Characterization of uterine involution using B-mode ultrasonography, color Doppler and elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) for assessing postpartum in Santa Inês ewes

The aim of this study was to investigate uterine involution using ultrasonography techniques during postpartum. Postpartum ultrasonography evaluation (B-mode, color Doppler and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography) of the uterus was performed by transabdominal approach at immediate after birth and sequentially every 48 hours, during 30 days. The uterine echotexture did not present significant variations (P >0.05) being homogeneous in most evaluations; echogenicity of the uterus increased along the evaluation period (P =0.0452). Progressive and remarkable decrease of the total uterine diameter (UD) were observed (P <0.0001), especially during the first days postpartum. The thickness of uterine wall gradually decreased, as well the endometrial, myometrium and lumen diameters (P <0.0001). Uterine blood flow was assessed by Doppler and decreased during postpartum period, being significantly lower (P=0.0225) on the 30th day of postpartum. Uterine parenchyma presented as homogeneous dark areas (not deformable) on qualitative ultrasound elastography and the means shear velocity values of the uterine wall on quantitative elastography did not differ. This is the first study that evaluate the stiffness of uterine wall in healthy ewes, providing baseline data about quantitative and qualitative stiffness of the normal uterus, and it may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of uterine alterations during the postpartum period, using the reference parameter established for the assessment of uterine integrity during postpartum period.(AU)

Ultrasound measurements of uterine height, horns diameter and presence of intraluminal fluid to investigate uterine involution in lactating sows housed in farrowing crates

The uterine involution of sows housed in farrowing crates was investigated during lactation using B-mode trans-abdominal ultrasonography. The objectives were to describe uterine involution, detect any delay or uterine disorders and assess possible associations between involution and subsequent reproductive performance. Three parameters were measured: uterine height (H), horns diameter (D) and the percentage of sows with intraluminal fluid (F). During lactation (3-4 weeks), H decreased from 11.0±1.6 the first week to 5.9±1.5 cm the last week (p<0.001), and D from 2.6±0.7 to 1.4±0.2 cm (p<0.001). Between days 1-7, H and D decreased significantly faster, i.e. respectively 0.38 cm (p<0.0001) and 0.20 cm (p<0.0001) per day than between days 22-28, i.e. respectively 0.02 cm (p=0.49) and 0.00 cm (p=0.75) per day. F decreased significantly (p<0.0001) from 78% at the beginning to 16% at the end of lactation. Between days 1-7, F decreased significantly (p<0.001) faster than during the last week of lactation (p=0.41). Between days 22-28, H of sows from parity ≥3 were significantly higher than those of sows from parity 1 and 2 (p=0.007). During that period, F was significantly higher in sows of higher parity. This effect of parity on F was significantly higher during the entire lactation period in sows of parity ≥6. Some sows were monitored after weaning. There was no significant relationship between the 3 parameters measured at the end of lactation and the subsequent performance. A small number of sows was suspected of endometritis (2%) and one case of fœtoplacental retention was detected. In conclusion, B-mode ultrasonography is a suitable tool to monitor uterine involution in lactating sows. When examination is conducted during the last week of lactation, it may help the farmer to verify whether uterine involution is complete, and to decide whether a sow should be either culled or maintained on farm.(AU)

Caroli syndrome in a dog / Síndrome de Caroli em um cão

Caroli syndrome is characterized by a combination of intrahepatic biliary ductal ectasia and congenital ductal fibrosis due to the failure of involution of ductal plates and large intrahepatic ducts. This study aims to report Caroli syndrome in a dog, with emphasis on clinical characteristics, complementary examinations, and diagnostic approach. A 1-year-old mixed-breed intact male dog was presented with a 7-day history of acute vomiting and anorexia. Clinical evaluation revealed severe jaundice, abdominal pain, dehydration, lethargy, and abdominal distension. Ultrasonography revealed hepatic cysts filled with fluid. Exploratory laparotomy was performed to clarify the imaging findings; however, the dog died shortly after surgery. Postmortem examination revealed that the liver was reduced in size and had multiple interconnected and distended saccular dilations. The bile ducts were markedly dilated and replaced a large part of the liver parenchyma. Multiple small cysts were also observed in the kidneys. Microscopically, the hepatic lesions were characterized by extensive bridging fibrosis associated with proliferating and ectatic bile ducts contiguous with the biliary tree. Marked fibrosis and small cysts were observed in the kidneys. Therefore, a final diagnosis of Caroli syndrome was made. While uncommon, this syndrome should be considered as a differential diagnosis for young dogs with biliary cysts and hepatic fibrosis.

A síndrome de Caroli é caracterizada pela combinação de ectasia biliar intra-hepática e fibrose ductal congênita, que se devem a falha na involução das placas ductais dos grandes ductos intra-hepáticos. Esse trabalho tem a intenção de reportar um caso de síndrome de Caroli em um canino, com ênfase em suas características clínicas, exames complementares, e abordagem diagnóstica. Um canídeo de um ano de idade, sem raça definida, apresentou um histórico clínico de sete dias de vômito agudo e anorexia. A avaliação clínica revelou severa icterícia, dor abdominal, desidratação, letargia e distensão abdominal. A ultrassonografia foi sugestiva de cistos hepáticos preenchidos por fluido. Uma laparotomia exploratória foi realizada para esclarecer os achados de imagem, porém, o cão morreu logo após a cirurgia. O cão foi submetido a exame de necropsia, onde se observou fígado diminuído em tamanho e com múltiplas dilatações saculares distendidas e interconectadas entre si. Os ductos biliares estavam acentuadamente dilatados e substituíam grande parte do parênquima hepático. Nos rins, múltiplos pequenos cistos eram observados. Microscopicamente as lesões hepáticas eram caracterizadas por extensa fibrose em ponte, associada a ductos biliares ectáticos e proliferados, que eram contíguos a árvore biliar. Nos rins, marcada fibrose e pequenas formações císticas foram observadas. Baseado na associação dos achados clínicos e patológicos, o diagnóstico de síndrome de Caroli foi feito. Mesmo que incomum, essa síndrome deve ser considerada como um diagnóstico diferencial para cães jovens com ductos biliares císticos e fibrose hepática.

