Teste cutâneo de puntura para seleção de imunógenos em dermatite atópica canina / Skin prick test for selection of imungens in canine atopic dermatitis

Dermatite atópica canina é uma doença comum na clínica de pequenos animais e interfere negativamente na qualidade de vida dos cães afetados pelo seu caráter inflamatório e crônico, apresentando predisposição genética. Caracteriza-se, clinicamente, por eritema e prurido cutâneo, considerada de caráter multifatorial. Testes intradérmicos podem ser utilizados para diferenciação de hipersensibilidade à picada de pulgas, hipersensibilidade alimentar e dermatite de contato, além de infecções oportunistas como as causadas por bactérias e fungos que podem confundir o diagnóstico definitivo. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar as estratégias para diagnóstico e tratamento da dermatite atópica, tendo em vista a etiopatogenia, fisiopatologia, informações sob o ponto de vista clínico, fatores ambientais, testes utilizados para a confirmação do diagnóstico e opções terapêuticas.(AU)

Atopic Canine dermatitis is a common disease in the small animal clinic and interferes negatively in the quality of life of dogs affected by its inflammatory and chronic character, presenting genetic predisposition. It is clinically characterized by erythema and cutaneous itching, considered multifactorial in nature. Intradermal tests can be used to differentiate hypersensitivity to flea bites, food hypersensitivity and contact dermatitis, as well as opportunistic infections such as those caused by bacteria and fungi that may confuse the definitive diagnosis. The present work aims to present the strategies for diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis, in view of etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical information, environmental factors, tests used to confirm the diagnosis and therapeutic options.(AU)

The Influence of porcine parity on colostrum cytokine levels and their passive transfer to piglets / A influência da paridade suína na diferença dos níveis de citocinas no colostro e na transferência passiva para leitões

The limited ability of newborn piglets to produce cytokines may influence lymphocyte development and response to antigen exposure. As a result, colostrum intake is crucial because it contains nutrients that contribute to immune system development in piglets. Our goal was to investigate the effect of sow parity on the transfer of maternal cytokines to nursing piglets. Sixty piglets from nine sows were divided into six groups: piglets from gilts or sows kept with their dams and allowed to suckle normally; piglets from gilts or sows having their dams exchanged and then allowed to suckle normally; piglets from gilts or sows isolated from their dams and bottle-fed a commercial milk replacer formula for pigs. All piglets remained in the diet groups for 24 hours after birth. Concentrations of cytokines in colostrum and serum of gilt/ sows and serum of piglets were then evaluated. The 13 evaluated cytokines had higher concentrations in colostrum and serum of sows than in gilts. Concentrations of GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNFα were higher in piglets suckling sows. Piglets that received commercial formula showed higher concentrations of the cytokines IL1-RA and IL-8 than piglets fed colostrum. This outcome can influence piglets' development into adulthood. In short, our findings demonstrated that maternal parity influenced colostrum cytokine composition and its maternal transfer patterns.(AU)

A capacidade limitada dos leitões recém-nascidos de produzir citocinas pode influenciar o desenvolvimento de linfócitos e a resposta à exposição ao antígeno. Portanto, a ingestão de colostro é importante porque contém nutrientes, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento do sistema imunológico do leitão. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito da paridade da porca na transferência de citocina materna para leitões lactentes. Sessenta leitões de nove porcas foram divididos em seis grupos: leitões de marrãs/porcas mantidas com suas próprias mães e amamentadas normalmente; leitões de marrãs/porcas que foram trocados de mães e amamentados normalmente; leitões de marrãs/porcas que foram isolados das mães e alimentados com mamadeira com substituto do leite para suínos. Os leitões permaneceram nos grupos por 24 horas após o nascimento. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de citocinas no colostro e plasma das marrãs/porcas e no plasma dos leitões. O colostro e o plasma das porcas apresentaram maiores concentrações das 13 citocinas analisadas do que as marrãs. No mesmo sentido, as concentrações de GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18 e TNFα foram significantemente maiores nos leitões que mamaram o colostro de porcas. Os leitões que receberam fórmula comercial apresentaram, em especial, concentrações das citocinas IL1-RA e IL-8 superiores aos leitões amamentados com colostro. Isso pode influenciar o desenvolvimento até a fase adulta. Portanto, nossos dados demonstraram que a paridade materna influenciou a composição das citocinas do colostro, bem como as características das citocinas na transferência materna.(AU)

Use of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: case studies / Uso de plasma convalescente para tratar COVID-19: estudos de caso

There have been several efforts to minimize the effects caused by the COVID-19 virus around the world. Vaccines were developed in record time and alternative therapies were studied and applied in several countries, such as the use of plasma from recovered patients. Identifying, systematically evaluating and summarizing the best available scientific evidence on the efficacy and safety of using plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients remains the objective of this study. The studies carried out showed that the application of convalescent plasma contributes to the reduction of mortality, viral load and length of hospital stay. However, the effectiveness of the therapy still raises doubts due to the number of patients evaluated in clinical studies, in addition to its high cost and limitations in terms of availability and implementation, with the drug being authorized only for hospital use.

