Tópicos do ciclo estral em cadelas / Estrous cycle topics in bitches

As cadelas possuem características especiais da fisiologia da reprodução que as diferenciam das outras espécies domésticas. Elas são monoéstricas não sazonais com ovulação espontânea. A puberdade ocorre com variação entre 6 e 24 meses de idade conforme raça, tamanho individual e predisposições individuais. O interestro ocorre com intervalos de 5 a 12 meses sendo em média com 6 meses. O ciclo reprodutivo das cadelas é composto de 4 fases distintas: proestro (duração de 5 a 20 dias), estro (duração de 5 a 15 dias), diestro (duração de 50 a 80 dias) e anestro (duração de 80 a 240 dias). O diagnóstico e acompanhamento das fases do ciclo estral é feito com observação de comportamento reprodutivo, sintomas e sinais anatômicos e fisiológicos, citologia vaginal, dosagem do nível sérico de progesterona, vaginoscopia e utrassonografia dos órgãos do sistema reprodutivo, em especial dos ovários em cada fase do ciclo estral.(AU)

Female dogs have special features of reproduction physiology that differentiate them from other domestic species. Theu are non-seasonal monoestrus with spontaneous ovulation. Puberty occurs with a variation between 6 and 24 months of age according to breed, individual size, and individual predispositions. The inter-estrus occurs at intervals of 5 to 12 months, with an average of 6 months. The reproductive cycle of bitches is composed of 4 distinct phases: proestrus (duration from 5 to 20 days), estrus (duration from 5 to 15 days), diestrus (duration from 50 to 80 days) and anestrus (duration from 80 to 240 days). The diagnosis and monitoring of the phases of the estrous cycle is made with observation of reproductive behavior, symptoms and anatomical and physiological signs, vaginal cytology, measurement of serum progesterone levels, vaginoscopy and ultrasound of the organs of the reproductive system, especially the ovaries in each phase of the estrus cycle.(AU)

Complicações reprodutivas de melanoma em fêmea equina tordilha da raça Mangalarga Marchador / Reproductive complications of melanoma in female Tordilla Colored Equine

Melanoma is an alteration of melanocytes, cells responsible for skin pigmentation, which allows for unregulated growth, although there is no confirmation about predispositions to this pathology, skin species and white hairs are considered most affected, being especially common in Tordilla colored horses. Although there is a benign form, the case can develop becoming malignant and metastatic in an unpredictable way, and may suffer influence with the advancing age of the horse, with great chances of the tumor becoming aggressive, having high mortality rates, because there is still no effective treatment to combat nodule growth. The aim of the present study was to report a case of melanoma in an equine, female, gray coat, Mangalarga Marchador breed, belonging to Fazenda Escola, Faculty of Nursing Nova Esperança, as well as it possible implications for the reproductive system. In the clinical examination, nodular skin lesions were observed, with firm and painless consistency, located in the regions of the vulva, large lips, oral vestibular of the upper lip and, with the use of vaginoscopy, it was also possible to observe nodules in the vaginal vestibule. Based on these clinical findings, the presumptive diagnosis was melanoma. For a better prognosis, early identification is essential, considering that the later it is done, the greater the possibility of metastasis, reaching subcutaneous regions, cavities and internal organs, compromising physiological functions and being responsible to vaginal obstructions, injuries and decreased fertility, causing great damage to equine reproduction.

Complicações reprodutivas de melanoma em fêmea equina tordilha da raça Mangalarga Marchador / Reproductive complications of melanoma in female Tordilla Colored Equine

Melanoma is an alteration of melanocytes, cells responsible for skin pigmentation, which allows for unregulated growth, although there is no confirmation about predispositions to this pathology, skin species and white hairs are considered most affected, being especially common in Tordilla colored horses. Although there is a benign form, the case can develop becoming malignant and metastatic in an unpredictable way, and may suffer influence with the advancing age of the horse, with great chances of the tumor becoming aggressive, having high mortality rates, because there is still no effective treatment to combat nodule growth. The aim of the present study was to report a case of melanoma in an equine, female, gray coat, Mangalarga Marchador breed, belonging to Fazenda Escola, Faculty of Nursing Nova Esperança, as well as it possible implications for the reproductive system. In the clinical examination, nodular skin lesions were observed, with firm and painless consistency, located in the regions of the vulva, large lips, oral vestibular of the upper lip and, with the use of vaginoscopy, it was also possible to observe nodules in the vaginal vestibule. Based on these clinical findings, the presumptive diagnosis was melanoma. For a better prognosis, early identification is essential, considering that the later it is done, the greater the possibility of metastasis, reaching subcutaneous regions, cavities and internal organs, compromising physiological functions and being responsible to vaginal obstructions, injuries and decreased fertility, causing great damage to equine reproduction.(AU)

Manejo reproductivo de un centro de reproduccion canina en Argentina / Manejo reprodutivo de centro de reprodução canina na Argentina