Achado acidental de mumificação fetal em cadela cardiopata / Accidental finding of mummified fetus in bitch with cardiac disease

A mumificação fetal é um processo que ocorre após a morte do feto, que já tem mineralização da matriz óssea do esqueleto. O mecanismo exato deste fenômeno não é totalmente conhecido, entretanto, sabe-se que após a morte fetal ocorre rápida absorção dos fluidos uterinos e fetais juntamente com a involução uterina. As membranas fetais e placentárias desidratadas aderem ao feto formando uma massa seca e dura. Apesar de ser considerada incomum, já foi descrita em várias espécies de animais. É de rara ocorrência em cadelas e gatas. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar o diagnóstico acidental de mumificação fetal em uma cadela com sinais de alteração cardíaca. Uma cadela de 11 anos apresentando sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva foi submetida a radiografia torácica para avaliação da cardiopatia. No exame radiográfico foi observado acidentalmente a presença de um feto mumificado na cavidade abdominal cranial direita. A paciente foi submetida ao tratamento clínico para estabilização e controle dos sinais e apresentou, posteriormente, uma rápida recuperação clínica. O animal não apresentava sinais ou complicações decorrentes da mumificação fetal. Visto isso e para não a submeter aos riscos cirúrgicos, a tutora optou por não realizar o procedimento cirúrgico para retirada do feto. O presente relato descreve um caso clínico atípico de mumificação em cadela, pois não houve procedimento terapêutico específico e isso não interferiu com a boa qualidade de vida da paciente.

Fetal mummification occurs after the death of the fetus, which already has mineralization the skeleton bone matrix. The exact mechanism of this phenomenon is not fully understood; however, it is known that after fetal death a fast absorption of uterine and fetal fluids take place along with uterine involution. Dehydrated fetal and placental membranes adhere to the fetus forming a dry, hard mass. Although considered unusual, it has been described in various species of animals. It is rare in dogs and cats. The purpose of this paper was to report the accidental diagnosis of fetal mummification in a bitch with signs of cardiac alteration. An 11-year-old bitch showing signs of congestive heart failure was admitted to a veterinary clinic and it was requested to perform chest radiographs for heart evaluation. Radiography accidentally revealed the presence of mummified fetus in the right cranial abdominal cavity. The patient was submitted to clinical treatment for stabilization and control of the disease signs and clinical recovery rapidly occurred. The animal showed no signs or complications due to fetal mummification and had a good quality of life. Once the dog was clinically normal, and not to submit it to surgical risks, the owner chose not to perform the surgical procedure to remove the mummified fetus.

B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of uterine involution in ewes treated with two different doses of prostaglandinF2alfa

Background: Several studies consisted of postmortem evaluations and B-mode ultrasonography have been performed on ovine uterine involution. However, researches with Doppler ultrasonography are very limited in ewes. Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive method which provides information about vascular dynamics of the tissues which cannot be examined by B-mode ultrasonography. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of two different PGF2α doses on uterine measurements by real time B-mode ultrasonography; and on uterine artery hemodynamics by pulsed-wave Doppler analysis during postpartum uterine involution in ewes. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted with 30 primiparous Kivircik ewes which lambed singleton without any complication. The ewes were randomly divided into three groups (n= 10 for each group). A single i.m. injection of 125 μg/sheep PGF2α , 75 μg/sheep PGF2α , and 1.0 mL/sheep sterile saline solution were administered to Group 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The day of parturition was considered as the first day of the study. Examinations were performed on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Diameters of previously gravid horn and caruncles were measured by real time B-mod ultrasonography. Presence of lochia was also noted. Uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/ diastolic ratio (S/D) values were measured by pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography. The one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s test were used for statistical analysis. The mean previously gravid horn diameters of ewes were 8.30 ± 0.16 cm and 1.53 ± 0.07 cm on day 1 and day 28, respectively. Previously gravid horn and caruncle diameters had a similar declining pattern in all groups as involution period proceeded. Involution was mostly completed by day 21. More than 50% reduction in uterine size was achieved in prostaglandin administered groups by day 7. Caruncles were not able to be identified after the second week...

Avaliação ultrassonográfica no pós-parto de ovelhas: revisão de literatura / Postpartum ultrasound assessment in sheep: Literature Review

Puerpério é o período após a finalização do parto e acontece em escala logarítmica decrescente, especialmente durante a primeira semana após o parto, quando o útero passa por marcado remodelamento durante sua involução. No entanto, não estão totalmente elucidados os mecanismos hormonais, celulares e moleculares que regulam esse processo. Considerando a necessidade de estabelecer métodos diagnósticos precoces para a avaliação das mudanças no puerpério em ovelhas e a escassez no número de estudos sobre involução uterina, o monitoramento desse período é essencial para evitar declínio na eficiência reprodutiva, sendo que o intervalo de partos está diretamente relacionado à velocidade da involução uterina e ao retorno à atividade reprodutiva das fêmeas. Para isso, o entendimento do processo de recuperação do trato reprodutivo no pós-parto dessa espécie é de grande importância para o sucesso do sistema de produção em ovinos. Neste trabalho, revisamos o período puerperal, os mecanismos subjacentes à reprodução normal dos ovinos e a ultrassonografia para avaliar esse período na ovelha como modelo experimental ou para aplicação em Medicina Veterinária.(AU)