Houve vários esforços para minimizar os efeitos causados pelo vírus COVID-19 em todo o mundo. As vacinas foram desenvolvidas em tempo recorde e terapias alternativas foram estudadas e aplicadas em vários países, como o uso de plasma de pacientes recuperados. Identificar, avaliar sistematicamente e resumir as melhores evidências científicas disponíveis sobre a eficácia e segurança do uso de plasma de pacientes recuperados com COVID-19 continua sendo o objetivo deste estudo. Os estudos realizados mostraram que a aplicação de plasma convalescente contribui para a redução da mortalidade, carga viral e tempo de internação hospitalar. No entanto, a eficácia da terapia ainda gera dúvidas devido ao número de pacientes avaliados em estudos clínicos, além de seu alto custo e limitações em termos de disponibilidade e implementação, sendo o medicamento autorizado apenas para uso hospitalar.

Pitiose cutânea em equino no sertão do Ceará / Skin pythiosis in horse in the backwoods of the Ceará State

A pitiose é uma infecção invasiva ulcerativa piogranulomatosa causada pelo oomiceto Pythium insidiosum, parasita de plantas aquáticas em águas estagnadas. Apesar de não serem raros os relatos de pitiose nas espécies domésticas, a espécie equina é a mais afetada. A enfermidade pode ser adquirida através da colonização de lesões traumáticas e do folículo piloso. Em casos dessa infecção, pode-se encontrar hifas recobertas por células necróticas, formando massas branco-amareladas semelhantes a corais, denominadas de kunkers. As lesões são localizadas prioritariamente nas extremidades distais dos membros e na porção ventral da parede tóraco-abdominal. O diagnóstico da pitiose está relacionado a um prognóstico reservado dependendo do grau de comprometimento anatômico que a enfermidade se encontra. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de pitiose cutânea em um equino, fêmea da raça Mangalarga Machador. O animal apresentava lesões ulcerativas no membro torácico esquerdo e no membro pélvico esquerdo. O tratamento escolhido foi o cirúrgico e imunoterápico, com intuito de remover todo o tecido lesionado e, posteriormente, coletar material para realização do exame histopatológico. O equino foi submetido a um protocolo pós-operatório com a terapia antitetânica por via intramuscular. A antibioticoterapia sistêmica foi realizada com penicilina benzatina, anti-inflamatório esteroidal, dexametasona foi realizada uma vez ao dia, durante cinco dias. Posteriormente, optou-se pelo uso do anti-inflamatório não esteroidal maxicam uma vez ao dia, durante cinco dias. O animal recebeu quatro doses do imunoterápico PITIUM-VAC por via subcutânea, com intervalo de 14 dias entre uma e outra aplicação, apresentando uma resposta satisfatória ao tratamento.

Pythiosis is an invasive ulcerative pyogranulomatous infection caused by the Oomycete Pythium insidiosum, a parasite of aquatic plants in standing water. Although reports of pythiosis in domestic species are not uncommon, equine species are the most affected. The disease can be acquired through the colonization of traumatic lesions and hair follicles. Hyphae covered by necrotic cells, forming yellowish-white coral-like masses called "kunkers" can be found. The lesions are located primarily on the distal extremities of the limbs and on the ventral portion of the thoracoabdominal wall. The diagnosis of pythiosis is linked to a poor prognosis, depending on the degree of anatomical involvement of the disease. Thus, this work aimed to report a case of cutaneous pythiosis in a female Mangalarga Machador equine. The animal presented ulcerative lesions on the left thoracic limb and the left pelvic limb. The chosen treatment was surgery and immunotherapy to remove all the injured tissue and, later, collect the material for histopathological examination. The horse was submitted to a post-operative protocol with intramuscular anti-tetanus therapy. Systemic antibiotic therapy with benzathine penicillin, steroidal anti-inflammatory, dexamethasone was performed once a day for five days. Subsequently, it was decided to use the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory maxicam once a day for five days. The animal received four doses of the immunotherapy PITIUM-VAC subcutaneously, with an interval of 14 days between applications, presenting a satisfactory response to the treatment.

Nanotechnology in veterinary medicine: a review / Nanotecnologia em medicina veterinária: uma revisão

The purpose of this review was to address the applicability of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine, with an emphasis on research in Brazil from 2013 to 2020. Firstly, we introduced to the general aspects of applicability of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine, and lately we pointed the research involving nanoscience performed in Brazil, in the studied period. Nanotechnology is the field of science that has the capacity to organize matter in nanoscale structures (1 to 100 nm), enabling innovations in different areas including biotechnology, agriculture, disease diagnosis, food and clothing industry, electronics, and pharmacological therapies. In veterinary medicine, several studies are being carried out in the world, mainly in the areas that involve search of new treatment options and the development of immunotherapy, as well as in the diagnosis of diseases. In Brazil, it is clear that the use of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine is still incipient, but it can be considered a growing area. In addition, several points have to be reflected and researched, including some adverse effects and implications to validate the safe use of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine. Therefore, this review highlighted the nanotechnology as a promise alternative in the current context of Brazilian technological innovation involving animal health, as well as a possible diagnostic tool and highlighting its potential therapeutic use in disease control in veterinary medicine. Regarding future perspectives, we believed that greater investment in science and technology could contribute to the advancement and strengthening of nanotechnology in Brazil.

