Resumo
In Colombia, few studies have focused on nest architecture, behavior or sociality of wild bees. This study provides ba-sic information on the nests of Caenohalictus alexandrei and presents behavioral observations outside the nests, derived from direct field observation of 40 nests and 39 male sleeping cavities in two localities of the Savanna of Bogota, Colombia. We rec-ognized four different behavioral activities carried out by adult females: foraging, guarding, opening and closing of the en-trance of the nest, with foraging being the most frequent of them. The observed activities were carried out more frequently from 9:00 h to 13:00 h. Males were observed performing two behavioral activities in the sleeping cavities: staying at the cavity entrance and cavity departure. A third male activity, corporal grooming, was carried out outside the sleeping cavity. Our field observations indicate that more than one adult female was active simultaneously performing the different tasks within a sin-gle nest. The nests presented different levels of complexity in their architecture, depending on the age of the nest and num-ber of adult females in them. Descriptions of the nesting sites and behavioral activities as well as illustrations of the nest ar-chitecture are provided.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Ecossistema , Himenópteros/anatomia & histologia , Comportamento Animal , ColômbiaResumo
ABSTRACT One nest of Megachile (Moureapis) benigna Mitchell, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) was collected using trap-nests in a forest fragment (Atlantic Forest biome) into an urban matrix in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in October/2017. The nest architecture and larval food are presented providing initial data for management and conservation of this species in cities.
RESUMO Um ninho de Megachile (Moureapis) benigna Mitchell, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) foi coletado usando ninhos-armadilha em um fragmento de floresta (bioma Mata Atlântica) em uma área urbana no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em outubro/2017. A arquitetura do ninho e o alimento larval são apresentados fornecendo dados iniciais para o manejo e conservação desta espécie nas cidades.
Resumo
One nest of Megachile (Moureapis) benigna Mitchell, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) was collected using trap-nests in a forest fragment (Atlantic Forest biome) into an urban matrix in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in October/2017. The nest architecture and larval food are presented providing initial data for management and conservation of this species in cities.
Um ninho de Megachile (Moureapis) benigna Mitchell, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) foi coletado usando ninhos-armadilha em um fragmento de floresta (bioma Mata Atlântica) em uma área urbana no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em outubro/2017. A arquitetura do ninho e o alimento larval são apresentados fornecendo dados iniciais para o manejo e conservação desta espécie nas cidades.
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas , Himenópteros , Comportamento de Nidação , PólenResumo
ABSTRACT Nests of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 were studied at the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The females constructed their nests in an area of 609 m2 of mostly sandy flat soil. The nest architecture was relatively simple, with a main tunnel of approximately 30 cm in depth with one or two lateral tunnels ending in a single brood cell. Adult activity lasted approximately 45 days. The females dug the tunnels, constructed the brood cells, collected provisions and laid the eggs in approximately two days. Diapause occurred in the post defecating larval stage, and there was no cocoon. Nest architecture and the morphology of the brood cells are described and illustrated.
RESUMO Ninhos da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 foram estudados no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As fêmeas construíram seus ninhos em uma área de 609 m2 de solo plano principalmente arenoso. A arquitetura do ninho é relativamente simples, com um túnel principal de aproximadamente 30 cm de profundidade, com um ou dois túneis laterais terminando em uma única célula de cria. A atividade dos adultos se estendeu por cerca de 45 dias. As fêmeas cavam os túneis, constroem as células de cria, coletam as provisões e depositam os ovos em aproximadamente dois dias. A diapausa ocorreu no estágio de larva pós-defecante e não houve casulo. A arquitetura dos ninhos e a morfologia das células de cria são descritas e ilustradas.
Resumo
Nests of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 were studied at the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The females constructed their nests in an area of 609 m2 of mostly sandy flat soil. The nest architecture was relatively simple, with a main tunnel of approximately 30 cm in depth with one or two lateral tunnels ending in a single brood cell. Adult activity lasted approximately 45 days. The females dug the tunnels, constructed the brood cells, collected provisions and laid the eggs in approximately two days. Diapause occurred in the post defecating larval stage, and there was no cocoon. Nest architecture and the morphology of the brood cells are described and illustrated.(AU)
Ninhos da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 foram estudados no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As fêmeas construíram seus ninhos em uma área de 609 m2 de solo plano principalmente arenoso. A arquitetura do ninho é relativamente simples, com um túnel principal de aproximadamente 30 cm de profundidade, com um ou dois túneis laterais terminando em uma única célula de cria. A atividade dos adultos se estendeu por cerca de 45 dias. As fêmeas cavam os túneis, constroem as células de cria, coletam as provisões e depositam os ovos em aproximadamente dois dias. A diapausa ocorreu no estágio de larva pós-defecante e não houve casulo. A arquitetura dos ninhos e a morfologia das células de cria são descritas e ilustradas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Himenópteros/química , Himenópteros/fisiologia , EcologiaResumo
Nests of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 were studied at the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The females constructed their nests in an area of 609 m2 of mostly sandy flat soil. The nest architecture was relatively simple, with a main tunnel of approximately 30 cm in depth with one or two lateral tunnels ending in a single brood cell. Adult activity lasted approximately 45 days. The females dug the tunnels, constructed the brood cells, collected provisions and laid the eggs in approximately two days. Diapause occurred in the post defecating larval stage, and there was no cocoon. Nest architecture and the morphology of the brood cells are described and illustrated.
