Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a puppy Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844) / Hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional em filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844)

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH) is a metabolic disorder that mainly affects young animals. This disease causes imbalance between the levels of calcium and phosphorus, culminating in bone changes. Wild animals raised in captivity can develop the disease when they are given an inadequate diet. The aim of this study is to report the clinical findings, the complementary exams and the therapeutics utilized in a Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat) cub originated from captivity with NSH. The animal went through complementary imaging exams and biochemical evaluation that respectively revealed generalized osteopenia and pathological fracture of the right femur, reduction of serum calcium level and elevation of serum phosphorus level. The diagnosis of NSH was established by associating the history, clinical signs, and findings of ancillary exams. The treatment was based on diet correction, mineral and vitaminic supplementation and sun exposure. The NSH diagnosis was stablished by associating history, clinical signs, imaging exams findings and serum biochemicals. The early identification of this disease is of paramount importance, because in this way corrections can be made in food management, in order to provide successful clinical recovery and promote quality of life for wild captive animals.(AU)

O hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (HSN) é uma desordem metabólica que acomete principalmente animais jovens. Essa doença cursa com desequilíbrio entre os níveis de cálcio e fósforo, culminando com alterações ósseas. Animais silvestres quando criados em cativeiro podem desenvolver a doença quando recebem uma dieta inadequada. O obje-tivo deste estudo é relatar os achados clínicos, os exames complementares e a terapêutica utilizada em um filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (gato-do-mato-grande)proveniente de cativeiro com HSN. O animal passou por exames complementares de imagem e avaliação bioquímica que revelaram respectivamente osteopenia generalizada e fratura patológica de fêmur direito, redução dos níveis séricos de cálcio e elevação do fósforo. O diagnóstico de HSN foi estabelecido associando o histórico, sinais clínicos e achados dos exames complementares. O tratamento foi baseado na correção da dieta, suplementação mineral e vitamínica e exposição solar. A identificação precoce dessa doença é de suma importância, pois dessa forma podem ser feitas correções no manejo alimentar, afim de proporcionar a recuperação clínica com êxito e promover qualidade de vida para os animais selva-gens de cativeiro.(AU)

In vitro antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesised using the seed extracts of three varieties of Phoenix dactylifera

Abstract Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is an ecofriendly, cost-effective and promising approach for discovery of novel therapeutics. The aim of the current work was to biogenic synthesize, characterize AgNPs using seed extracts of three economically important varieties of date palm (Iklas, Irziz and Shishi), and assess their anti-pathogenic bacterial activities. AgNPs were synthesised then characterised using electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The bactericidal activities of AgNPs against five different bacterial pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, were determined in vitro. In particular, changes in membrane integrity of virulent bacterial strains in response to AgNPs were investigated. Results of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activity assays, and measurement of membrane potential revealed that the cytotoxic effects of the AgNPs were mainly centred on the plasma membrane of bacterial cells, leading to loss of its integrity and eventually cell death. In conclusion, green synthesis of AgNPs is an efficient, cost-effective and promising strategy to combat virulent antibiotic-resistant strains.

Resumo A síntese verde de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) é uma abordagem ecologicamente correta, econômica e promissora para a descoberta de novas terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi sintetizar biogênica, caracterizar AgNPs usando extratos de sementes de três variedades economicamente importantes de tamareira (Iklas, Irziz e Shishi) e avaliar suas atividades bacterianas antipatogênicas. AgNPs foram sintetizados e caracterizados usando microscopia eletrônica e análise de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier. As atividades bactericidas de AgNPs contra cinco diferentes patógenos bacterianos, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina e Streptococcus pneumoniae, foram determinadas in vitro. Em particular, foram investigadas alterações na integridade da membrana de cepas bacterianas virulentas em resposta a AgNPs. Os resultados da lactato desidrogenase, dos ensaios da atividade da fosfatase alcalina e da medição do potencial de membrana revelaram que os efeitos citotóxicos dos AgNPs estavam principalmente centrados na membrana plasmática das células bacterianas, levando à perda de sua integridade e, eventualmente, à morte celular. A síntese verde de AgNPs é uma estratégia eficiente, econômica e promissora para combater cepas virulentas resistentes a antibióticos.

Delivery of active minocycline hydrochloride by local sustained-release system of complex and thermoresponsive hydrogel for dogs / Entrega de hidrocloreto de minociclina ativo pelo sistema local de libertação sustentável de hidrogênio complexo e termorresponsivo para cães

The objective of this study was to develop a novel subgingival sustained-release system for local delivery of bioactive minocycline hydrochloride for periodontal disease treatment in dogs. The system incorporated the Minocycline hydrochloride-Calcium-Dextran sulfate sodium into a thermoresponsive Pluronic F127 hydrogel. Minocycline hydrochloride was sustained release from the system for up to 10 days and the release kinetics fit the power law model. The release medium had a significant statistical difference in antimicrobial activity to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The results showed the system was a promising subgingival sustained-release minocycline hydrochloride delivery system for periodontal disease treatment in dogs.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um novo sistema subgengival de liberação sustentada para administração local de cloridrato bioativo de minociclina para tratamento da doença periodontal em cães. O sistema incorporou o cloridrato de minociclina-cálcio-dextrano sulfato de sódio em um hidrogel Pluronic F127 termorresponsivo. O cloridrato de minociclina foi liberado do sistema por até 10 dias e a cinética de liberação se ajustou ao modelo da lei de potência. O meio de liberação apresentou uma diferença estatística significativa na atividade antimicrobiana para Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Os resultados mostraram que o sistema foi um promissor sistema subgengival de liberação sustentada de cloridrato de minociclina para o tratamento da doença periodontal em cães.

