Laparocistotomia para correção de urolitíase vesical em equino: relato de cirurgia a campo / Laparocystotomy for correction of vesical urolithiasis in equine: field surgery report

A urolitíase é uma condição rara, mas considerada de emergência na rotina de equinos. Este trabalho relata um caso de correção de urolitíase vesical em equino pela técnica cirúrgica de laparocistotomia parainguinal a campo. Para isso, foi realizado atendimento de um equino macho, sem raça definida, com histórico de disúria e hematúria exacerbada após exercício. Após realização de exame clínico, a suspeita diagnóstica de urolitíase vesical foi confirmada por meio de ultrassonografia transretal, sendo indicado o tratamento cirúrgico. Diante da impossibilidade de realização do procedimento em centro cirúrgico, optou-se por operá-lo em condições a campo. Para o acesso à cavidade abdominal, optou-se pela laparotomia parainguinal. A bexiga foi localizada e esvaziada por punção. Procedeu-se cistotomia para remoção do urólito, seguida da lavagem da bexiga com solução fisiológica para remoção de possíveis detritos. A cistorrafia foi realizada em dois planos de sutura do tipo Schmieden-Cushing, com fio absorvível sintético, seguida pela laparorrafia. O pós-operatório consistiu em curativos diários da ferida cirúrgica, duchas e administração de antimicrobiano e anti-inflamatório. Conclui-se que o exame ultrassonográfico foi fundamental para o correto diagnóstico e que a escolha da técnica cirúrgica de laparocistotomia parainguinal realizada a campo oferece resultados satisfatórios para o tratamento de equino com urolitíase vesical.

Urolithiasis is a rare condition, but it is considered an emergency in the equine routine. The present work reports a correction case of vesical urolithiasis in equines by the surgical technique of parainguinal laparocystotomy in the field. A male horse, of mixed breed, with a history of dysuria and exacerbated hematuria after exercise was treated. After performing the clinical examination, the diagnostic suspicion of bladder urolithiasis was confirmed through transrectal ultrasonography and the surgical treatment was indicated. Given the impossibility of performing the procedure in the operating room, it was decided to operate the animal in field conditions. For access to the abdominal cavity, parainguinal laparotomy was chosen. The bladder was located and emptied by puncture. A cystotomy was performed to remove the urolith, followed by washing the bladder with saline solution to remove possible debris. The cistorrhaphy was performed in two planes of Schmieden-Cushing suture, with synthetic absorbable suture, followed by laparorrhaphy. The postoperative period consisted of daily dressings of the surgical wound, showers, and administration of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. It is concluded that the ultrasound examination was essential for the correct diagnosis and that the choice of the surgical technique of parainguinal laparocystotomy performed in the field offers satisfactory results for the treatment of horses with bladder urolithiasis.

Crystallurical profile in sheep after ammonium chloride supplementation / [Perfil cristalúrico em ovinos suplementados com cloreto de amônio]

Although urinary crystals are habitual components, urolithiasis formation is always preceded by these concretions. We aimed to identify the change in the crystalline profile in sheep supplemented with ammonium chloride. Twenty-five male sheep aged three months, feedlot and randomly distributed into three groups were used: Control Group (CG) n = 5 did not receive Ammonium Chloride; G200 Group (n=10) (200mg/kg) of Ammonium Chloride for 56 consecutive days; G500 Group (n=10) (500mg/kg) of Ammonium Chloride for 56 consecutive days, administered daily orally. Sampling times and clinical evaluation were performed at seven days, with M0 (immediately before Ammonium Chloride), M1 (seven days after) until M8, totaling 70 days of feedlot. Urine samples were performed to identify the presence, type, and quantity of crystals. There was an increase in crystalluria in all groups in relation to time due to dietary influence, mainly in the CG, which presented more crystals of amorphous calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate. In addition, the G500 Group presented a higher presence of urate/uric acid crystals after urinary acidification, which are closely related to urinary pH.

Apesar de cristais urinários serem componentes habituais, a formação de urolitíase é sempre precedida dessas concreções. O presente estudo objetivou identificar a mudança do perfil cristalúrico em ovinos suplementados com cloreto de amônio. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos, machos, com idade de três meses, confinados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo controle (GC) (n=5) não recebeu cloreto de amônio; grupo G200 (n=10) (200mg/kg) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos; grupo G500 (n=10) (500mg/kg) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos, administrados diariamente por via oral. Os momentos (M) de colheita de amostras e avaliação clínica foram realizados com intervalo de sete dias, sendo M0 (imediatamente antes da administração do cloreto de amônio), M1 (sete dias após) até M8, totalizando 70 dias de confinamento. As amostras de urina foram analisadas para se identificar a presença, o tipo e a quantidade de cristais. Houve aumento da cristalúria em todos os grupos em relação ao tempo por influência dietética, principalmente no GC, que apresentou mais cristais de fosfato de cálcio amorfo e oxalato de cálcio. Além disso, o grupo G500 apresentou maior presença de cristais de urato/ácido úrico após acidificação urinária, estando esses intimamente relacionados ao pH urinário.

