Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and sevoflurane in Callithrix penicillatac

Background: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measure of quantitative anesthetic potency and has become the standard index for the evaluation and comparison of volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary hospitals, as well as experimental models, especially in neuroscience. Few studies have evaluated the potency of the main volatile anesthetics in this species. This study aimed to determine the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in C. penicillata using the up-and-down method and to evaluate the effects of these drugs on the quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four animals of undetermined age were used. All marmosets were healthy according to hematological and physical evaluation. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: ISOMAC and SEVOMAC. Each animal was induced to general anesthesia in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and sevoflurane at 7% in the SEVOMAC group or isoflurane at 5% in the ISOMAC. Upon reaching lateral decubitus, orotracheal intubation was performed. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane diluted in oxygen (0.8 L/min) using a non-rebreathing delivery system under spontaneous ventilation. As defined in the pilot study, the first animal from ISOMAC started the maintenance of anesthesia with 2.6% isoflurane, while the first animal in SEVOMAC received 4% sevoflurane. After finishing the instrumentation to assess heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and rectal temperature, a 15-min wait to reach anesthetic equilibrium was allowed, and then an electrical noxious stimulation (50 mA and 50 Hz) was performed on the lateral aspect of the thigh (a faradic current of 3 consecutive single stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The animals' responses to the electrical stimulus were observed. The presence of a positive response (gross movement of the limbs, head, or vocalization) or a negative response (absence of gross movements) determined the increase or reduction, respectively, of the inhalation anesthetic concentration by 10% in the subsequent marmoset. The quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scale that measured the intensity of agitation, coughing, nausea, and vomiting. Physiological variables were recorded before (M0) and after (M1) applying the nociceptive stimulus. Isoflurane and sevoflurane MAC values in C. penicillata were 2.29 ± 0.10% and 3.93 ± 0.61 % respectively. Physiological parameters, quality of anesthetic induction and recovery did not differ significantly between groups. However, isoflurane caused irritation of the airway and ocular mucous membranes, more coughing episodes, and tearing at induction. There was no difference between groups for time to extubation and recovery time to regain sternal position. Discussion: Previous studies in primates found lower MAC values for both anesthetics, except for Lemur catta. Those findings may be explained by the use of different nociceptive stimuli and the MAC determination method employed, although no differences in MAC values have been described between bracketing or up-and-down methods in human primates and dogs. It is unlikely that the stimulus and technique alone are the determining factors for the high concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane observed in the present study since MAC was high with both halogenates, indicating that dose extrapolation from other species can lead to the wrong anesthetic dosage.

Influence on clinical biochemistry values of black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane / Influência sobre valores de bioquímica clínica de saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) anestesiados com isoflurano ou sevoflurano

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical biochemistry behavior of Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillatta) submitted to blood collection without sedation and after general anesthesia with anesthetics isoflurane or sevoflurane. Blood collections were performed on (M1) day before anesthesia by physical restraint, and (M2) after anesthesia. There were four groups: Isoflurane (GI) and Sevoflurane (GS) using an anesthetic box. GIM: isoflurane induction with mask for a shorter period. Control group (GP): physical restraint in both moments. Plasma was separated and frozen to measure clinic biochemistry values. Urea was higher at M2 in groups GI and GP. AST was higher in M2 in GI, GS, and GP and only GI showed an increase in CK in M2. Glucose was higher in M1 in the GI, GS, and GP groups and fructosamine was higher in M2 in the GI. Stress caused by physical restraint can cause biochemical changes and these must be considered when interpreting the exams. Both the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane and sevoflurane did not cause clinically significant changes in clinical biochemistry results.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da bioquímica clínica de saguis-do-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillatta) submetidos à coleta sanguínea sem sedação e após anestesia geral, com os anestésicos isoflurano ou sevoflurano. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas: (M1) dia antes da anestesia por contenção física e (M2) após anestesia. Foram definidos quatro grupos: isoflurano (GI) e sevoflurano (GS), utilizando caixa anestésica; GIM: indução com isoflurano com máscara por um período menor; grupo controle (GCF): contenção física em ambos os momentos. O plasma com EDTA foi separado e congelado para realizar dosagem da bioquímica clínica. A ureia foi maior no M2 nos grupos GI e GCF. A AST foi maior no M2 nos GI, GS e GCF e somente o GI apresentou aumento de CK no M2. A glicose foi maior no M1 nos grupos GI, GS e GCF, e a frutosamina foi maior no M2 no GI. O estresse causado pela contenção física pode causar alterações bioquímicas e essas devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos exames. Tanto o anestésico inalatório isoflurano quanto o sevoflurano não causaram alterações clinicamente significantes nos resultados da bioquímica clínica.

Influence of recumbency on the pulmonary shunt in sevoflurane-anaesthetised sheep / Influência do decúbito na ocorrência de shunt pulmonar em ovinos anestesiados com sevoflurano

This study assessed the impact of different recumbency on sevoflurane-anaesthetised sheep. Seven female sheep were premedicated with 0.1 mg.kg-1 butorfanol and subsequently administered a combination of 3 mg.kg-1 ketamine and 0.5 mg.kg-1 midazolam. Animals were maintained on sevoflurane anaesthesia with pressure-controlled ventilation (12 cm H2O peak inspiratory pressure) and ƒ of 10 mpm. During the anaesthetic procedure, animals underwent one out of three different recumbency: dorsal, left lateral, or right lateral positions. Treatments lasted 120 min with a 48-h washout period in between the treatments. Arterial and central venous blood samples were withdrawn for blood gas and electrolytes analysis and pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) CaO2, CcvO2, and CcO2 were calculated accordingly. Results showed that Qs/Qt greatly decreased from 0 to 120 min in all the groups (dorsal: 69.3% to 27.3%; left lateral: 59.1% to 25.0%; right lateral: 67.2% to 32.4%). CaO2, CcvO2 and CcO2 improved over time points, with no difference among treatments. PaO2 and PAO2 showed higher values for 60 and 120 min compared to the 0 min value in all groups, with no differences among treatments as well. PaCO2 and ETCO2 in the lateral groups were higher than those in the dorsal group at 120 min. Pressure-controlled ventilation improved gas exchanges in sheep, thereby reducing pulmonary shunt. Recumbency did not interfere with pulmonary shunt, nevertheless, special attention must be paid to lateral recumbency.