Inhibición in vitro de Salmonella spp. aislado de terneros del sertão de Alagoas con extractos etanólicos de plantas del mata atlântica / In vitro inhibition of salmonella spp. isolated from calves of the sertão of Alagoas with ethanolic extracts of plants from the mata atlantica / Inibição in vitro de salmonella spp. isolada de bezerros do sertão Alagoano com extratos etanólicos de plantas da mata atlântica

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la inhibición in vitro de Salmonella spp. a diferentes tipos de extractos de plantas con indicaciones medicinales en diferentes diluciones de etanol. Para ello, se obtuvieron 12 partes de plantas, incluyendo hojas y tallos, que forman parte de la terapéutica popular para las toxinfecciones gastrointestinales en la mesoregión de Alagoas, Brasil, y que están presentes en el Mata Atlântica. Estas plantas fueron sometidas a procedimientos de secado, trituración, maceración y prensado, permitiendo diferentes concentraciones de extracto. Las muestras de Salmonella spp. analizadas procedían de terneros de explotaciones de la región que presentaban diarrea y fueron detectadas mediante pruebas bioquímicas y moleculares. Para verificar la sensibilidad, se realizó la prueba de difusión en disco con tres cepas de Salmonella spp. y se sustituyeron los discos con antibióticos por discos de extractos etanólicos a concentraciones de 10, 100, 500 y 1000mg/L. Como resultado, la hoja de Varronia multispicata, conocida popularmente como Cavarucaá, mostró resultados positivos en la inhibición de los tres aislados de Salmonella spp. a concentraciones de 500 y 1000mg/L. Los otros extractos no revelaron resultados de sensibilidad in vitro con la bacteria, en ninguna de las concentraciones. Es necesario desarrollar más estudios con Varronia multispicata, con difere

The objective of the study was to verify the in vitro inhibition of Salmonella spp. to different types of plant extracts with medicinal indications in different ethanol dilutions. For this, 12 plant parts were obtained, among leaves and stems, which are part of the popular therapeutics of gastrointestinal toxinfections in the mesoregion of Alagoas, Brazil, and that are present in the Mata Atlântica. These plants were submitted to drying, trituration, maceration and pressing procedures, allowing different extract concentrations. The Salmonella spp. samples tested came from calves from rural properties in the region that presented with diarrhea and were duly detected by biochemical and molecular tests. To verify sensitivity, the Disc Diffusion Plates test was performed with three strains of Salmonella spp., and the discs with antibiotics were replaced by discs of ethanolic extracts at concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000mg/L. As a result, the leaf of Varronia multispicata, popularly known as Cavarucaá, showed positive results in inhibiting the three isolates of Salmonella spp. at concentrations of 500 and 1000mg/L. The other extracts did not show in vitro sensitivity results with the bacteria in any of the concentrations. Further studies with Varronia multispicata need to be developed, with different methods of obtaining phytoconstituents and with other strains of Salmonella s

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a inibição in vitro de Salmonella spp. a diferentes tipos de extratos de plantas com indicações medicinais em diferentes diluições de etanol. Para isso, foram obtidas 12 partes de plantas, entre folhas e caules, que fazem parte da terapêutica popular de toxinfecções gastrintestinais da mesorregião de Alagoas, Brasil, e que estão presentes na Mata Atlântica. Essas plantas foram submetidas à procedimentos de secagem, trituração, maceração e prensagem, permitindo diferentes concentrações de extrato. As amostras de Salmonella spp. testadas são oriundas de bezerros de propriedades rurais da região que apresentavam quadros de diarreia e que foram devidamente detectadas por testes bioquímicos e moleculares. Para verificar a sensibilidade, foi realizado o teste de Disco Difusão em Placas com três estirpes de Salmonella spp., sendo substituídos os discos com antibióticos por discos de extratos etanólicos nas concentrações de 10, 100, 500 e 1000mg/L. Como resultado, a folha de Varronia multispicata, popularmente conhecida como Cavarucaá, apresentou resultado positivo na inibição dos três isolados de Salmonella spp. nas concentrações de 500 e 1000mg/L. Os demais extratos não revelaram resultados de sensibilidade in vitro com a bactéria, em nenhuma das concentrações. Mais estudos com Varronia multispicata precisam ser desenvolvidos, com diferentes métodos

