Using peritoneal and blood lactate as predictor of condition type, surgical referral and prognosis in equine colic cases / Uso do lactato peritoneal e sanguíneo como preditor do tipo de afecção, encaminhamento cirúrgico e prognóstico em casos de cólica equina

It is important to investigate fast and accurate equine colic syndrome diagnostic forms. Lactate results from anaerobic glycolysis; high levels of it may indicate intestinal disorders with tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia. The current study aims at investigating whether blood and peritoneal lactate values observed when horses with colic syndrome were hospitalized, were associated with condition type, therapeutic referral, and survival rates. Retrospective analysis was applied to 498 medical records of animals with colic syndrome, at EQUIVET Hospital -SP; 89 cases were herein selected. Based on logistic regression, peritoneal lactate played a more significant part than blood in variables like obstruction type and survival rates. Surgical cases comprised 52.8% of analyzed animals; strangulation changes, 26%; and overall survival, 62.9%. Mean blood and peritoneal lactate level in animals showing strangulation changes reached 5.11 and 7.33mmol/L, whereas non-strangulation cases recorded 3.54 and 3.06mmol/L, respectively. On the other hand, mean blood and peritoneal lactate level recorded for survivors reached 3.43 and 2.42mmol/L, whereas non-survivors recorded 4.84 and 7.13mmol/L, respectively. We concluded that peritoneal lactate measured when horses with colic syndrome were hospitalized was a predictor of condition type, and of animal survival and prognosis. However, blood and peritoneal lactate measurements did not contribute to therapeutic referral.

O estudo de formas diagnósticas rápidas e precisas é importante na síndrome cólica equina. O lactato, produto da glicólise anaeróbica, quando elevado, pode indicar afecções intestinais com hipoperfusão e hipóxia. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se os valores de lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal, na admissão de equinos com síndrome cólica, estão relacionados com o tipo de afecção, com o encaminhamento terapêutico e a sobrevida. Uma análise retrospectiva foi realizada em 498 atendimentos em síndrome cólica, no Hospital EQUIVET-SP, quando 89 casos foram selecionados. A regressão logística indicou que o lactato peritoneal obteve maior significância comparado ao sanguíneo, nas variáveis tipo de obstrução e sobrevida. Casos cirúrgicos foram 52,8%; alterações estrangulativas, 26%; e sobrevivência geral, 62,9%. Em alterações estrangulativas, a média do lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal foi de 5,11 e 7,33mmol/L; em não estrangulativos, 3,54 e 3,06mmol/L. Já os sobreviventes obtiveram 3,43 e 2,42mmol/L, e os não sobreviventes 4,84 e 7,13mmol/L, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a mensuração do lactato peritoneal na admissão de cavalos com cólica foi considerada um preditor do tipo de afecção, bem como da sobrevida e do prognóstico. Porém, as mensurações de lactato sanguíneo e peritoneal não auxiliaram no encaminhamento terapêutico.

CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH correlates with prognostic parameters in canine mammary neoplasms

The identification of putative prognostic factors in canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) has been focused on tissue-specific biomarkers, but the serum biomarkers, including cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), c-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been demonstrated to display clinical application in cases of CMNs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of these serum biomarkers and their association with well-established prognostic factors in CMNs. Samples from 15 female canines with CMNs and 15 clinically healthy ones were collected. The results were evaluated using the Tukey's, Pearson, or Spearman tests. The cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in a logistic regression model (P<0.05). The levels of CA 15-3, CRP and LDH were significantly higher in the serum of female dogs with CMNs compared to the healthy ones. Moreover, these factors were positively correlated with ulceration, tumor size, histopathological grade, metastatic lymph node, and clinical staging. Female dogs with CMNs were found to exhibit highest serum levels of CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH. Therefore, they can be applied to improve the efficacy of the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in casas of CMNs.(AU)

Utilization of Biotechnology, Neurotransmitter and Cytogenetic Indices in Selecting Pigeon Breeds

Investigations into LDH-A and DR-D4 genes polymorphism, neurotransmitter values and cytogenetic indices of 3 sexed pigeon breeds; non-racing pigeons, (wild rock), racing long distances pigeons (Jan Aarden) and racing short distances pigeons (Janssen) have been performed. The long-distances pigeon showed the highest brain neurotransmitters concentration (p<0.001) among pigeon breeds. Both LDH-A and DR-D4 genes polymorphism indicate the presence of different biodiversity values among pigeon breeds. The variations appeared on the position length 389bp for LDH-A polymorphism, and on two positions length of 418bp and 524bp for DR-D4 polymorphism of long distances male pigeon indicate the presence of unique diversity and overall differences in the amino acids structure in this breed. The protein sequence of both genes showed that in the position of 60 for LDH-A gene the amino acid K (lys) was converted to E (glu), while, in the positions of 117 and 153 for DR-D4 gene the amino acid R (arg) and L (leu) were converted to S (ser) and F (phe) only in long distances male pigeon compared to the other breeds. Moreover, there were slight differences in cytogenetic indices detected among the three pigeon breeds. It can be concluded that both DR-D4 and LDH-A genes polymorphism and neurotransmitters estimations in the brain tissue of racing pigeon would be useful indices for the differentiation and genetic characterization of pigeon breeds and provide a foundation for developing sustainable genetic improvement and conservation programs of the breeding and selecting racing pigeon breeders.(AU)

Comparison of Apgar score, serum lactate, and blood gas analysis in neonates born by elective cesarean section or cesarean section after dystocia / Comparação do escore Apgar, lactato sérico e hemogasometria em neonatos nascidos por cesariana eletiva e cesariana após distocia

ABSTRACT: In some situations, the neonatal mortality rate in dogs can be high, and perinatal and postnatal veterinary care is essential to improve survival. This study to compared the Apgar score, serum lactate levels, and blood gas analysis results in 30 neonates born by elective cesarean section (GCE, n = 18) or cesarean section due to dystocia (GD, n = 12). Neonates were assessed at five time points: T0, at birth; T1, 3 h after birth; T2, 6 h after birth; T3, 12 h after birth; and T4, 24 h after birth. At T0, in the GCE group, 55.6% of the animals presented with adequate vitality, while 38.8% showed moderate changes in the Apgar score. In the GD group, 83.3% of the neonates had severe loss of vitality. At T1, none of the GCE neonates and 8.3% of the GD neonates presented with vitality deficits. Hyperlactatemia was observed in 83.3% of the GD neonates, and mixed acidosis (metabolic and respiratory) was observed at T0 in most neonates in both groups (GCE, 55.6%; GD, 72.7%). Compared to GCE neonates, the acid-base disorders were more severe and their recovery slower in GD neonates. At T0, GD neonates had higher hyperlactatemia and a lower Apgar score (worse vitality) than those of GCE neonates.