O estudo avaliou o impacto de diferentes decúbitos em ovelhas anestesiadas com sevoflurano. Sete ovelhas foram pré-medicadas com 0,1 mg.kg-1 de butorfanol e induzidas à anestesia com 3 mg.kg-1 de cetamina e 0,5 mg.kg-1 de midazolam. Os animais foram mantidos em anestesia por sevofluorano, em ventilação mecânica controlada por pressão, com pico inspiratório em 12 cm H2O e f de 10 mpm, sendo mantidos por 120 minutos. Durante esse período os animais foram submetidos a um dos três tratamentos: decúbito dorsal, lateral esquerdo ou lateral direito, com intervalo de no mínimo 48 horas entre eles. Amostras de sangue arterial e venoso central foram colhidas para análise de gases sanguíneos e eletrólitos, bem como para cálculo da fração de shunt pulmonar (Qs/Qt), CaO2, CcvO2 e CcO2. Os resultados mostraram que Qs/Qt diminuiu expressivamente de 0 a 120 minutos em todos os grupos (dorsal: 69,3% para 27,3%; lateral esquerdo: 59,1% para 25,0%; lateral direito: 67,2% para 32,4%). Os índices de CaO2, CcvO2 e CcO2 melhoraram ao longo do tempo, sem diferença entre tratamentos. PaO2 e PAO2 apresentaram valores maiores, em todos os grupos, nos minutos 60 e 120 em comparação ao momento 0, não havendo diferenças entre tratamentos. PaCO2 e ETCO2 apresentaram maiores valores nos grupos laterais em comparação ao grupo dorsal ao final do procedimento. Conclui-se que a ventilação controlada por pressão melhorou as trocas gasosas em ovelhas anestesiadas com sevoflurano, reduzindo o shunt pulmonar. O decúbito não interferiu na formação de shunt pulmonar, porém, deve ser dada atenção especial aos decúbitos laterais.

Effects on the lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense systems of the use of isoflurane or sevoflurane in calves undergoing surgery

Background: Incoming anaesthesia created by the use of many drugs with different physicochemical properties is a sourceof stress and trauma for the body. This event increases the oxidative response and changes the balance between oxidant/antioxidant capacity in the organism in favor of oxidant capacity. This situation is defined as oxidative stress. For thesereasons, studies are conducted to determine the effects of general anaesthetic agents on oxidant and antioxidant systems inthe organism. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane used for general anaesthesiain humans and animals on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in calves.Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 14 calves of different breeds, ages, sexes, and weighing, average 2 weeksold. The cases randomly were divided into 2 groups, the isoflurane group (group I), and the sevoflurane group (group II),and each group included 7 animals. Before general anaesthesia, 0.04 mg/kg atropine was administered intramuscularly toall animals for premedication. At 15 min after atropine administration, isoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in group I, and sevoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 5-7% in group II, via aface mask for 15 min for the induction of anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was performed in all cases at the 15 min ofthe induction period following the onset of general anaesthesia symptoms. After the induction, anaesthesia was continuedat an inspiratory concentration of 1.5-3% in the isoflurane group and inspiratory concentration of 2.5-4% in the sevofluranegroup. Blood samples were taken just before anaesthesia, just before skin incision, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery,and at the 24 h postoperatively. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione...

Effects on the lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense systems of the use of isoflurane or sevoflurane in calves undergoing surgery

Background: Incoming anaesthesia created by the use of many drugs with different physicochemical properties is a sourceof stress and trauma for the body. This event increases the oxidative response and changes the balance between oxidant/antioxidant capacity in the organism in favor of oxidant capacity. This situation is defined as oxidative stress. For thesereasons, studies are conducted to determine the effects of general anaesthetic agents on oxidant and antioxidant systems inthe organism. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane used for general anaesthesiain humans and animals on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in calves.Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 14 calves of different breeds, ages, sexes, and weighing, average 2 weeksold. The cases randomly were divided into 2 groups, the isoflurane group (group I), and the sevoflurane group (group II),and each group included 7 animals. Before general anaesthesia, 0.04 mg/kg atropine was administered intramuscularly toall animals for premedication. At 15 min after atropine administration, isoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in group I, and sevoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 5-7% in group II, via aface mask for 15 min for the induction of anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was performed in all cases at the 15 min ofthe induction period following the onset of general anaesthesia symptoms. After the induction, anaesthesia was continuedat an inspiratory concentration of 1.5-3% in the isoflurane group and inspiratory concentration of 2.5-4% in the sevofluranegroup. Blood samples were taken just before anaesthesia, just before skin incision, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery,and at the 24 h postoperatively. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione...(AU)

Comparison of use of isoflurane or sevoflurane for anaesthesia induced by mask in calves

Background: Inhalation anaesthesia is an effective and reliable general anaesthesia method for inactivity, analgesia, and unconsciousness in extensive surgical procedures. Although widely used, especially in small animals, there are very few studies investigated the reliability and superiority of inhalation anaesthesia in surgical procedures for ruminants. This study intended to evaluate the anaesthetic effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in different surgical cases with endotracheal intubation following the induction of anaesthesia using a calve-specific facemask, which is not yet a routine option in cattle. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted on 14 calves, from new-born up to 3 months-old, that undergoing various surgical operations. The animals were divided into isoflurane and sevoflurane groups, and each group contained 7 animals. In all cases, atropine (0.04 mg/kg was administered intramusculer as premedication before 15 min from anaesthesia induction. For induction, the anaesthetic agent was given at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in the isoflurane group and at an inspiratory concentration of 5 - 7% in the sevoflurane group during 5 min via mask at 15 min after atropine administration. In both groups, endotracheal intubation was performed (about 1-3 min) after of general anaesthesia symptoms starting. At 5 min after induction, anaesthesia was continued at 1.5 - 3% in the isoflurane group and at 2.5 - 4% in the sevoflurane group during operation. The animals were monitored during anaesthesia and, anaesthetic effect, reaction of the calve, pronounced side effects, Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Arterial Blood Pressure (SABP), Diastolic Arterial Blood Pressure (DABP), Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP), Respiration Rate (RR), Pulse Rate (PR), Arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO2 ) were recorded at before anaesthesia, the premedication period, 5...

Influência de diferentes doses de butorfanol na anestesia com sevofluorano em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) / Influence of different doses of butorphanol in anesthesia with sevoflurane in blue-fronted parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Background: Parrots frequently require veterinary medical care. To reduce their stress, it is necessary to use chemical restraint or anesthesia. The use of balanced anesthesia techniques such as combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs is recommended. However, there is a shortage of anesthetic and analgesic protocols and data on cardiovascular and respiratory variables in wild birds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects and the quality of anesthetic recovery in blue-front parrots (Amazona aestiva) anesthetized with sevoflurane in combination with various doses of butorphanol. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four clinically healthy animals, based on their clinical and hematological results (hematocrit and total plasma protein), were divided into 3 groups: 1- sevofluoran alone (GS); 2- associated with butorphanol at 3 mg/kg (GB3), and 3- 6 mg/kg (GB6) doses administered via the intramuscular (IM) route; digital clamping was used as a nociceptive stimulus. Induction and anesthetic maintenance were performed with sevoflurane at 5 and 2.5 V%, respectively, administered through a calibrated vaporizer and an anesthetic system adequate for the weight of the animals that were kept under spontaneous ventilation. It took 15 min after induction for the expired sevoflurane concentration (EtSevo) to stabilize, after which one intramuscular treatment was applied. The digital clamping was continued as a supramaximal nociceptive stimulus; if it presented a positive response, EtSevo increased by 10%, and when the stimulus decreased by 20%, digital clamping was repeated every 15 min until a positive response to the stimulus was observed. Heart rate (HR) and rhythm, respiratory rate (f), systolic blood pressure (SBP), EtSevo, expired CO2 (EtCO2 ), and body temperature (T°C) were measured during digital clamping. At the end, anesthetic...

