilo), with four replications, conducted in pots and entirely randomized. The seeds were inoculated with commercial rhizobia specific for bean and soybean LeguMax® (Novozymes-Turfal). Plants were analyzed throughout their cycles based on leaf area and dry mass of all organs, including nodules. Mathematical models were fitted to the data and based on them, the instantaneous physiological indicators of growth were estimated, and the percentages of photoassimilate partition among organs were evaluated. Crop growth rate, relative growth rates, net assimilation rate as well as net photosynthesis rate had higher values in soybean compared to bean, following the pattern of leaf area and total dry mass. For both species, the highest rates occurred at the beginning of the cycle, decreasing with age. Unlike the bean, soybean has a high capacity to supply photosynthates to all of its organs throughout its entire cycle, favoring the maintenance of nodule growth and explaining its greater capacity for nitrogen assimilation.

Durante o desenvolvimento das plantas a partição e alocação de fotoassimilados variam entre os seus órgãos, e dependem de fatores inerentes ao genótipo e ao meio ambiente. A nodulação é mais efetiva na interação soja-bactéria diazotrófica do que na interação feijão-bactéria diazotrófica. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o crescimento e a partição de fotoassimilados ao longo dos ciclos do feijão e da soja e inferir o quanto isso pode afetar a nodulação das raízes. Para tanto, foi instalado um experimento com dois tratamentos, soja (cultivar BRS GO - 7760 - RR) e feijão comum (cultivar BRS Estilo), com quatro repetições, conduzido em vasos e inteiramente ao acaso. As sementes foram inoculadas com inoculantes comerciais específicos para feijão e soja LeguMax® (Novozymes-Turfal). Plantas foram coletadas ao longo de seus ciclos e medidas as áreas foliares e as massas secas de todos os órgãos, incluindo nódulos. Modelos matemáticos foram ajustados aos dados e, com base neles, foram estimados os indicadores fisiológicos instantâneos do crescimento e, também, foram avaliadas as porcentagens de partição de fotoassimilados entre os órgãos. A taxa de crescimento das culturas (CGR), as taxas de crescimento relativo (RGR), a taxa líquida de assimilação (NAR) e a taxa líquida de fotossíntese (Pn) apresentaram maiores valores na soja em relação ao feijoeiro. Para ambas as culturas as maiores taxas ocorreram no início do ciclo, decrescendo ao longo do ciclo cultural. Diferentemente do feijoeiro a soja tem alta capacidade de suprir de fotoassimilados a todos os seus órgãos ao longo de todo o seu ciclo, o que favorece o maior crescimento dos seus nódulos, justificando a sua maior capacidade na captura do N2 atmosférico.

Half a century of studying adaptability and stability in maize and soybean in Brazil

The study of adaptability and stability underlies the cultivar recommendation process for all crops. There is a considerable number of statistical methods available for this purpose, but little is known about their actual adoption by the Brazilian scientific community. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the scientific literature on the adaptability and stability methods used in maize and soybean in Brazil from scientific articles published between 1970 and 2017 in Brazilian journals. Article searches were carried out in journals indexed through the SciELO database. The articles were classified according to the year of publication and the adaptability and stability methods used. We also evaluated the pattern of association between methods. We found 113 articles on adaptability and stability in maize and soybean, in which 21 methods were listed. The most commonly used method was the Eberhart and Russell methodology. The Cruz, Torres, and Vencovsky along with the AMMI methods were also widely used. The number of articles using most methods decreased in the current decade, except for the GGE Biplot, MHPRVG, and Centroid methods. In studies with more than one method, the methods were more likely to be used together with the Eberhart and Russell methodology. Adaptability and stability in maize and soybean have been widely studied over the last several decades in Brazil, although the number of publications on this subject has decreased over this time period.(AU)

Half a century of studying adaptability and stability in maize and soybean in Brazil