Com vista a ter sucesso na gestão de um canil, é necessário conseguir elevados índices de gestação, ninhadas numerosas, assim como baixos níveis de mortalidade neonatal e ter o maior número de filhotes viáveis no momento do desmame. Um protocolo minucioso de admissão prévio dos reprodutores deve ser realizado, incluindo exaustivos exames sanitários (ex: brucelose, leptospirose, Herpesvirus) e incluindo exames que nos permitam assegurar um bom estado de saúde dos reprodutores (ex: perfil bioquímico, hormonios tiroideanos, cultura de vagina cranial). É importante conhecer o status andrológico do macho, por meio da avaliação da qualidade seminal (espermograma), assim como determinar o momento de ovulação (por meio de citologia vaginal, dosagem sérica de LH e progesterona, ecografia ovariana, vaginoscopia) e realizar a técnica de reprodução assistida mais adequada, se utilizar sêmen fresco (intra-vaginal profunda) ou sêmen refrigerado/congelado (TCI).

In order to carry out a canine breeding successful management, it is necessary to achieve high pregnancy rates, numerous litters and low rates of neonatal mortality, thus being able to wean as many puppies as possible. A thorough brood stock admission protocol should be carried out, including exhaustive sanitary controls (brucellosis, leptospirosis, herpesvirus), controls that allow us to corroborate an optimal health condition of the breeders (biochemical profile, thyroid hormones, vaginal culture). It is necessary to know the semen quality (spermogram) and the ovulation time (vaginal cytology, LH and progesterone assay, ovarian ultrasound, vaginoscopy) and perform the service by artificial insemination with the appropriate technique depending on whether it is fresh (vagina fundus) refrigerated or frozen (TCI) semen.(AU)

Manejo reproductivo de un centro de reproduccion canina en Argentina / Manejo reprodutivo de centro de reprodução canina na Argentina

Com vista a ter sucesso na gestão de um canil, é necessário conseguir elevados índices de gestação, ninhadas numerosas, assim como baixos níveis de mortalidade neonatal e ter o maior número de filhotes viáveis no momento do desmame. Um protocolo minucioso de admissão prévio dos reprodutores deve ser realizado, incluindo exaustivos exames sanitários (ex: brucelose, leptospirose, Herpesvirus) e incluindo exames que nos permitam assegurar um bom estado de saúde dos reprodutores (ex: perfil bioquímico, hormonios tiroideanos, cultura de vagina cranial). É importante conhecer o status andrológico do macho, por meio da avaliação da qualidade seminal (espermograma), assim como determinar o momento de ovulação (por meio de citologia vaginal, dosagem sérica de LH e progesterona, ecografia ovariana, vaginoscopia) e realizar a técnica de reprodução assistida mais adequada, se utilizar sêmen fresco (intra-vaginal profunda) ou sêmen refrigerado/congelado (TCI).

In order to carry out a canine breeding successful management, it is necessary to achieve high pregnancy rates, numerous litters and low rates of neonatal mortality, thus being able to wean as many puppies as possible. A thorough brood stock admission protocol should be carried out, including exhaustive sanitary controls (brucellosis, leptospirosis, herpesvirus), controls that allow us to corroborate an optimal health condition of the breeders (biochemical profile, thyroid hormones, vaginal culture). It is necessary to know the semen quality (spermogram) and the ovulation time (vaginal cytology, LH and progesterone assay, ovarian ultrasound, vaginoscopy) and perform the service by artificial insemination with the appropriate technique depending on whether it is fresh (vagina fundus) refrigerated or frozen (TCI) semen.

Piometra em éguas: causas e desafios do tratamento clinico-cirúrgico / Pyometra in mares: causes and challenges of clinical and surgical treatment

Piometra é definida como o acúmulo de material mucopurulento no interior do útero e sua ocorrência em éguas é multifatorial, sendo uma condição incomum, (contrastando com a espécie canina onde sua etiologia esta melhor definida, bem como os microorganismos majoritariamente encontrados). Originada, geralmente, por falha da drenagem fisiológica do liquido uterino, que pode ser devido à presença de aderências vaginais, ou à um canal cervical estenosado, sinuoso ou irregular. O diagnóstico é realizado pelo exame ginecológico completo, constituindo-se da palpação retal, vaginoscopia, exame ultrassonográfico, cultivo e antibiograma do conteúdo, podendo ser complementado pela biopsia uterina. Diagnóstico diferencial deve ser realizado para descartar a possibilidade de gestação, mucometra, hidrometra, hemometra e pneumometra. Acomete éguas sem predileção racial tornando-se crônica, recorrente e quando de impossível resolução pelos métodos terapêuticos convencionais, pode ser realizada intervenção cirúrgica de histerectomia como forma radical de tratamento.(AU)

Pyometra is defined as the accumulation of mucopurulent material within the uterus and its occurrence in mares is multifactorial, being an unusual condition, (in contrast to the canine species which its etiology and microorganisms mostly found are well understood).Usually due to failure of the uterine physiological drainage, that may be due to the presence of cervical vaginal adhesions or to a stenosed, sinuous or irregular cervical canal. The diagnosis is made by a complete gynecological examination, consisting of rectal palpation, vaginoscopy, ultrasound examination, culture and antibiogram of the exudate, and can be complemented by uterine biopsy when possible. Differential diagnosis should be made to discard the possibility of gestation, mucometra, hydrometra, hematometra and pneumometra. It occurs regardless of breed becoming chronic and recurrent and when it is impossible to solve by conventional therapeutic methods, surgical intervention - hysterectomy can be performed as a radical form of treatment.(AU)