Ninhos da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 foram estudados no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As fêmeas construíram seus ninhos em uma área de 609 m2 de solo plano principalmente arenoso. A arquitetura do ninho é relativamente simples, com um túnel principal de aproximadamente 30 cm de profundidade, com um ou dois túneis laterais terminando em uma única célula de cria. A atividade dos adultos se estendeu por cerca de 45 dias. As fêmeas cavam os túneis, constroem as células de cria, coletam as provisões e depositam os ovos em aproximadamente dois dias. A diapausa ocorreu no estágio de larva pós-defecante e não houve casulo. A arquitetura dos ninhos e a morfologia das células de cria são descritas e ilustradas.
Assuntos
Animais , Ecologia , Himenópteros/fisiologia , Himenópteros/químicaResumo
Cavity-nesting bees are enigmatic because they are difficult to observe in the wild, hence trap-nests (man-made cavities) provide the means by which these bees may be studied. Trap-nests is an efficient methodology to study these bees and are common worldwide. These traps have been used for a variety of reasons, including inventories, to examine pollen load, to study habitat disturbance, and bee conservation. However Neotropical trap-nesting bees taxonomy and biology are still poorly known and here we provide a review about these subjects. We searched for trap-nest bee studies in the Neotropical Region using Google Scholar and ISI Web of Science at any time in the past to December 2017. We found 109 independent studies, most of which were from Brazil (87 studies), followed by Argentina (10 studies), and other countries had fewer than five studies each. A total of 140 species, 24 genera, 10 tribes and three subfamilies were reported in trap-nests. Nest architecture was described for only 49 species. Taxonomy is only well-known for 14 genera, somewhat known for seven and is essentially unavailable for three genera. Construction material, closing plug and cell shape are similar among species in the same tribes and genera. Vestibular and intercalary cells, and the preliminary plug are variable, even at the specific level. Apinae is the most studied group with available data for all genera recorded in trap-nests. Colletinae is the least-studied group and nothing is known for their nesting biology. Megachilinae is intermediate, with some studies of taxonomy and nesting. We suggest that further trap-nest studies should provide more detailed information on nest architecture and construction materials, including explicit mention of structures that are absent. All Neotropical bees need more taxonomic studies, but some, such as Hylaeus and Megachile, require more attention since Hylaeus is essentially unknown and Megachile is very common on trap-nests.
Resumo
Cavity-nesting bees are enigmatic because they are difficult to observe in the wild, hence trap-nests (man-made cavities) provide the means by which these bees may be studied. Trap-nests is an efficient methodology to study these bees and are common worldwide. These traps have been used for a variety of reasons, including inventories, to examine pollen load, to study habitat disturbance, and bee conservation. However Neotropical trap-nesting bees taxonomy and biology are still poorly known and here we provide a review about these subjects. We searched for trap-nest bee studies in the Neotropical Region using Google Scholar and ISI Web of Science at any time in the past to December 2017. We found 109 independent studies, most of which were from Brazil (87 studies), followed by Argentina (10 studies), and other countries had fewer than five studies each. A total of 140 species, 24 genera, 10 tribes and three subfamilies were reported in trap-nests. Nest architecture was described for only 49 species. Taxonomy is only well-known for 14 genera, somewhat known for seven and is essentially unavailable for three genera. Construction material, closing plug and cell shape are similar among species in the same tribes and genera. Vestibular and intercalary cells, and the preliminary plug are variable, even at the specific level. Apinae is the most studied group with available data for all genera recorded in trap-nests. Colletinae is the least-studied group and nothing is known for their nesting biology. Megachilinae is intermediate, with some studies of taxonomy and nesting. We suggest that further trap-nest studies should provide more detailed information on nest architecture and construction materials, including explicit mention of structures that are absent. All Neotropical bees need more taxonomic studies, but some, such as Hylaeus and Megachile, require more attention since Hylaeus is essentially unknown and Megachile is very common on trap-nests.(AU)
Resumo
Even though nest architecture has been useful for phylogenetic inferences among the Thamnophilidae (Aves: Passeriformes), the nests of only three out of five species of Myrmoderus (Ridgway, 1909) are known to science. Here we describe the nests, eggs, and nestling of the Squamate Antbird Myrmoderus squamosus (Pelzeln, 1868). Two nests were bulky bottom-supported cups, measuring 7.3 and 12 cm in maximum outside diameter, with a noticeably smaller egg cup, and they were placed within the crown of short, broad-leafed plants. Eggs were short-oval, with chalky white background color, and purple blotches and streaks more concentrated in the large end. One nestling was dark reddish grey, with bluish white feet, pinkish gray tarsi, and a blackish bill with bright yellow rictal flanges. In face of the great diversity of nest types found among the Thamnophilidae, we concluded that the nest of M. squamosus was similar to those of other congeners, giving support to this currently phylogenetically-defined genus.