O objetivo desta revisão foi abordar a aplicabilidade da nanotecnologia na medicina veterinária, com ênfase nas pesquisas no Brasil de 2013 a 2020. Primeiramente, apresentam-se os aspectos gerais da aplicabilidade da nanotecnologia em medicina veterinária e, posteriormente, apontam-se as pesquisas envolvendo nanociência realizadas no Brasil, no período estudado. A nanotecnologia é o campo da ciência capaz de organizar a matéria em estruturas de nanoescala (1 a 100 nm), permitindo inovações em diferentes áreas, incluindo biotecnologia, agricultura, diagnóstico de doenças, indústria de alimentos e vestuário, eletrônica e terapias farmacológicas. Na medicina veterinária, diversos estudos estão sendo realizados no mundo, principalmente nas áreas que envolvem a busca de novas opções de tratamento e o desenvolvimento de imunoterapia, bem como no diagnóstico de doenças. No Brasil, está claro que o uso da nanotecnologia na medicina veterinária ainda é incipiente, mas pode ser considerada uma área em crescimento. Além disso, vários pontos devem ser refletidos e pesquisados, incluindo alguns efeitos adversos e implicações para validar o uso seguro da nanotecnologia na medicina veterinária. Nesta revisão, destaca-se a nanotecnologia como uma alternativa promissora no atual contexto de inovação tecnológica brasileira, envolvendo saúde animal, o diagnóstico e o potencial uso terapêutico no controle de doenças em medicina veterinária. Em relação às perspectivas futuras, acredita-se que maiores investimentos em ciência e tecnologia são fatores fundamentais a contribuir para o avanço e fortalecimento da nanotecnologia no Brasil.

Passive immunity in foals born from mares vaccinated against Theileira equi and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi / Imunidade passiva em potros provenientes de éguas vacinadas contra Theileira equi e Streptococcus equi subspécie equi

The aims of this study were: 1) determine total specific IgG and subisotypes in serum and colostrum of pregnant mares vaccinated against Theileria equi and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi; 2) determine total specific IgG and subisotypes in foals born from these mares. In mares, the highest total serum IgG value for T. equi was at 335 days of gestation declining 30 days postpartum, while for S. equi was at 328 days of gestation remaining high up to 30 days postpartum. Transfer of passive immunity against both antigens was observed with specific IgG values in colostrum and foals' serum proportional to mares' values. The most detected specific IgG subisotypes were IgG3/5 and IgG4/7 for both antigens. Foals born from mares immunized with T. equi kept maternal IgG values until 2 months of age, while those born from mares immunized with S. equi kept maternal IgG values until 3-4 months of age. These results suggest that foals should be vaccinated after this period.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) determinar IgG total específica e seus subisotipos no soro e colostro de éguas vacinadas contra Theileria equi e Streptococcus equi subspécie equi; 2) determinar IgG total específica e seus subisotipos em potros provenientes dessas éguas. Em éguas vacinadas contra T. equi, o maior nível sérico de IgG total específico ocorreu aos 335 dias de gestação, decaindo 30 dias pós parto, enquanto nas vacinadas contra S. equi, ocorreu aos 328 dias de gestação e manteve-se pelo mesmo período. A avaliação de IgG total específica no colostro de éguas vacinadas demonstrou níveis de IgG proporcionais aos títulos do soro materno. Os isotipos de IgG mais detectados foram IgG3/5 e IgG4/7 para ambos antígenos avaliados. Potros provenientes de éguas vacinadas com antígeno de T. equi mantiveram os níveis de IgG específica até dois meses de idade, enquanto potros provenientes de éguas vacinadas com antígeno de S. equi mantiveram por três a quatro meses, sugerindo que esse seja o período ideal para início do esquema vacinal em potros.

Risk factors and diseases associated with failure of natural passive immunization in foals / Fatores de risco e enfermidades associadas a falha na imunização passiva natural em potros

This study aimed to report the prevalence of diseases in foals, patients at the Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Lavras (HVGA-UFLA), and its association with deaths and possible failures in the transfer of passive immunity (FTIP) via colostrum. Data were obtained from clinical records of horses aged between 0 and 3 months, admitted to the HVGA between January/2014 and December/2018. Descriptive analyzes of the diseases and organ systems affected were performed, as well as univariate analyzes with chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, identifying possible associations between FTIP, infectious diseases and other factors. No significant relationships were found between FTIP and infectious disease, meconium retention, sepsis, or death. However, it was shown that animals weighing between 10 and 30kg were 29.333 times more likely (95% confidence interval 1.734 - 505.951) to die than those weighing between 30.1 and 130kg. Therefore, it can be concluded that low weight is a very relevant risk factor, which may be related to the failure of postural reflexes and, consequently, to the inability to ingest colostrum, impairing the ability to respond to infectious agents.