Puerperium is the period after the completion of delivery and occurs on a decreasing logarithmic scale, especially during the first week after delivery, when uterus undergoes marked remodeling. However, hormonal, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that regulate this process are not fully understood. Considering the need to establish early diagnostic methods to evaluate changes during sheeps puerperium and the scarce number of studies on uterine involution, monitoring this period is essential to avoid declining in reproductive efficiency, as calving interval is directly related to the speed of uterine involution and the return to female reproductive activity. Therefore, understanding the postpartum reproductive tract recovery process of this species is of great importance for the success of sheep production systems. We review the puerperal period, the mechanisms underlying the normal reproduction of sheep and ultrasonography to evaluate this period as an experimental model or for application in Veterinary Medicine.(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica no pós-parto de ovelhas: revisão de literatura / Postpartum ultrasound assessment in sheep: Literature Review

Puerpério é o período após a finalização do parto e acontece em escala logarítmica decrescente, especialmente durante a primeira semana após o parto, quando o útero passa por marcado remodelamento durante sua involução. No entanto, não estão totalmente elucidados os mecanismos hormonais, celulares e moleculares que regulam esse processo. Considerando a necessidade de estabelecer métodos diagnósticos precoces para a avaliação das mudanças no puerpério em ovelhas e a escassez no número de estudos sobre involução uterina, o monitoramento desse período é essencial para evitar declínio na eficiência reprodutiva, sendo que o intervalo de partos está diretamente relacionado à velocidade da involução uterina e ao retorno à atividade reprodutiva das fêmeas. Para isso, o entendimento do processo de recuperação do trato reprodutivo no pós-parto dessa espécie é de grande importância para o sucesso do sistema de produção em ovinos. Neste trabalho, revisamos o período puerperal, os mecanismos subjacentes à reprodução normal dos ovinos e a ultrassonografia para avaliar esse período na ovelha como modelo experimental ou para aplicação em Medicina Veterinária.

Puerperium is the period after the completion of delivery and occurs on a decreasing logarithmic scale, especially during the first week after delivery, when uterus undergoes marked remodeling. However, hormonal, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that regulate this process are not fully understood. Considering the need to establish early diagnostic methods to evaluate changes during sheep’s puerperium and the scarce number of studies on uterine involution, monitoring this period is essential to avoid declining in reproductive efficiency, as calving interval is directly related to the speed of uterine involution and the return to female reproductive activity. Therefore, understanding the postpartum reproductive tract recovery process of this species is of great importance for the success of sheep production systems. We review the puerperal period, the mechanisms underlying the normal reproduction of sheep and ultrasonography to evaluate this period as an experimental model or for application in Veterinary Medicine.

Fisiologia e fatores interferentes na reprodução de éguas / Physiology and interfering factors in mare reproduction

A reprodução é necessária para produção de descendentes e permite continuidade das espécies. Nos equinos a estação reprodutiva ocorre em épocas de maior luminosidade, pois são caracterizados como poliéstricos estacionais, ou seja, as éguas possuem atividade ovulatória em determinados períodos do ano. Desta forma, fatores interferentes na reprodução devem ser evitados, além de ser necessário o estudo da fisiologia e particularidades da espécie, a fim de aumentar a viabilidade reprodutiva dos equinos. Diante disso, objetivou-se com esta revisão compilar aspectos relacionados à fisiologia do ciclo estral, gestação e parto, assim como, explanar alguns dos principais fatores interferentes no contexto da involução uterina e ciclicidade pós-parto em éguas. No intuito de reduzir ou eliminar os problemas reprodutivos nas éguas.

Reproduction is necessary for the production of offspring and allows for the continuity of species. In equines the reproductive season occurs in times of greater luminosity, since they are characterized as seasonal polyester, that is, mares have ovulatory activity at certain periods of the year. In this way, interfering factors in the reproduction should be avoided, in addition to the study of the physiology and particularities of the species, in order to increase the reproductive viability of the horses. The objective of this review was to compile aspects related to the physiology of the estrous cycle, gestation and delivery, as well as to explain some of the main interfering factors in the context of uterine involution and postpartum cyclicity in mares. In order to reduce or eliminate reproductive problems in mares.

Fisiologia e fatores interferentes na reprodução de éguas / Physiology and interfering factors in mare reproduction

A reprodução é necessária para produção de descendentes e permite continuidade das espécies. Nos equinos a estação reprodutiva ocorre em épocas de maior luminosidade, pois são caracterizados como poliéstricos estacionais, ou seja, as éguas possuem atividade ovulatória em determinados períodos do ano. Desta forma, fatores interferentes na reprodução devem ser evitados, além de ser necessário o estudo da fisiologia e particularidades da espécie, a fim de aumentar a viabilidade reprodutiva dos equinos. Diante disso, objetivou-se com esta revisão compilar aspectos relacionados à fisiologia do ciclo estral, gestação e parto, assim como, explanar alguns dos principais fatores interferentes no contexto da involução uterina e ciclicidade pós-parto em éguas. No intuito de reduzir ou eliminar os problemas reprodutivos nas éguas.(AU)

Reproduction is necessary for the production of offspring and allows for the continuity of species. In equines the reproductive season occurs in times of greater luminosity, since they are characterized as seasonal polyester, that is, mares have ovulatory activity at certain periods of the year. In this way, interfering factors in the reproduction should be avoided, in addition to the study of the physiology and particularities of the species, in order to increase the reproductive viability of the horses. The objective of this review was to compile aspects related to the physiology of the estrous cycle, gestation and delivery, as well as to explain some of the main interfering factors in the context of uterine involution and postpartum cyclicity in mares. In order to reduce or eliminate reproductive problems in mares.(AU)