Assuntos
Animais , Filogenia , Ovos/classificação , Passeriformes/classificação , Tamanho da NinhadaResumo
Even though nest architecture has been useful for phylogenetic inferences among the Thamnophilidae (Aves: Passeriformes), the nests of only three out of five species of Myrmoderus (Ridgway, 1909) are known to science. Here we describe the nests, eggs, and nestling of the Squamate Antbird Myrmoderus squamosus (Pelzeln, 1868). Two nests were bulky bottom-supported cups, measuring 7.3 and 12 cm in maximum outside diameter, with a noticeably smaller egg cup, and they were placed within the crown of short, broad-leafed plants. Eggs were short-oval, with chalky white background color, and purple blotches and streaks more concentrated in the large end. One nestling was dark reddish grey, with bluish white feet, pinkish gray tarsi, and a blackish bill with bright yellow rictal flanges. In face of the great diversity of nest types found among the Thamnophilidae, we concluded that the nest of M. squamosus was similar to those of other congeners, giving support to this currently phylogenetically-defined genus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Tamanho da Ninhada , Filogenia , Passeriformes/classificação , Ovos/classificaçãoResumo
Studies on the nesting biology of Liris are restricted to a few notes and observations on ground-nesting species. There are no studies of this kind about Brazilian species. We investigated and described the nesting biology of Liris sp. obtained by trap-nests that were installed at an area of Atlantic Forest vegetation (25°10'S, 48°18'W) in southern Brazil. The nests of Liris sp. are built with a variety of plant debris. They usually have one cell, but may have up to two. Nests do not show vestibular or intercalary cells. Immatures have a hard cocoon made with the silk they produce, mixed with the fine sand and sawdust left by the adult female at the bottom of the cell. No nest parasites were observed. The wasps did not go through diapause at the prepupal stage, and emerged within 36 to 46 days after nests were collected from the field. There was no emergence of male wasps. Even though Liris sp. nest in preexisting cavities, they resemble ground-nesting species of the same genus in their habits, nest architecture, and development characteristics. The absence of males in our samples might be related to nest diameter. The eggs from which males hatch can be laid in smaller burrows than those available at the present study. We believe that the hardiness of the cocoon is the species' main strategy against parasites, although it is complemented by the camouflage provided by the nest closure. We suggest that a broader comparison of the nesting biology of Liris Fabricius, 1804 should be carried out, leading to a better understanding of the evolution of nests in the genus.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Comportamento de Nidação , Refúgio de Vida Selvagem , Vespas , Comportamento Animal , HimenópterosResumo
Studies on the nesting biology of Liris are restricted to a few notes and observations on ground-nesting species. There are no studies of this kind about Brazilian species. We investigated and described the nesting biology of Liris sp. obtained by trap-nests that were installed at an area of Atlantic Forest vegetation (25°10'S, 48°18'W) in southern Brazil. The nests of Liris sp. are built with a variety of plant debris. They usually have one cell, but may have up to two. Nests do not show vestibular or intercalary cells. Immatures have a hard cocoon made with the silk they produce, mixed with the fine sand and sawdust left by the adult female at the bottom of the cell. No nest parasites were observed. The wasps did not go through diapause at the prepupal stage, and emerged within 36 to 46 days after nests were collected from the field. There was no emergence of male wasps. Even though Liris sp. nest in preexisting cavities, they resemble ground-nesting species of the same genus in their habits, nest architecture, and development characteristics. The absence of males in our samples might be related to nest diameter. The eggs from which males hatch can be laid in smaller burrows than those available at the present study. We believe that the hardiness of the cocoon is the species' main strategy against parasites, although it is complemented by the camouflage provided by the nest closure. We suggest that a broader comparison of the nesting biology of Liris Fabricius, 1804 should be carried out, leading to a better understanding of the evolution of nests in the genus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Vespas , Refúgio de Vida Selvagem , Comportamento de Nidação , Comportamento Animal , HimenópterosResumo
Several behavioral aspects of the Red-crested Finch Coryphospingus cucullatus (Statius Müller, 1776) are poorly studied. Here we provide reproductive information on 16 active nests. This information may be valuable to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of this bird, and to design plans to manage it. Nesting activities occurred from October to February. Clutches consisted of two to three eggs (2.06 ± 0.25), which were laid on consecutive days. Incubation usually started the morning the females laid their last egg and lasted 11.27 ± 0.47 days. Hatching was synchronous, or happened at a one-day interval. The nestling stage lasted 12 ± 0.89 days. Only females incubated the eggs and they fed the young more often than the males did. Overall nesting success, from incubation to fledging, was 28.2%. Nest architecture and egg color proved to be diagnostic characteristics of Coryphospingus , supporting its maintenance as a distinct genus within the recently proposed sub-family Tachyphoninae. Red-crested Finches showed a preference for certain nesting sites, i.e., forest borders or a Cerrado in late regeneration stage. This information can be useful to programs aiming to release illegally trapped individuals.