Este trabalho objetivou relatar a prevalência de enfermidades em potros, pacientes do Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais da Universidade Federal de Lavras (HVGA-UFLA), e sua associação com óbitos e possíveis falhas na transferência de imunidade passiva (FTIP) via colostro. Os dados foram obtidos pelas fichas clínicas de equinos com idade entre 0 e 6 meses, internados no HVGA entre janeiro/2014 e dezembro/2018. Foram realizadas análises descritivas das enfermidades e os sistemas orgânicos acometidos, além de análises univariadas, com testes de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, identificando possíveis associações entre FTIP, enfermidades infecciosas e outros fatores, com p menor que 0,05 e intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Não foram encontradas relações significativas entre FTIP e enfermidades infecciosas, retenção de mecônio, sepse ou morte. No entanto, foi demonstrado que animais com peso entre 10 e 30kg tiveram 29,333 vezes (IC 95% 1,734 - 505,951) mais chance de virem a óbito que aqueles com peso entre 30,1 e 130kg. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o baixo peso é um fator de risco bastante relevante, que pode estar relacionado à falha de reflexos posturais e consequentemente, à incapacidade de ingerir colostro, prejudicando a capacidade de resposta a agentes infecciosos.

Long-term persistence of anti-Rickettsia rickettsii antibodies in capybaras, with passive transfer to offspring / Persistência de longa duração de anticorpos anti-Rickettsia rickettsii em capivaras, com transferência passiva para a prole

The bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii is the etiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), and its most important vector to humans in Brazil is the tick Amblyomma sculptum. Capybaras are the main hosts of A. sculptum in many BSF-endemic areas and are considered valuable sentinels for BSF surveillance. This study aimed to assess the persistence of anti-R. rickettsii antibodies for long periods in capybaras and their passive transfer to offspring. For this purpose, three adult capybaras previously exposed to multiple infections with R. rickettsii were followed up until 3.1 years after their last exposure. During the study, one female delivered five cubs, of which three survived. Blood samples were collected monthly from adults and infants, and serum samples were titrated by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to determine endpoint titers of anti-R. rickettsii antibodies. All three adults remained seroreactive to R. rickettsii with high endpoint titers until the end of the study. All infants were seroreactive to R. rickettsii after birth and remained seroreactive for one to four months. This study showed that exposure of capybaras to R. rickettsii-infected A. sculptum ticks elicits a persistent antibody response. In addition, there was evidence of passive transfer of R. rickettsii-reactive antibodies to offspring.(AU)

A bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii é o agente etiológico da febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), cujo principal vetor no Brasil é o carrapato Amblyomma sculptum. As capivaras, principais hospedeiros para A. sculptum em muitas áreas endêmicas para FMB, são consideradas valiosas sentinelas para a vigilância da FMB. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a persistência de anticorpos anti-R. rickettsii por longos períodos em capivaras e sua transferência passiva para a prole. Três capivaras adultas, previamente expostas a múltiplas infecções por R. rickettsii, foram acompanhadas até 3,1 anos após sua última exposição. Durante o estudo, uma fêmea deu à luz cinco filhotes, dos quais três sobreviveram. Amostras de soro sanguíneo foram coletadas mensalmente dos adultos e filhotes e foram tituladas por reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), para determinar os títulos finais de anticorpos anti-R. rickettsii. Os três adultos permaneceram sororreagentes para R. rickettsii com títulos elevados até o final do estudo. Todos os filhotes foram sororreagentes para R. rickettsii, após o nascimento e permaneceram sororreagentes durante um a quatro meses. Este estudo mostrou que a exposição de capivaras a carrapatos A. sculptum, infectados com R. rickettsii provoca uma resposta persistente de anticorpos. Além disso, houve evidência de transferência passiva de anticorpos anti-R. rickettsii para a prole.(AU)

Treatment of canine oral melanoma with adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy

Background: Melanoma is the most frequent cancer in the canine oral cavity. It shows an aggressive behavior, characterized by rapid and invasive growth and high metastatic potential. Metastasis is seen in more than 80% of dogs at time ofdeath. Adjuvant therapy should be recommended because of potential recurrence and metastasis. Oral melanoma has a poorprognosis even when adjuvant treatments are used. There are some treatment options, but the high death rate due to thedisease is still a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the overall survival of dogs diagnosed with oral melanomaand treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Materials, Methods & Results: A retrospective analysis was carried out in 20 dogs with oral melanocytic or amelanocyticmelanomas. Cases were staged according to a modified World Health Organization clinical staging system for canine oralmalignant melanoma. Tumor size (T1: 4 cm), regional metastasis (N0: no metastasis; N1:metastasis) and presence of distant metastasis (M0: no metastasis; M1: metastasis) are evaluated. Then, cases were dividedinto 4 stages: I (T1 N0 M0), II (T2 N0 M0), III (T3 N0-1 M0, Tx N1 M0) and IV (Tx Nx M1). Diagnoses were confirmedwith histopathological exam and immunohistochemistry (IHC) when necessary. In poorly differentiated neoplasms, IHC wasperformed at the request of the submitting veterinarian using specific markers PNL-2 and Melan-A. Animals were dividedinto 2 groups: dogs submitted to surgery alone were included in group 1 (G1); dogs submitted...

Treatment of canine oral melanoma with adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy

Background: Melanoma is the most frequent cancer in the canine oral cavity. It shows an aggressive behavior, characterized by rapid and invasive growth and high metastatic potential. Metastasis is seen in more than 80% of dogs at time ofdeath. Adjuvant therapy should be recommended because of potential recurrence and metastasis. Oral melanoma has a poorprognosis even when adjuvant treatments are used. There are some treatment options, but the high death rate due to thedisease is still a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the overall survival of dogs diagnosed with oral melanomaand treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy.Materials, Methods & Results: A retrospective analysis was carried out in 20 dogs with oral melanocytic or amelanocyticmelanomas. Cases were staged according to a modified World Health Organization clinical staging system for canine oralmalignant melanoma. Tumor size (T1: < 2 cm; T2: 2 - 4 cm; T3: > 4 cm), regional metastasis (N0: no metastasis; N1:metastasis) and presence of distant metastasis (M0: no metastasis; M1: metastasis) are evaluated. Then, cases were dividedinto 4 stages: I (T1 N0 M0), II (T2 N0 M0), III (T3 N0-1 M0, Tx N1 M0) and IV (Tx Nx M1). Diagnoses were confirmedwith histopathological exam and immunohistochemistry (IHC) when necessary. In poorly differentiated neoplasms, IHC wasperformed at the request of the submitting veterinarian using specific markers PNL-2 and Melan-A. Animals were dividedinto 2 groups: dogs submitted to surgery alone were included in group 1 (G1); dogs submitted...(AU)

Elucidando a imunovigilância e imunoedição tumoral: uma revisão abrangente / Elucidating tumor immunosurveillance and immunoediting: a comprehensive review

A ação do sistema imunológico contra as enfermidades neoplásicas tem se tornado uma das principais fontes de pesquisa na atualidade. As vias biológicas desse sistema são conhecidas por contribuir na limitação da progressão e na eliminação do tumor, e são delineadas por conceitos e mecanismos de imunovigilância e imunoedição. A imunovigilância é considerada o processo pelo qual o sistema imunológico reconhece e inibe o processo neoplásico. O conceito de imunoedição tem origem no sentido de que o sistema imune é capaz de moldar o perfil antigênico do tumor devido à pressão seletiva, baseada nas etapas de eliminação, equilíbrio e evasão tumoral. A resposta imunológica ocorre contra antígenos tumorais e modificações do microambiente tumoral, envolvendo diferentes componentes do sistema imune inato, como células T, células natural Killer, linfócitos B e macrófagos. Nesse sentido, conhecer esses conceitos e compreender seus respectivos mecanismos torna-se essencial na investigação de novas estratégias de prevenção e combate ao câncer. Dessa forma, esta revisão apresenta aspectos históricos e definições de imunovigilância e imunoedição tumoral, com ênfase em sua importância e aplicabilidade, assim como aos diferentes métodos utilizados em imunoterapia.

The action of the immune system against neoplastic diseases has become one of the main sources of research. The biological pathways of this system are known to contribute in limiting the progression and elimination of the tumor, and are delineated by concepts and mechanisms of immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunosurveillance is considered the process by which the immune system recognizes and inhibits the neoplastic process. The concept of immunoediting arises in the sense that immune system is able to shape the antigenic profile of the tumor due to selective pressure, based on the stages of tumor elimination, balance and evasion. The immune response occurs against tumor antigens and changes in the tumor microenvironment, involving different components of the innate immune system, such as T cells, natural Killer cells, B lymphocytes and macrophages. In this sense, knowing these concepts and understanding their respective mechanisms becomes essential in the investigation of new strategies for cancer prevention and cure. Thus, this review presents historical aspects and definitions of immunosurveillance and tumor immunoediting, with emphasis on its importance and applicability, such as on the different methods used in immunotherapy.