The study of adaptability and stability underlies the cultivar recommendation process for all crops. There is a considerable number of statistical methods available for this purpose, but little is known about their actual adoption by the Brazilian scientific community. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the scientific literature on the adaptability and stability methods used in maize and soybean in Brazil from scientific articles published between 1970 and 2017 in Brazilian journals. Article searches were carried out in journals indexed through the SciELO database. The articles were classified according to the year of publication and the adaptability and stability methods used. We also evaluated the pattern of association between methods. We found 113 articles on adaptability and stability in maize and soybean, in which 21 methods were listed. The most commonly used method was the Eberhart and Russell methodology. The Cruz, Torres, and Vencovsky along with the AMMI methods were also widely used. The number of articles using most methods decreased in the current decade, except for the GGE Biplot, MHPRVG, and Centroid methods. In studies with more than one method, the methods were more likely to be used together with the Eberhart and Russell methodology. Adaptability and stability in maize and soybean have been widely studied over the last several decades in Brazil, although the number of publications on this subject has decreased over this time period.

Combined selection for adaptability, genotypic stability and cowpea yield from mixed models / Seleção combinada para adaptabilidade, estabilidade genotípica e produtividade de feijão-caupi a partir de modelos mistos

ABSTRACT: The potential expression of crop productivity is a constant challenge for plant breeders in the face of oscillations in environmental variables, making selection difficult and increasing the operational and methodological costs in obtaining the ideal cultivar for a determined region. The objective of the research was to investigate the effects of genotype x environment interaction in the selection of cowpea lines with high grain yield, adaptability, and genotypic stability simultaneously, in environments of the Northwest region of Rio de Janeiro State, using mixed models (Maximum Restricted Likelihood - REML/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction - BLUP). 27 cowpea genotypes were evaluated in six environments by combining location (Cambuci-RJ and Bom Jesus do Itabapoana-RJ) and year (2016, 2017 and 2018). A randomized block design with four replications was performed. The genetic parameters were estimated via the REML/BLUP procedure, and the selection was based on the harmonic mean method of the relative performance of the genetic values (HMRPGV). A meaningful difference was observed for environment and genotype x environment interaction. The residual variance and the variance of the genotype x environment interaction formed the most significant fractions of the phenotypic variance. Lines 4 (Bico-de-ouro 1-5-24), 6 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-4), 5 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-26), and 9 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-8), stood out as superior in terms of stability and adaptability and grain yield by HMRPGV. Commercial cultivars 13 (BRS-Tumucumaque) and 26 (BRS-Itaim) had high grain yield, adaptability, and specific stability in the evaluated edaphoclimatic conditions.

RESUMO: A expressão potencial da produtividade das culturas constitui um desafio constante aos criadores de plantas frente às oscilações das variáveis ambientais, dificultando a seleção e onerando os custos operacionais e metodológicos na obtenção da cultivar ideal para determinada região. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da interação genótipos x ambientes na seleção de linhagens de feijão-caupi com alta produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade genotípica simultaneamente, em ambientes da região Noroeste do estado do Rio de Janeiro, usando modelos mistos (Máximo Verosimilhança Restrita - REML/Melhor Predição Linear não Viesado - BLUP). Avaliou-se 27 genótipos de feijão-caupi em seis ambientes pela combinação de local (Cambuci-RJ e Bom Jesus do Itabapoana-RJ) e ano (2016, 2017 e 2018). Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados via procedimento REML/BLUP, e a seleção baseou-se no método da média harmônica do desempenho relativo dos valores genéticos (HMRPGV). Observou-se diferença significativa para ambiente e interação genótipo x ambiente. A variância residual e a variância da interação genótipo x ambiente formaram as maiores frações da variância fenotípica. As linhagens 4 (Bico-de-ouro 1-5-24), 6 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-4), 5 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-26) e 9 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-8) foram classificadas como superiores quanto a estabilidade e adaptabilidade e rendimento de grãos pelo critério da HMRPGV. As cultivares comerciais 13 (BRS-Tumucumaque) e 26 (BRS-Itaim) reuniram elevada produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade específica nas condições edafoclimáticas avaliadas.