Uso de sulfato de vincristina no tratamento de carcinoma / de células escamosas em glândula lacrimal de um equino / Use of vincristine sulfate in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in a horse’s lacrimal gland

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common cutaneous neoplasms found in equine breeding.The main cause is still unknown, based on predisposing factors such as excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays, advancedage, depigmented skin and viral or parasitic agents. There is currently a range of possibilities for the treatment of SCC.The choice of the ideal treatment changes according to the location, evolution and size of the tumor, economic costs andavailability of material. The present case report aims to report the case of a Campeiro breed, diagnosed with SCC in theleft lacrimal gland region and to evaluate the action of vincristine sulfate as intralesional chemotherapy.Case: A 30-year-old stallion of the Campeiro perlino coat it was attended in the sector of Clinic and Surgery of LargeAnimals, at the Federal University of Santa Catarina - Curitibanos campus. Physical examination revealed an alert anddocile temperament, with no considerable physiological changes. In the evaluation of the left eye, it was observed a massof 2x2 cm rosacea, with granular and ulcerated appearance, it was detected in the portion of the medial corner of the eye,and the lacrimal gland cannot be macroscopically delimited. Also it was detected a moderate mucopurulent secretion.The mass was collected through fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and puncture without aspiration of contents found in thethird eyelid region for cytological analysis, and a malignant epithelial cell neoplasia associated with septic suppurativeinflammation was observed, suggestive of SCC. After the laboratory results analyzed, 0.25 mL of intralesional vincristinesulfate (Vincizina®) with 20x06 needle was applied in the base of the tumor mass as treatment. After 24 days of the firstand only application of the antineoplastic, treatment success was remarkable, with a macroscopic involution...

Uso de sulfato de vincristina no tratamento de carcinoma / de células escamosas em glândula lacrimal de um equino / Use of vincristine sulfate in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in a horses lacrimal gland

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common cutaneous neoplasms found in equine breeding.The main cause is still unknown, based on predisposing factors such as excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays, advancedage, depigmented skin and viral or parasitic agents. There is currently a range of possibilities for the treatment of SCC.The choice of the ideal treatment changes according to the location, evolution and size of the tumor, economic costs andavailability of material. The present case report aims to report the case of a Campeiro breed, diagnosed with SCC in theleft lacrimal gland region and to evaluate the action of vincristine sulfate as intralesional chemotherapy.Case: A 30-year-old stallion of the Campeiro perlino coat it was attended in the sector of Clinic and Surgery of LargeAnimals, at the Federal University of Santa Catarina - Curitibanos campus. Physical examination revealed an alert anddocile temperament, with no considerable physiological changes. In the evaluation of the left eye, it was observed a massof 2x2 cm rosacea, with granular and ulcerated appearance, it was detected in the portion of the medial corner of the eye,and the lacrimal gland cannot be macroscopically delimited. Also it was detected a moderate mucopurulent secretion.The mass was collected through fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and puncture without aspiration of contents found in thethird eyelid region for cytological analysis, and a malignant epithelial cell neoplasia associated with septic suppurativeinflammation was observed, suggestive of SCC. After the laboratory results analyzed, 0.25 mL of intralesional vincristinesulfate (Vincizina®) with 20x06 needle was applied in the base of the tumor mass as treatment. After 24 days of the firstand only application of the antineoplastic, treatment success was remarkable, with a macroscopic involution...(AU)

Aspectos ultrassonográficos dos componentes umbilicais de bezerros da raça Holandesa durante o processo de involução fisiológica / Ultrasonographic aspects of umbilical components of Holstein calves during the physiological involution process

Afecções umbilicais são comumente encontradas nos bezerros durante o período neonatal, podendo ocasionar graves complicações. Seu diagnóstico muitas vezes não é preciso pela palpação abdominal, sendo a ultrassonografia um valioso exame complementar, pois permite precisão na localização e na extensão das onfalopatias intra-abdominais. Diante disso e da raridade de pesquisas com estabelecimento de padrões ultrassonográficos do umbigo, o presente estudo propôs padronizar os aspectos das imagens ultrassonográficas dos componentes umbilicais em decorrência de sua involução. Foram avaliados 23 bezerros Holandeses, do nascimento até os 30 dias de vida, em cuja região umbilical se usou como antisséptico tintura de iodo em diferentes concentrações. Os resultados evidenciaram que veia e artérias umbilicais perdem suas características de vasos, assumindo aspecto de ligamento por proliferação de tecido fibroso. Nesse processo, o tecido fibroso, inicialmente presente na região interna da parede do vaso, segue, com a involução, em direção à luz, sendo observado mais precocemente em porções dos vasos mais distantes do umbigo externo, não havendo distinção de comportamento determinada pela antissepsia. Para aproveitamento do exame ultrassonográfico, é importante o conhecimento dos aspectos das imagens durante o processo de involução dos componentes umbilicais, de acordo com cada fase, sendo assim possível o diagnóstico das diferentes alterações nessas estruturas.(AU)

Umbilical diseases of calves happen during neonatal period and may lead to severe complications. The diagnosis is usually through abdominal palpation although it is not very accurate, thus ultrasound provides a valuable complementary exam to establish a precise diagnosis of location and extent of intra-abdominal umbilical diseases. Given those facts and the lack of established standards for umbilical ultrasound imaging the present study proposal was to standardize the physiological aspects of umbilical components during involution. Ultrasound images were obtained for 23 Holstein calves, from birth until 30 days of life. Iodine tincture of different concentrations was used for umbilical region antisepsis. Results show that umbilical vein and arteries lose their vessel characteristics, becoming similar to ligament, due to the proliferation of fibrous tissue. The growth pattern of the fibrous tissue was from the vessel walls growing toward vascular lumen. The involution process begins at the most distant part and did not vary with antiseptic concentrations. To obtain a reliable ultrasound exam it's important to know the aspects of imaging patterns according to each phase of umbilical involution, thus leading to an accurate diagnosis of structural variations and umbilical diseases.(AU)