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Comportamento de Nidação , Passeriformes , Comportamento AnimalResumo
Several behavioral aspects of the Red-crested Finch Coryphospingus cucullatus (Statius Müller, 1776) are poorly studied. Here we provide reproductive information on 16 active nests. This information may be valuable to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of this bird, and to design plans to manage it. Nesting activities occurred from October to February. Clutches consisted of two to three eggs (2.06 ± 0.25), which were laid on consecutive days. Incubation usually started the morning the females laid their last egg and lasted 11.27 ± 0.47 days. Hatching was synchronous, or happened at a one-day interval. The nestling stage lasted 12 ± 0.89 days. Only females incubated the eggs and they fed the young more often than the males did. Overall nesting success, from incubation to fledging, was 28.2%. Nest architecture and egg color proved to be diagnostic characteristics of Coryphospingus , supporting its maintenance as a distinct genus within the recently proposed sub-family Tachyphoninae. Red-crested Finches showed a preference for certain nesting sites, i.e., forest borders or a Cerrado in late regeneration stage. This information can be useful to programs aiming to release illegally trapped individuals.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Passeriformes , Comportamento de Nidação , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Comportamento AnimalResumo
Male gladiator frogs of Hypsiboas Wagler, 1830 build nests on available substrate surrounding ponds and streams where female spawn eggs during the breeding period. Although gladiator frogs seem to show plasticity in the way they construct their nests, there is no study reporting if these species present preferences about microhabitat conditions for nest-building (mainly under subtropical climate). Predation pressure and environmental conditions have been considered major processes shaping the great diversity of reproductive strategies performed by amphibians, but microhabitat conditions should explain where to build a nest as well as how nest looks. This study aimed to test nest site selection for nest-building by Hypsiboas faber(Wied-Neuwied, 1821), determining which factors are related to nest site selection and nest features. The survey was conducted at margins of two permanent ponds in Southern Brazil. Habitat factors were evaluated in 18 plots with nest and 18 plots in the surrounding without nest (control), describing vegetation structure and heterogeneity, and substrate characteristics. Water temperature was measured inside the nest and in its adjacency. Nest features assessed were area, depth and temperature. Habitat characteristics differed between plots with and without nest. Microhabitat selected for nest-building was characterized by great vegetation cover and height, as well as shallower water and lower cover of organic matter in suspension than in plots without nest. Differences between temperature inside nest and in its adjacency were not observed. No relationship between nest features and habitat descriptors was evidenced. Results revealed that Hypsiboas faber does not build nests anywhere. Males seem to prefer more protected habitats, probably avoiding predation, invasion of conspecific males and inclement weather. Lack of differences between temperature inside- and outside-nest suggest that nest do not improve this condition for eggs and tadpole development. Nest architecture was not related to habitat characteristics, which may be determined by other factors, as nest checking by females before amplexus. Nest site selection should increase offspring survival as well the breeding success of Hypsiboas faber.(AU)
Machos de espécies de Hypsiboas Wagler, 1830 constroem ninhos no substrato disponível no entorno de corpos d'água; as fêmeas depositam os ovos no interior destes ninhos durante a reprodução da espécie. Embora estes machos apresentem plasticidade na escolha de sítios para construção dos ninhos, ainda não existem avaliações de preferências por condições específicas de microhabitat para a nidificação (principalmente em clima subtropical). A pressão de predação e as condições ambientais são consideradas os principais processos moldando a diversidade de estratégias reprodutivas em anfíbios. Entretanto, condições de microhábitat deveriam determinar tanto onde construir um ninho quanto as variações na arquitetura do ninho. Neste estudo testamos hipóteses de seleção de microhábitats para a nidificação por sapos-ferreiros Hypsiboas faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821), determinando características de hábitat relacionados à seleção de sítios e à arquitetura dos ninhos. O estudo foi conduzido nas margens de duas lagoas permanentes no sul do Brasil. Variáveis caracterizando o substrato e a estrutura e heterogeneidade da vegetação foram medidas em 18 parcelas com ninho e 18 parcelas adjacentes sem ninho (controle). A temperatura da água foi medida dentro do ninho e na adjacência. Atributos do ninho foram a área, a profundidade e a temperatura. Resultados demonstraram diferenças nas características de hábitat entre parcelas com e sem ninho. Parcelas com ninhos apresentaram maior cobertura e altura da vegetação, lâmina de água pouca profunda e com pouca matéria orgânica em suspensão em relação às parcelas sem ninho. Não foi observada diferença entre a temperatura dentro e fora do ninho, bem como relação entre os atributos do ninho e os descritores do habitat. Os resultados evidenciaram a seleção de hábitat para a construção de ninhos por Hypsiboas faber. Os machos parecem utilizar habitats mais protegidos, provavelmente para evitar predação, a invasão de machos coespecíficos e a ação de intempéries climáticas. A ausência de diferença entre a temperatura dentro e fora do ninho sugere que o ninho não melhora condições para o desenvolvimento dos ovos e dos girinos. A arquitetura do ninho não teve relação com fatores ambientais; comportamentos como a checagem do ninho pela fêmea antes do amplexo podem estar envolvidos. A seleção de determinados sítios para a construção de ninho deve aumentar a chance de sobrevivência da prole e o sucesso reprodutivo de Hypsiboas faber.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Anuros , Tamanho da Ninhada , Oviposição , Comportamento Sexual Animal , BrasilResumo