RESUMO: A taxa de mortalidade neonatal em cães pode ser elevada em algumas situações e a assistência veterinária peri e pós-natal mostra-se essencial para melhorar a sobrevivência dos filhotes nesse período. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o escore Apgar, lactato sérico e hemogasometria em neonatos nascidos por cesariana eletiva (GCE, n=18) e por cesariana após distocia (GD, n=12). Os neonatos foram avaliados em cinco momentos: (T0) ao nascimento; (T1) três horas; (T2) seis horas; (T3) 12 horas; e (T4) 24 horas. Ao nascimento, no GCE, 55,6% dos animais apresentaram boa vitalidade, de acordo com escore Apgar, e 38,8% demonstraram moderada vitalidade. No GD, 83,3% dos neonatos apresentaram baixa vitalidade. Ao T1 (três horas após o nascimento), nenhum (0%) dos neonatos do GCE e 8,3% dos neonatos do GD evidenciavam perda de vitalidade. Observou-se hiperlactatemia em 83,3% nos neonatos do GD e acidose mista (metabólica e respiratória) ao nascimento na maioria dos neonatos de ambos os grupos (55,6% no GCE e 72,7% no GD). Conclui-se que o principal distúrbio ácido-base observado ao nascimento foi acidose mista (metabólica e respiratória) em ambos os grupos. Os distúrbios acido-base nos neonatos do GD foram mais graves e sua recuperação mais lenta quando comparados com neonatos do GCE. Ao nascimento, neonatos no GD apresentaram maior hiperlactatemia e menor escore Apgar (pior vitalidade) em relação aos nascidos no GCE.

Comparison of Apgar score, serum lactate, and blood gas analysis in neonates born by elective cesarean section or cesarean section after dystocia / Comparação do escore Apgar, lactato sérico e hemogasometria em neonatos nascidos por cesariana eletiva e cesariana após distocia

In some situations, the neonatal mortality rate in dogs can be high, and perinatal and postnatal veterinary care is essential to improve survival. This study to compared the Apgar score, serum lactate levels, and blood gas analysis results in 30 neonates born by elective cesarean section (GCE, n = 18) or cesarean section due to dystocia (GD, n = 12). Neonates were assessed at five time points: T0, at birth; T1, 3 h after birth; T2, 6 h after birth; T3, 12 h after birth; and T4, 24 h after birth. At T0, in the GCE group, 55.6% of the animals presented with adequate vitality, while 38.8% showed moderate changes in the Apgar score. In the GD group, 83.3% of the neonates had severe loss of vitality. At T1, none of the GCE neonates and 8.3% of the GD neonates presented with vitality deficits. Hyperlactatemia was observed in 83.3% of the GD neonates, and mixed acidosis (metabolic and respiratory) was observed at T0 in most neonates in both groups (GCE, 55.6%; GD, 72.7%). Compared to GCE neonates, the acid-base disorders were more severe and their recovery slower in GD neonates. At T0, GD neonates had higher hyperlactatemia and a lower Apgar score (worse vitality) than those of GCE neonates.

A taxa de mortalidade neonatal em cães pode ser elevada em algumas situações e a assistência veterinária peri e pós-natal mostra-se essencial para melhorar a sobrevivência dos filhotes nesse período. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o escore Apgar, lactato sérico e hemogasometria em neonatos nascidos por cesariana eletiva (GCE, n=18) e por cesariana após distocia (GD, n=12). Os neonatos foram avaliados em cinco momentos: (T0) ao nascimento; (T1) três horas; (T2) seis horas; (T3) 12 horas; e (T4) 24 horas. Ao nascimento, no GCE, 55,6% dos animais apresentaram boa vitalidade, de acordo com escore Apgar, e 38,8% demonstraram moderada vitalidade. No GD, 83,3% dos neonatos apresentaram baixa vitalidade. Ao T1 (três horas após o nascimento), nenhum (0%) dos neonatos do GCE e 8,3% dos neonatos do GD evidenciavam perda de vitalidade. Observou-se hiperlactatemia em 83,3% nos neonatos do GD e acidose mista (metabólica e respiratória) ao nascimento na maioria dos neonatos de ambos os grupos (55,6% no GCE e 72,7% no GD). Conclui-se que o principal distúrbio ácido-base observado ao nascimento foi acidose mista (metabólica e respiratória) em ambos os grupos. Os distúrbios acido-base nos neonatos do GD foram mais graves e sua recuperação mais lenta quando comparados com neonatos do GCE. Ao nascimento, neonatos no GD apresentaram maior hiperlactatemia e menor escore Apgar (pior vitalidade) em relação aos nascidos no GCE.

Clinical and laboratory indicators predictive of the negative outcome of gastrointestinal emergencies in cattle / Indicadores clínicos e laboratoriais preditivos do desfecho negativo de emergências gastrointestinais em bovino