Effect of sevoflurane pretreatment in relieving liver ischemia/reperfusion-induced pulmonary and hepatic injury

Abstract Purpose To investigate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced pulmonary/hepatic injury Methods Fifty-one Wistar rats were randomly grouped into sham, I/R, and sevoflurane groups. After reperfusion, the structural change of the lung was measured by Smith score, the wet and dry weights (W/D) were determined, malondialdehyde (MDA) myeloperoxidase (MPO) content was determined colorimetrically and by fluorescence, respectively, and matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) mRNA was quantified by RT-PCR. Biopsy and morphological analyses were performed on liver tissue, activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level was determined. Results The sham group showed no changes in tissue structure. Structural lesions in the sevoflurane and I/R groups were mild and severe, respectively. Smith score, W/D, MDA, MPO, and MMP mRNA showed the same trend, and were increased in the I/R group and recovered in the sevoflurane group, compared with the sham group (both P<0.05). AST and ALT were significantly increased compared to the sham group (AST: 655±52.06 vs . 29±9.30 U/L; ALT: 693±75.56 vs . 37±6.71 U/L; P<0.05). In the sevoflurane group, AST and ALT levels were significantly decreased (464±47.71 and 516±78.84 U/L; P<0.001). TNF-α presented similar results. Conclusion The protection of lung and liver by sevoflurane may be mediated by inhibited leukocyte recruitment and MMP-9 secretion.(AU)

Effects of inspired oxygen fractions in rabbits anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane, maintained on spontaneous ventilation / Efeitos de frações inspiradas de oxigênio em coelhos anestesiados com isoflurano ou sevofluorano, mantidos em ventilação espontânea

It is important to identify the best inspired fraction of oxygen in a variety of situations, including sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia, in spontaneously breathing rabbits. For this, 64 rabbits were assigned to eight groups: GI100 (FiO2= 1,0 + isoflurane), GS100 (FiO2= 1,0 + sevoflurane), GI80 (FiO2= 0,8 + isoflurane), GS80 (FiO2= 0,8 + sevoflurane), GI60 (FiO2= 0,6 + isoflurane), GS60 (FiO2= 0,6 + sevoflurane), GI21 (FiO2= 0,21 + isoflurane), GS21 (FiO2= 0,21 + sevoflurane). The induction was performed with (2.5MAC) of the anesthetic. The vaporizer was setted at 1.5 MAC and FiO2 as attributed for each group. After the induction, the concentration was changed to 1 MAC. Measurements of parameters were performed 30 minutes after induction (T0), and then at 15 minute intervals (from T15 to T60). The arterial partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2), alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PAO2) and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient [P(A-a)O2] were higher with the use of high FiO2. The GI80 showed higher levels of PaO2 FiO2 ratio and respiratory index (RI). In conclusion, the FiO2 of 0.21 is not indicated, because it causes hypoxemia. The isoflurane determines better ventilation when compared to sevoflurane, but isoflurane associated with 80% of oxygen promotes intrapulmonary shunt increase.(AU)

Tornou-se importante identificar a melhor fração inspirada de oxigênio em variadas situações, incluindo anestesia pelo sevoflurano ou isoflurano, em coelhos respirando espontaneamente. Para isso, 64 coelhos foram distribuídos em oito grupos: GI100 (FiO 2 = 1,0 + isoflurano), GS100 (FiO 2 = 1,0 + sevoflurano), GI80 (FiO 2 = 0,8 + isoflurano), GS80 (FiO 2 = 0,8 + sevoflurano), GI60 (FiO 2 = 0,6 + isoflurano), GS60 (FiO 2 = 0,6 + sevoflurano), GI21 (FiO 2 = 0,21 + isoflurano) e GS21 (FiO 2 = 0,21 + sevoflurano). A indução foi com 2,5 CAM do anestésico. Ajustou-se o vaporizador para 1,5 CAM, e a FiO 2 foi atribuída a cada grupo. Em seguida, a CAM foi reajustada para 1,0. Iniciaram-se as mensurações 30 minutos após a indução (M0), seguidas em intervalos de 15 minutos (de M15 a M60). As pressões parciais de oxigênio (PaO 2 ), a pressão parcial alveolar de oxigênio (P A O 2 ) e a diferença alvéolo-arterial de oxigênio [P(A-a)O 2 ] foram maiores com o emprego de altas FiO 2 . O GI80 apresentou maiores valores na relação entre PaO 2 e FiO 2 e índice respiratório (IR). Conclui-se que a FiO 2 0,21 não é indicada, pois provoca hipoxemia. No entanto, utilizada com isoflurano, determina melhor ventilação quando comparado ao sevoflurano, porém seu uso, associado a 80% de oxigênio, promove maior formação de shunt intrapulmonar.(AU)

Effects of inspired oxygen fractions in rabbits anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane, maintained on spontaneous ventilation / Efeitos de frações inspiradas de oxigênio em coelhos anestesiados com isoflurano ou sevofluorano, mantidos em ventilação espontânea

It is important to identify the best inspired fraction of oxygen in a variety of situations, including sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia, in spontaneously breathing rabbits. For this, 64 rabbits were assigned to eight groups: GI100 (FiO2= 1,0 + isoflurane), GS100 (FiO2= 1,0 + sevoflurane), GI80 (FiO2= 0,8 + isoflurane), GS80 (FiO2= 0,8 + sevoflurane), GI60 (FiO2= 0,6 + isoflurane), GS60 (FiO2= 0,6 + sevoflurane), GI21 (FiO2= 0,21 + isoflurane), GS21 (FiO2= 0,21 + sevoflurane). The induction was performed with (2.5MAC) of the anesthetic. The vaporizer was setted at 1.5 MAC and FiO2 as attributed for each group. After the induction, the concentration was changed to 1 MAC. Measurements of parameters were performed 30 minutes after induction (T0), and then at 15 minute intervals (from T15 to T60). The arterial partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2), alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PAO2) and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient [P(A-a)O2] were higher with the use of high FiO2. The GI80 showed higher levels of PaO2 FiO2 ratio and respiratory index (RI). In conclusion, the FiO2 of 0.21 is not indicated, because it causes hypoxemia. The isoflurane determines better ventilation when compared to sevoflurane, but isoflurane associated with 80% of oxygen promotes intrapulmonary shunt increase.(AU)

Tornou-se importante identificar a melhor fração inspirada de oxigênio em variadas situações, incluindo anestesia pelo sevoflurano ou isoflurano, em coelhos respirando espontaneamente. Para isso, 64 coelhos foram distribuídos em oito grupos: GI100 (FiO 2 = 1,0 + isoflurano), GS100 (FiO 2 = 1,0 + sevoflurano), GI80 (FiO 2 = 0,8 + isoflurano), GS80 (FiO 2 = 0,8 + sevoflurano), GI60 (FiO 2 = 0,6 + isoflurano), GS60 (FiO 2 = 0,6 + sevoflurano), GI21 (FiO 2 = 0,21 + isoflurano) e GS21 (FiO 2 = 0,21 + sevoflurano). A indução foi com 2,5 CAM do anestésico. Ajustou-se o vaporizador para 1,5 CAM, e a FiO 2 foi atribuída a cada grupo. Em seguida, a CAM foi reajustada para 1,0. Iniciaram-se as mensurações 30 minutos após a indução (M0), seguidas em intervalos de 15 minutos (de M15 a M60). As pressões parciais de oxigênio (PaO 2 ), a pressão parcial alveolar de oxigênio (P A O 2 ) e a diferença alvéolo-arterial de oxigênio [P(A-a)O 2 ] foram maiores com o emprego de altas FiO 2 . O GI80 apresentou maiores valores na relação entre PaO 2 e FiO 2 e índice respiratório (IR). Conclui-se que a FiO 2 0,21 não é indicada, pois provoca hipoxemia. No entanto, utilizada com isoflurano, determina melhor ventilação quando comparado ao sevoflurano, porém seu uso, associado a 80% de oxigênio, promove maior formação de shunt intrapulmonar.(AU)