Pathology of severe urolithiasis in a flock of egg-laying hens

Fourteen, 31-week-old Lohmann white layers from a flock of 30,000 chickens had a history of apathy, and a drop in egg production. Clinical signs were observed in approximately 40% of the flock, and lasted for three months. Fourteen hens were euthanized for post-mortem examinations. Macroscopic findings included marked atrophy and loss of renal lobes along with compensatory renal hypertrophy of the contralateral lobe. Ureters were markedly dilated and filled with mucus and/or with molded white to yellow-grey uroliths that obliterated the lumen. At histopathology, the uroliths inside ureters and tubules were composed of concentrically arranged mineralized concretions, as well as urates associated with heterophilic infiltrations and epithelial hyperplasia. Renal parenchyma adjacent to obstructed ureters was compressed with tubules replaced by fibrous tissue. Multifocal interstitial lymphocytic nephritis, proteinuria and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were also found. Heterophilic and caseous ureteritis associated with numerous Gram-positive coccoid bacteria occurred in three chickens. Immunohistochemistry for avian coronavirus was negative. This negative result along with the case history indicated that water restriction was the most likely cause of mortality. This condition resulted in significant economic loss for this farmer.(AU)

Pathology of severe urolithiasis in a flock of egg-laying hens

Fourteen, 31-week-old Lohmann white layers from a flock of 30,000 chickens had a history of apathy, and a drop in egg production. Clinical signs were observed in approximately 40% of the flock, and lasted for three months. Fourteen hens were euthanized for post-mortem examinations. Macroscopic findings included marked atrophy and loss of renal lobes along with compensatory renal hypertrophy of the contralateral lobe. Ureters were markedly dilated and filled with mucus and/or with molded white to yellow-grey uroliths that obliterated the lumen. At histopathology, the uroliths inside ureters and tubules were composed of concentrically arranged mineralized concretions, as well as urates associated with heterophilic infiltrations and epithelial hyperplasia. Renal parenchyma adjacent to obstructed ureters was compressed with tubules replaced by fibrous tissue. Multifocal interstitial lymphocytic nephritis, proteinuria and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were also found. Heterophilic and caseous ureteritis associated with numerous Gram-positive coccoid bacteria occurred in three chickens. Immunohistochemistry for avian coronavirus was negative. This negative result along with the case history indicated that water restriction was the most likely cause of mortality. This condition resulted in significant economic loss for this farmer.

Use of ammonium chloride to prevent urolithiasis in sheep / [Utilização do cloreto de amônio na prevenção de urolitíase em ovinos]

Urolithiasis has a high incidence among confined sheep. It is multifactorial and may cause economic damage. Our aim was to determine the capacity of urinary acidification using ammonium chloride in sheep. Twenty-five 3-month-old male sheep were confined and randomly divided into three groups; the G200 and G500 groups received 200mg/kg/GW and 500mg/kg/GW of ammonium chloride daily for 56 consecutive days, respectively, whereas the CG group did not receive ammonium chloride. Sampling times and clinical evaluation were performed weekly, starting from the 14th day of confinement (M1 or immediately before administering ammonium chloride) until the 17th day (M9) of the feedlot. Hemogasometry, biochemical examination of serum urea and creatinine concentration and ultrasound evaluation of the urinary tract were performed. The urinalysis indicated a higher incidence of ammonium magnesium phosphate crystals at the beginning of the study, showing a migration to urate crystal formation, mainly in the G500 group because of urinary acidification. No hemogasometric, serum biochemistry, ruminal fluid, or ultrasonographic changes were observed. Urinary acidification was achieved and maintained after M7 during the administration of ammonium chloride in the G500 group, but not in the other study groups.(AU)

A urolitíase apresenta alta incidência em ovinos confinados, etiologia multifatorial, e pode causar prejuízo econômico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a capacidade da acidificação urinária mediante o uso de cloreto de amônio em ovinos. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos de três meses de idade, confinados e divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo CG (controle) não recebeu cloreto de amônio; grupo G200 (200mg/kg/PV) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos; grupo G500 (500mg/kg/PV) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos, administrados diariamente por via oral. Os momentos (M) de colheita de amostras e de avaliação clínica foram realizados com intervalo de sete dias, sendo M1 (imediatamente antes do cloreto de amônio), M2 (sete dias após) até M9, totalizando 70 dias de confinamento. Foram realizadas hemogasometria, concentração sérica de ureia e creatinina e avaliação ultrassonográfica do trato urinário. Na urinálise, houve uma maior incidência de cristais de fosfato amônio magnesiano no início do estudo, com migração para formação de cristais de urato, principalmente no G500, devido à acidificação urinária. Não houve alterações hemogasométricas, na bioquímica sérica, no líquido ruminal, ou alterações ultrassonográficas. A acidificação urinária foi obtida e mantida a partir do M7 durante a administração do cloreto de amônio no grupo G500, não ocorrendo nos outros grupos de estudo.(AU)