Male gladiator frogs of Hypsiboas Wagler, 1830 build nests on available substrate surrounding ponds and streams where female spawn eggs during the breeding period. Although gladiator frogs seem to show plasticity in the way they construct their nests, there is no study reporting if these species present preferences about microhabitat conditions for nest-building (mainly under subtropical climate). Predation pressure and environmental conditions have been considered major processes shaping the great diversity of reproductive strategies performed by amphibians, but microhabitat conditions should explain where to build a nest as well as how nest looks. This study aimed to test nest site selection for nest-building by Hypsiboas faber(Wied-Neuwied, 1821), determining which factors are related to nest site selection and nest features. The survey was conducted at margins of two permanent ponds in Southern Brazil. Habitat factors were evaluated in 18 plots with nest and 18 plots in the surrounding without nest (control), describing vegetation structure and heterogeneity, and substrate characteristics. Water temperature was measured inside the nest and in its adjacency. Nest features assessed were area, depth and temperature. Habitat characteristics differed between plots with and without nest. Microhabitat selected for nest-building was characterized by great vegetation cover and height, as well as shallower water and lower cover of organic matter in suspension than in plots without nest. Differences between temperature inside nest and in its adjacency were not observed. No relationship between nest features and habitat descriptors was evidenced. Results revealed that Hypsiboas faber does not build nests anywhere. Males seem to prefer more protected habitats, probably avoiding predation, invasion of conspecific males and inclement weather. Lack of differences between temperature inside- and outside-nest suggest that nest do not improve this condition for eggs and tadpole development. Nest architecture was not related to habitat characteristics, which may be determined by other factors, as nest checking by females before amplexus. Nest site selection should increase offspring survival as well the breeding success of Hypsiboas faber.
Machos de espécies de Hypsiboas Wagler, 1830 constroem ninhos no substrato disponível no entorno de corpos d'água; as fêmeas depositam os ovos no interior destes ninhos durante a reprodução da espécie. Embora estes machos apresentem plasticidade na escolha de sítios para construção dos ninhos, ainda não existem avaliações de preferências por condições específicas de microhabitat para a nidificação (principalmente em clima subtropical). A pressão de predação e as condições ambientais são consideradas os principais processos moldando a diversidade de estratégias reprodutivas em anfíbios. Entretanto, condições de microhábitat deveriam determinar tanto onde construir um ninho quanto as variações na arquitetura do ninho. Neste estudo testamos hipóteses de seleção de microhábitats para a nidificação por sapos-ferreiros Hypsiboas faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821), determinando características de hábitat relacionados à seleção de sítios e à arquitetura dos ninhos. O estudo foi conduzido nas margens de duas lagoas permanentes no sul do Brasil. Variáveis caracterizando o substrato e a estrutura e heterogeneidade da vegetação foram medidas em 18 parcelas com ninho e 18 parcelas adjacentes sem ninho (controle). A temperatura da água foi medida dentro do ninho e na adjacência. Atributos do ninho foram a área, a profundidade e a temperatura. Resultados demonstraram diferenças nas características de hábitat entre parcelas com e sem ninho. Parcelas com ninhos apresentaram maior cobertura e altura da vegetação, lâmina de água pouca profunda e com pouca matéria orgânica em suspensão em relação às parcelas sem ninho. Não foi observada diferença entre a temperatura dentro e fora do ninho, bem como relação entre os atributos do ninho e os descritores do habitat. Os resultados evidenciaram a seleção de hábitat para a construção de ninhos por Hypsiboas faber. Os machos parecem utilizar habitats mais protegidos, provavelmente para evitar predação, a invasão de machos coespecíficos e a ação de intempéries climáticas. A ausência de diferença entre a temperatura dentro e fora do ninho sugere que o ninho não melhora condições para o desenvolvimento dos ovos e dos girinos. A arquitetura do ninho não teve relação com fatores ambientais; comportamentos como a checagem do ninho pela fêmea antes do amplexo podem estar envolvidos. A seleção de determinados sítios para a construção de ninho deve aumentar a chance de sobrevivência da prole e o sucesso reprodutivo de Hypsiboas faber.