This study aimed to identify clinical and laboratory variables that could help predict the negative outcome in cattle affected by gastrointestinal emergencies. A retrospective cohort study was carried out using multivariate logistic regression analysis based on data collected from the clinical records of cattle hospitalized at the Garanhuns Bovine Clinic, UFRPE campus. One hundred and twenty-two cattle met the inclusion criteria established for the study. Among the clinical variables, heart rate (HR) and abdominal distension are associated with the outcome in animals with right displaced abomasum (RDA), and anorexia and 10% dehydration in animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. Among the laboratory variables, plasma fibrinogen (PF) and total leukocyte count were associated with the outcome in animals with RDA, while PF and plasma L-lactate were associated with animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. HR and the total leukocyte count remained in the final model of the regression adjusted for animals with RDA. On the other hand, plasma L-lactate and PF remained in the final model in the adjusted model for animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. Cattle with RDA and HR higher than 90 bpm present an increased chance of having a negative outcome whereas cattle with obstructive intestinal disorder and plasma L-lactate higher than 1.84 mmol/L or PF higher than 850 mg/dL have a higher chance of not survive. Therefore, clinical and laboratory variables such as HR, fibrinogen, and plasma L-lactate are useful to predict the negative outcome in cattle with gastrointestinal emergencies, especially RDA and obstructive intestinal disorders.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais que pudessem ajudar a predizer o desfecho negativo em bovinos acometidos por emergências gastrointestinais. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo por meio de análise de regressão logística multivariada com base em dados coletados dos prontuários de bovinos internados na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, campus da UFRPE. Cento e vinte e dois bovinos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos para o estudo. Dentre as variáveis clínicas, a frequência cardíaca e a distensão abdominal estão associadas ao desfecho em animais com deslocamento de abomaso à direita (DAD), e anorexia e 10% de desidratação em animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. Entre as variáveis laboratoriais, o fibrinogênio plasmáticao (FP) e a contagem total de leucócitos foram associados ao desfecho em animais com DAD, enquanto o FP e o L-lactato plasmático foram associados a animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e a contagem total de leucócitos permaneceram no modelo final da regressão ajustada para animais com DAD. Por outro lado, o L-lactato plasmático e o FP permaneceram no modelo final ajustado para animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. Bovinos com DAD e FC maior que 90 bpm apresentam maior chance de ter um desfecho negativo, enquanto bovinos com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo e L-lactato plasmático maior que 1,84 mmol/L ou FP maior que 850 mg/dL têm maior chance de não sobreviver. Portanto, variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais como FC, FP e L-lactato plasmático são úteis para predizer o desfecho negativo em bovinos com doenças emergências gastrointestinais, especialmente DAD e distúrbios intestinais obstrutivos.(AU)

Effect of emulsifiers on the extrusion process and sensory analysis of dry dog food / Efeito de emulsificantes sobre processo de extrusão e na análise sensorial de alimento seco para cães

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of emulsifying agents on processing and texture characteristics of kibbles in the pet food industry. For each treatment, four runs were performed (four replications/treatment) and four samples were collected over time. Two commercial emulsifiers, added on top of the formulation, were used in an economical extruded dry food for adult dogs, forming three treatments, namely, CON: control; EMUA: CON + 0.06% emulsifier A; and EMUB: CON + 0.06% emulsifier B. The foods were extruded in a single-screw extruder with a throughput of 6,000 kg/h, and the same set of equipment, mixing, drying, and coating conditions were adopted for all treatments. Emulsifier A contains partially saturated mono- and diglycerides, sodium stearoyl lactylate, and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides in its composition; whereas emulsifier B includes mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, and stearoyl sodium lactate. Canonical correlation analysis was performed for process correlation and kibble texture characteristics data. The multivariate lambda Wilks test was used to assess the significance of the canonical roots together. Canonical function 1 was found to be significant. There was control in the process, due to the clustering of treatments. The use of emulsifiers influenced the hardness of the kibbles, with lower resistance found in EMUA (54.731 ± 1.124) than in EMUB (121.898 ± 5.158). The EMUB treatment showed lower amperage, power, and energy consumption values than the other treatments (P<0.05). Compared with the control treatment, the EMUA and EMUB treatments showed 1.43% and 3.15% lower amperage values, respectively. In conclusion, EMUB contributes more significantly to texture characteristics and to the extrusion process.(AU)

Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar os efeitos de aditivos emulsificantes em características de processo e textura dos kibbles na indústria pet food. Para cada tratamento, foram realizadas quatro batidas (4 repetições/tratamento) e coletadas quatro amostras no tempo. Dois emulsificantes comerciais, adicionados on top, foram utilizados em um alimento seco extrusado, indicado para cães adultos, formando 3 tratamentos ((CON; Controle), (EMUA; CON + 0,06% emulsificante A), (EMUB; CON + 0,06% emulsificante B)). Foi utilizada dieta comercial econômica para cães adultos. Os alimentos foram extrusados em uma extrusora de rosca simples, com capacidade de processamento de 6.000 kg/h, sendo que o mesmo conjunto de equipamentos, condições de mistura, secagem e revestimento foram utilizados para todos os tratamentos. O emulsificante A possui em sua composição mono-diglicerídeo parcialmente saturado, estearoil lactato de sódio e mono éster de ácido tartárico di-acetilado, enquanto o emulsificante B possui em sua composição mono e diglicerídeos de ácidos graxos, ésteres de monoglicerídeos com ácido diacetiltartárico e estearoil lactato de sódio. Foi realizada uma análise de correlação canônica para os dados de correlação de processos e características de textura de kibble. O teste multivariado lambda Wilks foi usado para avaliar a significância das raízes canônicas juntas. Observou-se que a função canônica 1 mostrou-se significante. Percebeu-se que houve controle no processo, devido ao agrupamento dos tratamentos. A utilização de emulsificantes influenciou a característica de dureza dos kibbles, com menor resistência de EMUA (54,731 ±1,124), quando comparado a EMUB (121,898± 5,158). O tratamento EMUB obteve valores de amperagem, potência e consumo de energia inferiores aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). Houve uma redução no valor da Amperagem, em relação ao tratamento CON de 1,43% e 3,15%, respectivamente, para os tratamentos EMUA e EMUB. Conclui-se que EMUB contribui mais significativamente para obtenção de características de textura e para o processo de extrusão.(AU)

Hematological parameters in endurance horses pre and post 120 km race / Parâmetros hematológicos em cavalos de enduro pré e pós prova de 120 km

The endurance discipline has the shortest history in Bulgaria compared with other disciplines of equestrian sports. Endurance competitions are held over distances from 40 km to 160 km. The present study focused on the effect of exercise on horses over a distance of 120 km. Changes in the following hematological parameters were investigated:Leukocytes (WBC, g/l); Erythrocytes (RBC, T/l); Platelets (PLT, g/l); Hemoglobin (Hb, g/l); Hematocrit (HCT,%); Mean corpuscular volume(MCV, fl); Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH, pg); Mean cell hemoglobin concentration(MCHC, g/l), Leukogram (Eos; Bas; Neu; Lym; Mon,%) as well as some electrolytes and hormone concentration. The study aimed to establish the changes in these indicators' values before and after the competition. Analysis of the haemogram showed a significant increase in the mean values of 4 of the indicators under study. No significant differences were established in MCV, MCH and MCHC. A decrease was found in the number of Lym, Eos, and Mon and a significant increase in Neu after the competition. The concentration of electrolytes (Ca, Na and K) in the blood serum decreased, and the levels of CK and LDH significantly increased.(AU)