Estudo clínico e anatomopatológico da urolitíase em cordeiros confinados submetidos à dieta com diferentes concentrações de fósforo / Clinical and anatomopathological study of urolithiasis in feedlot lambs subjected to diets with different phosphorus concentrations

A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente na ovinocultura e possui etiologia multifatorial, porém o manejo nutricional inadequado é considerado o mais relevante para sua ocorrência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a influência de duas dietas com diferentes proporções e concentrações de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) no desenvolvimento da urolitíase obstrutiva, e descrever os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos do sistema urinário de ovinos. Utilizaram-se 30 cordeiros, machos, mestiços das raças Santa Inês e Ile de France, que foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,9:1 e 0,42% de P; Grupo 2 (G2, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,5:1 e 0,65% de P. As dietas foram fornecidas por 90 dias consecutivos com feno de Coast-cross, farelo de soja, trigo e milho, e água ad libitum. Após o diagnóstico da doença, os cordeiros foram submetidos ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico, quando necessário. A urolitíase foi detectada em 36,7% (11/30) dos cordeiros, sendo 26,7% assintomáticos e 10% (3/30) apresentaram obstrução uretral. Um cordeiro foi desobstruído após amputação do processo uretral e sondagem uretral; outro foi a óbito por ruptura vesical e uroperitôneo; outro foi sacrificado após uretrostomia perineal e cistostomia sem sucesso. Em ambos os grupos, as alterações histopatológicas renais mais frequentes foram congestão vascular, dilatação e degeneração tubular. A presença de proteínas na luz tubular foi mais pronunciada no G2. As dietas fornecidas, ricas em concentrado, embora com relação Ca:P adequadas, provocaram a calculogênese, o que comprovou que o excesso de minerais e pouca quantidade de volumoso podem causar a enfermidade no rebanho.

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in farmed sheep and has a multifactorial etiology, but inadequate nutritional management is considered the most relevant condition for its occurrence. The objectives of this study were to verify the influence of two diets with different concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on the development of obstructive urolithiasis, and to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings of the urinary system in sheep. Thirty male crossbred Santa Inês and Ile de France lambs were randomly distributed into two groups: Group 1 (G1, n = 15) - Ca: 1.9:1 P and 0.42% P; Group 2 (G2, n = 15) - Ca: P 1.5:1 and 0.65% P. The diets consisting of Coast-cross hay, soybean meal, wheat, and corn were provided for 90 consecutive days with water ad libitum. After the diagnosis of the disease, the lambs were subjected to clinical and surgical treatment, when necessary. Urolithiasis was detected in 36.7% (11/30) of lambs, 26.7% were asymptomatic and 10% (3/30) had urethral obstruction. A lamb was unobstructed after amputation of the urethral process and urethral catheterization, one died of bladder and uroperitoneum rupture, and another was sacrificed after the failure of perineal urethrostomy and cystostomy. The most frequent renal histopathological changes were vascular congestion, dilation, and tubular degeneration. Proteins in the tubular lumen were more pronounced in G2. The diets were rich in concentrate and had adequate Ca:P ratios, but caused calculogenesis, showing that excess minerals and a small amount of roughage can cause disease in the herd.

Clinical and anatomopathological study of urolithiasis in feedlot lambs subjected to diets with different phosphorus concentrations / Estudo clínico e anatomopatológico da urolitíase em cordeiros confinados submetidos à dieta com diferentes concentrações de fósforo

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in farmed sheep and has a multifactorial etiology, but inadequate nutritional management is considered the most relevant condition for its occurrence. The objectives of this study were to verify the influence of two diets with different concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on the development of obstructive urolithiasis, and to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings of the urinary system in sheep. Thirty male crossbred Santa Inês and Ile de France lambs were randomly distributed into two groups: Group 1 (G1, n = 15) - Ca: 1.9:1 P and 0.42% P; Group 2 (G2, n = 15) - Ca: P 1.5:1 and 0.65% P. The diets consisting of Coast-cross hay, soybean meal, wheat, and corn were provided for 90 consecutive days with water ad libitum. After the diagnosis of the disease, the lambs were subjected to clinical and surgical treatment, when necessary. Urolithiasis was detected in 36.7% (11/30) of lambs, 26.7% were asymptomatic and 10% (3/30) had urethral obstruction. A lamb was unobstructed after amputation of the urethral process and urethral catheterization, one died of bladder and uroperitoneum rupture, and another was sacrificed after the failure of perineal urethrostomy and cystostomy. The most frequent renal histopathological changes were vascular congestion, dilation, and tubular degeneration. Proteins in the tubular lumen were more pronounced in G2. The diets were rich in concentrate and had adequate Ca:P ratios, but caused calculogenesis, showing that excess minerals and a small amount of roughage can cause disease in the herd.