Piometra em éguas: causas e desafios do tratamento clinico-cirúrgico / Pyometra in mares: causes and challenges of clinical and surgical treatment

Piometra é definida como o acúmulo de material mucopurulento no interior do útero e sua ocorrência em éguas é multifatorial, sendo uma condição incomum, (contrastando com a espécie canina onde sua etiologia esta melhor definida, bem como os microorganismos majoritariamente encontrados). Originada, geralmente, por falha da drenagem fisiológica do liquido uterino, que pode ser devido à presença de aderências vaginais, ou à um canal cervical estenosado, sinuoso ou irregular. O diagnóstico é realizado pelo exame ginecológico completo, constituindo-se da palpação retal, vaginoscopia, exame ultrassonográfico, cultivo e antibiograma do conteúdo, podendo ser complementado pela biopsia uterina. Diagnóstico diferencial deve ser realizado para descartar a possibilidade de gestação, mucometra, hidrometra, hemometra e pneumometra. Acomete éguas sem predileção racial tornando-se crônica, recorrente e quando de impossível resolução pelos métodos terapêuticos convencionais, pode ser realizada intervenção cirúrgica de histerectomia como forma radical de tratamento.

Pyometra is defined as the accumulation of mucopurulent material within the uterus and its occurrence in mares is multifactorial, being an unusual condition, (in contrast to the canine species which its etiology and microorganisms mostly found are well understood).Usually due to failure of the uterine physiological drainage, that may be due to the presence of cervical vaginal adhesions or to a stenosed, sinuous or irregular cervical canal. The diagnosis is made by a complete gynecological examination, consisting of rectal palpation, vaginoscopy, ultrasound examination, culture and antibiogram of the exudate, and can be complemented by uterine biopsy when possible. Differential diagnosis should be made to discard the possibility of gestation, mucometra, hydrometra, hematometra and pneumometra. It occurs regardless of breed becoming chronic and recurrent and when it is impossible to solve by conventional therapeutic methods, surgical intervention - hysterectomy can be performed as a radical form of treatment.

Endocrine profile and reproductive performance in heifers induced to lactation

Background: Low reproductive efficiency has been one of the main factors that lead to dairy herd culling in the reproductive age. In multiparous animals, such inefficiency and culling can occur because of various factors and may be associated with occasional endocrine failures. To avoid revenue losses that incur due to lack of lactation, lactation is artificiallyinduced in the animals that are not pregnant, using a defined protocol. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluateand compare the reproductive performance of heifers submitted to the induction protocol with that of pregnant heifersduring the transition period.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty Holstein heifers, 32 ± 0.6 months of age, were divided into two groups: ControlGroup (Control, n = 30) comprising pregnant heifers that were accompanied since 21 days before the expected calvingdate until 224 days in milk (DIM) and an Induction Group (Induction, n = 30) comprising non-pregnant heifers submittedto a lactation induction protocol, accompanied from the beginning of the protocol until 224 DIM. For evaluation of theendocrine profile (progesterone and estradiol concentrations) of these animals, blood samples were collected at two periods: the pre-lactation (weeks -3, -2 and -1) and post-lactation (weeks 1 and 4). Heifers from both groups were submittedto weekly reproductive evaluations, from the beginning of lactation until 35 DIM. Uterine examinations were performedusing ultrasonography and vaginoscopy to evaluate uterine content, cervical opening, and mucosal aspect. Females ingood reproductive health were subjected to a hormonal protocol for timed artificial insemination (TAI). The pregnancyrate of heifers that could reproduce (Control, n = 13, and Induction, n = 20) were evaluated and inseminated until 49 DIM.Progesterone levels were similar (P > 0.05) in the two groups at both pre- and post-start of lactation. Estradiol...

Endocrine profile and reproductive performance in heifers induced to lactation

Background: Low reproductive efficiency has been one of the main factors that lead to dairy herd culling in the reproductive age. In multiparous animals, such inefficiency and culling can occur because of various factors and may be associated with occasional endocrine failures. To avoid revenue losses that incur due to lack of lactation, lactation is artificiallyinduced in the animals that are not pregnant, using a defined protocol. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluateand compare the reproductive performance of heifers submitted to the induction protocol with that of pregnant heifersduring the transition period.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixty Holstein heifers, 32 ± 0.6 months of age, were divided into two groups: ControlGroup (Control, n = 30) comprising pregnant heifers that were accompanied since 21 days before the expected calvingdate until 224 days in milk (DIM) and an Induction Group (Induction, n = 30) comprising non-pregnant heifers submittedto a lactation induction protocol, accompanied from the beginning of the protocol until 224 DIM. For evaluation of theendocrine profile (progesterone and estradiol concentrations) of these animals, blood samples were collected at two periods: the pre-lactation (weeks -3, -2 and -1) and post-lactation (weeks 1 and 4). Heifers from both groups were submittedto weekly reproductive evaluations, from the beginning of lactation until 35 DIM. Uterine examinations were performedusing ultrasonography and vaginoscopy to evaluate uterine content, cervical opening, and mucosal aspect. Females ingood reproductive health were subjected to a hormonal protocol for timed artificial insemination (TAI). The pregnancyrate of heifers that could reproduce (Control, n = 13, and Induction, n = 20) were evaluated and inseminated until 49 DIM.Progesterone levels were similar (P > 0.05) in the two groups at both pre- and post-start of lactation. Estradiol...(AU)