Aspectos ultrassonográficos dos componentes umbilicais de bezerros da raça Holandesa durante o processo de involução fisiológica / Ultrasonographic aspects of umbilical components of Holstein calves during the physiological involution process

Afecções umbilicais são comumente encontradas nos bezerros durante o período neonatal, podendo ocasionar graves complicações. Seu diagnóstico muitas vezes não é preciso pela palpação abdominal, sendo a ultrassonografia um valioso exame complementar, pois permite precisão na localização e na extensão das onfalopatias intra-abdominais. Diante disso e da raridade de pesquisas com estabelecimento de padrões ultrassonográficos do umbigo, o presente estudo propôs padronizar os aspectos das imagens ultrassonográficas dos componentes umbilicais em decorrência de sua involução. Foram avaliados 23 bezerros Holandeses, do nascimento até os 30 dias de vida, em cuja região umbilical se usou como antisséptico tintura de iodo em diferentes concentrações. Os resultados evidenciaram que veia e artérias umbilicais perdem suas características de vasos, assumindo aspecto de ligamento por proliferação de tecido fibroso. Nesse processo, o tecido fibroso, inicialmente presente na região interna da parede do vaso, segue, com a involução, em direção à luz, sendo observado mais precocemente em porções dos vasos mais distantes do umbigo externo, não havendo distinção de comportamento determinada pela antissepsia. Para aproveitamento do exame ultrassonográfico, é importante o conhecimento dos aspectos das imagens durante o processo de involução dos componentes umbilicais, de acordo com cada fase, sendo assim possível o diagnóstico das diferentes alterações nessas estruturas.(AU)

Umbilical diseases of calves happen during neonatal period and may lead to severe complications. The diagnosis is usually through abdominal palpation although it is not very accurate, thus ultrasound provides a valuable complementary exam to establish a precise diagnosis of location and extent of intra-abdominal umbilical diseases. Given those facts and the lack of established standards for umbilical ultrasound imaging the present study proposal was to standardize the physiological aspects of umbilical components during involution. Ultrasound images were obtained for 23 Holstein calves, from birth until 30 days of life. Iodine tincture of different concentrations was used for umbilical region antisepsis. Results show that umbilical vein and arteries lose their vessel characteristics, becoming similar to ligament, due to the proliferation of fibrous tissue. The growth pattern of the fibrous tissue was from the vessel walls growing toward vascular lumen. The involution process begins at the most distant part and did not vary with antiseptic concentrations. To obtain a reliable ultrasound exam it's important to know the aspects of imaging patterns according to each phase of umbilical involution, thus leading to an accurate diagnosis of structural variations and umbilical diseases.(AU)

Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors in Gyr and F1 Holstein x Gyr postpartum cows / Transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos em vacas Gir e F1 Holandês x Gir após o parto

Zebu and Holstein x Zebu crossbred have low incidence of uterine infection when compared to Holstein cows. Resistance to uterine infections may be associated with the ability to recognize invading microorganisms. Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors has been investigated in the postpartum period of Holstein cows, but it is completely unknown in Zebu or Holstein x Zebu cows. In this study, 9 Gyr and 12 F1 Holstein x Gyr cows were submitted to endometrial biopsies at the first and seventh days postpartum, with the objective to measure transcription levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5, and 9; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors 1 and 2; and coreceptors cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in transcription of TLR5 in Gyr, and an increase in transcription of TLR9 in F1 cows, between the first and seventh day postpartum. Both groups had low incidences of uterine infections up to 42 days postpartum. Uterine involution completed at 27.7 ± 10.1 and 25.1 ± 4.7 days postpartum for Gyr and F1 cows, respectively. In Gyr cows, higher transcription levels of TLR1/6 and NOD1 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In F1 cows, lower levels of TLR1/6, TLR2 and NOD2 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In conclusion, some pathogen recognition receptors associated significantly with the time required for uterine involution in Gyr and F1 cows.(AU)

Vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu apresentam baixas incidências de infecções uterinas quando comparadas às Holandesas. A resistência às infecções uterinas pode estar relacionada com a capacidade de reconhecimento dos microrganismos invasores. A transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos tem sido investigada em vacas Holandesas recém-paridas, porém ainda é desconhecida em vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu. No presente estudo, nove vacas Gir e 12 F1 Holandês x Gir foram submetidas a biópsias endometriais no primeiro e no sétimo dia após o parto, com o objetivo de mensurar os níveis de transcrição gênica dos receptores tipo Toll (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5 e 9; receptores tipo NOD 1 e 2; e dos coreceptores CD14 e MD-2. Houve diminuição significativa (P < 0,05) do nível de transcrição de TLR5 em vacas Gir e aumento da transcrição de TLR9 em vacas F1, entre o primeiro e o sétimo dia após o parto. Os dois grupos apresentaram baixas incidências de infecções uterinas até 42 dias pós-parto. O período de involução uterina foi de 27,7 ± 10,1 e 25,1 ± 4,7 dias pós-parto, para vacas Gir e F1, respectivamente. No grupo de vacas Gir, altos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6 e NOD1 tiveram correlação significativa com o prolongamento do período de involução uterina. No grupo de vacas F1, baixos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6, TLR2 e NOD2 foram associados a maiores períodos de involução uterina. Portanto, os níveis de transcrição endometrial de alguns receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos na primeira semana após o parto podem estar relacionados com o tempo requerido para ocorrência da involução uterina em vacas Gir e F1.(AU)

Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors in Gyr and F1 Holstein x Gyr postpartum cows / Transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos em vacas Gir e F1 Holandês x Gir após o parto