Infusão contínua de duas doses de fentanil associadas à lidocaína e cetamina em fêmeas caninas anestesiadas com sevoflurano e submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva / Continuous infusion of two doses of fentanyl associated with lidocaine and ketamine for female dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane and undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy / Infusión continua de dos dosis de fentanila asociada a lidocaína y ketamina en perras anestesiadas con sevoflurane y sometidas a ovariohisterectomía electiva

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios de duas doses de fentanil associadas à lidocaína e cetamina em fêmeas caninas anestesiadas com sevoflurano e submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva. Foram utilizados 18 animais distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Os animais do grupo A (GA) receberam pela via intravenosa um bolus de fentanil de 0,0018 mg/kg e os do grupo B (GB) 0,0036 mg/kg, ambos associados a lidocaína 3 mg/kg e cetamina 0,6 mg/kg. Imediatamente após o bolus realizou-se a indução com propofol seguido do início da infusão contínua (IC) de fentanil na dose de 0,0018 mg/kg/h para o GA e 0,0036 mg/kg/h para GB, ambos associados a 3 e 0,6 mg/kg/h de lidocaína e cetamina. A anestesia foi mantida com sevoflurano diluído em oxigênio 100% a 1,5V% por meio de vaporizador calibrado que foi ajustado para a manutenção do plano anestésico cirúrgico. Os animais foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal e permaneceram sob ventilação espontânea. Foram avaliados os valores basais (T0), após indução (T1) e 5 (T5), 20 (T20) e 35 (T35) minutos de IC dos seguintes parâmetros: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina (SatO2), pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (EtCO2) e o sevoflurano expirado (EtSevo). A análise estatística foi realizada através da análise de variância seguida do teste de Scott-knott. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando P< 0,05. A FC reduziu após 20 minutos de IC e a f, PAS, PAD e PAM diminuíram após indução anestésica. Tais diferenças não foram relevantes clinicamente e os valores se mantiveram dentro do limite fisiológico. Pode-se concluir que as duas doses de infusão contínua de fentanil produziram estabilidade cardiovascular e respiratória, além de permitirem a diminuição do requerimento de sevoflurano para a realização da ovariohisterectomia eletiva.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of two doses of fentanyl associated with lidocaine and ketamine in canine females anesthetized with sevoflurane and submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy. 18 animals were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A (GA) animals received a loading dose intravenously of fentanyl 0.0018 mg/kg and those of group B (GB) 0.0036 mg/kg, both associated with lidocaine 3 mg/kg and ketamine 0, 6 mg/kg. Immediately after the loading dose, induction with propofol was realized followed by continuous infusion (CI) of fentanyl at the dose of 0.0018 mg/kg/h for GA and 0.0036 mg/kg/h for GB, both associated to 3 and 0.6 mg/kg/h of lidocaine and ketamine. The anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen at 1.5% by a calibrated vaporizer that was adjusted for the maintenance of the surgical anesthetic plane. The animals were placed in dorsal decubitus position and remained under spontaneous ventilation. Was evaluated the baseline values (T0), after induction (T1) and 5 (T5), 20 (T20) and 35 (T35) minutes of following parameters: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation in hemoglobin (SatO2), partial carbon dioxide (EtCO2) pressure and expired sevoflurane (EtSevo). Statistical analysis was performed through analysis of variance followed by the Scott-knott test. Differences were considered significant when P< 0.05. HR decreased after 20 minutes of CI and f, SBP, DBP and MAP decreased after anesthetic induction. These differences were not clinically relevant and the values remained within the physiological limit. It can be concluded that the two doses of continuous infusion of fentanyl produced cardiovascular and respiratory stability, besides allowing the reduction of the sevoflurane requirement for elective ovariohysterectomy.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos cardiorrespiratorios de dos dosis de fentanil asociadas a la lidocaína y cetamina en perras anestesiadas con sevoflurane y sometidas a la ovariohisterectomía electiva. Se utilizaron 18 animales distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Los animales del grupo A (GA) recibieron por vía intravenosa un bolus de fentanil de 0,0018 mg/kg y los del grupo B (GB) 0,0036 mg/kg, ambos asociados a lidocaína 3 mg/kg y cetamina 0,6 mg/kg. Inmediatamente después del bolus se realizó la inducción con propofol seguido del inicio de la infusión continua (IC) de fentanil a la dosis de 0,0018 mg/kg/h para el GA y 0,0036 mg/kg/h para GB, ambos asociados a 3 y 0,6 mg/kg/h de lidocaína y cetamina. La anestesia fue mantenida con sevoflurane diluido en oxígeno 100% a 1,5V% a través de vaporizador calibrado que fue ajustado para el mantenimiento del plano anestésico quirúrgico. Los animales fueron colocados en decúbito dorsal y permanecieron bajo ventilación espontánea. Se evaluaron los valores basales (T0), después de la inducción (T1) y 5 (T5), 20 (T20) y 35 (T35) minutos de IC de los siguientes parámetros: frecuencia cardíaca (FC), frecuencia respiratoria (f), presión arterial sistólica (PAS), presión arterial diastólica (PAD) y presión arterial media (PAM), saturación de oxígeno en la hemoglobina (SatO2), presión parcial de dióxido de carbón (EtCO2) y el sevoflurane expirado (EtSevo). El análisis estadístico fue realizado a través del análisis de varianza seguida de la prueba de Scott-knott. Las diferencias se consideraron significativas cuando P< 0,05. La FC redujo después de 20 minutos de IC y la f, PAS, PAD y PAM disminuyeron después de la inducción anestésica. Estas diferencias no fueron relevantes clínicamente y los valores se mantuvieron dentro del límite fisiológico. Se puede concluir que las dos dosis de infusión continua de fentanil produjeron estabilidad cardiovascular y respiratoria, además de permitir la disminución del requerimiento de sevoflurane para la realización de la ovariohisterectomía electiva.(AU)

Infusão contínua de duas doses de fentanil associadas à lidocaína e cetamina em fêmeas caninas anestesiadas com sevoflurano e submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva / Continuous infusion of two doses of fentanyl associated with lidocaine and ketamine for female dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane and undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy / Infusión continua de dos dosis de fentanila asociada a lidocaína y ketamina en perras anestesiadas con sevoflurane y sometidas a ovariohisterectomía electiva