Aspectos da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela / Aspects of the reproductive physiology of the bitch

A convivência entre o cão e o homem é antiga, mas o mesmo não ocorre com o conhecimento acerca da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela cujos trabalhos pioneiros datam da década de 1970. A partir desses primeiros estudos, muitos avanços foram obtidos, facilitando um melhor acompanhamento do ciclo estral das cadelas. Para tanto, faz-se inicialmente uma avaliação física da cadela, incluindo o escore de condição corporal, a cadeia mamária, a vulva e a vagina. Em seguida, o ciclo estral que tem fases bem características e já bem documentadas é acompanhado. Dentre as ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas nas avaliações, há a colpocitologia, a dosagem sérica de progesterona, a vaginoscopia, a ultrassonografia, dentre outras. Com o emprego dessas ferramentas, foi possível esclarecer alguns aspectos da fisiologia reprodutiva canina. Dessa forma, o propósito dessa narrativa é trazer alguns desses aspectos interessantes da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela.(AU)

The coexistence between the dog and the man is old, but the same does not occur with the knowledge about the reproductive physiology of the bitch whose pioneering works date back to the 1970s. From these initial studies, many advances were obtained, facilitating a better follow-up of the estral cycle of bitches. Therefore, a physical evaluation of the bitch is initially performed, including the body condition score, the mammary chain, the vulva and the vagina. Then, the estrous cycle that has well characterized and well documented phases is followed up. Among the tools that can be used in the evaluations are colpocitology, serum progesterone assay, vaginoscopy, ultrasonography, among others. Using these tools, it was possible to clarify some aspects of canine reproductive physiology. In this way, the purpose of this brief narrative is to bring some of these interesting aspects of the bitch's reproductive physiology.(AU)

Aspectos da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela / Aspects of the reproductive physiology of the bitch

A convivência entre o cão e o homem é antiga, mas o mesmo não ocorre com o conhecimento acerca da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela cujos trabalhos pioneiros datam da década de 1970. A partir desses primeiros estudos, muitos avanços foram obtidos, facilitando um melhor acompanhamento do ciclo estral das cadelas. Para tanto, faz-se inicialmente uma avaliação física da cadela, incluindo o escore de condição corporal, a cadeia mamária, a vulva e a vagina. Em seguida, o ciclo estral que tem fases bem características e já bem documentadas é acompanhado. Dentre as ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas nas avaliações, há a colpocitologia, a dosagem sérica de progesterona, a vaginoscopia, a ultrassonografia, dentre outras. Com o emprego dessas ferramentas, foi possível esclarecer alguns aspectos da fisiologia reprodutiva canina. Dessa forma, o propósito dessa narrativa é trazer alguns desses aspectos interessantes da fisiologia reprodutiva da cadela.

The coexistence between the dog and the man is old, but the same does not occur with the knowledge about the reproductive physiology of the bitch whose pioneering works date back to the 1970s. From these initial studies, many advances were obtained, facilitating a better follow-up of the estral cycle of bitches. Therefore, a physical evaluation of the bitch is initially performed, including the body condition score, the mammary chain, the vulva and the vagina. Then, the estrous cycle that has well characterized and well documented phases is followed up. Among the tools that can be used in the evaluations are colpocitology, serum progesterone assay, vaginoscopy, ultrasonography, among others. Using these tools, it was possible to clarify some aspects of canine reproductive physiology. In this way, the purpose of this brief narrative is to bring some of these interesting aspects of the bitch's reproductive physiology.

The evaluation of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings of cervical clear cell carcinoma in a bitch

Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells.Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape. After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively.[...]

The evaluation of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings of cervical clear cell carcinoma in a bitch

Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells.Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape. After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Massons trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively.[...](AU)

Esteroides e análogos da prostaglandina F2α na prevenção de endometrites pós-parto em vacas girolandas / Steroids and prostaglandin F2α analogs in the prevention of endometritis postpartum in giroland cows

Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de endometrites, a taxa de prenhez (TP) e o intervalo parto concepção (IPC) de vacas leiteiras tratadas 10 dias pós-parto com esteroides ou análogo da prostaglandina F2α. Dividiu-se 207 animais clinicamente sãos em 4 tratamentos: T1 (0,5 mg de Cipionato de Estradiol; T2 (70 mg de progesterona); T3 (0,5 mg de cloprostenol) e T4 2 mL de solução salina. 30 a 45 dias pós-parto realizou-se o exame ginecológico e nos animais saudáveis realizou-se a citologia endometrial. Por fim, estes animais foram submetidos a um protocolo de IATF. Analisou-se o IPC por ANOVA e as variáveis qualitativas pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado. O IPC não diferiu (P < 0,05) entre os tratamentos (104,7 ± 72,6; 93,5 ± 63,0; 98,2 ± 77,8; 112,8 ± 67,8, respectivamente). O Cloprostenol reduziu (P < 0,01) o número de animais não gestantes (10%, 5/50) em relação ao controle (26%, 13/50). Não houve diferença (P < 0,09) entre os tratamentos na incidência de endometrites. A TP não diferiu entre os animais diagnosticados com endometrite subclínica. Conclui-se que a utilização de esteroides ou análogos da prostaglandina F2α neste período não é eficiente na prevenção de endometrites e na melhoria da TP e IPC. O Cloprostenol foi o único a reduzir o número de animais não gestantes em comparação ao controle.(AU)

This study was designed to evaluate steroids or prostaglandin F2α analogue treatment performed 10 days after parturition postpartum over the following reproductive indexes: occurrence of endometritis, the pregnancy rate (PR) and parturition conception interval (PCI). Two-hundred seven (n = 207) cows without reproductive abnormalities were assigned in four treatments performed 10 days after parturition: T1 (0.5 mg estradiol cypionate, T2 (progesterone 70 mg), T3 (0.5 mg cloprostenol, prostaglandin F2α analogue) and T4 (2 ml saline). Thirty to fourty-five days after parturition all animals were gynecologically examined, and the endometrial cytology was performed only in cow without clinical endometritis. Finally, these animals were submitted to an IATF protocol. The PCI was analyzed by ANOVA and the qualitative variables were analyzed by the Chi-Square. The PCI did not differ (P < 0.2) between treatments (104.7 ± 72.6, 93.5 ± 63.0, 98.2 ± 77.8, 112.8 ± 67.8, respectively). Cloprostenol treatment reduced (P < 0.01) the number of non-pregnant animals (10%, 5/50) compared to the control (26%, 13/50). The steroids or Cloprostenol treatment is not effective to prevent endometritis or improve PR and PCI indexes, when injected at this period. Cloprostenol was the only one to reduce the number of non-pregnant animals in comparison to the control.(AU)

Esteroides e análogos da prostaglandina F2α na prevenção de endometrites pós-parto em vacas girolandas / Steroids and prostaglandin F2α analogs in the prevention of endometritis postpartum in giroland cows

Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de endometrites, a taxa de prenhez (TP) e o intervalo parto concepção (IPC) de vacas leiteiras tratadas 10 dias pós-parto com esteroides ou análogo da prostaglandina F2α. Dividiu-se 207 animais clinicamente sãos em 4 tratamentos: T1 (0,5 mg de Cipionato de Estradiol; T2 (70 mg de progesterona); T3 (0,5 mg de cloprostenol) e T4 2 mL de solução salina. 30 a 45 dias pós-parto realizou-se o exame ginecológico e nos animais saudáveis realizou-se a citologia endometrial. Por fim, estes animais foram submetidos a um protocolo de IATF. Analisou-se o IPC por ANOVA e as variáveis qualitativas pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado. O IPC não diferiu (P < 0,05) entre os tratamentos (104,7 ± 72,6; 93,5 ± 63,0; 98,2 ± 77,8; 112,8 ± 67,8, respectivamente). O Cloprostenol reduziu (P < 0,01) o número de animais não gestantes (10%, 5/50) em relação ao controle (26%, 13/50). Não houve diferença (P < 0,09) entre os tratamentos na incidência de endometrites. A TP não diferiu entre os animais diagnosticados com endometrite subclínica. Conclui-se que a utilização de esteroides ou análogos da prostaglandina F2α neste período não é eficiente na prevenção de endometrites e na melhoria da TP e IPC. O Cloprostenol foi o único a reduzir o número de animais não gestantes em comparação ao controle.

This study was designed to evaluate steroids or prostaglandin F2α analogue treatment performed 10 days after parturition postpartum over the following reproductive indexes: occurrence of endometritis, the pregnancy rate (PR) and parturition conception interval (PCI). Two-hundred seven (n = 207) cows without reproductive abnormalities were assigned in four treatments performed 10 days after parturition: T1 (0.5 mg estradiol cypionate, T2 (progesterone 70 mg), T3 (0.5 mg cloprostenol, prostaglandin F2α analogue) and T4 (2 ml saline). Thirty to fourty-five days after parturition all animals were gynecologically examined, and the endometrial cytology was performed only in cow without clinical endometritis. Finally, these animals were submitted to an IATF protocol. The PCI was analyzed by ANOVA and the qualitative variables were analyzed by the Chi-Square. The PCI did not differ (P < 0.2) between treatments (104.7 ± 72.6, 93.5 ± 63.0, 98.2 ± 77.8, 112.8 ± 67.8, respectively). Cloprostenol treatment reduced (P < 0.01) the number of non-pregnant animals (10%, 5/50) compared to the control (26%, 13/50). The steroids or Cloprostenol treatment is not effective to prevent endometritis or improve PR and PCI indexes, when injected at this period. Cloprostenol was the only one to reduce the number of non-pregnant animals in comparison to the control.