Assuntos
Animais , Anuros , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Oviposição , Tamanho da Ninhada , BrasilResumo
A diagnose morfológica da espécie de abelha sem ferrão, endêmica da Caatinga, Partamona seridoensis é amplamente descrita e consolidada, porém, os aspectos arquitetônicos, estruturais e termodinâmicos dos cupinzeiros hospedeiros desta abelha termitófila obrigatória são pouco conhecidos. Diante disso, este trabalho buscou realizar um estudo base que teve por objetivos: (1) indicar qual melhor metodologia de dimensionamento de volume e área superficial de cupinzeiros arborícolas, oferecendo um modelo matemático de ajuste; (2) realizar uma descrição comparativa entre as estruturas arquitetônicas de ninhos de P. seridoensis localizados em termiteiros das espécies Microcerotermes indistinctus e Constrictotermes cyphergaster; (3) estudar as características térmicas de ninhos de abelhas e dos substratos circundantes; (4) apresentar um modelo detalhado de uma colmeia racional voltada exclusivamente para espécies termitófilas. O período experimental compreendeu os meses de abril a novembro de 2018, em que foram utilizados vinte cupinzeiros para os estudos, sendo dez de cada espécie, onde metade era habitado por abelhas e a outra metade inativa. (1) Para o primeiro objetivo utilizou-se a modelagem 3D e equações aritméticas para os cálculos de volume e área superficiais dos termiteiros. Os resultados encontrados para os dimensionamentos dos termiteiros mostraram que a compartimentalização é a metodologia que apresentou volumetria mais próxima à realidade. Porém devido à sua complexidade, é inviável de ser utilizada em campo, tornando o modelo elipsoidal mais vantajoso, uma vez que as medidas necessárias à sua utilização são apenas a largura, a altura e o comprimento dos cupinzeiros. (2) Para a descrição das características gerais dos termiteiros e a morfologia dos ninhos de P. seridoensis seguiu-se metodologias estabelecidas pela literatura. Verificou-se que os aspectos gerais e arquitetônicos dos ninhos de P. seridoensis, inseridos em cupinzeiros com substratos e dimensionamentos distintos, apresentaram características estruturais semelhantes e típicas das abelhas termitófilas do gênero Partamona. (3) Para a análise das características térmicas, sensores de temperatura foram inseridos em locais específicos (substrato, invólucro, áreas de cria e com potes de alimento) para cupinzeiros que possuíam ninhos de abelhas e, em termiteiros inativos, nas profundidades de 5, 10, 15, e 20 cm. Os dados ambientais foram obtidos de estação meteorológica automática instalada no local do experimento. A escolha do cupinzeiro mais adequado por P. seridoensis para nidificar pode ser por conta do tipo de substrato termoisolante, mas outros fatores podem influenciar, como a agressividade do hospedeiro, a cavidade pré-existente ou mesmo o grau de antropização do ambiente. Contudo, quando se avaliou apenas a questão térmica, os cupinzeiros de M. indistinctus foram melhores para a P. seridoensis, uma vez que exigiram menos da temperatura ambiental e possuíram maior isolamento térmico quando comparados aos termiteiros de C. cyphergaster, mesmo que estes também tivessem características desejáveis como a termoestabilidade. (4) Por fim, para a construção da colmeia racional foram utilizados os resultados provenientes deste estudo, unindo as características arquitetônicas mais usuais das colmeias já utilizadas, em que as observações preliminares em P. seridoensis indicaram que estas abelhas se habituaram rapidamente ao modelo de colmeia desenvolvido.