Profile of oncological diseases in dogs and clinical effectiveness of autovaccine therapy of papillomatosis / Perfil de doenças oncológicas em caninos e eficácia clínica da terapia com autovacina em papilomatose

Papillomatosis is one of the few diseases in which autovaccine therapy is recommended, especially in the case of mass manifestation in animals. It is noted that papillomas are diagnosed in 15.7% of cases in histological diagnosis of oncological diseases. Therefore, this work studied the profile of oncological diseases in dogs and the clinical effectiveness of autovaccine therapy of papillomatosis. The article gives a morphological description of papillomas used as a biomaterial, and also describes the technological methods of manufacturing an autovaccine used to treat animals against papillomatosis. A therapeutic scheme for administering the vaccine was proposed and tested, and the results of the clinical trial are presented, as well as a reflection on some moments of the mechanism of vaccine therapy for papillomatosis.(AU)

A papilomatose é uma das poucas doenças onde se recomenda a terapia com autovacina, principalmente no caso de manifestação em massa em animais. Nota-se que papilomas são diagnosticados em 15,7% dos casos em diagnóstico histológico de doenças oncológicas. Portanto, este trabalho estudou o perfil das doenças oncológicas em cães e a eficácia clínica da terapia com autovacina em papilomatose. O presente artigo fornece descrição morfológica dos papilomas utilizados como biomaterial, além da descrição dos métodos tecnológicos de fabricação de uma autovacina usada para tratar animais contra a papilomatose. Um esquema terapêutico para a administração da vacina foi proposto e testado, e os resultados do ensaio clínico são apresentados, e é feita uma reflexão sobre alguns momentos do mecanismo da terapia de vacina para papilomatose.(AU)

Profile of oncological diseases in dogs and clinical effectiveness of autovaccine therapy of papillomatosis / Perfil de doenças oncológicas em caninos e eficácia clínica da terapia com autovacina em papilomatose

Papillomatosis is one of the few diseases in which autovaccine therapy is recommended, especially in the case of mass manifestation in animals. It is noted that papillomas are diagnosed in 15.7% of cases in histological diagnosis of oncological diseases. Therefore, this work studied the profile of oncological diseases in dogs and the clinical effectiveness of autovaccine therapy of papillomatosis. The article gives a morphological description of papillomas used as a biomaterial, and also describes the technological methods of manufacturing an autovaccine used to treat animals against papillomatosis. A therapeutic scheme for administering the vaccine was proposed and tested, and the results of the clinical trial are presented, as well as a reflection on some moments of the mechanism of vaccine therapy for papillomatosis.(AU)

A papilomatose é uma das poucas doenças onde se recomenda a terapia com autovacina, principalmente no caso de manifestação em massa em animais. Nota-se que papilomas são diagnosticados em 15,7% dos casos em diagnóstico histológico de doenças oncológicas. Portanto, este trabalho estudou o perfil das doenças oncológicas em cães e a eficácia clínica da terapia com autovacina em papilomatose. O presente artigo fornece descrição morfológica dos papilomas utilizados como biomaterial, além da descrição dos métodos tecnológicos de fabricação de uma autovacina usada para tratar animais contra a papilomatose. Um esquema terapêutico para a administração da vacina foi proposto e testado, e os resultados do ensaio clínico são apresentados, e é feita uma reflexão sobre alguns momentos do mecanismo da terapia de vacina para papilomatose.(AU)

Utilização da imunoterapia no tratamento da leishmaniose visceral canina / Use of immunotherapy in the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a worldwide zoonosis, with dogs being the main urban reservoirs. It is caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania spp. and is transmitted to mammals through a vector belonging to the phlebotomines family. Its treatment aims to reduce the parasitic load preventing these animals from being transmitters. Immunotherapy has been shown to be efficient in stimulating the patient’s immune response, improving the general condition and preventing recurrence. This report describes the case of a dog diagnosed with canine visceral leishmaniasis submitted to immunotherapy and drug protocol, noting significant general improvement. Case: An 8-year-old female dog was treated with ulcerated lesions on the paw pads, nasal plane and lip region, onychogryphosis and ungeitis, in addition, hypertrophied popliteal lymph nodes and erosive lesions in the elbows, without improvement with previous treatments. Serological examination was then performed to diagnose leishmaniasis by the immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique with negative results. In addition, was performed puncture of the popliteal lymph node, sample in which amastigote forms of Leishmania were observed and blood sample analysis by immunochromatographic rapid test showing reagent result, confirming the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. The treatment protocol with marbofloxacin, allopurinol, prednisolone and domperidone was initiated. Thirty days later, there was a total improvement of the lesions and healing of the paw pads. Immunotherapy was then initiated by applying three double doses of recombinant vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis. The applications were made subcutaneously, with an interval of 21 days between them, still maintaining allopurinol. After six months a...