Zebu and Holstein x Zebu crossbred have low incidence of uterine infection when compared to Holstein cows. Resistance to uterine infections may be associated with the ability to recognize invading microorganisms. Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors has been investigated in the postpartum period of Holstein cows, but it is completely unknown in Zebu or Holstein x Zebu cows. In this study, 9 Gyr and 12 F1 Holstein x Gyr cows were submitted to endometrial biopsies at the first and seventh days postpartum, with the objective to measure transcription levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5, and 9; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors 1 and 2; and coreceptors cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in transcription of TLR5 in Gyr, and an increase in transcription of TLR9 in F1 cows, between the first and seventh day postpartum. Both groups had low incidences of uterine infections up to 42 days postpartum. Uterine involution completed at 27.7 ± 10.1 and 25.1 ± 4.7 days postpartum for Gyr and F1 cows, respectively. In Gyr cows, higher transcription levels of TLR1/6 and NOD1 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In F1 cows, lower levels of TLR1/6, TLR2 and NOD2 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In conclusion, some pathogen recognition receptors associated significantly with the time required for uterine involution in Gyr and F1 cows.(AU)

Vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu apresentam baixas incidências de infecções uterinas quando comparadas às Holandesas. A resistência às infecções uterinas pode estar relacionada com a capacidade de reconhecimento dos microrganismos invasores. A transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos tem sido investigada em vacas Holandesas recém-paridas, porém ainda é desconhecida em vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu. No presente estudo, nove vacas Gir e 12 F1 Holandês x Gir foram submetidas a biópsias endometriais no primeiro e no sétimo dia após o parto, com o objetivo de mensurar os níveis de transcrição gênica dos receptores tipo Toll (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5 e 9; receptores tipo NOD 1 e 2; e dos coreceptores CD14 e MD-2. Houve diminuição significativa (P < 0,05) do nível de transcrição de TLR5 em vacas Gir e aumento da transcrição de TLR9 em vacas F1, entre o primeiro e o sétimo dia após o parto. Os dois grupos apresentaram baixas incidências de infecções uterinas até 42 dias pós-parto. O período de involução uterina foi de 27,7 ± 10,1 e 25,1 ± 4,7 dias pós-parto, para vacas Gir e F1, respectivamente. No grupo de vacas Gir, altos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6 e NOD1 tiveram correlação significativa com o prolongamento do período de involução uterina. No grupo de vacas F1, baixos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6, TLR2 e NOD2 foram associados a maiores períodos de involução uterina. Portanto, os níveis de transcrição endometrial de alguns receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos na primeira semana após o parto podem estar relacionados com o tempo requerido para ocorrência da involução uterina em vacas Gir e F1.(AU)

Heat shock proteins (HSP)-60, -70, -90, and 105 display variable spatial and temporal immunolocalization patterns in the involuting rat uterus

Uterine involution involves substantial tissue destruction and subsequent repair and remodelling, with similarities to the microenvironments present during wound healing. Although involution is a physiologically normal process, it may generate a stressful microenvironment for the uterine cells, and thus it can induce the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which were originally identified as stress-responsive proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal expression and localization of four heat shock proteins (HSPD1/HSP60, HSPA/HSP70, HSPC/HSP90 and HSPH1/HSP105/110) in the involuting rat uterus using immunohistochemistry. The HSPs were expressed in the luminal (LE) and glandular epithelium (GE), fibroblasts, mast cells, myometrial myocytes, perimetrial mesothelium and blood vessels, and each of the uterine tissues had distinctive patterns of HSP immunostaining. HSPD1/HSP60 was located in the cytoplasm, often with the granular appearance that is typical of organellar localization, whereas HSPA/HSP70, HSPC/HSP90 and HSPH1/HSP105 were located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The immunolocalization patterns of all HSPs in the LE showed alterations that accompanied involution, but no difference was observed in the other uterine cells. HSPs were localized in the apical and basal cytoplasm of the LE on postpartum days 1, 5 and 10, but only in the apical cytoplasm on day 3. Furthermore, on day 3, HSPA/HSP70, HSPC/HSP90 and HSPH1/HSP105 immunostaining in the crypts and GE were stronger than those in the LE, whereas on day 10, the nuclear HSP90 immunoreaction was stronger in the LE than in the GE. These observations suggest that HSPs may be involved in many physiological processes, such as cell cycle control, cell proliferation, regulation of cell death and survival, and differentiation during the involution process.

Heat shock proteins (HSP)-60, -70, -90, and 105 display variable spatial and temporal immunolocalization patterns in the involuting rat uterus

Uterine involution involves substantial tissue destruction and subsequent repair and remodelling, with similarities to the microenvironments present during wound healing. Although involution is a physiologically normal process, it may generate a stressful microenvironment for the uterine cells, and thus it can induce the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which were originally identified as stress-responsive proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal expression and localization of four heat shock proteins (HSPD1/HSP60, HSPA/HSP70, HSPC/HSP90 and HSPH1/HSP105/110) in the involuting rat uterus using immunohistochemistry. The HSPs were expressed in the luminal (LE) and glandular epithelium (GE), fibroblasts, mast cells, myometrial myocytes, perimetrial mesothelium and blood vessels, and each of the uterine tissues had distinctive patterns of HSP immunostaining. HSPD1/HSP60 was located in the cytoplasm, often with the granular appearance that is typical of organellar localization, whereas HSPA/HSP70, HSPC/HSP90 and HSPH1/HSP105 were located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The immunolocalization patterns of all HSPs in the LE showed alterations that accompanied involution, but no difference was observed in the other uterine cells. HSPs were localized in the apical and basal cytoplasm of the LE on postpartum days 1, 5 and 10, but only in the apical cytoplasm on day 3. Furthermore, on day 3, HSPA/HSP70, HSPC/HSP90 and HSPH1/HSP105 immunostaining in the crypts and GE were stronger than those in the LE, whereas on day 10, the nuclear HSP90 immunoreaction was stronger in the LE than in the GE. These observations suggest that HSPs may be involved in many physiological processes, such as cell cycle control, cell proliferation, regulation of cell death and survival, and differentiation during the involution process.(AU)