A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente na ovinocultura e possui etiologia multifatorial, porém o manejo nutricional inadequado é considerado o mais relevante para sua ocorrência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a influência de duas dietas com diferentes proporções e concentrações de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) no desenvolvimento da urolitíase obstrutiva, e descrever os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos do sistema urinário de ovinos. Utilizaram-se 30 cordeiros, machos, mestiços das raças Santa Inês e Ile de France, que foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,9:1 e 0,42% de P; Grupo 2 (G2, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,5:1 e 0,65% de P. As dietas foram fornecidas por 90 dias consecutivos com feno de Coast-cross, farelo de soja, trigo e milho, e água ad libitum. Após o diagnóstico da doença, os cordeiros foram submetidos ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico, quando necessário. A urolitíase foi detectada em 36,7% (11/30) dos cordeiros, sendo 26,7% assintomáticos e 10% (3/30) apresentaram obstrução uretral. Um cordeiro foi desobstruído após amputação do processo uretral e sondagem uretral; outro foi a óbito por ruptura vesical e uroperitôneo; outro foi sacrificado após uretrostomia perineal e cistostomia sem sucesso. Em ambos os grupos, as alterações histopatológicas renais mais frequentes foram congestão vascular, dilatação e degeneração tubular. A presença de proteínas na luz tubular foi mais pronunciada no G2. As dietas fornecidas, ricas em concentrado, embora com relação Ca:P adequadas, provocaram a calculogênese, o que comprovou que o excesso de minerais e pouca quantidade de volumoso podem causar a enfermidade no rebanho.

Sheep urinary tract architecture is not affected by acute urethral obstruction / A arquitetura do trato urinário de ovinos não é afetada pela obstrução uretral aguda

Urolithiasis affects the urinary tract of small ruminants, thereby requiring the animal to prematurely terminate breeding. Morphometric study of organs can be used as a diagnostic method. Thus, this study aimed to describe the macroscopic, histopathological, and histomorphometric changes in the urinary tract of sheep with urolithiasis. For this purpose, 14 healthy male Santa Inês sheep, approximately 90 days old, were studied and fed an experimental diet. After the development of urolithiasis, the animals were reorganized into two groups, D1 (without urolithiasis) and D2 (with urolithiasis) for comparative data analysis. Sheep were necropsied to evaluate the pathological changes, followed by macroscopic morphometric analysis, and the histopathological and histomorphometric characteristics were described. Urethral necrosis and a full urinary bladder were observed in all animals that developed the disease. The comparison between sheep with and without urolithiasis showed no significant difference (P < 0.05) in the evaluated macroscopic morphometric variables, except for the right ureter width. Regarding the histopathological evaluation, multifocal areas of mild to moderate congestion within the glomerular tufts and protein in the tubular lumen of the kidneys were observed. In the liver, mild to moderate fatty degeneration was noted in the centrolobular regions, and an ulcerated focal area in the bladder mucosa was observed in only one animal. The present study demonstrated that the formulated diet was effective in inducing clinical disease. In acute obstructive urolithiasis in sheep tissue, lesions in the liver and urinary tract were observed, although there were no significant histomorphometric changes.(AU)

Urolitíase acomete o trato urinário de pequenos ruminantes causando a saída prematura de animais destinados à reprodução. O estudo morfométrico dos órgãos pode ser empregado como método de auxílio diagnóstico. Assim, este estudo objetivou descrever as alterações macroscópicas, histopatológicas e histomorfométricas do trato urinário de ovinos com urolitíase. Com esse fim, foram utilizados 14 ovinos hígidos, machos, da raça Santa Inês com idade aproximada de 90 dias, que receberam dieta experimental. Após o desenvolvimento da urolitíase os animais foram reorganizados em dois grupos experimentais distintos D1 (sem urolitíase) e D2 (com urolitíase) para a análise comparada dos dados. Os ovinos foram necropsiados para descrição das alterações patológicas, seguindo-se a análise morfométrica macroscópica e descrição quanto as características histopatológicas e histomorfométricas. Necrose de processo uretral e bexiga urinária repleta foram observados em todos os animais que desenvolveram a doença. Na comparação entre os ovinos com e sem urolitíase não houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) nas variáveis morfométricas macroscópicas avaliadas, a exceção da largura do ureter direito. Quanto à avaliação histopatológica, foram observadas áreas multifocais de discreta a moderada congestão dos tufos glomerulares e proteína no lúmen tubular nos rins. No fígado, observou-se nas regiões centrolobulares, discreta a moderada degeneração gordurosa e apenas em um animal foi observada, macro e microscopicamente, área focal ulcerada na mucosa da bexiga. Os achados da presente pesquisa demonstraram que a dieta formulada foi eficaz na indução da doença clínica. Na urolitíase obstrutiva aguda em ovinos, lesões teciduais em fígado e trato urinário são observadas, mas não há alterações histomorfométricas significativas.(AU)

Renal profile and urinary fractional excretion of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium of lambs fed with different contents of phosphorus / Perfil renal e excreção fracionada urinária de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio de cordeiros alimentados com teores diferentes de fósforo