Utilização da imunoterapia no tratamento da leishmaniose visceral canina / Use of immunotherapy in the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a worldwide zoonosis, with dogs being the main urban reservoirs. It is caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania spp. and is transmitted to mammals through a vector belonging to the phlebotomines family. Its treatment aims to reduce the parasitic load preventing these animals from being transmitters. Immunotherapy has been shown to be efficient in stimulating the patients immune response, improving the general condition and preventing recurrence. This report describes the case of a dog diagnosed with canine visceral leishmaniasis submitted to immunotherapy and drug protocol, noting significant general improvement. Case: An 8-year-old female dog was treated with ulcerated lesions on the paw pads, nasal plane and lip region, onychogryphosis and ungeitis, in addition, hypertrophied popliteal lymph nodes and erosive lesions in the elbows, without improvement with previous treatments. Serological examination was then performed to diagnose leishmaniasis by the immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique with negative results. In addition, was performed puncture of the popliteal lymph node, sample in which amastigote forms of Leishmania were observed and blood sample analysis by immunochromatographic rapid test showing reagent result, confirming the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. The treatment protocol with marbofloxacin, allopurinol, prednisolone and domperidone was initiated. Thirty days later, there was a total improvement of the lesions and healing of the paw pads. Immunotherapy was then initiated by applying three double doses of recombinant vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis. The applications were made subcutaneously, with an interval of 21 days between them, still maintaining allopurinol. After six months a...(AU)

Streamlined downstream process for efficient and sustainable (Fab)2 antivenom preparation

Antivenoms are the only validated treatment against snakebite envenoming. Numerous drawbacks pertaining to their availability, safety and efficacy are becoming increasingly evident due to low sustainability of current productions. Technological innovation of procedures generating therapeutics of higher purity and better physicochemical characteristics at acceptable cost is necessary. The objective was to develop at laboratory scale a compact, feasible and economically viable platform for preparation of equine F(ab')2 antivenom against Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom and to support it with efficiency data, to enable estimation of the process cost-effectiveness. Methods: The principle of simultaneous caprylic acid precipitation and pepsin digestion has been implemented into plasma downstream processing. Balance between incomplete IgG breakdown, F(ab')2 over-digestion and loss of the active drug's protective efficacy was achieved by adjusting pepsin to a 1:30 substrate ratio (w/w) and setting pH at 3.2. Precipitation and digestion co-performance required 2 h-long incubation at 21 °C. Final polishing was accomplished by a combination of diafiltration and flow-through chromatography. In vivo neutralization potency of the F(ab')2 product against the venom's lethal toxicity was determined. Results: Only three consecutive steps, performed under finely tuned conditions, were sufficient for preservation of the highest process recovery with the overall yield of 74%, comparing favorably to others. At the same time, regulatory requirements were met. Final product was aggregate- and pepsin-free. Its composition profile was analyzed by mass spectrometry as a quality control check. Impurities, present in minor traces, were identified mostly as IgG/IgM fragments, contributing to active drug. Specific activity of the F(ab')2 preparation with respect to the plasma was increased 3.9-fold. Conclusion: A highly streamlined mode for production of equine F(ab')2 antivenom was engineered. In addition to preservation of the highest process yield and fulfillment of the regulatory demands, performance simplicity and rapidity in the laboratory setting were demonstrated. Suitability for large-scale manufacturing appears promising.(AU)

Streamlined downstream process for efficient and sustainable (Fab)2 antivenom preparation

Antivenoms are the only validated treatment against snakebite envenoming. Numerous drawbacks pertaining to their availability, safety and efficacy are becoming increasingly evident due to low sustainability of current productions. Technological innovation of procedures generating therapeutics of higher purity and better physicochemical characteristics at acceptable cost is necessary. The objective was to develop at laboratory scale a compact, feasible and economically viable platform for preparation of equine F(ab')2 antivenom against Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom and to support it with efficiency data, to enable estimation of the process cost-effectiveness. Methods: The principle of simultaneous caprylic acid precipitation and pepsin digestion has been implemented into plasma downstream processing. Balance between incomplete IgG breakdown, F(ab')2 over-digestion and loss of the active drug's protective efficacy was achieved by adjusting pepsin to a 1:30 substrate ratio (w/w) and setting pH at 3.2. Precipitation and digestion co-performance required 2 h-long incubation at 21 °C. Final polishing was accomplished by a combination of diafiltration and flow-through chromatography. In vivo neutralization potency of the F(ab')2 product against the venom's lethal toxicity was determined. Results: Only three consecutive steps, performed under finely tuned conditions, were sufficient for preservation of the highest process recovery with the overall yield of 74%, comparing favorably to others. At the same time, regulatory requirements were met. Final product was aggregate- and pepsin-free. Its composition profile was analyzed by mass spectrometry as a quality control check. Impurities, present in minor traces, were identified mostly as IgG/IgM fragments, contributing to active drug. Specific activity of the F(ab')2 preparation with respect to the plasma was increased 3.9-fold. Conclusion: A highly streamlined mode for production of equine F(ab')2 antivenom was engineered. In addition to preservation of the highest process yield and fulfillment of the regulatory demands, performance simplicity and rapidity in the laboratory setting were demonstrated. Suitability for large-scale manufacturing appears promising.(AU)