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios de duas doses de fentanil associadas à lidocaína e cetamina em fêmeas caninas anestesiadas com sevoflurano e submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva. Foram utilizados 18 animais distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Os animais do grupo A (GA) receberam pela via intravenosa um bolus de fentanil de 0,0018 mg/kg e os do grupo B (GB) 0,0036 mg/kg, ambos associados a lidocaína 3 mg/kg e cetamina 0,6 mg/kg. Imediatamente após o bolus realizou-se a indução com propofol seguido do início da infusão contínua (IC) de fentanil na dose de 0,0018 mg/kg/h para o GA e 0,0036 mg/kg/h para GB, ambos associados a 3 e 0,6 mg/kg/h de lidocaína e cetamina. A anestesia foi mantida com sevoflurano diluído em oxigênio 100% a 1,5V% por meio de vaporizador calibrado que foi ajustado para a manutenção do plano anestésico cirúrgico. Os animais foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal e permaneceram sob ventilação espontânea. Foram avaliados os valores basais (T0), após indução (T1) e 5 (T5), 20 (T20) e 35 (T35) minutos de IC dos seguintes parâmetros: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina (SatO2), pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (EtCO2) e o sevoflurano expirado (EtSevo). A análise estatística foi realizada através da análise de variância seguida do teste de Scott-knott. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando P< 0,05. A FC reduziu após 20 minutos de IC e a f, PAS, PAD e PAM diminuíram após indução anestésica. Tais diferenças não foram relevantes clinicamente e os valores se mantiveram dentro do limite fisiológico. Pode-se concluir que as duas doses de infusão contínua de fentanil produziram estabilidade cardiovascular e respiratória, além de permitirem a diminuição do requerimento de sevoflurano para a realização da ovariohisterectomia eletiva.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of two doses of fentanyl associated with lidocaine and ketamine in canine females anesthetized with sevoflurane and submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy. 18 animals were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A (GA) animals received a loading dose intravenously of fentanyl 0.0018 mg/kg and those of group B (GB) 0.0036 mg/kg, both associated with lidocaine 3 mg/kg and ketamine 0, 6 mg/kg. Immediately after the loading dose, induction with propofol was realized followed by continuous infusion (CI) of fentanyl at the dose of 0.0018 mg/kg/h for GA and 0.0036 mg/kg/h for GB, both associated to 3 and 0.6 mg/kg/h of lidocaine and ketamine. The anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen at 1.5% by a calibrated vaporizer that was adjusted for the maintenance of the surgical anesthetic plane. The animals were placed in dorsal decubitus position and remained under spontaneous ventilation. Was evaluated the baseline values (T0), after induction (T1) and 5 (T5), 20 (T20) and 35 (T35) minutes of following parameters: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation in hemoglobin (SatO2), partial carbon dioxide (EtCO2) pressure and expired sevoflurane (EtSevo). Statistical analysis was performed through analysis of variance followed by the Scott-knott test. Differences were considered significant when P< 0.05. HR decreased after 20 minutes of CI and f, SBP, DBP and MAP decreased after anesthetic induction. These differences were not clinically relevant and the values remained within the physiological limit. It can be concluded that the two doses of continuous infusion of fentanyl produced cardiovascular and respiratory stability, besides allowing the reduction of the sevoflurane requirement for elective ovariohysterectomy.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos cardiorrespiratorios de dos dosis de fentanil asociadas a la lidocaína y cetamina en perras anestesiadas con sevoflurane y sometidas a la ovariohisterectomía electiva. Se utilizaron 18 animales distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Los animales del grupo A (GA) recibieron por vía intravenosa un bolus de fentanil de 0,0018 mg/kg y los del grupo B (GB) 0,0036 mg/kg, ambos asociados a lidocaína 3 mg/kg y cetamina 0,6 mg/kg. Inmediatamente después del bolus se realizó la inducción con propofol seguido del inicio de la infusión continua (IC) de fentanil a la dosis de 0,0018 mg/kg/h para el GA y 0,0036 mg/kg/h para GB, ambos asociados a 3 y 0,6 mg/kg/h de lidocaína y cetamina. La anestesia fue mantenida con sevoflurane diluido en oxígeno 100% a 1,5V% a través de vaporizador calibrado que fue ajustado para el mantenimiento del plano anestésico quirúrgico. Los animales fueron colocados en decúbito dorsal y permanecieron bajo ventilación espontánea. Se evaluaron los valores basales (T0), después de la inducción (T1) y 5 (T5), 20 (T20) y 35 (T35) minutos de IC de los siguientes parámetros: frecuencia cardíaca (FC), frecuencia respiratoria (f), presión arterial sistólica (PAS), presión arterial diastólica (PAD) y presión arterial media (PAM), saturación de oxígeno en la hemoglobina (SatO2), presión parcial de dióxido de carbón (EtCO2) y el sevoflurane expirado (EtSevo). El análisis estadístico fue realizado a través del análisis de varianza seguida de la prueba de Scott-knott. Las diferencias se consideraron significativas cuando P< 0,05. La FC redujo después de 20 minutos de IC y la f, PAS, PAD y PAM disminuyeron después de la inducción anestésica. Estas diferencias no fueron relevantes clínicamente y los valores se mantuvieron dentro del límite fisiológico. Se puede concluir que las dos dosis de infusión continua de fentanil produjeron estabilidad cardiovascular y respiratoria, además de permitir la disminución del requerimiento de sevoflurane para la realización de la ovariohisterectomía electiva.

Vitality evaluation methods for newborn puppies after cesarean section performed under general inhalation anestesia

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to demonstrate and to correlate possible methods for neonatal assessment in dogs born by elective cesarean surgery using inhalation anesthesia, enhancing its advantages and disadvantages as well as proposing lactate measurement as an adjunctive method of evaluation. After elective cesarean surgery of four bitches subjected to morphine premedication followed by propofol induction and sevoflurane anesthesia, 30 neonates were evaluated through blood sampling from the umbilical cord for lactate measurement and blood gas analyses, as well as neurological and cardiorespiratory assessment at birth and at 10 minutes of age. The neonates presented respiratory acidosis and acidemia at birth related to blood lactate values (4.98±1.39mmol/L). Neurological and cardiorespiratory depressions were present at birth with recovery at 10 minutes and no complications were observed during the first 30 days of life. The methods for neonatal assessment used in this study are safe when appropriately interpreted and the effects of general anesthesia on neonates were transient. Blood lactate obtained from the umbilical cord can be an option for the evaluation of these patients.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se demonstrar e correlacionar os possíveis métodos de avaliação neonatal de filhotes de cães nascidos de cesarianas eletivas com a utilização de anestesia inalatória, apontando suas vantagens e desvantagens e propor a dosagem de lactato sanguíneo como prática auxiliar. Após a cesariana eletiva em quatro cadelas submetidas ao protocolo anestésico composto de morfina, propofol e sevofluorano, foram avaliados 30 neonatos com exames de sangue do cordão umbilical para dosagem de lactato e gases sanguíneos, avaliação neurológica e cardiorrespiratória realizadas no nascimento e aos 10 minutos de vida. Os animais apresentaram acidose respiratória com acidemia ao nascimento, associados a altos valores de lactato sanguíneo (4,89±1,39mmol/L). Ocorreu depressão neurológica e cardiorrespiratória no nascimento, com recuperação após 10 minutos, sem complicações nos primeiros 30 dias. Pode-se concluir que os métodos de avaliação neonatal utilizados são seguros quando interpretados adequadamente e os efeitos da anestesia nos neonatos foram transitórios. O lactato do sangue umbilical pode ser opção na avaliação desses pacientes.