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in confined sheep, and a predominant factor predisposing animals to this condition is nutritional management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus (P) on urinalysis, serum urea and creatinine, and serum and urine concentrations of calcium (Ca), P, and magnesium (Mg), as well as to establish the fractional excretion (FE) of these elements in confined lambs. Thirty male Santa Inês x Ile de France sheep at four months of age were divided into two groups according to the diet: Group 1 (G1, n = 15), with 0.43% P in their feed; and Group 2 (G2, n = 15) with 0.65% P. The diets consisting of 10% Coast-cross hay and 90% of a concentrate of soybean meal, wheat, and crushed corn were provided for 90 consecutive days, with water ad libitum. The time points (M) of blood and urine collection were determined as M0, immediately before the beginning of the diet, and at 15-day intervals: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and M6. Phosphorous-rich diets favored the appearance of triple phosphate crystals in both groups, causing calculogenesis in more than one third of the animals (11/30), emphasizing the relevance of conducting laboratory tests to aid in urolithiasis diagnosis. In addition, FE revealed an increased renal excretion of excess minerals in the diet, and therefore a greater predisposition for stone formation in relation to nutritional management.

A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente em ovinos confinados, sendo o manejo nutricional um dos fatores predispo-nentes mais importantes à formação dos cálculos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da alimentação, com diferentes concentrações de fósforo (P), sobre a urinálise, ureia e creatinina séricas, concentração de cálcio (Ca), P e magnésio (Mg) séri-cos e urinários, bem como estabelecer a excreção fracionada (EF) desses elementos em cordeiros confinados. Utilizaram-se 30 ovinos machos, não castrados, Santa Inês x Ile de France, com quatro meses de idade, que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a dieta: Grupo 1 (G1, n = 15), com 0,43% de P; e Grupo 2 (G2, n = 15) com 0,65% de P. As dietas foram for-necidas por 90 dias consecutivos, com 10% de feno de Coast-cross; 90% de concentrado composto por farelo de soja, trigo e milho triturado; água ad libitum. Os momentos (M) de colheita de sangue e urina foram determinados como M0, imediata-mente antes do início da dieta, e em intervalos de 15 dias nos momentos M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6. As dietas ricas em fós-foro favoreceram o aparecimento de cristal fosfato triplo em ambos os grupos, o que provocou a calculogênese em um terço dos animais (11/30). Ressaltou-se a relevância da execução de exames laboratoriais para auxílio diagnóstico de urolitíase. Além disso, a EF comprovou a maior excreção renal dos minerais em excesso na dieta, que mostrou a maior predisposição para for-mação dos cálculos conforme o manejo nutricional.

Renal profile and urinary fractional excretion of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium of lambs fed with different contents of phosphorus / Perfil renal e excreção fracionada urinária de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio de cordeiros alimentados com teores diferentes de fósforo

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in confined sheep, and a predominant factor predisposing animals to this condition is nutritional management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus (P) on urinalysis, serum urea and creatinine, and serum and urine concentrations of calcium (Ca), P, and magnesium (Mg), as well as to establish the fractional excretion (FE) of these elements in confined lambs. Thirty male Santa Inês x Ile de France sheep at four months of age were divided into two groups according to the diet: Group 1 (G1, n = 15), with 0.43% P in their feed; and Group 2 (G2, n = 15) with 0.65% P. The diets consisting of 10% Coast-cross hay and 90% of a concentrate of soybean meal, wheat, and crushed corn were provided for 90 consecutive days, with water ad libitum. The time points (M) of blood and urine collection were determined as M0, immediately before the beginning of the diet, and at 15-day intervals: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and M6. Phosphorous-rich diets favored the appearance of triple phosphate crystals in both groups, causing calculogenesis in more than one third of the animals (11/30), emphasizing the relevance of conducting laboratory tests to aid in urolithiasis diagnosis. In addition, FE revealed an increased renal excretion of excess minerals in the diet, and therefore a greater predisposition for stone formation in relation to nutritional management.(AU)

A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente em ovinos confinados, sendo o manejo nutricional um dos fatores predispo-nentes mais importantes à formação dos cálculos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da alimentação, com diferentes concentrações de fósforo (P), sobre a urinálise, ureia e creatinina séricas, concentração de cálcio (Ca), P e magnésio (Mg) séri-cos e urinários, bem como estabelecer a excreção fracionada (EF) desses elementos em cordeiros confinados. Utilizaram-se 30 ovinos machos, não castrados, Santa Inês x Ile de France, com quatro meses de idade, que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a dieta: Grupo 1 (G1, n = 15), com 0,43% de P; e Grupo 2 (G2, n = 15) com 0,65% de P. As dietas foram for-necidas por 90 dias consecutivos, com 10% de feno de Coast-cross; 90% de concentrado composto por farelo de soja, trigo e milho triturado; água ad libitum. Os momentos (M) de colheita de sangue e urina foram determinados como M0, imediata-mente antes do início da dieta, e em intervalos de 15 dias nos momentos M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6. As dietas ricas em fós-foro favoreceram o aparecimento de cristal fosfato triplo em ambos os grupos, o que provocou a calculogênese em um terço dos animais (11/30). Ressaltou-se a relevância da execução de exames laboratoriais para auxílio diagnóstico de urolitíase. Além disso, a EF comprovou a maior excreção renal dos minerais em excesso na dieta, que mostrou a maior predisposição para for-mação dos cálculos conforme o manejo nutricional.(AU)