Combined selection for adaptability, genotypic stability and cowpea yield from mixed models / Seleção combinada para adaptabilidade, estabilidade genotípica e produtividade de feijão-caupi a partir de modelos mistos

The potential expression of crop productivity is a constant challenge for plant breeders in the face of oscillations in environmental variables, making selection difficult and increasing the operational and methodological costs in obtaining the ideal cultivar for a determined region. The objective of the research was to investigate the effects of genotype x environment interaction in the selection of cowpea lines with high grain yield, adaptability, and genotypic stability simultaneously, in environments of the Northwest region of Rio de Janeiro State, using mixed models (Maximum Restricted Likelihood - REML/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction - BLUP). 27 cowpea genotypes were evaluated in six environments by combining location (Cambuci-RJ and Bom Jesus do Itabapoana-RJ) and year (2016, 2017 and 2018). A randomized block design with four replications was performed. The genetic parameters were estimated via the REML/BLUP procedure, and the selection was based on the harmonic mean method of the relative performance of the genetic values (HMRPGV). A meaningful difference was observed for environment and genotype x environment interaction. The residual variance and the variance of the genotype x environment interaction formed the most significant fractions of the phenotypic variance. Lines 4 (Bico-de-ouro 1-5-24), 6 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-4), 5 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-26), and 9 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-8), stood out as superior in terms of stability and adaptability and grain yield by HMRPGV. Commercial cultivars 13 (BRS-Tumucumaque) and 26 (BRS-Itaim) had high grain yield, adaptability, and specific stability in the evaluated edaphoclimatic conditions.

A expressão potencial da produtividade das culturas constitui um desafio constante aos criadores de plantas frente às oscilações das variáveis ambientais, dificultando a seleção e onerando os custos operacionais e metodológicos na obtenção da cultivar ideal para determinada região. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da interação genótipos x ambientes na seleção de linhagens de feijão-caupi com alta produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade genotípica simultaneamente, em ambientes da região Noroeste do estado do Rio de Janeiro, usando modelos mistos (Máximo Verosimilhança Restrita - REML/Melhor Predição Linear não Viesado - BLUP). Avaliou-se 27 genótipos de feijão-caupi em seis ambientes pela combinação de local (Cambuci-RJ e Bom Jesus do Itabapoana-RJ) e ano (2016, 2017 e 2018). Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados via procedimento REML/BLUP, e a seleção baseou-se no método da média harmônica do desempenho relativo dos valores genéticos (HMRPGV). Observou-se diferença significativa para ambiente e interação genótipo x ambiente. A variância residual e a variância da interação genótipo x ambiente formaram as maiores frações da variância fenotípica. As linhagens 4 (Bico-de-ouro 1-5-24), 6 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-4), 5 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-26) e 9 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-8) foram classificadas como superiores quanto a estabilidade e adaptabilidade e rendimento de grãos pelo critério da HMRPGV. As cultivares comerciais 13 (BRS-Tumucumaque) e 26 (BRS-Itaim) reuniram elevada produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade específica nas condições edafoclimáticas avaliadas.

Combined selection for adaptability, genotypic stability and cowpea yield from mixed models / Seleção combinada para adaptabilidade, estabilidade genotípica e produtividade de feijão-caupi a partir de modelos mistos