Vitality evaluation methods for newborn puppies after cesarean section performed under general inhalation anestesia / Métodos de avaliação da vitalidade neonatal de cães após cesariana sob anestesia geral inalatória

This study aimed to demonstrate and to correlate possible methods for neonatal assessment in dogs born by elective cesarean surgery using inhalation anesthesia, enhancing its advantages and disadvantages as well as proposing lactate measurement as an adjunctive method of evaluation. After elective cesarean surgery of four bitches subjected to morphine premedication followed by propofol induction and sevoflurane anesthesia, 30 neonates were evaluated through blood sampling from the umbilical cord for lactate measurement and blood gas analyses, as well as neurological and cardiorespiratory assessment at birth and at 10 minutes of age. The neonates presented respiratory acidosis and acidemia at birth related to blood lactate values (4.98±1.39mmol/L). Neurological and cardiorespiratory depressions were present at birth with recovery at 10 minutes and no complications were observed during the first 30 days of life. The methods for neonatal assessment used in this study are safe when appropriately interpreted and the effects of general anesthesia on neonates were transient. Blood lactate obtained from the umbilical cord can be an option for the evaluation of these patients.(AU)

Objetivou-se demonstrar e correlacionar os possíveis métodos de avaliação neonatal de filhotes de cães nascidos de cesarianas eletivas com a utilização de anestesia inalatória, apontando suas vantagens e desvantagens e propor a dosagem de lactato sanguíneo como prática auxiliar. Após a cesariana eletiva em quatro cadelas submetidas ao protocolo anestésico composto de morfina, propofol e sevofluorano, foram avaliados 30 neonatos com exames de sangue do cordão umbilical para dosagem de lactato e gases sanguíneos, avaliação neurológica e cardiorrespiratória realizadas no nascimento e aos 10 minutos de vida. Os animais apresentaram acidose respiratória com acidemia ao nascimento, associados a altos valores de lactato sanguíneo (4,89±1,39mmol/L). Ocorreu depressão neurológica e cardiorrespiratória no nascimento, com recuperação após 10 minutos, sem complicações nos primeiros 30 dias. Pode-se concluir que os métodos de avaliação neonatal utilizados são seguros quando interpretados adequadamente e os efeitos da anestesia nos neonatos foram transitórios. O lactato do sangue umbilical pode ser opção na avaliação desses pacientes.(AU)

Vitality evaluation methods for newborn puppies after cesarean section performed under general inhalation anestesia / Métodos de avaliação da vitalidade neonatal de cães após cesariana sob anestesia geral inalatória

This study aimed to demonstrate and to correlate possible methods for neonatal assessment in dogs born by elective cesarean surgery using inhalation anesthesia, enhancing its advantages and disadvantages as well as proposing lactate measurement as an adjunctive method of evaluation. After elective cesarean surgery of four bitches subjected to morphine premedication followed by propofol induction and sevoflurane anesthesia, 30 neonates were evaluated through blood sampling from the umbilical cord for lactate measurement and blood gas analyses, as well as neurological and cardiorespiratory assessment at birth and at 10 minutes of age. The neonates presented respiratory acidosis and acidemia at birth related to blood lactate values (4.98±1.39mmol/L). Neurological and cardiorespiratory depressions were present at birth with recovery at 10 minutes and no complications were observed during the first 30 days of life. The methods for neonatal assessment used in this study are safe when appropriately interpreted and the effects of general anesthesia on neonates were transient. Blood lactate obtained from the umbilical cord can be an option for the evaluation of these patients.(AU)

Objetivou-se demonstrar e correlacionar os possíveis métodos de avaliação neonatal de filhotes de cães nascidos de cesarianas eletivas com a utilização de anestesia inalatória, apontando suas vantagens e desvantagens e propor a dosagem de lactato sanguíneo como prática auxiliar. Após a cesariana eletiva em quatro cadelas submetidas ao protocolo anestésico composto de morfina, propofol e sevofluorano, foram avaliados 30 neonatos com exames de sangue do cordão umbilical para dosagem de lactato e gases sanguíneos, avaliação neurológica e cardiorrespiratória realizadas no nascimento e aos 10 minutos de vida. Os animais apresentaram acidose respiratória com acidemia ao nascimento, associados a altos valores de lactato sanguíneo (4,89±1,39mmol/L). Ocorreu depressão neurológica e cardiorrespiratória no nascimento, com recuperação após 10 minutos, sem complicações nos primeiros 30 dias. Pode-se concluir que os métodos de avaliação neonatal utilizados são seguros quando interpretados adequadamente e os efeitos da anestesia nos neonatos foram transitórios. O lactato do sangue umbilical pode ser opção na avaliação desses pacientes.(AU)

DETERMINAÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO ALVEOLAR MÍNIMA (CAM) DE ISOFLURANO E SEVOFLURANO EM SAGUIS-DE-TUFO PRETO (Callithrix penicillata)

DIETZE, W. Determinação da concentração alveolar mínima (CAM) de isoflurano e sevoflurano em Saguis-de-tufo preto (callithrix penicillata). 2021, 64p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal) Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Lages, 2021. A CAM é uma medida de potência anestésica quantitativa, necessária para abolir movimentos em 50% dos pacientes, em resposta a um estímulo supramáximo. Devido a suas características e a facilidade de mensurar o agente anestésico expirado, a CAM é o índice padrão de avaliação e comparação dos anestésicos voláteis, além de orientar a administração de dose. Os saguis-de tufo preto (Callithrix penicillata) são primatas presentes na rotina clínica e cirúrgica de hospitais veterinários, além de serem utilizados como modelos em experimentos, principalmente na neurociência. Mesmo apresentando tanta importância, poucos trabalhos avaliaram a potência dos principais anestésicos voláteis nesta espécie. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar neste estudo prospectivo e experimental, utilizando o método up-and-down, a concentração alveolar mínima de sevoflurano e isoflurano, nestes primatas, através estímulo elétrico. Foram utilizadas 7 famílias de saguis-de-tufo preto, que totalizaram 24 animais, 11 fêmeas e 13 machos, com idade indeterminada, sendo a higidez comprovada por meio de exames hematológicos e avaliação física. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma aleatória, chamados de grupo ISOCAM e grupo SEVOCAM, e individualmente induzidos em caixa anestésica com oxigênio (5 L/min) juntamente com 7 V% de sevoflurano no SEVOCAM ou 5 V% de isoflurano no grupo ISOCAM. Quando os animais atingiam o decúbito, foram intubados com tubo endotraqueal e mantidos com oxigênio (0,8 L/min) e o halogenado eleito para o grupo, em circuito aberto sem reinalação de gases. Definido em estudo piloto, o primeiro animal do ISOCAM iniciou a manutenção com 2,6 V% de isoflurano e SEVOCAM com a concentração de 4 V% de sevoflurano. Realizado a instrumentação para avaliar FC, FR, PAS, SpO2, EtCO2, TR e EtISO ou EtSEV, aguardou-se 15 minutos para equilíbrio anestésico, e posteriormente foi realizado estímulo elétrico (50 mA e 50 hertz) em face lateral da coxa, no modo farádico (3 estímulos simples consecutivos, seguidos de 2 estímulos contínuos). Realizado o estímulo, foi observada a resposta, quando positiva (movimentos de membros, cabeça ou vocalização) e negativa (não apresentou movimentos) a concentração anestésica foi aumentada ou reduzida em 10%, respectivamente, no próximo sagui. A indução dos animais bem como a recuperação anestésica foi avaliada utilizando escala apropriada. Variáveis fisiológicas foram aferidas antes (M0) e depois (M1) do estímulo nociceptivo. A CAM foi calculada utilizando a técnica de up-and-down e cálculo de média dos cruzamentos. Os valores das variáveis fisiológicas foram pareados e submetidos ao teste t. Para a comparação entre grupos utilizou-se do teste Anova com pós teste de Bonferroni. O teste de Qui-quadrado serviu para analisar a categóricas (escala de indução e retorno anestésico). A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para determinar associações entre as concentrações dos halogenados e os parâmetros de M0 e M1. As CAMs de isoflurano e sevoflurano em Callithrix penicillata foram de 2,29 V% e de 3,93 V% respectivamente. Os parâmetros fisiológicos foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Na avaliação de indução e recuperação, ambos apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Porém o isoflurano causou irritação das vias aéreas e mucosas oculares, provocando mais tosse e lacrimejamento.