Um novo aliado contra o câncer: Eletroquimioterapia

A eletroquimioterapia (EQT) tem se destacado na última década em medicina veterinária pela sua capacidade de induzir altas taxas de remissão e controle tumoral local. É uma nova modalidade contra o câncer frente aos tratamentos já empregados na medicina veterinária como a cirurgia oncológica, quimioterapia antineoplásica, criocirurgia, terapia fotodinâmica, imunoterapia e radioterapia. A EQT pode ser utilizada como tratamento paliativo, adjuvante, neoadjuvante, intraoperatória ou guiado por ultrassom para tumores viscerais. Tem se destacado pela sua fácil administração, eficácia, baixa morbidade e limitados efeitos colaterais.

Um novo aliado contra o câncer: Eletroquimioterapia

A eletroquimioterapia (EQT) tem se destacado na última década em medicina veterinária pela sua capacidade de induzir altas taxas de remissão e controle tumoral local. É uma nova modalidade contra o câncer frente aos tratamentos já empregados na medicina veterinária como a cirurgia oncológica, quimioterapia antineoplásica, criocirurgia, terapia fotodinâmica, imunoterapia e radioterapia. A EQT pode ser utilizada como tratamento paliativo, adjuvante, neoadjuvante, intraoperatória ou guiado por ultrassom para tumores viscerais. Tem se destacado pela sua fácil administração, eficácia, baixa morbidade e limitados efeitos colaterais.(AU)

Efficacy of three methods used to control staphylococcal mastitis in dairy goats / Eficácia de três métodos empregados no controle da mastite estafilocócica em cabras leiteiras

Goat and sheep farming in Brazil relies on an expressive herd, especially in the Northeast region of the country, where small ruminants constitute a relevant economic activity, with milk production being an important source of income in some dry areas of the Northeastern states. However, there are still some sanitary problems in the management of dairy goats, among which mastitis is highlighted, especially that of the subclinical type. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics, exclusively or in combination with vaccines, in the control of sub-clinical mastitis in small ruminants. The study was conducted on a rural property located in Santa Maria da Boa Vista-PE. Fifty-three female Saanen dairy goats were allocated into four experimental groups. An antibiotic therapy with a commercial antimicrobial based on cloxacillin was used in group 1. Group 2 received the commercial vaccine indicated for herds with an incidence of Staphylococcus strains and the same antibiotic described for Group 1. Group 3 was evaluated for the exclusive use of vaccination, and Group 4 was the control group. A microbiological examination of the milk was carried out to confirm cases of mastitis. The percentage of udders, infected by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) before and after the antibiotic + vaccine treatment was 42.8 and 7.1%, respectively. It was observed that the cloxacillinbased antibiotic could be used alone or in combination with mastitis vaccines to control staphylococcal mastitis in small ruminants. Vaccination alone was not effective in reducing the number of mastitis cases; therefore, a cross reaction against CNS was not observed. Thus, further studies to determine the potential of vaccines to control sub-clinical mastitis in small ruminants are necessary.

A caprinovinocultura brasileira dispõe de um expressivo rebanho, principalmente na região Nordeste do país, onde os pequenos ruminantes constituem uma relevante atividade econômica sendo a produção de leite uma importante fonte renda em algumas zonas secas dos estados do Nordeste. No entanto, ainda existem alguns problemas de ordem sanitária no manejo de cabras leiteiras, dentre esses, tem-se a mastite, principalmente aquela do tipo subclínica. Portanto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o uso isolado ou combinação de antibióticos e vacinas no controle da mastite em pequenos ruminantes. O estudo foi realizado em uma propriedade localizada no município de Santa Maria da Boa Vista - PE. Um total de 53 fêmeas leiteiras Saanen foram divididas em quatros grupos experimentais. No grupo 01 foi utilizada a antibioticoterapia, com antimicrobiano comercial a base de cloxacilina. O grupo 02 recebeu vacina comercial indicada para rebanhos com incidência de cepas do gênero Staphylococcus e o mesmo antibiótico descrito para o grupo 01. Em um terceiro grupo apenas a vacina foi empregada, e por último, foi constituído um grupo controle. Empregou-se o exame microbiológico do leite para confirmação dos casos de mastite. A porcentagem de tetos infectados por Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN) antes e após o tratamento Antibiótico + Vacina foi de 42,8 e 7,1%, respectivamente. Observou-se que o antibiótico a base de cloxacilina pode ser usado isoladamente ou em associação a vacinas anti-mastíticas para controle da mastite estafilocócica em pequenos ruminantes. O tratamento que preconizava a aplicação apenas da vacina não foi eficiente na redução dos casos da doença, portanto, não foi observada uma reação cruzada contra os SCN. Assim, faz-se necessária a continuidade dos estudos acerca do potencial das vacinas para o controle da mastite em pequenos ruminantes.