A disciplina de resistência tem a história maiscurta na Bulgária em comparação com outras disciplinas de esportes equestres. As competições de resistência são realizadas em distâncias de 40 km a 160 km. O presente estudo focou no efeito do exercício em cavalos em uma distância de 120 km. Foram investigadas alterações nos seguintes parâmetros hematológicos: Leucócitos (g/l); Eritrócitos (T/l); Plaquetas (g/l); Hemoglobina (g/l); Hematócrito (%); Volume corpuscular médio (VCM, fl); Hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM, pg); Concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média(CHCM, g/l), Leucograma (Eos; Bas; Neu; Lin; Mon,%), bem como alguns eletrólitos e concentração hormonal. O estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer as mudanças nos valores desses indicadores antes e depois da competição. A análise do hemograma mostrou um aumento significativo nos valores médios de 4 dos indicadores estudados. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no VMC, HCM e CHCM. Foi encontrada uma diminuição no número de Lin, Eos e Mon e um aumento significativo em Neu após a competição. A concentração de eletrólitos (Ca, Na e K) no soro sanguíneo diminuiu e os níveis de Creatina Quinase (CK) e Lactato Desidrogenase (LDH) aumentaram significativamente.(AU)

Polysaccharide storage myopathy in two Percheron horses / Miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo em dois equinos da raça Percheron

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a genetic disorder or by undetermined cause characterized by the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and polysaccharides in skeletal muscle fibers. The present report describes two Percheron horses, from different properties in the municipality of Pouso Redondo -SC, with locomotor clinical signs that started after work. The clinical signs observed were rigid gait, mainly of the pelvic limbs, muscle weakness, and recumbency. In the first case, the animal was diagnosed with severe multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, moderate multifocal myoglobin nephrosisand severe diffuse transmural fibrinonecrotic gastritis. PSSM was confirmed by the presence of polysaccharide inclusions in myofiber sarcolemma visualized by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In the second case, the horse presented two episodes ofmuscle disorder after work. The therapeutic protocol was based on penicillin, flunixin meglumine and fluid therapy with ringer lactate. An increase in creatine kinase (669.0 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (669.0 UI/L) was observed in the serum biochemical evaluation. Research for mutation in the GYS1 gene was performed, with a positive heterozygote result. After rest and gradual recovery, the horse was only submitted to light work, with no return of the clinical condition since then. Thus, this report describes two cases of PSSM with distinct clinical evolution and diagnostic methods.(AU)

A miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeos (PSSM) é uma desordem genética ou de causa indeterminada caracterizada pelo acúmulo anormal de glicogênio e polissacarídeos nas fibras musculares esqueléticas. O presente relato descreve dois cavalos Percheron, oriundos de diferentes propriedades do município de Pouso Redondo ­SC, com sinais clínicos locomotores que iniciaram após o trabalho. Os sinais clínicos observados foram marcha rígida, principalmente dos membros pélvicos, fraqueza muscular, e decúbito. No primeiro caso, o animal foi diagnosticado com rabdomionecrose multifocal acentuada, nefrose mioglobínica multifocal moderada e gastrite fibrinonecrótica transmural difusa acentuada. A PSSM foi confirmada pela presença de inclusões polissacarídicas no sarcolema de miofibras visualizadas pela coloração com ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No segundo caso, o equino apresentou dois episódios de disfunção muscular após o trabalho. O protocolo terapêutico foi baseado em penicilina, flunixin megluminee fluidoterapia com ringer lactato. Um aumento de creatina quinase (669,0 UI/L) e aspartato aminotransferase (669,0 UI/L) foi observado na avaliação bioquímica sérica. Foi realizada pesquisa de mutação nogene GYS1, com resultado heterozigoto positivo. Após repouso e recuperação gradual, o cavalo foi submetido apenas a trabalhos leves, sem retorno do quadro clínico desde então. Assim, este relato descreve dois casos com PSSM com evolução clínica e métodos diagnósticos distintos.(AU)

Comparative evaluation of plant extract effects on peritoneal, medullary and J774 cells G8 macrophages / Avaliação comparativa do efeito de extratos de plantas em macrófagos peritoneais, medulares e da linhagem J774. G8

The use of medicinal plants as raw material for extracts production and pure substances isolation and subsequence development of new drugs represents a constantly growing area. However, some stages are indispensable before pharmacologically evaluating natural products such as medicines. Toxicity tests in mammalian cells are essential to initiate new drugs development or verify the substance's biocompatibility. Thus, we verified the toxicity of crude extracts and fractions with different polarities obtained from the leaves and stems of eight plant species. The toxic effect was evaluated on macrophages obtained from the bone marrow and peritoneal cavity of a Swiss webster mouse and J774 macrophages. G8 cell lineage. These macrophages were cultured in a 96-well plate, and the compounds were added at a concentration of 100 µg/mL for 24 hours. After this time, the supernatant was removed. The toxicity was evaluated for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay and the resazurin assay, which uses an indicator dye to measure oxidation-reduction reactions. The results showed a difference in the percentage of toxicity when comparing the same extract in different types of macrophages. This outcome indicates that these cells from different origins may exhibit different responses when exposed to the same natural compounds.