Histone deacetylase inhibitor givinostat has ameliorative effect in the colitis model

Purpose: To investigate the effect of givinostat treatment in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis model in rats. Methods: Thirty male Wistar albino rats were used. Rats were randomly divided into three equal groups, and colitis was induced on 20 rats by rectal administration of %4 solutions of acetic acid. Twenty rats with colitis were randomly divided into two groups. %0.9 NaCl (saline) solution was administered intraperitoneally to the first group of rats (saline group, n=10) at the dose of 1 mL/kg/day. Givinostat was administered intraperitoneally to the second group rats (Givinostat group, n=10) at the dose of 5 mg/kg/day. Samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Colon was removed for histopathological and biochemical examinations. Results: Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), pentraxin-3 (PTX-3), and malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased in the givinostat group compared to the saline group (p<0.05, p<0.001, and p<0.001 respectively; p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). Colon TNF-α and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF-2) levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05, and p<0.001, respectively). The givinostat group had a significantly lower histologic score than saline group (p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Givinostat, a good protector and regenerator of tissue and an anti-inflammatory agent, may be involved in the treatment of colitis in the future.

Clinical and arthroscopic presentation of horses with osteochondral fragmentation at metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints: a 10-year study (2010-2019) / Caracterização clínica e artroscópica de equinos com fragmentação osteocondral em articulações metacarpofalangeana e metatarsofalangeana: estudo de 10 anos (2010-2019)

This study aimed to characterize the clinical and arthroscopic presentations of horses with osteochondral fragmentation at the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of São Paulo in a 10-year period (2010-2019). The hind limbs were affected similarly to the plantar and dorsal fragments from the first phalanx, while the thoracic limbs had a more frequent occurrence on the dorsal aspect of the joint. The Brazilian Sport Horses were the most frequently observed breed. The degree of lameness was variable and might be related to fragment localization, animal age, and physical activity. There was a significant statistical difference between the joint effusion and degree of lameness; therefore, it can be considered that the joint effusion is related to degenerative joint processes and might be triggered by the presence of the osteochondral fragment. Surgical correction, especially when performed in young animals using an arthroscopic procedure is probably the best treatment option for most cases, possibly acting as a minimizer of the occurrence of secondary joint degeneration. Prospective studies of specific breeds with a larger number of animals can expand this clinical characterization and enable a better understanding of the animal's recovery after surgical or conservative management.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a apresentação clínica e artroscópica de equinos com fragmentação osteocondral em articulação metacarpo/metatarsofalangeana atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 10 anos (2010-2019). Os membros pélvicos são mais acometidos com fragmentos plantaromediais da primeira falange, enquanto os membros torácicos apresentam uma caracterização de ocorrência de fragmentação dorsal da primeira falange, sendo o Brasileiro de Hipismo a raça de maior ocorrência nesta casuística. O grau de claudicação foi variável e pode relacionar-se com a localização do fragmento, a idade e o nível de atividade atlética desenvolvida. Houve relação estatística significativa entre a presença de efusão articular e o grau de claudicação, por isso suscita-se sobre a efusão relacionar-se com processos degenerativos articulares que podem ser desencadeados pela presença do fragmento osteocondral. A correção cirúrgica por meio de procedimento artroscópico provavelmente consiste na melhor opção de tratamento para a maioria dos casos, principalmente quando realizada em animais jovens, possivelmente atuando como minimizador da ocorrência de degeneração articular secundária. Estudos prospectivos de raças específicas e com um número maior de animais podem ampliar essa caracterização clínica e possibilitar um entendimento sobre a evolução após a opção ou não pelo tratamento cirúrgico.

Treatment of colitis by oral negatively charged nanostructured curcumin in rats

Purpose: To examine the effects of a negatively charged nanostructured curcumin microemulsion in experimental ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. Methods: Four percent acetic acid was used to induce UC. The animals were treated for seven days and randomly assigned to four groups: normal control (NC), colitis/normal saline (COL/NS), colitis/curcumin (COL/CUR), and colitis/mesalazine (COL/MES). The nanostructured curcumin was formulated with a negative zeta potential (-16.70 ± 1.66 mV). Dosage of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1-ß (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase), macro and microscopic evaluation of the colon tissue were analyzed. Results: The COL/CUR group had a higher level of antioxidant enzymes compared to the COL/MESgroup. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 were significantly lower in the colonic tissue of the COL/CUR group rats, when compared to the COL/NS and COL/MES groups (p < 0.001). The presence of ulcers in the colonic mucosa in rats of the COL/NSgroup was significantly higher than in the COL/MES group (p < 0.001). In the NC and COL/CUR groups, there were no ulcers in the colonic mucosa. Conclusions: The nanostructured microemulsion of curcumin, used orally, positively influenced the results of the treatment of UC in rats. The data also suggests that nanostructured curcumin with negative zeta potential is a promising phytopharmaceutical oral delivery system for UC therapy. Further research needs to be done to better understand the mechanisms of the negatively charged nanostructured curcumin microemulsion in UC therapy.