Efeito Do Cloprostenol Sódico Na Involução Uterina, Progesterona E Concentração De 13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandina F2αde Vacas Multíparas Bos Taurus Indicus / Effect Of Cloprostenol Sodium On Uterine Involution, Progesterone And 13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandin F2α Concentrations Of Multiparous Bos Taurus Indicus Cows / Efecto Del Cloprostenol Sódico En La Involución Uterina, Concentraciones De Progesterona Y 13,14-Dihidro-15-Keto Prostaglandina F2α De Vacas Multíparas Bos Taurus Indicus

Este estudo visou avaliar os efeitos do cloprostenol sódico na involução uterina, dosagem de progesterona (P4) e 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandina F2α (PGFM) e atividade folicular em vacas Nelore multíparas tratadas ou não com cloprostenol sódico nos dias 1 e 4 pós-parto (D0= nascimento), bem como testar a hipótese que o tratamento promove uma involução uterina mais rápida e retorno a atividade cíclica normal no puerpério. Para isso, foi feito ultrassom, palpação transretal, exame vaginoscópicoe determinação da concentração de P4 e PGFM nos dias 1, 7, 14, 28, 35 e 42 pós-parto (D0= nascimento). A vaginoscopia avaliou o óstio cervical (Escore 1 a 3) e descarga cervical (escore 1 a 5), a palpação transretal avaliou a involução uterina (escore 1 a 3) e o ultrassom avaliou o diâmetro dos folículos, tamanho dos cornos uterino e acumulo de fluido intrauterino (escore 0 a 3). O tratamento influenciou na descarga cervical (P= 0.034), e nas outras variáveis foi observada a influência do momento (P>0,05). Baseado nestes resultados, nós acreditamos que o uso desse protocolo nos animais com boa seleção genética, manejo e saudáveis pode ser desnecessário e promove gastos adicionais.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cloprostenol sodium at uterine involution and hormonal dosage of progesterone (P4) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) and follicular activity on multiparous Nelore cows treated or not with cloprostenol sodium on days 1 and 4 postpartum (D0= birth), as well as test the hypothesis that treatment promotes a faster uterine involution and return to normal cyclical activity at puerperium. For this, it was done ultrasound, transretal palpation, vaginoscopy exams and determination of concentration of P4 and PGFM on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 35 and 42 postpartum (D0= birth). Vaginoscopy evaluated cervical ostium (score 1 to 3) and cervical discharge (score 1 to 5), transrectal palpation evaluated uterine involution (score 1 to 3) and ultrasound evaluated the diameter of follicles, size of uterine horn and intrauterine fluid accumulation (score 0 to 3). Treatment influenced at cervical discharge (P= 0.034), and on the other variables it was observed influence of moment (P>0.05). Based on the results, we believe that the use of this protocol inanimals with good selection genetic, management and health can be unnecessary and promote additional spending.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del cloprostenol sódico en la involución uterina y la concentración sérica de progesterona (P4) y 13,14-dihidro-15-keto prostaglandina F2α (PGFM) y actividad folicular en vacas multíparas Nelore tratadas o no, con cloprostenol sódico en los días 1 y 4 posparto (D0= día del nacimiento), de igual forma, comprobar la hipótesis de que el tratamiento promueve una involución uterina más rápida y un retorno de la actividad cíclica normal en el puerperio. Fue realizada ecografía, palpación transrectal, vaginoscopia y determinación de la concentración sérica de P4 y PGFM en los días 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, y 42 posparto (D0= día del nacimiento). La vaginoscopia evaluó el ostium cervical (escala de 1-3) y descarga cervical (escala de 1-5), la palpación transrectal determinó la involución uterina (escala de 1-3) y la ecografía evaluó el diámetro folicular, tamaño de los cuernos uterinos y la acumulación intrauterina de fluidos (escala de 0-3). El tratamiento influyó en la descarga cervical (P= 0.034), para las demás variables fue observado efecto del momento (P>0.05). Basados en los resultados, creemos que el uso de este protocolo en animales con buen manejo, salud y selección genética es innecesario y demanda gastos adicionales.(AU)

Efeito Do Cloprostenol Sódico Na Involução Uterina, Progesterona E Concentração De 13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandina F2αde Vacas Multíparas Bos Taurus Indicus / Effect Of Cloprostenol Sodium On Uterine Involution, Progesterone And 13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandin F2α Concentrations Of Multiparous Bos Taurus Indicus Cows / Efecto Del Cloprostenol Sódico En La Involución Uterina, Concentraciones De Progesterona Y 13,14-Dihidro-15-Keto Prostaglandina F2α De Vacas Multíparas Bos Taurus Indicus