Efeito Do Cloprostenol Sódico Na Involução Uterina, Progesterona E Concentração De 13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandina F2αde Vacas Multíparas Bos Taurus Indicus / Effect Of Cloprostenol Sodium On Uterine Involution, Progesterone And 13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandin F2α Concentrations Of Multiparous Bos Taurus Indicus Cows / Efecto Del Cloprostenol Sódico En La Involución Uterina, Concentraciones De Progesterona Y 13,14-Dihidro-15-Keto Prostaglandina F2α De Vacas Multíparas Bos Taurus Indicus

Este estudo visou avaliar os efeitos do cloprostenol sódico na involução uterina, dosagem de progesterona (P4) e 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandina F2α (PGFM) e atividade folicular em vacas Nelore multíparas tratadas ou não com cloprostenol sódico nos dias 1 e 4 pós-parto (D0= nascimento), bem como testar a hipótese que o tratamento promove uma involução uterina mais rápida e retorno a atividade cíclica normal no puerpério. Para isso, foi feito ultrassom, palpação transretal, exame vaginoscópicoe determinação da concentração de P4 e PGFM nos dias 1, 7, 14, 28, 35 e 42 pós-parto (D0= nascimento). A vaginoscopia avaliou o óstio cervical (Escore 1 a 3) e descarga cervical (escore 1 a 5), a palpação transretal avaliou a involução uterina (escore 1 a 3) e o ultrassom avaliou o diâmetro dos folículos, tamanho dos cornos uterino e acumulo de fluido intrauterino (escore 0 a 3). O tratamento influenciou na descarga cervical (P= 0.034), e nas outras variáveis foi observada a influência do momento (P>0,05). Baseado nestes resultados, nós acreditamos que o uso desse protocolo nos animais com boa seleção genética, manejo e saudáveis pode ser desnecessário e promove gastos adicionais.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cloprostenol sodium at uterine involution and hormonal dosage of progesterone (P4) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) and follicular activity on multiparous Nelore cows treated or not with cloprostenol sodium on days 1 and 4 postpartum (D0= birth), as well as test the hypothesis that treatment promotes a faster uterine involution and return to normal cyclical activity at puerperium. For this, it was done ultrasound, transretal palpation, vaginoscopy exams and determination of concentration of P4 and PGFM on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 35 and 42 postpartum (D0= birth). Vaginoscopy evaluated cervical ostium (score 1 to 3) and cervical discharge (score 1 to 5), transrectal palpation evaluated uterine involution (score 1 to 3) and ultrasound evaluated the diameter of follicles, size of uterine horn and intrauterine fluid accumulation (score 0 to 3). Treatment influenced at cervical discharge (P= 0.034), and on the other variables it was observed influence of moment (P>0.05). Based on the results, we believe that the use of this protocol inanimals with good selection genetic, management and health can be unnecessary and promote additional spending.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del cloprostenol sódico en la involución uterina y la concentración sérica de progesterona (P4) y 13,14-dihidro-15-keto prostaglandina F2α (PGFM) y actividad folicular en vacas multíparas Nelore tratadas o no, con cloprostenol sódico en los días 1 y 4 posparto (D0= día del nacimiento), de igual forma, comprobar la hipótesis de que el tratamiento promueve una involución uterina más rápida y un retorno de la actividad cíclica normal en el puerperio. Fue realizada ecografía, palpación transrectal, vaginoscopia y determinación de la concentración sérica de P4 y PGFM en los días 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, y 42 posparto (D0= día del nacimiento). La vaginoscopia evaluó el ostium cervical (escala de 1-3) y descarga cervical (escala de 1-5), la palpación transrectal determinó la involución uterina (escala de 1-3) y la ecografía evaluó el diámetro folicular, tamaño de los cuernos uterinos y la acumulación intrauterina de fluidos (escala de 0-3). El tratamiento influyó en la descarga cervical (P= 0.034), para las demás variables fue observado efecto del momento (P>0.05). Basados en los resultados, creemos que el uso de este protocolo en animales con buen manejo, salud y selección genética es innecesario y demanda gastos adicionales.(AU)

Efeito Do Cloprostenol Sódico Na Involução Uterina, Progesterona E Concentração De 13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandina F2αde Vacas Multíparas Bos Taurus Indicus / Effect Of Cloprostenol Sodium On Uterine Involution, Progesterone And 13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandin F2α Concentrations Of Multiparous Bos Taurus Indicus Cows / Efecto Del Cloprostenol Sódico En La Involución Uterina, Concentraciones De Progesterona Y 13,14-Dihidro-15-Keto Prostaglandina F2α De Vacas Multíparas Bos Taurus Indicus