Overview of protein posttranslational modifications in Arthropoda venoms

Accidents with venomous animals are a public health issue worldwide. Among the species involved in these accidents are scorpions, spiders, bees, wasps, and other members of the phylum Arthropoda. The knowledge of the function of proteins present in these venoms is important to guide diagnosis, therapeutics, besides being a source of a large variety of biotechnological active molecules. Although our understanding about the characteristics and function of arthropod venoms has been evolving in the last decades, a major aspect crucial for the function of these proteins remains poorly studied, the posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Comprehension of such modifications can contribute to better understanding the basis of envenomation, leading to improvements in the specificities of potential therapeutic toxins. Therefore, in this review, we bring to light protein/toxin PTMs in arthropod venoms by accessing the information present in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database, including experimental and putative inferences. Then, we concentrate our discussion on the current knowledge on protein phosphorylation and glycosylation, highlighting the potential functionality of these modifications in arthropod venom. We also briefly describe general approaches to study "PTM-functional-venomics", herein referred to the integration of PTM-venomics with a functional investigation of PTM impact on venom biology. Furthermore, we discuss the bottlenecks in toxinology studies covering PTM investigation. In conclusion, through the mining of PTMs in arthropod venoms, we observed a large gap in this field that limits our understanding on the biology of these venoms, affecting the diagnosis and therapeutics development. Hence, we encourage community efforts to draw attention to a better understanding of PTM in arthropod venom toxins.(AU)

The ethanol extract of Periplaneta Americana L. improves ulcerative colitis induced by a combination of chronic stress and TNBS in rats

Purpose: To investigate the effects of Periplaneta americana L. on ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by a combination of chronic stress (CS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid enema (TNBS) in rats. Methods: The experiment UC model with CS was established in rats by a combination of chronic restraint stress, excess failure, improper, and TNBS. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colonic mucosal injury index (CMDI), histopathological score (HS) and pro-inflammatory mediators were measured. The content of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in hypothalamus or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroids (CORT) in plasma were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proportion of T lymphocyte subsets was detected by flow cytometry, and gut microbiota was detected by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Results: Weight loss, DAI, CMDI, HS and proinflammatory mediators were reversed in rats by P. americana L. treatment after UC with CS. Increased epidermal growth factor (EGF) was observed in P. americana L. groups. In addition, P. americana L. could reduce the content of CRH and ACTH and regulate the ratio of CD3+, CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+CD25+/CD4+ in spleen. Comparably, P. americana L. changes composition of gut microbiota. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of Periplaneta Americana L. improves UC induced by a combination of CS and TNBS in rats.

In vitro antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesised using the seed extracts of three varieties of Phoenix dactylifera / Atividades antibacterianas in vitro de nanopartículas de prata sintetizadas usando extratos de sementes de três variedades de Phoenix dactylifera

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is an ecofriendly, cost-effective and promising approach for discovery of novel therapeutics. The aim of the current work was to biogenic synthesize, characterize AgNPs using seed extracts of three economically important varieties of date palm (Iklas, Irziz and Shishi), and assess their anti-pathogenic bacterial activities. AgNPs were synthesised then characterised using electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The bactericidal activities of AgNPs against five different bacterial pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, were determined in vitro. In particular, changes in membrane integrity of virulent bacterial strains in response to AgNPs were investigated. Results of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activity assays, and measurement of membrane potential revealed that the cytotoxic effects of the AgNPs were mainly centred on the plasma membrane of bacterial cells, leading to loss of its integrity and eventually cell death. In conclusion, green synthesis of AgNPs is an efficient, cost-effective and promising strategy to combat virulent antibiotic-resistant strains.

A síntese verde de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) é uma abordagem ecologicamente correta, econômica e promissora para a descoberta de novas terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi sintetizar biogênica, caracterizar AgNPs usando extratos de sementes de três variedades economicamente importantes de tamareira (Iklas, Irziz e Shishi) e avaliar suas atividades bacterianas antipatogênicas. AgNPs foram sintetizados e caracterizados usando microscopia eletrônica e análise de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier. As atividades bactericidas de AgNPs contra cinco diferentes patógenos bacterianos, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina e Streptococcus pneumoniae, foram determinadas in vitro. Em particular, foram investigadas alterações na integridade da membrana de cepas bacterianas virulentas em resposta a AgNPs. Os resultados da lactato desidrogenase, dos ensaios da atividade da fosfatase alcalina e da medição do potencial de membrana revelaram que os efeitos citotóxicos dos AgNPs estavam principalmente centrados na membrana plasmática das células bacterianas, levando à perda de sua integridade e, eventualmente, à morte celular. A síntese verde de AgNPs é uma estratégia eficiente, econômica e promissora para combater cepas virulentas resistentes a antibióticos.