Low performance of vitamin C compared to ammonium chloride as an urinary acidifier in feedlot lambs / Baixo desempenho da vitamina C comparado ao cloreto de amônio como acidificante urinário em cordeiros confinados

Obstructive urolithiasis is highly prevalent disease in feedlot sheep. Urinary acidification is effective for disease prevention. Forty-five healthy 3-4 month-old male Santa Inês crossbred feedlot lambs were distributed into three groups of 15 animals each. Ammonium chloride (GA) at 400 mg/kg/day/animal, vitamin C (GC) at 4 mg/kg/day/animal, and a combination of the two (GAC) were administered orally for 21 d. Blood and urine samples were taken 7 d before beginning treatment (M0), immediately before (M1), and weekly for 21 d (M2, M3, and M4) for renal function tests, levels of Ca, P, and Mg in serum and urine, urinalysis, and fractional excretion (FE) analysis in these minerals. In groups GA and GAC, pH decreased in M2 and remained acidic throughout the experiment. A significant decrease in serum P and a urinary increase in Ca and Mg occurred in GA. The FE of Ca increased during treatments, but there was no interference with Mg. The FE of P was significantly lower in GA. Ammonium chloride was an effective urinary acidifier in sheep, but vitamin C administered orally did not provide stable results. Thus, based on our results, vitamin C supplementation may not effective for urinary acidification to prevent obstructive urolithiasis.

A urolitíase obstrutiva é uma enfermidade de alta incidência em ovinos confinados. A acidificação urinária é um dos métodos mais eficazes para a prevenção da doença. Utilizaram-se 45 cordeiros clinicamente sadios, machos, mestiços Santa Inês, com três a quatro meses de idade, em confinamento, distribuídos em três grupos de 15 animais cada. Foi administrado 400mg/kg/dia/animal de cloreto de amônio (GA), 4mg/kg/dia/animal de vitamina C (GC) e associação dos dois produtos (GAC), durante 21 dias, ambos por via oral. As colheitas de sangue e urina foram realizadas sete dias antes do início do tratamento (M0), imediatamente antes (M1) e depois, semanalmente, até 21 dias após (M2, M3 e M4) para realização de exames de função renal (ureia e creatinina), dosagem de Ca, P e Mg no soro e na urina, urinálise e cálculo de EF desses minerais. Nos grupos GA e GAC, houve diminuição do pH no M2, permanecendo ácido até o final do experimento. Houve diminuição significativa do P sérico no GA, além de aumento urinário nos teores de Ca e Mg nesse grupo. A EF de Ca aumentou após o início dos tratamentos, porém não houve interferência para Mg. A EF de P foi significativamente menor somente no GA. O cloreto de amônio se mostrou eficaz como acidificante urinário em ovinos, porém a vitamina C, por via oral, apresentou oscilação e não atingiu estabilidade. Portanto, a suplementação com vitamina C não foi eficaz para acidificação urinária e, por isso, não deve ser utilizada na prevenção de urolitíase obstrutiva.

Low performance of vitamin C compared to ammonium chloride as an urinary acidifier in feedlot lambs / Baixo desempenho da vitamina C comparado ao cloreto de amônio como acidificante urinário em cordeiros confinados

Obstructive urolithiasis is highly prevalent disease in feedlot sheep. Urinary acidification is effective for disease prevention. Forty-five healthy 3-4 month-old male Santa Inês crossbred feedlot lambs were distributed into three groups of 15 animals each. Ammonium chloride (GA) at 400 mg/kg/day/animal, vitamin C (GC) at 4 mg/kg/day/animal, and a combination of the two (GAC) were administered orally for 21 d. Blood and urine samples were taken 7 d before beginning treatment (M0), immediately before (M1), and weekly for 21 d (M2, M3, and M4) for renal function tests, levels of Ca, P, and Mg in serum and urine, urinalysis, and fractional excretion (FE) analysis in these minerals. In groups GA and GAC, pH decreased in M2 and remained acidic throughout the experiment. A significant decrease in serum P and a urinary increase in Ca and Mg occurred in GA. The FE of Ca increased during treatments, but there was no interference with Mg. The FE of P was significantly lower in GA. Ammonium chloride was an effective urinary acidifier in sheep, but vitamin C administered orally did not provide stable results. Thus, based on our results, vitamin C supplementation may not effective for urinary acidification to prevent obstructive urolithiasis.(AU)