Este estudo visou avaliar os efeitos do cloprostenol sódico na involução uterina, dosagem de progesterona (P4) e 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandina F2α (PGFM) e atividade folicular em vacas Nelore multíparas tratadas ou não com cloprostenol sódico nos dias 1 e 4 pós-parto (D0= nascimento), bem como testar a hipótese que o tratamento promove uma involução uterina mais rápida e retorno a atividade cíclica normal no puerpério. Para isso, foi feito ultrassom, palpação transretal, exame vaginoscópicoe determinação da concentração de P4 e PGFM nos dias 1, 7, 14, 28, 35 e 42 pós-parto (D0= nascimento). A vaginoscopia avaliou o óstio cervical (Escore 1 a 3) e descarga cervical (escore 1 a 5), a palpação transretal avaliou a involução uterina (escore 1 a 3) e o ultrassom avaliou o diâmetro dos folículos, tamanho dos cornos uterino e acumulo de fluido intrauterino (escore 0 a 3). O tratamento influenciou na descarga cervical (P= 0.034), e nas outras variáveis foi observada a influência do momento (P>0,05). Baseado nestes resultados, nós acreditamos que o uso desse protocolo nos animais com boa seleção genética, manejo e saudáveis pode ser desnecessário e promove gastos adicionais.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cloprostenol sodium at uterine involution and hormonal dosage of progesterone (P4) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) and follicular activity on multiparous Nelore cows treated or not with cloprostenol sodium on days 1 and 4 postpartum (D0= birth), as well as test the hypothesis that treatment promotes a faster uterine involution and return to normal cyclical activity at puerperium. For this, it was done ultrasound, transretal palpation, vaginoscopy exams and determination of concentration of P4 and PGFM on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 35 and 42 postpartum (D0= birth). Vaginoscopy evaluated cervical ostium (score 1 to 3) and cervical discharge (score 1 to 5), transrectal palpation evaluated uterine involution (score 1 to 3) and ultrasound evaluated the diameter of follicles, size of uterine horn and intrauterine fluid accumulation (score 0 to 3). Treatment influenced at cervical discharge (P= 0.034), and on the other variables it was observed influence of moment (P>0.05). Based on the results, we believe that the use of this protocol inanimals with good selection genetic, management and health can be unnecessary and promote additional spending.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del cloprostenol sódico en la involución uterina y la concentración sérica de progesterona (P4) y 13,14-dihidro-15-keto prostaglandina F2α (PGFM) y actividad folicular en vacas multíparas Nelore tratadas o no, con cloprostenol sódico en los días 1 y 4 posparto (D0= día del nacimiento), de igual forma, comprobar la hipótesis de que el tratamiento promueve una involución uterina más rápida y un retorno de la actividad cíclica normal en el puerperio. Fue realizada ecografía, palpación transrectal, vaginoscopia y determinación de la concentración sérica de P4 y PGFM en los días 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, y 42 posparto (D0= día del nacimiento). La vaginoscopia evaluó el ostium cervical (escala de 1-3) y descarga cervical (escala de 1-5), la palpación transrectal determinó la involución uterina (escala de 1-3) y la ecografía evaluó el diámetro folicular, tamaño de los cuernos uterinos y la acumulación intrauterina de fluidos (escala de 0-3). El tratamiento influyó en la descarga cervical (P= 0.034), para las demás variables fue observado efecto del momento (P>0.05). Basados en los resultados, creemos que el uso de este protocolo en animales con buen manejo, salud y selección genética es innecesario y demanda gastos adicionales.

Transitional cell carcinoma in the distal urethra of a female Golden retriever

Background: Urinary tract tumours represent only 0.5-1% of neoplasms in dogs, and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common. It is most common to find TCCs in the trigone region. Diagnosis can be made with image analysis, cytology or histology. With non-infiltrative lesions in the early stages, it is possible to obtain a biopsy by endoscopy. Surgical resection is the treatment option of choice for this tumour. Dogs with poor response to chemotherapy or at an advanced stage of the disease are candidates for palliative treatment. This paper reports an special case of TCC located in the distal urethra of a female dog, obtaining the diagnosis through endoscopy, cytology and immunohistochemistry.Case: A nine-year old, female, neutered Golden Retriever was referred for examination after suffering vaginal bleeding. Vaginal palpation revealed an apparent mass on the vaginal floor. Cytology by imprinting the mass revealed a carcinoma. A vaginoscopy was performed on the patient. An endoscopic examination showed normal vaginal mucosa, but, through the urethra, a mass was observed in the urethral lumen, with thickening and dilatation of the urinary meatus. A tissue biopsy was obtained. Episiotomy was performed to remove the tumour. Histopathological studies diagnosed the mass as transitional cell carcinoma with incomplete surgical margins. An immunohistochemistry analysis of the...(AU)

Common uterine disorders in the bitch: challenges to diagnosis and treatment / Distúrbios uterinos comuns em cadelas: desafios no diagnóstico e tratamento