Bothrops envenomation in dogs: local and systemic manifestations

Background: Snakebite envenoming is a condition that affects humans and domestic animals worldwide. Identification of the snake species involved in the envenomation is infrequent. Bothrops envenomation presents typical clinicopathological features. This report describes epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of 2 cases of Bothrops envenomation in dogs, including the first case of Bothrops moojeni snake striking a domestic animal in Brazil. Cases: Case 1. A dog was witnessed to have a Bothrops moojeni snakebite on a farm. In the first 24 h, acute lameness, pain, diffuse swelling, focal bleeding at the left forelimb, and increased whole-blood clotting time were observed in the envenomed dog. Polyvalent antivenom was administered in addition to fluid therapy, analgesics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. On the 5th day, the animal presented spontaneous bleeding at the wound site, thrombocytopenia, and increased whole-blood clotting time. An additional dose of polyvalent antivenom was administered, and local treatment at the snakebite site was initiated. After 13 days, the dog showed no clinical or laboratory changes and recovered entirely. Case 2. A mongrel dog was taken for a necropsy to determine the cause of death. Grossly, major findings included swelling in the nasal plane that extended to the neck and dissecting hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue and adjacent musculature. Hemorrhages were observed in the heart, parietal pleura, left forelimb, lumbar region, and perirenal tissue. Marked necrosis and disruption of small blood vessels and lymphatics within the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue were the main microscopic findings close to the snakebite site. Additionally, degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers and dissecting hemorrhage were observed in the head and neck tissues surrounding the snakebite site. Kidneys showed marked interstitial hemorrhage and acute tubular nephrosis. Discussion: Bothrops envenoming is characterized by local (hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis) and systemic (coagulative disorders, systemic hemorrhage, and acute kidney injury) changes due to the effect of the main venom components such as phospholipase A2 and metalloproteinases. These changes are hallmarks for the bothropic envenomation, supporting the diagnosis in cases 1 and 2. In case 1, the dog developed a Bothrops moojeni snakebite envenomation, but the immediate treatment with antivenom allowed a favorable outcome. In case 2, gross and microscopic findings supported the presumptive diagnosis of fatal bothropic envenomation. A marked local reaction such as swelling, pain, bleeding, bruising, and tissue necrosis was observed in case 1. In case 2, the most significant local changes were swelling and edema at the head and neck, hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue, and adjacent musculature. Systemic effects were observed clinically as spontaneous bleeding, thrombocytopenia, increased whole-blood clotting time (Case 1), systemic hemorrhages, and acute tubular nephrosis (Case 2). A proper treatment probably prevented the development of acute renal failure in Case 1. Herein, we show the first case of accidental snakebite envenomation by B. moojeni in a dog in Brazil. Information is scarce on the identification of venomous snake species striking domestic animals. Fast detection of well-determined clinical and pathological findings of Bothrops envenomation is essential for a correct diagnosis, therapeutics, and a good prognosis, even in cases with an unknown history.

Inibição in vitro de Salmonella spp. Isolada de bezerros do sertão alagoano com extratos etanólicos de plantas da mata atlântica / In vitro inhibition of Salmonella spp. Isolated from calves of the sertão of Alagoas with ethanolic extracts of plants from the mata atlantica / Inhibición in vitro de Salmonella spp. Aislado de terneros del sertão de Alagoas con extractos etanólicos de plantas del mata atlântica

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a inibição in vitro de Salmonella spp. a diferentes tipos de extratos de plantas com indicações medicinais em diferentes diluições de etanol. Para isso, foram obtidas 12 partes de plantas, entre folhas e caules, que fazem parte da terapêutica popular de toxinfecções gastrintestinais da mesorregião de Alagoas, Brasil, e que estão presentes na Mata Atlântica. Essas plantas foram submetidas à procedimentos de secagem, trituração, maceração e prensagem, permitindo diferentes concentrações de extrato. As amostras de Salmonella spp. testadas são oriundas de bezerros de propriedades rurais da região que apresentavam quadros de diarreia e que foram devidamente detectadas por testes bioquímicos e moleculares. Para verificar a sensibilidade, foi realizado o teste de Disco Difusão em Placas com três estirpes de Salmonella spp., sendo substituídos os discos com antibióticos por discos de extratos etanólicos nas concentrações de 10, 100, 500 e 1000mg/L. Como resultado, a folha de Varronia multispicata, popularmente conhecida como Cavarucaá, apresentou resultado positivo na inibição dos três isolados de Salmonella spp. nas concentrações de 500 e 1000mg/L. Os demais extratos não revelaram resultados de sensibilidade in vitro com a bactéria, em nenhuma das concentrações. Mais estudos com Varronia multispicata precisam ser desenvolvidos, com diferentes métodos de obtenção dos fitoconstituintes e com outras estirpes de Salmonella spp. da região.(AU)