A utilização de plantas medicinais como matéria-prima para a produção de extratos e isolamento de substâncias puras para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos representa uma área em constante crescimento. No entanto, existem processos a serem realizados antes de avaliar farmacologicamente produtos naturais como medicamentos. Os testes de toxicidade em células de mamíferos são fundamentais para iniciar o desenvolvimento de novas drogas ou verificar a biocompatibilidade de substâncias. Assim, verificamos a toxicidade de extratos brutos e frações com diferentes polaridades obtidos de folhas e caule de oito espécies de planta. Para comparar o efeito tóxico, os testes foram realizados em macrófagos obtidos da medula óssea e cavidade do peritônio de camundongo Swiss webster, bem como no macrófago da linhagem celular J774.G8. Esses macrófagos foram cultivados em placa de 96 poços e os compostos adicionados na concentração de 100 µg/mL por 24 horas. Após esse período o sobrenadante foi removido. A toxicidade foi avaliada pelos ensaios de detecção da enzima lactato-desidrogenase (LDH) e pelo ensaio de resazurina, que usa um corante indicador para medir as reações de oxidação-redução. Os resultados mostraram uma diferença na porcentagem de toxicidade quando comparamos o mesmo extrato em diferentes tipos de macrófagos. Este resultado indica que essas células de várias origens podem exibir respostas distintas quando expostas aos mesmos compostos naturais.

Avaliação de soluções eletrolíticas e vias da administração sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos desidratados experimentalmente / Evaluation of electrolyte solutions and administration routes on the moisture content of feces of experimentally dehydrated horses

A ocorrência de processos fisiopatológicos que cursam com desidratação da ingesta no trato gastrointestinal dos equinos é comum na rotina clínica. Fatores como diminuição da motilidade intestinal e sobrecarga intraluminal de conteúdo desidratado podem levar a compactação em segmentos como estômago, ceco e cólons. Este estudo objetivou realizar a comparação entre soluções eletrolíticas enterais hipotônica (SeHIPO) e isotônica (SeISO) e a solução Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL IV) sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos submetidos a um período de desidratação experimental (PD). Foram utilizados seis equinos adultos, todas fêmeas com idades entre 10 e 15 anos, média de 440 kg de peso corpóreo. O PD constou de 36 horas de jejum hídrico e alimentar associadas a duas administrações intravenosas de furosemida, sendo a primeira imediatamente no início (T-36) e a segunda 12 horas após o início do PD. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: SeHIPO e SeISO, ambas administradas por via nasogástrica em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), e RL IV administrada pela via intravenosa. Todos os tratamentos foram administrados a uma taxa de infusão contínua de 15mL kg-1 h-1 durante 8 horas consecutivas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o crossover6x3, onde cada animal foi submetido, em sistema de rodízio, aos três tratamentos em momentos distintos. As soluções eletrolíticas enterais demonstraram maior eficácia na recomposição do teor de umidade das fezes quando comparadas à terapia RL IV. A hidratação enteral com soluções isotônicas e hipotônicas administrada em fluxo contínuo são eficazes em restaurar o teor de umidade das fezes, podendo ofertar uma opção econômica, segura e eficiente na reidratação de pacientes e nas afecções que cursam como obstruções intraluminais simples.

The occurrence of pathophysiological processes that curse with digesta dryness in the gastrointestinal tract of horses is common in clinical routine, factors such as decreased intestinal motility and intraluminal overload of dry content can lead to compaction in segments such as cecum and colon. This study aimed to compare a hypotonic enteral solution (SeHIPO), an isotonic enteral solution (SeISO) and a Ringer with sodium lactate solution (RL IV) over the moisture content of equine feces submitted to an experimental dehydration protocol. Six adult horses were used, all females aged between 10 and 15 years, average body weight of 440 kg. The PD consisted of a 36 hours period of water and food fasting associated with two intravenous administrations of furosemide, the first immediately at the beginning (T-36) and the second 12 hours after the beginning of the PD. The treatments used were: SeHIPO (hypotonic enteral solution administered via nasogastric), SeISO (enteral isotonic solution administered via nasogastric) and RL IV (Ringer's solution with sodium lactate administered intravenously), all treatments were administered by continuous infusion at a rate of 15mL kg-1 h-1 for 8 consecutive hours. The experimental design used was the 6x3 crossover, where each animal is submitted, in a rotation system, to the three treatments at different times. Enteral fluid therapy with isotonic and hypotonic solutions administered in continuous flow are effective in restoring the moisture content of feces, and may offer an economical, safe, and efficient option for rehydrating patients and in conditions that progress as simple intraluminal obstructions.

Stress indicators in cattle submitted to different pre-slaughter rest times / Indicadores de estresse em bovinos submetidos a diferentes tempos de descanso no pré-abate

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pre-slaughter time about some blood constituents used as stress indicators in the evaluation of animal welfare in cattle. In the practice of ethology, animal welfare is assessed through physiological and behavioral indicators. For the determination of serum biomarkers of animal stress, a total of 180 animals was used, divided into two major groups according to the time of pre-slaughter. In the acceptable group, the animals had a pre-slaughter time up to 24 hours and in the not acceptable group the pre-slaughter time was greater than 24 h. These two groups were split up into three animal categories (males, females and castrated males). In this study, 30 samples were collected from each animal category of the two groups, acceptable and not acceptable, totaling 180 samples. Samples were separated for analysis of muscle enzymes creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (CK and LDH), glucose and cortisol. Physiological values, regardless of the animal category and pre-slaughter time, were higher than the normal values of reference, expressing the prior management effect on animal welfare. The data clearly show a need to update and adapt the entire production chain to animal welfare practices, with the objective of producing competitive quality meat in the world market.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de pré-abate sobre alguns constituintes sanguíneos utilizados como indicadores de estresse na avaliação do bem-estar animal em bovinos. Na prática da etologia, o bem-estar animal é avaliado por meio de indicadores fisiológicos e comportamentais. Para a determinação sérica de biomarcadores de estresse animal utilizaram-se 180 animais, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo de pré-abate: até 24 horas ou acima de 24 horas. Esses dois grupos subdividiram-se em três categorias animais (machos não-castrados, machos castrados ou fêmeas). Foram coletadas 30 amostras de cada categoria animal nos dois grupos, totalizando 180 amostras. Foram separadas amostras para análise de enzimas musculares creatina quinase e lactato desidrogenase (CK e LDH), glicose e cortisol. Os valores fisiológicos, independentemente da categoria animal e do tempo de pré-abate, foram superiores aos valores de referência, expressando o efeito do manejo prévio sobre o bem-estar dos animais. Os dados evidenciam claramente a necessidade de atualização e adequação de toda a cadeia produtiva às práticas de bem-estar animal, com o objetivo de produzir carne de qualidade competitiva no mercado mundial.(AU)