Diagnostic tools for common uterine disorders like cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH), mucometra, hydrometra or pyometra as well as effective treatments are discussed. Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH), a chronical degenerative disease of the endometrium, coincedes with delayed uterine clearance of fluids after mating and reduced uterine contractions and perfusion. Since in bitches with CEH, adherence, colonization and growth of bacteria is facilitated, the disease can be complicated by inflammation and infection, which can be diagnosed by uterine swabs or biopsy from the cranial uterine body after transcervical catheterization during oestrus. The diagnosis can furthermore be made by clinical examination, abdominal sonography and a blood picture (total white blood cell count, band neutrophils, percentage of band neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, cholesterol, albumin). Measurement of C reactive protein and prostaglandin(PG)M can help to diagnose beginning sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Conservative treatment should be restricted to breeding bitches with mild, beginning CEH and regular cycles; furthermore when operation is not possible. The treatment of choice is the repeated administration of the antiprogesterone aglepristone combined with broad spectrum antibiotics. Pyometra is caused by bacteria that belong to the physiological vaginal flora, Escherichia coli is mostly involved. Clinical symptoms will be very variable; diagnosis aims to quickly differentiate between beginning CEH/pyometra and advanced pyometra complicated by SIRS and sepsis. The usual diagnostic possibilities like vaginoscopy, cytology, sonographical examination and x-ray can be supplemented by measurement of C reactive protein and PGM, combined with assessment of the percentage of band neutrophils. Only bitches with mild pyometra and no signs of intoxication or SIRS should be conservatively treated. Best results were obtained with the anti-progestin aglepristone, combined with broad spectrum antibiotics and eventually with natural or synthetic prostaglandins (PGF2α). Resolution of the uterus was achieved in most bitches within 4 weeks. Intravaginal or peroral application of PGE1 is under investigation.(AU)

Ferramentas de diagnóstico para distúrbios uterinos comuns como hiperplasia endometrial cística (CEH), mucometra, hydrometra ou pyometra, além de tratamentos efetivos são discutidos. Hiperplasia endometrial cística (CEH), uma doença degenerativa crônica do endométrio, coincide com a limpeza atrasada dos fluidos uterinos após acasalamento e contrações uterinas reduzidas e perfusão. Como em cadelas com CEH a aderência, colonização e crescimento de bactéria é facilitado, a doença pode ser complicada por inflamação e infecção, que pode ser diagnosticado por amostras uterinas ou biopse do corpo uterino craniano após cauterização transcervical durante o estro. O diagnostico pode também ser feito por exame clínico, ultrassonografia abdominal e uma imagem do sangue (contagem total de células brancas, faixa de neutrófilos, porcentagem de faixa de neutrófilos, neutrófilos segmentados, monócitos e linfócitos, colesterol, albumina). A medida da proteína reativa C e prostaglantina (PG)M podem ajudar a diagnosticar o início de sepse e síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS). O tratamento conservador deve ser restrito a cadelas de reprodução com CEH inicial leve e ciclos regulares, e também quando a operação não é possível. O tratamento escolhido é a administração repetida de antiprogesterona aglepristone combinado com antibióticos de grande espectro. A piometria é causada por bactéria que pertence à flora vaginal fisiológica, e Escherichia coli é o mais envolvido. Sintomas clínicos serão muito variáveis, o diagnostico objetiva a diferenciação rápida entre CEH/piometria inicial e piometria avançada complicada por SIRS e sepse. As possibilidades de diagnostico usuais como vaginoscopia, citologia, exame sonográfico e raio-x podem ser suplementados por uma medida de proteína reativa C e PGM, combinados com uma avaliação do percentual de faixa de neutrófilos. Apenas cadelas com piometria leve e nenhum sinal de intoxicação ou SIRS devem ser tratadas de forma conservadora. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com antiprogesterona aglepristone, combinado com antibióticos de grande espectro e eventual com prostaglandinas sintéticas ou naturais (PGF2α). A resolução do útero foi alcançada na maioria das cadelas em 4 semanas. A aplicação intravaginal ou peroral do PGE1 está sob investigação.(AU)

Transitional cell carcinoma in the distal urethra of a female Golden retriever

Background: Urinary tract tumours represent only 0.5-1% of neoplasms in dogs, and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common. It is most common to find TCCs in the trigone region. Diagnosis can be made with image analysis, cytology or histology. With non-infiltrative lesions in the early stages, it is possible to obtain a biopsy by endoscopy. Surgical resection is the treatment option of choice for this tumour. Dogs with poor response to chemotherapy or at an advanced stage of the disease are candidates for palliative treatment. This paper reports an special case of TCC located in the distal urethra of a female dog, obtaining the diagnosis through endoscopy, cytology and immunohistochemistry.Case: A nine-year old, female, neutered Golden Retriever was referred for examination after suffering vaginal bleeding. Vaginal palpation revealed an apparent mass on the vaginal floor. Cytology by imprinting the mass revealed a carcinoma. A vaginoscopy was performed on the patient. An endoscopic examination showed normal vaginal mucosa, but, through the urethra, a mass was observed in the urethral lumen, with thickening and dilatation of the urinary meatus. A tissue biopsy was obtained. Episiotomy was performed to remove the tumour. Histopathological studies diagnosed the mass as transitional cell carcinoma with incomplete surgical margins. An immunohistochemistry analysis of the...