Este estudo visou avaliar os efeitos do cloprostenol sódico na involução uterina, dosagem de progesterona (P4) e 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandina F2α (PGFM) e atividade folicular em vacas Nelore multíparas tratadas ou não com cloprostenol sódico nos dias 1 e 4 pós-parto (D0= nascimento), bem como testar a hipótese que o tratamento promove uma involução uterina mais rápida e retorno a atividade cíclica normal no puerpério. Para isso, foi feito ultrassom, palpação transretal, exame vaginoscópicoe determinação da concentração de P4 e PGFM nos dias 1, 7, 14, 28, 35 e 42 pós-parto (D0= nascimento). A vaginoscopia avaliou o óstio cervical (Escore 1 a 3) e descarga cervical (escore 1 a 5), a palpação transretal avaliou a involução uterina (escore 1 a 3) e o ultrassom avaliou o diâmetro dos folículos, tamanho dos cornos uterino e acumulo de fluido intrauterino (escore 0 a 3). O tratamento influenciou na descarga cervical (P= 0.034), e nas outras variáveis foi observada a influência do momento (P>0,05). Baseado nestes resultados, nós acreditamos que o uso desse protocolo nos animais com boa seleção genética, manejo e saudáveis pode ser desnecessário e promove gastos adicionais.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cloprostenol sodium at uterine involution and hormonal dosage of progesterone (P4) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) and follicular activity on multiparous Nelore cows treated or not with cloprostenol sodium on days 1 and 4 postpartum (D0= birth), as well as test the hypothesis that treatment promotes a faster uterine involution and return to normal cyclical activity at puerperium. For this, it was done ultrasound, transretal palpation, vaginoscopy exams and determination of concentration of P4 and PGFM on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 35 and 42 postpartum (D0= birth). Vaginoscopy evaluated cervical ostium (score 1 to 3) and cervical discharge (score 1 to 5), transrectal palpation evaluated uterine involution (score 1 to 3) and ultrasound evaluated the diameter of follicles, size of uterine horn and intrauterine fluid accumulation (score 0 to 3). Treatment influenced at cervical discharge (P= 0.034), and on the other variables it was observed influence of moment (P>0.05). Based on the results, we believe that the use of this protocol inanimals with good selection genetic, management and health can be unnecessary and promote additional spending.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del cloprostenol sódico en la involución uterina y la concentración sérica de progesterona (P4) y 13,14-dihidro-15-keto prostaglandina F2α (PGFM) y actividad folicular en vacas multíparas Nelore tratadas o no, con cloprostenol sódico en los días 1 y 4 posparto (D0= día del nacimiento), de igual forma, comprobar la hipótesis de que el tratamiento promueve una involución uterina más rápida y un retorno de la actividad cíclica normal en el puerperio. Fue realizada ecografía, palpación transrectal, vaginoscopia y determinación de la concentración sérica de P4 y PGFM en los días 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, y 42 posparto (D0= día del nacimiento). La vaginoscopia evaluó el ostium cervical (escala de 1-3) y descarga cervical (escala de 1-5), la palpación transrectal determinó la involución uterina (escala de 1-3) y la ecografía evaluó el diámetro folicular, tamaño de los cuernos uterinos y la acumulación intrauterina de fluidos (escala de 0-3). El tratamiento influyó en la descarga cervical (P= 0.034), para las demás variables fue observado efecto del momento (P>0.05). Basados en los resultados, creemos que el uso de este protocolo en animales con buen manejo, salud y selección genética es innecesario y demanda gastos adicionales.

Ovarian radiographic and direct measurements of Japanese Quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) submitted to light restriction / Medidas ovarianas radiográficas e diretas de codorna-japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submetida à restrição luminosa

Often, in pet birds, any stimulus to lay eggs is unwanted in order to reduce reproductive diseases and disorders. The objectives of this study were: to determine the time necessary to promote ovary involution after an eight hour photoperiod using laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica); to connect the ovarian radiographic measurements with egg production; and to compare these measurements with direct ovary data obtained at necropsy. Birds were separated into three groups: 12h/24d (control group - 12h photoperiod for 24 days), 8h/24d and 8h/36d (8h photoperiod for 24 and 36 days). After euthanasia, all cadavers were x-rayed to measure ovary length and height. Birds were necropsied to measure ovarian length and weight. Results: radiographic ovary length demonstrated strong and positive correlation (r=0.96) with direct ovary length of all three groups; laying quails showed higher ovary height (p=0.025) and length (p=0.009) than non-laying quails; eight hours of artificial light per day promotes ovary length (p=0.025) and weight (p=0.009) reduction. Conclusions: radiography can estimate the ovary measure and indicate posture; an eight hour photoperiod of 24 days is not enough to promote ovarian regression, while the use of reduced photoperiod for 36 days promotes significant ovary involution.(AU)

Em aves de estimação, geralmente se opta pela redução de estímulos para a postura de ovos visando reduzir a ocorrência de doenças e alterações reprodutivas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: determinar o tempo necessário para a involução ovariana após um fotoperíodo de oito horas de iluminação usando codornas-japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) na fase de postura; relacionar as medidas radiográficas com a postura de ovos; e comparar estas com as medidas diretas obtidas à necropsia. As aves foram divididas em três grupos: 12h/24d (controle - fotoperíodo de 12 horas por 24 dias), 08h/24d e 08h/36d (fotoperíodo de oito horas por 24 e 36 dias). Após a eutanásia, os cadáveres foram radiografados para mensuração do comprimento e da altura do ovário. Foi efetuada a necropsia para aferição das medidas e pesagem dos ovários. Os resultados mostraram que: o comprimento ovariano obtido por meio de imagem radiográfica apresentou forte correlação positiva (r=0,96) com o comprimento direto do ovário das aves dos três grupos; as aves em período de postura apresentaram maiores medidas de altura do ovário (P=0,025) e comprimentos ovarianos (P=0,009) do que as aves fora de postura; a restrição de luminosidade com oito horas diárias de luz artificial promoveu redução do comprimento ovariano (P=0,025) e da massa ovariana (P=0,009). Conclusões: a radiografia pode estimar a medida do ovário e indicar postura; um fotoperíodo de oito horas de luz por 24 dias não é satisfatório para obter uma regressão ovariana, enquanto 36 dias com o fotoperíodo reduzido promovem uma significativa redução ovariana.(AU)