Babesia bovis in large ruminants in Pakistan - molecular detection and haemato-biochemical alterations

Background: Babesiosis is endemic in Pakistan and is one of the most important bovine diseases that causes huge economic losses and high mortality in young animals. A hematobiochemical study was conducted to unveil the difference between diseased and healthy animals in selected districts i.e., Faisalabad (31° 25' 7.3740'' N and 73° 4' 44.7924'' E), Toba Tek Singh (30° 58' 9.7392'' N and 72° 27' 40.7484'' E) and Jhang (31° 16' 40.9656'' N and 72° 18' 42.3360'' E) of Punjab, Pakistan. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 518 (Cattle = 360, Buffalo = 158) blood samples were collected. The samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting apocytochrome b-gene (Babesia bovis-gene) (CYTb) followed by haemato-biochemical analysis. Chi-square test for univariate analysis was used to analyze the data. In summer the PCR-based prevalence was 29.4 (53/180) and 24.05% (19/79) in cows and buffaloes, respectively. On the other hand, in winter results showed that 12.7 (23/180), 13.92 % (11/79) samples positive for Babesia genus from cows and buffaloes, respectively. The positive samples were further investigated for hematological and biochemical analysis. The results revealed that, the mean value of hematological parameters like RBCs, Hb, PCV, MCV and MCHC was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in infected animals (cows and buffaloes) as compared to the non-infected ones. While the biochemical parameters like Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol and Lactate dehydrogenase were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in infected animals as compared to healthy animals. This study is the first molecular and hematobiochemical evidence of Babesia bovis in dairy herds of Punjab province, Pakistan. Discussion: Bovine babesiosis is one of the important tick-borne diseases (TBD) affecting dairy industry. In bovines, among 3 Babesia species that cause the disease B. bovis is more pathogenic with high mortality and morbidity. Pakistan is situated in tropical and sub-tropical region where the humidity is high in some part of countries. This high humidity mostly favors the reproduction of the ticks thus higher prevalence of TBDs in this region. Initially the babesiosis was diagnosed by light microscopy using thin blood smear stained with Giemsa stain. Many studies verified that PCR is a more specific and sensitive tool than conventional techniques for the detection of carrier / asymptomatic ruminants. The haemato-biochemical profile is another valuable footprint to track the disease. Keeping in view the above-mentioned fact the present project has been planned to evaluate the haemato-biochemical alteration between health and Babesia infected cattle along with the molecular detection of Babesia species involved in bovine babesiosis. The mean values of haematobiochemical parameters in clinically ill and healthy animals revealed that the mean values of hematological parameters like RBCs, Hb, PCV, and HCT were significantly decreased in diseased animals as compared to the healthy ones. All these might be due the fact that the parasite is intra-erythrocytic in nature and destruction of red blood cells results in significant (P < 0.05) decrease level of all the hematological parameters. The mean value of ALT in babesiosis infected cattle was significantly higher as compared to healthy cattle. The mean values of AST and LDH in babesiosis infected cows was significantly higher as compared to that in healthy cows. The elevation in liver enzymes in babesiosis may be due to the hepatic damage and lesions induced by the parasite during its multiplication in the blood followed by disturbed liver function. These enzymes are present in high concentrations in the muscles and liver. High level of these enzymes in the blood is indicator of organ necrosis or damage.

Molecular Investigations of the Effect of Thermal Manipulation During Embryogenesis on the Enzymatic Activity of Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Broiler Muscle

Incubating temperature and timing or duration is critical to determine the optimum protocol of thermal manipulation (TM), which underlines muscle growth improvement. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the optimum period of embryonic TM that may result in the improvement of pectoral and thigh muscle myogenesis. This is done by investigating the level of mRNA expression of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). An additional goal is measuring the blood levels of CK and LDH as a biomarker of muscle injury due to the experimental thermal challenge on post-hatch day 35. The study was conducted on 1,440 fertile eggs (Ross broilers) that were divided randomly and equally into a control group and four treatment groups (TM1, TM2, TM3, and TM4). The treatment groups were daily subjected to TM at 39 ºC for 18h with 65% relative humidity (RH) during embryonic days (EDs) 7-11, 11-15, 15-18, and 7-18, respectively. Among the thermally manipulated groups that were investigated, TM1 (ED 7-11) resulted in significant improvement of mRNA expression and enzymatic concentration of CK and LDH in muscle during embryogenesis, as compared to the control. Six hours of TC showed the highest significant CK and LDH expression and concentration levels in the control as compared to TM groups. Thus, the results of this study indicate that TM during ED 7-11 improves pectoral and thigh muscles response to heat stress without adversely affecting their performance. This finding could be used by commercial breeders to enhance local broiler production.(AU)

Molecular Investigations of the Effect of Thermal Manipulation During Embryogenesis on the Enzymatic Activity of Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Broiler Muscle

Incubating temperature and timing or duration is critical to determine the optimum protocol of thermal manipulation (TM), which underlines muscle growth improvement. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the optimum period of embryonic TM that may result in the improvement of pectoral and thigh muscle myogenesis. This is done by investigating the level of mRNA expression of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). An additional goal is measuring the blood levels of CK and LDH as a biomarker of muscle injury due to the experimental thermal challenge on post-hatch day 35. The study was conducted on 1,440 fertile eggs (Ross broilers) that were divided randomly and equally into a control group and four treatment groups (TM1, TM2, TM3, and TM4). The treatment groups were daily subjected to TM at 39 ºC for 18h with 65% relative humidity (RH) during embryonic days (EDs) 7-11, 11-15, 15-18, and 7-18, respectively. Among the thermally manipulated groups that were investigated, TM1 (ED 7-11) resulted in significant improvement of mRNA expression and enzymatic concentration of CK and LDH in muscle during embryogenesis, as compared to the control. Six hours of TC showed the highest significant CK and LDH expression and concentration levels in the control as compared to TM groups. Thus, the results of this study indicate that TM during ED 7-11 improves pectoral and thigh muscles’ response to heat stress without adversely affecting their performance. This finding could be used by commercial breeders to enhance local broiler production.