Morphological characteristics of the stingless bee Partamona seridoensis (Apidae, Meliponini), endemic to the Caatinga, are well known. However, the architectural, structural and thermodynamic aspects of the nests of this obligatory thermophilic bee within arboreal termite nests are poorly known. The present thesis aimed at increasing the knowledge about these facts, fundamental for future ecological studies on this meliponine species. The main goals were to: (1) indicate the best methodology for estimating the volume and surface area of arboreal termite nests and provide a mathematical adjustment model; (2) compare the architectural structures of P. seridoensis nests within the nests of the termite species Microcerotermes indistinctus and Constrictotermes cyphergaster; (3) study the thermal characteristics of both bee and surrounding termite nests; (4) elaborate a model of a new rational hive for thermophilic stingless bee species. Between April and November 2018, twenty termite nests, ten of each species, were used for the investigations. Half of the termite nests had been colonized by bees whereas the other half was inactive. (1) 3D-modelling and geometric shapes were used to estimate the volume and surface area of the arboreal termite nests. A combination of superimposed cylinders with spherical caps presented values closer to reality (3D-model) than ellipsoids. However, due to its complexity, it is not feasible for use in the field, rendering the ellipsoidal model, which requires only 3 linear measurements, more advantageous. (2) Methodologies established in literature were adopted to describe the characteristics of both termite nests and the nests of P. seridoensis. Despite differences in nest characteristics between the two termite species, the architecture of P. seridoensis nests showed no significant differences between the surrounding substrates. (3) For the analysis of the thermal characteristics of the nests, temperature sensors were inserted in specific locations in and around the bee nests (substrate, involucrum, brood area, and food area). As control, sensors were placed at depths of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm in inactive termite nests. Environmental temperature was monitored through a weather station at the site of the experiment. The bees'choice which termite species' nest to colonize may be based on the thermal insulation characteristics of substrate. Yet, other factors such as the hosts' aggressiveness, the pre- existence of a inhabitable cavity, or even the anthropization of the environment may have an impact on the bees' choice. Concerning the thermal characteristics, the nests of M. indistinctus showed better insulation properties, given that temperatures inside the nests were more independent from ambient temperature the compared to the nests of C. cyphergaster. However, the nests of latter species presented an elevated thermostability, which is a characteristic in favour of the colonization by bees. (4) The results from this study were used in combination with the most common architectural characteristics of rational hives for the construction of rational hives for P. seridoensis. Preliminary observations on the success of the new hive model indicate that the bees quickly get used to the rational hive developed.
Resumo
A sobrevivência das espécies de vespas sociais depende do sucesso na fundação de novos ninhos. Essas espécies podem utilizar para nidificação de diferentes espécies vegetais com características específicas, com a arquitetura dos ninhos que variam em relação aos hábitos dessas espécies vegetais. A nidificação de vespas sociais em ambiente natural foi estudada no período de outubro de 2005 a setembro de 2007 em uma floresta ripária do rio das Mortes, município de Barroso, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar os diferentes tipos de substratos vegetais utilizados por vespas sociais para nidificação, e investigar se há relação entre o tipo de construção dos ninhos com os hábitos das espécies vegetais. Foram registradas 171 colônias de vespas sociais pertencentes a 29 espécies, que utilizaram como substrato de nidificação 78 espécies vegetais (76 Angiospermas e 2 Pteridófitas) de hábitos arbustivo, herbácea, arbóreo, epífita e liana. Espécies com ninhos fragmocítaros e giminódomos nidificaram, com maior incidência, em plantas arbóreas e a deciduidade das mesmas não afetou a nidificação. Sugere-se a preservação das áreas naturais de modo a garantir maior disponibilidade de locais de nidificação para as espécies de vespas sociais, assegurando maior eficiência nos serviços ambientais e no controle biológico de pragas na agricultura.(AU)
The survival of social wasp species depends on the success in founding new nests. Thesespecies can use plant species with different specific characteristics for nesting, with nest architecturevarying according to the habits of those plant species. The nesting of social wasps in natural environmentswas studied in the period from October 2005 to September 2007 in the rio das Mortes riparian forest,municipal district of Barroso, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the different typesof plant substrate used by social wasps for nesting, and to investigate whether there is a relationshipbetween nest construction type and the habits of plant species. A total of 171 colonies of social waspsbelonging to 29 species were recorded, which used 78 plant species as nesting substrate (76 Angiospermsand two Pteridophytes) of arbustive, herbaceous, arboreal, epiphyte and liana habits. Species withphragmocyttarus and gymnodomous nests were observed nesting, with higher incidence, in arboreal plantsand their deciduousness did not affect the nesting. The preservation of natural areas is suggested in order toguarantee a higher availability of nesting places for the social wasp species, ensuring their higher efficiencyin the environmental services and biological control of agricultural pests.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Himenópteros/classificação , Abrigo para Animais , Ecossistema , MagnoliopsidaResumo