A urolitíase obstrutiva é uma enfermidade de alta incidência em ovinos confinados. A acidificação urinária é um dos métodos mais eficazes para a prevenção da doença. Utilizaram-se 45 cordeiros clinicamente sadios, machos, mestiços Santa Inês, com três a quatro meses de idade, em confinamento, distribuídos em três grupos de 15 animais cada. Foi administrado 400mg/kg/dia/animal de cloreto de amônio (GA), 4mg/kg/dia/animal de vitamina C (GC) e associação dos dois produtos (GAC), durante 21 dias, ambos por via oral. As colheitas de sangue e urina foram realizadas sete dias antes do início do tratamento (M0), imediatamente antes (M1) e depois, semanalmente, até 21 dias após (M2, M3 e M4) para realização de exames de função renal (ureia e creatinina), dosagem de Ca, P e Mg no soro e na urina, urinálise e cálculo de EF desses minerais. Nos grupos GA e GAC, houve diminuição do pH no M2, permanecendo ácido até o final do experimento. Houve diminuição significativa do P sérico no GA, além de aumento urinário nos teores de Ca e Mg nesse grupo. A EF de Ca aumentou após o início dos tratamentos, porém não houve interferência para Mg. A EF de P foi significativamente menor somente no GA. O cloreto de amônio se mostrou eficaz como acidificante urinário em ovinos, porém a vitamina C, por via oral, apresentou oscilação e não atingiu estabilidade. Portanto, a suplementação com vitamina C não foi eficaz para acidificação urinária e, por isso, não deve ser utilizada na prevenção de urolitíase obstrutiva.(AU)

Treatment of an atypical case of bilateral nephrolithiasis in a canine

Background: Less than 5% of canine uroliths are found in the kidney and ureter. The decision to remove a nephrolith iscontroversial and should be considered in cases of refractory infection, hematuria, presence of obstructive uropathy andcompression of the renal parenchyma. The aim of this report is to describe an unusual presentation of bilateral nephrolithiasis in a dog, occupying almost the entire renal parenchyma, its clinical and imaging findings, in addition to surgicaltreatment and its evolution.Case: A 10-year-old male Basset Hound was evaluated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HCV) of the FederalUniversity of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), presenting prostration, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and severe hematuriafor three days. On physical examination the patient was dehydrated, with pale mucous membranes, uremic breath andabdominal pain. Blood tests showed mild anemia and azotemia. In both kidneys, abdominal ultrasonography exhibited alarge hyperechoic structure with deep acoustic shadowing. These same structures were observed in abdominal radiographicexamination as radiopaque structures, confirming the diagnosis of bilateral nephrolithiasis. Urine culture was positive forcoagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp. The patient was stabilized with fluid therapy, antiemetic, analgesics, antibiotics andwhole blood transfusion. Unilateral nephrotomy of the right kidney was performed to remove the urolith. After three months,nephrotomy of the left kidney was performed to remove the other urolith...

Treatment of an atypical case of bilateral nephrolithiasis in a canine

Background: Less than 5% of canine uroliths are found in the kidney and ureter. The decision to remove a nephrolith iscontroversial and should be considered in cases of refractory infection, hematuria, presence of obstructive uropathy andcompression of the renal parenchyma. The aim of this report is to describe an unusual presentation of bilateral nephrolithiasis in a dog, occupying almost the entire renal parenchyma, its clinical and imaging findings, in addition to surgicaltreatment and its evolution.Case: A 10-year-old male Basset Hound was evaluated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HCV) of the FederalUniversity of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), presenting prostration, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and severe hematuriafor three days. On physical examination the patient was dehydrated, with pale mucous membranes, uremic breath andabdominal pain. Blood tests showed mild anemia and azotemia. In both kidneys, abdominal ultrasonography exhibited alarge hyperechoic structure with deep acoustic shadowing. These same structures were observed in abdominal radiographicexamination as radiopaque structures, confirming the diagnosis of bilateral nephrolithiasis. Urine culture was positive forcoagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp. The patient was stabilized with fluid therapy, antiemetic, analgesics, antibiotics andwhole blood transfusion. Unilateral nephrotomy of the right kidney was performed to remove the urolith. After three months,nephrotomy of the left kidney was performed to remove the other urolith...(AU)

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Pathological changes of urinary system in a dog with urolithiasis and renal papillary necrosis

Background: Urolithiasis is one of the important lower urinary tract diseases in dogs. Uroliths develop when urine becomes“supersaturated”. Struvite urolithiasis in dogs is formed when urine saturated with magnesium, ammonium and phosphate.Renal papillary necrosis is a form of nephropathy involving the necrosis of the renal papilla. The aim of this case is theevaluation of histopathological changes in kidney and urinary bladder caused by urolithiasis with sitruvite, a pathologycommonly seen in dogs. Renal papillary necrosis that encountered in the case was evaluated histopathologically. We intendto discuss the relationship between urolithiasis and renal papillary necrosis.Case: The material of the case was a 7.5 year-old Rottweiler female dog that had been operated for the urolithiasis treatment and died after surgery. The animal sent to pathology department was necropsied and evaluated histopathologically.Also the uroliths removed during the surgery were sent for analysis postoperatively. Qualitative composition of urolithswas determined by a series of chemical analyses in Department of Biochemistry. X-ray diffraction was performed as wellin General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration in the objective of result verification. Macroscopically, 30pieces uroliths with varying size from 1 mm to 3 cm were seen in urinary bladder. They were 110 g in weight with smoothsurface and round and/or ovoid shapes. After necropsy, specimens from kidney and urinary bladder were fixed in 10%neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, cut at 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Bladderwall thickening and hemorrhage on mucosa were noticed. Kidneys had roughened surface with the capsule being difficultto peel off. Also, renal papillary necrosis, reddish in color was observed in papilla of the right kidney. Microscopically,crystal formations were observed proximal tubule lumens of kidneys. Interstitial nephritis...