Whole-plant soybean ensiling with chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant: fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and sheep intake and digestibility / Ensilagem de planta inteira de soja com quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático: perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e consumo e digestibilidade em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant on fermentative losses, chemical composition, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant soybean silage (WPSS). Additionally, it was evaluated nutrients intake and digestibility of sheep fed increasing levels of WPSS. Thirty experimental silos were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) CON: control, WPSS without additives; 2) LPPA: WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici; and 3) CHI: chitosan, WPSS with 5 g/kg of chitosan. Ten male sheep were used to evaluate increasing dietary levels of WPSS: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Additives increased silage lactic acid bacteria and decreased the count of mold and yeast, gas, and total losses. Silages treated with additives had lower pH, NH3-N, and ethanol concentrations and higher lactic and propionic acids relative to CON. LPPA-treated silos showed higher organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrates content than CHI-ones. Additives increased the aerobic stability of WPSS. The addition of WPSS in sheep diets linearly increased nutrients intake and digestibility. Chitosan and LPPA improve WPSS fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional value. The WPSS in substitution to Cynodon hay increases sheep feed intake and nutrients digestibility.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adição de quitosana e inoculante homolático sobre as perdas fermentativas, composição química, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de planta inteira de soja (SPIS). Em adição, foi avaliado o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de SPIS. Trinta silos experimentais foram aleatoriamente alocados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) CON: controle, SPIS sem aditivos; 2) LPPA: SPIS com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus acidilactici; e 3) QUI: quitosana, SPIS com 5 g/kg de quitosana. Dez ovinos machos foram usados para avaliar os níveis dietéticos de SPIS: 0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 g/kg da matéria seca (MS). Os aditivos aumentaram a contagem de bactérias láticas e reduziram a contagem de fungos e leveduras e as perdas fermentativas totais da SPIS. Silagens tratadas com aditivos tiveram menores pH, N-NH3 e etanol e maiores concentrações de ácido lático e propiônico, quando comparadas ao tratamento controle. Silos tratados com LPPA apresentaram maiores teores de matéria orgânica e carboidratos não fibrosos do que aqueles do tratamento QUI. Os aditivos aumentaram a estabilidade aeróbia da SPIS. A adição de SPIS na dieta de ovinos aumentou linearmente o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático melhoram a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutricional da SPIS. A substituição de feno de Cynodon por SIPS aumenta o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em ovinos.

Biochemical, microbiological and technological characteristics of type II sourdoughs produced with lactic acid bacteria single-strains / Características bioquímicas, microbiológicas e tecnológicas de sourdoughs tipo II produzidos com uma única cepa de bactéria ácido lática

The interplay between biochemical characteristics and the generation of volatile compounds in 11 type II sourdough fermented by single strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was studied. Samples were collected at 0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24h for analyses of microbial growth, pH, titratable acidity and CO2 production. During the first 12h, the LABs entered the stationary phase, and the formation of organic and carboxyl acids, alcohols, and esters were observed. Although acidity is an important characteristic of sourdough, in this work increasing the acetic acid content decreased yeast growth and the CO2 retention capacity of the doughs. The main carbohydrate consumed by autochthonous yeast was influenced by the LAB added (homo-or heterofermentative), as observed by correlation analysis. Maltose and glucose showed a strong and negative correlation with the yeast cell density in the dough fermented by homo and heterofermentative LAB, respectively. Moreover, LAB had an important effect on the aromatic profile, being the alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, organics acids and esters mainly groups characterized. Altogether, 100 different volatile compounds were identified; however, each dough had a different volatile profile. This study shows, for the first time, the influence of a single strain of LAB on the characteristics of type II sourdough.(AU)

As características bioquímicas e a produção de compostos voláteis em 11 diferentes sourdough tipo II produzido com uma única cepa de bactérias do ácido láctico (BAL) em foi estudada. As amostras foram coletadas às 0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 e 24 h para análises de crescimento microbiano, pH, acidez titulável e produção de CO2. Durante as primeiras 12 h, as BAL entraram em fase estacionária, sendo observada a formação de ácidos orgânicos e carboxílicos, álcoois e ésteres. Embora a acidez seja uma característica importante do sourdough, neste trabalho o aumento do teor de ácido acético diminuiu o crescimento das leveduras e a capacidade de retenção de CO2 nas massas. Também foi observado que o principal carboidrato consumido pelas leveduras autóctones foi influenciado pela BAL adicionada (homo ou heterofermentativas), conforme observado pela análise de correlação. A maltose e a glicose apresentaram uma correlação forte e negativa com a densidade celular de levedura na massa fermentada por BAL homo e heterofermentativas, respectivamente. Além disso, a BAL teve efeito importante no perfil aromático, sendo os álcoois, aldeídos, alcanos, ácidos orgânicos e ésteres os principais compostos caracterizados. Ao todo, foram identificados 100 compostos voláteis diferentes; no entanto, cada massa apresentou um perfil volátil diferente. Este estudo mostra, pela primeira vez, a influência de uma única cepa de BAL nas características de sourdough tipo II.(AU)

Water intake and feeding with whole milk accentuate metabolic acidosis in calves with induced osmotic diarrhea / Ingestão de água e alimentação com leite integral acentuam a acidose metabólica em bezerros com diarreia osmótica induzida

Sucrose- and diuretics-based protocols are widely used to induce osmotic diarrhea and dehydration in calves, but they fail to cause metabolic acidosis. In previous studies, calves were fed milk replacers and deprived of water. In this study, we assessed the water, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances in calves that were fed whole milk and were not completely deprived of water during the induction period. Healthy, male Holstein calves aged 10-12 days were assigned to two groups: free access to water (FWG; n=17) and water deprivation at night (DWG; n=21); and osmotic diarrhea was induced with sucrose added to milk, spironolactone (2mg kg-1) and hydrochlorothiazide (2mg kg-1) orally every 8h for 48h. pH, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, SID3, TPP, AG, Atot, glucose, L-lactate, D-lactate, SIG, and percentage change in plasma volume were measured in venous blood samples taken at 0, 24, and 48h. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Calves showed diarrhea, mild (FWG) to moderate (DWG) dehydration, hyponatremia, and moderate (FWG) to severe (DWG) metabolic acidosis. AG and D-lactate levels were higher and SIG was lower in the DWG, and there was no hyper-L- or D-lactatemia. The magnitude of metabolic acidosis was similar to that observed in natural cases of diarrhea. The protocol for inducing osmotic diarrhea and dehydration should be applied to calves that are fed whole milk and are not completely deprived of water.