The objective of the study was to verify the in vitro inhibition of Salmonella spp. to different types of plant extracts with medicinal indications in different ethanol dilutions. For this, 12 plant parts were obtained, among leaves and stems, which are part of the popular therapeutics of gastrointestinal toxinfections in the mesoregion of Alagoas, Brazil, and that are present in the Mata Atlântica. These plants were submitted to drying, trituration, maceration and pressing procedures, allowing different extract concentrations. The Salmonella spp. samples tested came from calves from rural properties in the region that presented with diarrhea and were duly detected by biochemical and molecular tests. To verify sensitivity, the Disc Diffusion Plates test was performed with three strains of Salmonella spp., and the discs with antibiotics were replaced by discs of ethanolic extracts at concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000mg/L. As a result, the leaf of Varronia multispicata, popularly known as Cavarucaá, showed positive results in inhibiting the three isolates of Salmonella spp. at concentrations of 500 and 1000mg/L. The other extracts did not show in vitro sensitivity results with the bacteria in any of the concentrations. Further studies with Varronia multispicata need to be developed, with different methods of obtaining phytoconstituents and with other strains of Salmonella spp. from the region.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la inhibición in vitro de Salmonella spp. a diferentes tipos de extractos de plantas con indicaciones medicinales en diferentes diluciones de etanol. Para ello, se obtuvieron 12 partes de plantas, incluyendo hojas y tallos, que forman parte de la terapéutica popular para las toxinfecciones gastrointestinales en la mesoregión de Alagoas, Brasil, y que están presentes en el Mata Atlântica. Estas plantas fueron sometidas a procedimientos de secado, trituración, maceración y prensado, permitiendo diferentes concentraciones de extracto. Las muestras de Salmonella spp. analizadas procedían de terneros de explotaciones de la región que presentaban diarrea y fueron detectadas mediante pruebas bioquímicas y moleculares. Para verificar la sensibilidad, se realizó la prueba de difusión en disco con tres cepas de Salmonella spp. y se sustituyeron los discos con antibióticos por discos de extractos etanólicos a concentraciones de 10, 100, 500 y 1000mg/L. Como resultado, la hoja de Varronia multispicata, conocida popularmente como Cavarucaá, mostró resultados positivos en la inhibición de los tres aislados de Salmonella spp. a concentraciones de 500 y 1000mg/L. Los otros extractos no revelaron resultados de sensibilidad in vitro con la bacteria, en ninguna de las concentraciones. Es necesario desarrollar más estudios con Varronia multispicata, con diferentes métodos de obtención de fitoconstituyentes y con otras cepas de Salmonella spp. de la región.(AU)

In vitro antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesised using the seed extracts of three varieties of Phoenix dactylifera / Atividades antibacterianas in vitro de nanopartículas de prata sintetizadas usando extratos de sementes de três variedades de Phoenix dactylifera

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is an ecofriendly, cost-effective and promising approach for discovery of novel therapeutics. The aim of the current work was to biogenic synthesize, characterize AgNPs using seed extracts of three economically important varieties of date palm (Iklas, Irziz and Shishi), and assess their anti-pathogenic bacterial activities. AgNPs were synthesised then characterised using electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The bactericidal activities of AgNPs against five different bacterial pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, were determined in vitro. In particular, changes in membrane integrity of virulent bacterial strains in response to AgNPs were investigated. Results of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activity assays, and measurement of membrane potential revealed that the cytotoxic effects of the AgNPs were mainly centred on the plasma membrane of bacterial cells, leading to loss of its integrity and eventually cell death. In conclusion, green synthesis of AgNPs is an efficient, cost-effective and promising strategy to combat virulent antibiotic-resistant strains.

A síntese verde de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) é uma abordagem ecologicamente correta, econômica e promissora para a descoberta de novas terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi sintetizar biogênica, caracterizar AgNPs usando extratos de sementes de três variedades economicamente importantes de tamareira (Iklas, Irziz e Shishi) e avaliar suas atividades bacterianas antipatogênicas. AgNPs foram sintetizados e caracterizados usando microscopia eletrônica e análise de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier. As atividades bactericidas de AgNPs contra cinco diferentes patógenos bacterianos, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina e Streptococcus pneumoniae, foram determinadas in vitro. Em particular, foram investigadas alterações na integridade da membrana de cepas bacterianas virulentas em resposta a AgNPs. Os resultados da lactato desidrogenase, dos ensaios da atividade da fosfatase alcalina e da medição do potencial de membrana revelaram que os efeitos citotóxicos dos AgNPs estavam principalmente centrados na membrana plasmática das células bacterianas, levando à perda de sua integridade e, eventualmente, à morte celular. A síntese verde de AgNPs é uma estratégia eficiente, econômica e promissora para combater cepas virulentas resistentes a antibióticos.