Pathological changes of urinary system in a dog with urolithiasis and renal papillary necrosis

Background: Urolithiasis is one of the important lower urinary tract diseases in dogs. Uroliths develop when urine becomes“supersaturated”. Struvite urolithiasis in dogs is formed when urine saturated with magnesium, ammonium and phosphate.Renal papillary necrosis is a form of nephropathy involving the necrosis of the renal papilla. The aim of this case is theevaluation of histopathological changes in kidney and urinary bladder caused by urolithiasis with sitruvite, a pathologycommonly seen in dogs. Renal papillary necrosis that encountered in the case was evaluated histopathologically. We intendto discuss the relationship between urolithiasis and renal papillary necrosis.Case: The material of the case was a 7.5 year-old Rottweiler female dog that had been operated for the urolithiasis treatment and died after surgery. The animal sent to pathology department was necropsied and evaluated histopathologically.Also the uroliths removed during the surgery were sent for analysis postoperatively. Qualitative composition of urolithswas determined by a series of chemical analyses in Department of Biochemistry. X-ray diffraction was performed as wellin General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration in the objective of result verification. Macroscopically, 30pieces uroliths with varying size from 1 mm to 3 cm were seen in urinary bladder. They were 110 g in weight with smoothsurface and round and/or ovoid shapes. After necropsy, specimens from kidney and urinary bladder were fixed in 10%neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, cut at 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Bladderwall thickening and hemorrhage on mucosa were noticed. Kidneys had roughened surface with the capsule being difficultto peel off. Also, renal papillary necrosis, reddish in color was observed in papilla of the right kidney. Microscopically,crystal formations were observed proximal tubule lumens of kidneys. Interstitial nephritis...(AU)

Predictive elements of obstructive urolithiasis in sheep

Background: Urolithiasis is an economically important disease that has considerable significance for sheep farming.With the tissue and biochemical changes resulting from the development of this disease, metabolic disorders and immuneresponse are established. Hemogasometric evaluation allows the identification of systemic acid-base imbalances quickly.Acute phase proteins (APP) have in the last two decades had become the biomarkers of choice in human and veterinarymedicine. To date, no biomarker studies have been published for sheep with obstructive urolithiasis. Thus, this studyaimed to analyze the hemogasometric kinetics in obstructive urolithiasis in sheep and the APP that can be used as earlybiomarkers in this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 14 healthy male Santa Inês sheep, aged approximately 90 days, were fed oncalculogenic diet for 120 days. The sheep were examined weekly to observe the clinical signs. Blood and urine analysiswere also performed. For comparative analysis purposes, at the end of the experiment, sheep that developed obstructiveurolithiasis were extracted from the initial experimental group D1 (without urolithiasis) and moved to the second experimental group D2 (with urolithiasis). In the pre-experimental period and on the day of slaughter, venous blood was sampledfor hemogasometric tests, with a maximum time of 15 minutes between collection and analysis to ensure the reliability ofthe results obtained. The pH, pCO2, pO2, EB, tCO2, HCO3-, stHCO3-, tHb, sO2 and Hct, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions were quantified. To identify and measure immunoglobulins (A and G) and APP, samples from sheep that developed obstructive urolithiasis (D2) were analyzed. Blood samples were harvested weekly until the clinical...

Predictive elements of obstructive urolithiasis in sheep

Background: Urolithiasis is an economically important disease that has considerable significance for sheep farming.With the tissue and biochemical changes resulting from the development of this disease, metabolic disorders and immuneresponse are established. Hemogasometric evaluation allows the identification of systemic acid-base imbalances quickly.Acute phase proteins (APP) have in the last two decades had become the biomarkers of choice in human and veterinarymedicine. To date, no biomarker studies have been published for sheep with obstructive urolithiasis. Thus, this studyaimed to analyze the hemogasometric kinetics in obstructive urolithiasis in sheep and the APP that can be used as earlybiomarkers in this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 14 healthy male Santa Inês sheep, aged approximately 90 days, were fed oncalculogenic diet for 120 days. The sheep were examined weekly to observe the clinical signs. Blood and urine analysiswere also performed. For comparative analysis purposes, at the end of the experiment, sheep that developed obstructiveurolithiasis were extracted from the initial experimental group D1 (without urolithiasis) and moved to the second experimental group D2 (with urolithiasis). In the pre-experimental period and on the day of slaughter, venous blood was sampledfor hemogasometric tests, with a maximum time of 15 minutes between collection and analysis to ensure the reliability ofthe results obtained. The pH, pCO2, pO2, EB, tCO2, HCO3-, stHCO3-, tHb, sO2 and Hct, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions were quantified. To identify and measure immunoglobulins (A and G) and APP, samples from sheep that developed obstructive urolithiasis (D2) were analyzed. Blood samples were harvested weekly until the clinical...(AU)