Protocolos baseados em sacarose e diuréticos são amplamente usados para induzir diarreia osmótica e desidratação em bezerros, porém não provocam acidose metabólica. Em estudos anteriores, os bezerros foram alimentados com substitutos de leite e privados de água. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se os desequilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido base em bezerros que foram alimentados com leite integral e não foram completamente privados de água durante o período de indução. Bezerros HPB machos sadios com 10 a 12 dias de idade foram distribuídos por dois grupos: acesso livre à água (FWG; n=17) e privação de água durante a noite (DWG; n=21); e a diarreia osmótica foi induzida com sacarose adicionada ao leite, espironolactona (2mg kg-1) e hidroclorotiazida (2mg kg-1) por via oral a cada 8h durante 48h. pH, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, SID3, PPT, AG, Atot, glicose, lactato L, lactato D, SIG e alteração percentual no volume plasmático foram medidos em amostras de sangue venoso colhidas em 0, 24 e 48h. Os dados foram analisados usando ANOVA de medidas repetidas bifatorial. Os bezerros apresentaram diarreia, desidratação leve (FWG) a moderada (DWG), hiponatremia e acidose metabólica moderada (FWG) a grave (DWG). Os valores de AG e de lactato D foram maiores e o de SIG foi menor no DWG, e não houve hiperlactatemia L ou D. A magnitude da acidose metabólica foi semelhante à observada em casos naturais de diarreia. O protocolo para induzir diarreia osmótica e desidratação deve ser aplicado a bezerros alimentados com leite integral e não totalmente privados de água.

In vitro antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesised using the seed extracts of three varieties of Phoenix dactylifera

Abstract Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is an ecofriendly, cost-effective and promising approach for discovery of novel therapeutics. The aim of the current work was to biogenic synthesize, characterize AgNPs using seed extracts of three economically important varieties of date palm (Iklas, Irziz and Shishi), and assess their anti-pathogenic bacterial activities. AgNPs were synthesised then characterised using electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The bactericidal activities of AgNPs against five different bacterial pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, were determined in vitro. In particular, changes in membrane integrity of virulent bacterial strains in response to AgNPs were investigated. Results of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activity assays, and measurement of membrane potential revealed that the cytotoxic effects of the AgNPs were mainly centred on the plasma membrane of bacterial cells, leading to loss of its integrity and eventually cell death. In conclusion, green synthesis of AgNPs is an efficient, cost-effective and promising strategy to combat virulent antibiotic-resistant strains.

Resumo A síntese verde de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) é uma abordagem ecologicamente correta, econômica e promissora para a descoberta de novas terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi sintetizar biogênica, caracterizar AgNPs usando extratos de sementes de três variedades economicamente importantes de tamareira (Iklas, Irziz e Shishi) e avaliar suas atividades bacterianas antipatogênicas. AgNPs foram sintetizados e caracterizados usando microscopia eletrônica e análise de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier. As atividades bactericidas de AgNPs contra cinco diferentes patógenos bacterianos, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina e Streptococcus pneumoniae, foram determinadas in vitro. Em particular, foram investigadas alterações na integridade da membrana de cepas bacterianas virulentas em resposta a AgNPs. Os resultados da lactato desidrogenase, dos ensaios da atividade da fosfatase alcalina e da medição do potencial de membrana revelaram que os efeitos citotóxicos dos AgNPs estavam principalmente centrados na membrana plasmática das células bacterianas, levando à perda de sua integridade e, eventualmente, à morte celular. A síntese verde de AgNPs é uma estratégia eficiente, econômica e promissora para combater cepas virulentas resistentes a antibióticos.

Comparison of meat quality from Naïma and DanBred hybrid sows mated with P-76 boars / Comparação da qualidade da carne de porcas híbridas Naïma e DanBred acasaladas com machos P-76

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was the comparative analysis of selected attributes of nutritional and technological quality of pork from Naïma and DanBred gilts mated with P-76 boars. The research was carried on 50 pigs (25 in each group) reared under the same environmental conditions and slaughtered at about 115±5.0 kg. Both analyzed crossbreds populations were characterized by overall good nutritional and technological quality. However the loins from DanBred×P-76 compared with those from Naïma×P-76 had significantly greater glycogen and less lactate concentration in early post mortem period, higher pH at all measurement points (besides no statistical differences in pH measured 2 hours post mortem), lower thermal drip and drip loss measured 96 and 144 hours post mortem and lower lightness (except no differences measured 48 hours post mortem). Additionally loins from DanBred×P-76 contained more protein and less water. No statistical differences in IMF content between both analysed groups were noted (their average values were below 2%). Aforementioned may suggest that crossing both Naïma and DanBred hybrids with P-76 boars may not improve IMF content or increase marbling scores to the levels preferred for culinary purposes.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi a análise comparativa de atributos selecionados de qualidade nutricional e tecnológica de suínos provenientes de marrãs Naïma e DanBred acasaladas com machos P-76. A pesquisa foi realizada em 50 suínos (25 em cada grupo) criados nas mesmas condições ambientais e abatidos com cerca de 115 ± 5,0 kg. Ambas as populações de mestiços analisadas foram caracterizadas por uma boa qualidade nutricional e tecnológica geral. No entanto, os lombos de DanBred × P-76 em comparação com os de Naïma × P-76 tinham glicogênio significativamente maior, e menor concentração de lactato no período post mortem inicial, pH mais alto em todos os pontos de medição (além de nenhuma diferença estatística no pH medido 2 horas post mortem), menor gotejamento térmico e perda de gotejamento medido 96 e 144 horas post mortem e menor leveza (exceto nenhuma diferença medida 48 horas post mortem). Além disso, os lombos de DanBred × P-76 continham mais proteína e menos água. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas no conteúdo do FMI entre os dois grupos analisados (seus valores médios estavam abaixo de 2%). O resumido acima pode sugerir que o cruzamento de híbridos Naïma e DanBred com machos P-76 pode não melhorar o conteúdo de IMF ou aumentar as pontuações de marmoreio para os níveis preferidos para fins culinários.