In vitro antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesised using the seed extracts of three varieties of Phoenix dactylifera / Atividades antibacterianas in vitro de nanopartículas de prata sintetizadas usando extratos de sementes de três variedades de Phoenix dactylifera

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is an ecofriendly, cost-effective and promising approach for discovery of novel therapeutics. The aim of the current work was to biogenic synthesize, characterize AgNPs using seed extracts of three economically important varieties of date palm (Iklas, Irziz and Shishi), and assess their anti-pathogenic bacterial activities. AgNPs were synthesised then characterised using electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The bactericidal activities of AgNPs against five different bacterial pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, were determined in vitro. In particular, changes in membrane integrity of virulent bacterial strains in response to AgNPs were investigated. Results of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activity assays, and measurement of membrane potential revealed that the cytotoxic effects of the AgNPs were mainly centred on the plasma membrane of bacterial cells, leading to loss of its integrity and eventually cell death. In conclusion, green synthesis of AgNPs is an efficient, cost-effective and promising strategy to combat virulent antibiotic-resistant strains.(AU)

A síntese verde de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) é uma abordagem ecologicamente correta, econômica e promissora para a descoberta de novas terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi sintetizar biogênica, caracterizar AgNPs usando extratos de sementes de três variedades economicamente importantes de tamareira (Iklas, Irziz e Shishi) e avaliar suas atividades bacterianas antipatogênicas. AgNPs foram sintetizados e caracterizados usando microscopia eletrônica e análise de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier. As atividades bactericidas de AgNPs contra cinco diferentes patógenos bacterianos, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina e Streptococcus pneumoniae, foram determinadas in vitro. Em particular, foram investigadas alterações na integridade da membrana de cepas bacterianas virulentas em resposta a AgNPs. Os resultados da lactato desidrogenase, dos ensaios da atividade da fosfatase alcalina e da medição do potencial de membrana revelaram que os efeitos citotóxicos dos AgNPs estavam principalmente centrados na membrana plasmática das células bacterianas, levando à perda de sua integridade e, eventualmente, à morte celular. A síntese verde de AgNPs é uma estratégia eficiente, econômica e promissora para combater cepas virulentas resistentes a antibióticos.(AU)

Proteomic analysis of Red Sea Conus taeniatus venom reveals potential biological applications

Abstract Background: Diverse and unique bioactive neurotoxins known as conopeptides or conotoxins are produced by venomous marine cone snails. Currently, these small and stable molecules are of great importance as research tools and platforms for discovering new drugs and therapeutics. Therefore, the characterization of Conus venom is of great significance, especially for poorly studied species. Methods: In this study, we used bioanalytical techniques to determine the venom profile and emphasize the functional composition of conopeptides in Conus taeniatus, a neglected worm-hunting cone snail. Results: The proteomic analysis revealed that 84.0% of the venom proteins were between 500 and 4,000 Da, and 16.0% were > 4,000 Da. In C. taeniatus venom, 234 peptide fragments were identified and classified as conotoxin precursors or non-conotoxin proteins. In this process, 153 conotoxin precursors were identified and matched to 23 conotoxin precursors and hormone superfamilies. Notably, the four conotoxin superfamilies T (22.87%), O1 (17.65%), M (13.1%) and O2 (9.8%) were the most abundant peptides in C. taeniatus venom, accounting for 63.40% of the total conotoxin diversity. On the other hand, 48 non-conotoxin proteins were identified in the venom of C. taeniatus. Moreover, several possibly biologically active peptide matches were identified, and putative applications of the peptides were assigned. Conclusion: Our study showed that the composition of the C. taeniatus-derived proteome is comparable to that of other Conus species and contains an effective mix of toxins, ionic channel inhibitors and antimicrobials. Additionally, it provides a guidepost for identifying novel conopeptides from the venom of C. taeniatus and discovering conopeptides of potential pharmaceutical importance.

Reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics approaches for identifying common therapeutics against Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis

Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis are gram-positive bacterial pathogens and the causative agents of leprosy in humans across the world. The elimination of leprosy cannot be achieved by multidrug therapy alone, and highlights the need for new tools and drugs to prevent the emergence of new resistant strains. Methods In this study, our contribution includes the prediction of vaccine targets and new putative drugs against leprosy, using reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics. Six strains of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis (4 and 2 strains, respectively) were used for comparison taking Mycobacterium leprae strain TN as the reference genome. Briefly, we used a combined reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics approach. Results As a result, we identified 12 common putative antigenic proteins as vaccine targets and three common drug targets against Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Furthermore, the docking analysis using 28 natural compounds with three drug targets was done. Conclusions The bis-naphthoquinone compound Diospyrin (CID 308140) obtained from indigenous plant Diospyros spp. showed the most favored binding affinity against predicted drug targets, which can be a candidate therapeutic target in the future against leprosy.(AU)

Reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics approaches for identifying common therapeutics against Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis

Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis are gram-positive bacterial pathogens and the causative agents of leprosy in humans across the world. The elimination of leprosy cannot be achieved by multidrug therapy alone, and highlights the need for new tools and drugs to prevent the emergence of new resistant strains. Methods In this study, our contribution includes the prediction of vaccine targets and new putative drugs against leprosy, using reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics. Six strains of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis (4 and 2 strains, respectively) were used for comparison taking Mycobacterium leprae strain TN as the reference genome. Briefly, we used a combined reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics approach. Results As a result, we identified 12 common putative antigenic proteins as vaccine targets and three common drug targets against Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Furthermore, the docking analysis using 28 natural compounds with three drug targets was done. Conclusions The bis-naphthoquinone compound Diospyrin (CID 308140) obtained from indigenous plant Diospyros spp. showed the most favored binding affinity against predicted drug targets, which can be a candidate therapeutic target in the future against leprosy.(AU)

Proteomic analysis of Red Sea Conus taeniatus venom reveals potential biological applications

Diverse and unique bioactive neurotoxins known as conopeptides or conotoxins are produced by venomous marine cone snails. Currently, these small and stable molecules are of great importance as research tools and platforms for discovering new drugs and therapeutics. Therefore, the characterization of Conus venom is of great significance, especially for poorly studied species. Methods: In this study, we used bioanalytical techniques to determine the venom profile and emphasize the functional composition of conopeptides in Conus taeniatus, a neglected worm-hunting cone snail. Results: The proteomic analysis revealed that 84.0% of the venom proteins were between 500 and 4,000 Da, and 16.0% were > 4,000 Da. In C. taeniatus venom, 234 peptide fragments were identified and classified as conotoxin precursors or non-conotoxin proteins. In this process, 153 conotoxin precursors were identified and matched to 23 conotoxin precursors and hormone superfamilies. Notably, the four conotoxin superfamilies T (22.87%), O1 (17.65%), M (13.1%) and O2 (9.8%) were the most abundant peptides in C. taeniatus venom, accounting for 63.40% of the total conotoxin diversity. On the other hand, 48 non-conotoxin proteins were identified in the venom of C. taeniatus. Moreover, several possibly biologically active peptide matches were identified, and putative applications of the peptides were assigned. Conclusion: Our study showed that the composition of the C. taeniatus-derived proteome is comparable to that of other Conus species and contains an effective mix of toxins, ionic channel inhibitors and antimicrobials. Additionally, it provides a guidepost for identifying novel conopeptides from the venom of C. taeniatus and discovering conopeptides of potential pharmaceutical importance.(AU)

Proteomic analysis of Red Sea Conus taeniatus venom reveals potential biological applications

Diverse and unique bioactive neurotoxins known as conopeptides or conotoxins are produced by venomous marine cone snails. Currently, these small and stable molecules are of great importance as research tools and platforms for discovering new drugs and therapeutics. Therefore, the characterization of Conus venom is of great significance, especially for poorly studied species. Methods: In this study, we used bioanalytical techniques to determine the venom profile and emphasize the functional composition of conopeptides in Conus taeniatus, a neglected worm-hunting cone snail. Results: The proteomic analysis revealed that 84.0% of the venom proteins were between 500 and 4,000 Da, and 16.0% were > 4,000 Da. In C. taeniatus venom, 234 peptide fragments were identified and classified as conotoxin precursors or non-conotoxin proteins. In this process, 153 conotoxin precursors were identified and matched to 23 conotoxin precursors and hormone superfamilies. Notably, the four conotoxin superfamilies T (22.87%), O1 (17.65%), M (13.1%) and O2 (9.8%) were the most abundant peptides in C. taeniatus venom, accounting for 63.40% of the total conotoxin diversity. On the other hand, 48 non-conotoxin proteins were identified in the venom of C. taeniatus. Moreover, several possibly biologically active peptide matches were identified, and putative applications of the peptides were assigned. Conclusion: Our study showed that the composition of the C. taeniatus-derived proteome is comparable to that of other Conus species and contains an effective mix of toxins, ionic channel inhibitors and antimicrobials. Additionally, it provides a guidepost for identifying novel conopeptides from the venom of C. taeniatus and discovering conopeptides of potential pharmaceutical importance.(AU)

Deformidade flexural adquirida da articulação metacarpofalangeana esquerda em bezerra - relato de caso / Acquired flexural deformity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of a female calf - case report

O presente trabalho relata o caso de uma bezerra com deformidade flexural adquirida da articulação metacarpofalangeana esquerda de origem idiopática. No exame físico o animal não conseguia se locomover normalmente e, durante o exame de extensão e flexão, foi constatada a rigidez da articulação metacarpofalangeana do lado esquerdo. O tratamento instituído foi a imobilização do membro acometido com tala de PVC e a administração de oxitetraciclina, associada a dexametasona. Decorridos oito dias do tratamento a tala foi retirada e a bezerra passou a apoiar o membro no chão, locomovendo-se normalmente.

The present paper is a case report of a heifer presenting an acquired flexural deformity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of idiopathic origin. During the physical examination it was observed that the animal was unable to move normally and during the extension and flexion examination it was found rigidity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint. The treatment applied was the immobilization of the affected limb with PVC splint and administration of Oxytetracycline, associated with Dexamethasone. After eight days, the splint was removed and the heifer was moving normally supporting his limb on the ground.