DIETZE, W. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and sevoflurane in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). 2021, 64p. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science) - University of the State of Santa Catarina. Graduate Program in Animal Science, Lages, 2021. MAC is a measurement of quantitative anesthetic potential necessary to abolish movements in 50% of patients in response to a supramaximal stimulus. Due to its characteristics and the ease of measuring the expired anesthetic agent, MAC is the standard index for evaluating and comparing volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical routine of veterinary hospitals and used as models in few experiments to evaluate the potency of the primary volatile anesthetics in this species. The objective of this prospective and experimental study was to assess, using the up-and-down method, the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane and isoflurane, in these primates, through electrical stimulation. Seven families of black-tufted marmosets were elected, totaling 24 animals, 11 females and 13 males of undetermined age. Hematological exams and physical evaluation confirmed their health. The animals were randomly divided into two groups, called the MACISO group and the MACSEVO group, and individually induced in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and 7 V% sevoflurane in MACSEVO or 5 V% isoflurane in the MACISO group. When the animals reached the decubitus position, they were intubated with an endotracheal tube, maintained with oxygen (0.8 L/min), and the halogenate chosen for the group in an open circuit without gas rebreathing. Defined in a pilot study, the first MACISO animal started maintenance with 2.6 V% isoflurane and MACSEVO with a concentration of 4 V% sevoflurane. The instrumentation was performed to measure heart rate (HR), Respiratory rate(RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), SpO2, EtCO2, Temperature, and FE'Iso or FE'Sevo, waited 15 minutes for anesthetic balance, and then electrical stimulation (50 mA and 50 hertz) was implemented on the subcutaneous region of the tibia at faradic mode ( three consecutive simple stimuli, followed by two continuous stimuli). After the stimulation, the primate response was observed if positive (movements of limbs, head, or vocalization) and negative (no movements), subsequently in the next marmoset, the anesthetic concentration was increased or reduced by 10%, respectively. Animal induction and anesthetic recovery were evaluated using an appropriate scale; also, physiological variables were measured before (M0) and after (M1) the nociceptive stimulus. The MAC was calculated using the up-and-down technique; calculating the average of the crossings and the values of physiological variables were paired and submitted to the t-test. For the comparison between groups, the ANOVA test with Bonferroni post-test was used, the Chi-square test was used to analyze the categorical (anesthetic induction and return scale). Pearson's correlation was used to determine associations between isoflurane and sevoflurane concentrations and M0 and M1 parameters, and the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in Callithrix penicillata were 2.29 V% and 3.93 V%, respectively. Concerning physiological parameters similar to groups, the evaluation of induction and recovery presented excellent results with no statistical difference; however, isoflurane irritated the airways and ocular mucous membranes, appearing more cough and tear.

BLOQUEIO DOS NERVOS FEMORAL E ISQUIÁTICO COM AUXÍLIO DE NEUROELETROESTIMULAÇÃO EM GALINHAS (GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos bloqueios perineurais dos nervos femoral e isquiático com auxílio de neuroeletroestimulação em galinhas clinicamente saudáveis. Após determinados os pontos de referência anatômicos para o bloqueio de cada nervo, foram utilizadas 10 galinhas jovens, 4 meses de idade, pesando em média 1,22 ± 0,25 kg. Após a indução anestésica com sevoflurano, foram realizados os bloqueios nos nervos femoral e isquiático, sempre nesta ordem, com 10 mg/kg de lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor em cada nervo. As variáveis frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura [FC, f e Tº(C)] foram avaliadas antes da indução anestésica e a cada 10 minutos após o último bloqueio durante 120 minutos (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80, M90, M100, M110, M120), juntamente com as avaliações para bloqueio sensitivo e motor. Os bloqueios perineurais foram avaliados com classificação em escores, por meio de pinçamento nas regiões de fêmur, tibiotarso proximal, tibiotarso distal, tarsometatarso, dígitos (F, TTP, TTD, TM, D) para bloqueio sensorial, e observação de relaxamento muscular (RM) por correção proprioceptiva para bloqueio motor. Foi notada ausência de reação ou de mudança comportamental durante os pinçamentos e dificuldade de reposicionamento da região do joelho aos dígitos. Observando os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os bloqueios perineurais dos nervos femoral e isquiático proporcionaram analgesia e ataxia nas regiões avaliadas do membro pélvico em galinhas.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of perineural blocks of the femoral and sciatic nerves with electrical nerve stimulation aid in clinically healthy chickens. After defined anatomical landmarks for each nerve block, ten young chickens, 4 months old, weighing 1,22 ± 0,25 kg were used. After anesthetic induction with sevoflurane, femoral and sciatic nerve blocks were performed, always in this order, with 10 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine with vasoconstrictor on each nerve. The heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature variables [HR, RR and T(ºC)] were assessed before anesthetic induction and every 10 minutes after the last blockade for 120 minutes (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80, M90, M100, M110, M120) together with evaluations for sensory and motor blocks. Perineural blocks were assessed with score classification, by clamping the regions of the femur, proximal tibiotarsus, distal tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, digits (F, PTT, DTT, TM, D) for sensory block, and observation of muscle relaxation (RM) by repositioning of the limb or withdrawal reflex for motor block. There was an absence of reaction or behavioral change during the clamping and difficulty in repositioning of the knee region all the way to the digits. Observing the results, it can be concluded that the perineural blocks of the femoral and sciatic nerves provided analgesia and ataxia in the evaluated areas of the pelvic limb in chickens.