Information on the breeding biology of birds is essential for improving avian life-history theory and implementing sound management and conservation actions for these organisms. Comprehensive reviews of this kind of information are lacking for most Neotropical regions, including Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost Brazilian state. Aiming to update the knowledge on the reproductive status of birds in Rio Grande do Sul, we reviewed breeding records of all potential breeding species recorded in the state using a set of predefined, restrictive criteria for accepting breeding evidences as effective. Data satisfying our criteria were available for 165 species in the literature. We also collected novel breeding information obtained in the state for an additional 126 species, including observations for several species whose reproductive biology is poorly known. Among these are birds previously unknown to breed in Brazil. This new data and the critical review of the previous information resulted in a total of 291 species for which breeding evidences are accepted as effective. This corresponds to 54.7% of the 532 species considered either confirmed or potential breeders in the state. In addition to providing information on nesting dates, clutch size, nest architecture and breeding behavior of south Brazilian birds, our review serves as a benchmark for the adequate assessment of avian breeding records elsewhere. We hope to stimulate observers to rigorously document breeding events, especially for taxa for which basic information is lacking.(AU)
Informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva das aves são essenciais para aprimorar estudos teóricos sobre a história natural do grupo e implementar ações de manejo e conservação efetivas para esses organismos. Não existem revisões abrangentes sobre o tema para a maioria das regiões neotropicais, incluindo o Rio Grande do Sul, o estado mais meridional do Brasil. Com o objetivo de atualizar o conhecimento sobre o status reprodutivo das aves no Rio Grande do Sul, analisamos os registros reprodutivos de todas as espécies de aves que potencialmente se reproduzem no estado utilizando um conjunto de critérios pré-definidos e restritivos para avaliar a efetividade das evidências reprodutivas. Dados que satisfazem nossos critérios foram encontrados para 165 espécies na literatura. Também compilamos registros de reprodução inéditos obtidos no estado para outras 126 espécies, incluindo observações sobre diversas espécies cuja biologia reprodutiva é pouco conhecida. Entre elas estão espécies cuja reprodução no Brasil era até então desconhecida. Esses novos dados, em conjunto com a revisão crítica dos registros prévios, resultaram em um total de 291 espécies para as quais existem evidências de reprodução efetivas, o que corresponde a 54,7% das 532 espécies que efetiva ou potencialmente se reproduzem no estado. Além de fornecer informações sobre datas de nidificação, tamanho de postura ou prole, arquitetura de ninhos e comportamento reprodutivo das aves do sul do Brasil, nossa análise serve como referência para a avaliação adequada de registros de reprodução de aves em outras regiões. Esperamos estimular observadores a documentar rigorosamente eventos reprodutivos, especialmente para táxons que carecem de informações básicas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aves/anatomia & histologia , Aves/metabolismo , Aves/fisiologia , Comportamento ReprodutivoResumo
Information on the breeding biology of birds is essential for improving avian life-history theory and implementing sound management and conservation actions for these organisms. Comprehensive reviews of this kind of information are lacking for most Neotropical regions, including Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost Brazilian state. Aiming to update the knowledge on the reproductive status of birds in Rio Grande do Sul, we reviewed breeding records of all potential breeding species recorded in the state using a set of predefined, restrictive criteria for accepting breeding evidences as effective. Data satisfying our criteria were available for 165 species in the literature. We also collected novel breeding information obtained in the state for an additional 126 species, including observations for several species whose reproductive biology is poorly known. Among these are birds previously unknown to breed in Brazil. This new data and the critical review of the previous information resulted in a total of 291 species for which breeding evidences are accepted as effective. This corresponds to 54.7% of the 532 species considered either confirmed or potential breeders in the state. In addition to providing information on nesting dates, clutch size, nest architecture and breeding behavior of south Brazilian birds, our review serves as a benchmark for the adequate assessment of avian breeding records elsewhere. We hope to stimulate observers to rigorously document breeding events, especially for taxa for which basic information is lacking.
Informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva das aves são essenciais para aprimorar estudos teóricos sobre a história natural do grupo e implementar ações de manejo e conservação efetivas para esses organismos. Não existem revisões abrangentes sobre o tema para a maioria das regiões neotropicais, incluindo o Rio Grande do Sul, o estado mais meridional do Brasil. Com o objetivo de atualizar o conhecimento sobre o status reprodutivo das aves no Rio Grande do Sul, analisamos os registros reprodutivos de todas as espécies de aves que potencialmente se reproduzem no estado utilizando um conjunto de critérios pré-definidos e restritivos para avaliar a efetividade das evidências reprodutivas. Dados que satisfazem nossos critérios foram encontrados para 165 espécies na literatura. Também compilamos registros de reprodução inéditos obtidos no estado para outras 126 espécies, incluindo observações sobre diversas espécies cuja biologia reprodutiva é pouco conhecida. Entre elas estão espécies cuja reprodução no Brasil era até então desconhecida. Esses novos dados, em conjunto com a revisão crítica dos registros prévios, resultaram em um total de 291 espécies para as quais existem evidências de reprodução efetivas, o que corresponde a 54,7% das 532 espécies que efetiva ou potencialmente se reproduzem no estado. Além de fornecer informações sobre datas de nidificação, tamanho de postura ou prole, arquitetura de ninhos e comportamento reprodutivo das aves do sul do Brasil, nossa análise serve como referência para a avaliação adequada de registros de reprodução de aves em outras regiões. Esperamos estimular observadores a documentar rigorosamente eventos reprodutivos, especialmente para táxons que carecem de informações básicas.