The potential expression of crop productivity is a constant challenge for plant breeders in the face of oscillations in environmental variables, making selection difficult and increasing the operational and methodological costs in obtaining the ideal cultivar for a determined region. The objective of the research was to investigate the effects of genotype x environment interaction in the selection of cowpea lines with high grain yield, adaptability, and genotypic stability simultaneously, in environments of the Northwest region of Rio de Janeiro State, using mixed models (Maximum Restricted Likelihood - REML/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction - BLUP). 27 cowpea genotypes were evaluated in six environments by combining location (Cambuci-RJ and Bom Jesus do Itabapoana-RJ) and year (2016, 2017 and 2018). A randomized block design with four replications was performed. The genetic parameters were estimated via the REML/BLUP procedure, and the selection was based on the harmonic mean method of the relative performance of the genetic values (HMRPGV). A meaningful difference was observed for environment and genotype x environment interaction. The residual variance and the variance of the genotype x environment interaction formed the most significant fractions of the phenotypic variance. Lines 4 (Bico-de-ouro 1-5-24), 6 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-4), 5 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-26), and 9 (Pingo-de-Ouro 1-5-8), stood out as superior in terms of stability and adaptability and grain yield by HMRPGV. Commercial cultivars 13 (BRS-Tumucumaque) and 26 (BRS-Itaim) had high grain yield, adaptability, and specific stability in the evaluated edaphoclimatic conditions.(AU)

A expressão potencial da produtividade das culturas constitui um desafio constante aos criadores de plantas frente às oscilações das variáveis ambientais, dificultando a seleção e onerando os custos operacionais e metodológicos na obtenção da cultivar ideal para determinada região. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da interação genótipos x ambientes na seleção de linhagens de feijão-caupi com alta produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade genotípica simultaneamente, em ambientes da região Noroeste do estado do Rio de Janeiro, usando modelos mistos (Máximo Verosimilhança Restrita - REML/Melhor Predição Linear não Viesado - BLUP). Avaliou-se 27 genótipos de feijão-caupi em seis ambientes pela combinação de local (Cambuci-RJ e Bom Jesus do Itabapoana-RJ) e ano (2016, 2017 e 2018). Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados via procedimento REML/BLUP, e a seleção baseou-se no método da média harmônica do desempenho relativo dos valores genéticos (HMRPGV). Observou-se diferença significativa para ambiente e interação genótipo x ambiente. A variância residual e a variância da interação genótipo x ambiente formaram as maiores frações da variância fenotípica. As linhagens 4 (Bico-de-ouro 1-5-24), 6 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-4), 5 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-26) e 9 (Pingo-de-ouro 1-5-8) foram classificadas como superiores quanto a estabilidade e adaptabilidade e rendimento de grãos pelo critério da HMRPGV. As cultivares comerciais 13 (BRS-Tumucumaque) e 26 (BRS-Itaim) reuniram elevada produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade específica nas condições edafoclimáticas avaliadas.(AU)

Soybean productivity, stability, and adaptability through mixed model methodology / Produtividade, estabilidade e adaptabilidade da soja por meio de metodologia de modelo misto

The genotype × environment (G×E) interaction plays an essential role in phenotypic expression and can lead to difficulties in genetic selection. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters and to compare different selection strategies in the context of mixed models for soybean breeding. For this, data referring to the evaluation of 30 genotypes in 10 environments, regarding the grain yield trait, were used. The variance components were estimated through restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and genotypic values were predicted through best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). Significant effects of genotypes and G×E interaction were detected by the likelihood ratio test (LRT). Low genotypic correlation was obtained across environments, indicating complex G×E interaction. The selective accuracy was very high, indicating high reliability. Our results showed that the most productive soybean genotypes have high adaptability and stability.(AU)

A interação genótipo × ambiente (G × E) desempenha um papel essencial na expressão fenotípica e pode provocar dificuldades na seleção genética. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar parâmetros genéticos e comparar diferentes estratégias de seleção no contexto de modelos mistos para melhoramento da soja. Para isso, foram utilizados dados referentes à avaliação de 30 genótipos em dez ambientes, referentes à característica produtividade de grãos. Os componentes de variância foram estimados pela máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) e os valores genotípicos foram preditos pela melhor previsão imparcial linear (BLUP). Efeitos significativos dos genótipos e interação G × E foram detectados pelo teste da razão de verossimilhança (LRT). Correlação genotípica baixa foi obtida entre os ambientes indicando interação G × E do tipo complexa. A acurácia seletiva foi muito alta, indicando alta confiabilidade. Os resultados mostraram que os genótipos de soja mais produtivos apresentam alta adaptabilidade e estabilidade.(AU)