Eletrocardiografia em onças-pardas (Puma concolor) anestesiadas com sevoflurano ou isoflurano / Electrocardiography in pumas (Puma concolor) anesthetized with sevoflurane or isoflurane

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os achados eletrocardiográficos de 11 onças- pardas (Puma concolor). Os animais foram sedados com 0,15mg/kg de detomidina associado a 5mg/kg de cetamina e mantidos anestesiados com sevoflurano (GSEVO, n=6) ou isoflurano (GISO, n=5). A frequência cardíaca foi de 95 ± 13bpm. As alterações observadas nos animais no GSEVO foram: atrial standtill com condução ventricular, episódios isolados de contração ventricular prematura, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau, diminuição da amplitude do complexo QRS, onda S profunda e aumento da amplitude da onda T. No grupo GISO, observou-se bloqueio de ramo direito do feixe de His, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau e aumento da amplitude da onda T. Arritmias não puderam ser associadas ao uso dos anestésicos inalatórios devido à não sensibilização do miocárdio às catecolaminas. Achados como o BAV de primeiro grau pode ter ocorrido devido ao uso de agonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos. Este estudo aumentou o conhecimento sobre as alterações eletrocardiográficas em onças-pardas anestesiadas, entretanto mais estudos são necessários para correlacionar estes achados ao uso de agentes anestésicos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe electrocardiographic findings in pumas (Puma concolor). The animals were sedated with 0.15mg/kg of detomidine plus 5mg/kg of ketamine and anesthetized with sevoflurane (GSEVO, n=6), or isoflurane (GISO, n=5). The heart rate was 95 ± 13bpm. The changes observed on GSEVO animals were: atrial standstill with ventricular conduction, isolated episodes of ventricular premature contraction, atrioventricular blockage of first degree, reduction of the amplitude of the QRS complexes, deep S wave, and increase of the amplitude of the T wave. In the GISO group a right bundle branch block of the His bundle, atrioventricular blockage of first degree and of the amplitude of the T wave. Arrhythmias couldn´t be related to the use of inhalant anesthesia due to the lack of myocardial awareness to catecholamines. Findings such as atrioventricular block in first degree may have occurred due to the use of alfa-2 adrenergic agonists. This study improved the knowledge about electrocardiographic alterations in anesthetized pumas, however further studies are required to correlate these findings to the use of anesthetic agents.(AU)

Evaluation of cardiopulmonary parameters and recovery from anesthesia in cougars (Puma concolor) anesthetized with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane / Avaliação de parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e recuperação da anestesia em pumas (Puma concolor) anestesiados com detomidina/cetamina e isoflurano ou sevoflurano

The aim of this study was to assess the cardiopulmonary effects, the onset time after the administration of a detomidine/ketamine combination, and the recovery from anesthesia of cougars (Puma concolor) anesthetized with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane for abdominal ultrasound imaging. Fourteen animals were randomly allocated into two experimental groups: GISO (n=7) and GSEVO (n=7). Chemical restraint was performed using 0.15mg/kg detomidine combined with 5mg/kg ketamine intramuscularly; anesthesia induction was achieved using 2mg/kg propofol intravenously and maintenance with isoflurane (GISO) or sevoflurane (GSEVO). The following parameters were assessed: heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, oxyhemoglobin saturation, rectal temperature, central venous pressure, and end-tidal carbon dioxide. The time to sternal recumbency (TSR) and time to standing position (TSP) were also determined. There was not statistically significant difference for the cardiopulmonary variables or TSP whereas TSR was significantly shorter in GSEVO. The time to onset of anesthesia was 11.1±1.2 minutes and 11.3±1.8 minutes for GISO and GSEVO, respectively. The anesthesia of cougars with detomidine/ketamine and isoflurane or sevoflurane was conducted with safety, cardiopulmonary stability, and increased time to sternal recumbency in the GISO group.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e a recuperação anestésica de onças-pardas (Puma concolor) submetidas à anestesia com detomidina/cetamina e isofluorano ou sevofluorano para avaliação ultrassonográfica abdominal. Para isso, foram utilizados 14 animais divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais GISO (n=7) e GSEVO (n=7). Foram submetidos à contenção química com detomidina 0,15mg/kg associada à cetamina 5mg/kg pela via intramuscular, induzidos com propofol 2mg/kg pela via intravenosa e mantidos com isofluorano (GISO) ou sevofluorano. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: frequência cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, média e diastólica saturação de oxihemoglobina, temperatura retal, pressão venosa central e fração expirada de dióxido de carbono. O tempo para adoção de decúbito esternal e posição quadrupedal também foram avaliados. Não houve diferença estatística para as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e no tempo para adoção da posição quadrupedal. O tempo para adoção de decúbito esternal foi significativamente menor no GSEVO em relação ao GISO. Concluiu-se que a anestesia de onças pardas com detomidina/cetamina e isoflurano ou sevoflurano foi realizada de maneira segura, com estabilidade cardiorrespiratória e com aumento no tempo para adoção de decúbito esternal no GISO.(AU)

Eletrocardiografia em onças-pardas (Puma concolor) anestesiadas com sevoflurano ou isoflurano / Electrocardiography in pumas (puma concolor) anesthetized with sevoflurane or isoflurane

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os achados eletrocardiográficos de 11 onças- pardas (Puma concolor). Os animais foram sedados com 0,15mg/kg de detomidina associado a 5mg/kg de cetamina e mantidos anestesiados com sevoflurano (GSEVO, n=6) ou isoflurano (GISO, n=5). A frequência cardíaca foi de 95 ± 13bpm. As alterações observadas nos animais no GSEVO foram: atrial standtill com condução ventricular, episódios isolados de contração ventricular prematura, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau, diminuição da amplitude do complexo QRS, onda S profunda e aumento da amplitude da onda T. No grupo GISO, observou-se bloqueio de ramo direito do feixe de His, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau e aumento da amplitude da onda T. Arritmias não puderam ser associadas ao uso dos anestésicos inalatórios devido à não sensibilização do miocárdio às catecolaminas. Achados como o BAV de primeiro grau pode ter ocorrido devido ao uso de agonistas alfa-2 adrenérgicos. Este estudo aumentou o conhecimento sobre as alterações eletrocardiográficas em onças-pardas anestesiadas, entretanto mais estudos são necessários para correlacionar estes achados ao uso de agentes anestésicos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe electrocardiographic findings in pumas (Puma concolor). The animals were sedated with 0.15mg/kg of detomidine plus 5mg/kg of ketamine and anesthetized with sevoflurane (GSEVO, n=6), or isoflurane (GISO, n=5). The heart rate was 95 ± 13bpm. The changes observed on GSEVO animals were: atrial standstill with ventricular conduction, isolated episodes of ventricular premature contraction, atrioventricular blockage of first degree, reduction of the amplitude of the QRS complexes, deep S wave, and increase of the amplitude of the T wave. In the GISO group a right bundle branch block of the His bundle, atrioventricular blockage of first degree and of the amplitude of the T wave. Arrhythmias couldn´t be related to the use of inhalant anesthesia due to the lack of myocardial awareness to catecholamines. Findings such as atrioventricular block in first degree may have occurred due to the use of alfa-2 adrenergic agonists. This study improved the knowledge about electrocardiographic alterations in anesthetized pumas, however further studies are required to correlate these findings to the use of anesthetic agents.(AU)