Light-responsive transcription factors VvHYH and VvGATA24 mediate wax terpenoid biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera.

The cuticular wax that covers the surfaces of plants is the first barrier against environmental stresses and increasingly accumulates with light exposure. However, the molecular basis of light-responsive wax biosynthesis remains elusive. In grape (Vitis vinifera), light exposure resulted in higher wax terpenoid content and lower decay and abscission rates than controls kept in darkness. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA-seq data were integrated to draw the chromatin accessibility and cis-elements regulatory map to identify the potential action sites. Terpenoid synthase 12 (VvTPS12) and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 (VvHMGR2) were identified as grape wax biosynthesis targets, while VvHYH and VvGATA24 were identified as terpenoid biosynthesis activators, as more abundant wax crystals and higher wax terpenoid content were observed in transiently overexpressed grape berries and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The interaction between VvHYH and the open chromatin of VvTPS12 was confirmed qualitatively using a dual luciferase assay and quantitatively using surface plasma resonance, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 2.81 nM identified via the latter approach. Molecular docking simulation implied the structural nature of this interaction, indicating that 24 amino acid residues of VvHYH, including Arg106A, could bind to the VvTPS12 G-box cis-element. VvGATA24 directly bound to the open chromatin of VvHMGR2, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 8.59 nM. 12 amino acid residues of VvGATA24, including Pro218B, interacted with the VvHMGR2 GATA-box cis-element. Our work characterizes the mechanism underlying light-mediated wax terpenoid biosynthesis and provides gene targets for future molecular breeding.

Enhancing the Shelf Life of Sous-Vide Red Deer Meat with Piper nigrum Essential Oil: A Study on Antimicrobial Efficacy against Listeria monocytogenes.

Using sous-vide technology in combination with essential oils offers the potential to extend the preservation of food items while preserving their original quality. This method aligns with the growing consumer demand for safer and healthier food production practices. This study aimed to assess the suitability of minimal processing of game meat and the effectiveness of vacuum packaging in combination with Piper nigrum essential oil (PNEO) treatment to preserve red deer meat samples inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes. Microbial analyses, including total viable count (TVC) for 48 h at 30 °C, coliform bacteria (CB) for 24 h at 37 °C, and L. monocytogenes count for 24 h at 37 °C, were conducted. The cooking temperature of the sous-vide was from 50 to 65 °C and the cooking time from 5 to 20 min. Additionally, the study monitored the representation of microorganism species identified through mass spectrometry. The microbiological quality of red deer meat processed using the sous-vide method was monitored over 14 days of storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that the TVC, CB, and L. monocytogenes counts decreased with the temperature and processing time of the sous-vide method. The lowest counts of individual microorganism groups were observed in samples treated with 1% PNEO. The analysis revealed that PNEO, in combination with the sous-vide method, effectively reduced L. monocytogenes counts and extended the shelf life of red deer meat. Kocuria salsicia, Pseudomonas taetrolens, and Pseudomonas fragi were the most frequently isolated microorganism species during the 14-day period of red deer meat storage prepared using the sous-vide method.

Soy proteins as vehicles for enhanced bioaccessibility and cholesterol-lowering activity of phytosterols.

BACKGROUND: The formulation of phytosterol (PS)-enriched functional foods has attracted increasing interest in the recent years, owing to its potential health effects. However, the poor solubility and bioavailability greatly limit PS application in this regard. This study investigated whether soy protein isolate (SPI) could effectively perform as a nanocarrier for improving the water solubility, bioaccessibility, and cholesterol-lowering activity of PSs. RESULTS: In this work, we fabricated SPI-PS nanocomplexes, which not only can enhance the stability and bioaccessibility of PS, but also improve the cholesterol-lowering ability of SPI. This improvement was mainly due to the formation of protein-active substance complexes, through hydrophobic interactions. The complexation with PSs resulted in formation of nanosized particles with greater sizes, lower ζ-potential, and higher surface hydrophobicity. The encapsulation efficiency, loading amount, and solubility of PS were closely related to the applied PS concentration in the mixed dispersions, and the maximal PS solubility in the aqueous phase reached about 1.63 mg mL-1 at the highest PS concentration (2.0 mg mL-1 ). The PS molecules in the nanocomplexes were mainly present in the amorphous form. The enhanced in vitro cholesterol-lowering activity of PS nanocomplexes relative to free PS seemed to be closely related to its higher bioaccessibility. CONCLUSION: The findings are of relevance for the development of food-grade PS ingredients suitable for the formulations of PS-enriched functional foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Potential role of exogenous melatonin involved in postharvest quality maintenance of Vitis labrusca × vinifera 'Kyoho'.

BACKGROUND: Melatonin is an endogenous free radical scavenger with antioxidant activity that preserves the commercial value of postharvest fruits and delays fruit senescence. To explore the effect of exogenous melatonin on antioxidants and aroma volatile compounds of grapes (Vitis labrusca × vinifera 'Kyoho'), the grapes were treated with distilled water (control), 50 µmol L-1 of melatonin (M50), and 100 µmol L-1 of melatonin (M100) for 30 min and were then stored at 4 °C for 25 days. RESULTS: Exogenous melatonin decreased the rachis browning index, the decay development, the weight loss rate, the berry abscission rate, and the respiration rate, promoted the accumulation of total phenolics and total flavonoids, and delayed the reduction of anthocyanins and total soluble solids. In volatile compounds, the accumulation of esters, aldehydes, and alcohols in grapes was promoted, and the terpenes content was reduced by exogenous melatonin. CONCLUSION: Exogenous melatonin had potentially positive effects on the postharvest life and quality maintenance of grapes. These findings provide theoretical support for the application of melatonin in grape storage and preservation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Variation in cell membrane integrity and enzyme activity of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) during storage and transportation.

Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were put under stimulated storage and transportation environments with different amounts of phase-change materials (PCM). Results showed that the addition of PCM effectively maintained a cooler environment and delayed a rise in temperature. And the addition of PCM, especially in a ratio 1:2 PCM:mushroom, had a significant effect on delaying the increase in cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde and H2O2 levels, and also delayed superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. These results suggest that PCM may be candidate in postharvest mushroom during storage and transportation.

The aroma volatile repertoire in strawberry fruit: a review.

Aroma significantly contributes to flavor, which directly affects the commercial quality of strawberries. The strawberry aroma is complex as many kinds of volatile compounds are found in strawberries. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the constituents and of the biosynthesis of strawberry volatile compounds, and the effect of postharvest treatments on aroma profiles. The characteristic strawberry volatile compounds consist of furanones, such as 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone and 4-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone; esters, including ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, methyl butanoate, and methyl hexanoate; sulfur compounds such as methanethiol, and terpenoids including linalool and nerolidol. As for postharvest treatment, the present review discusses the overview of aroma volatiles in response to temperature, atmosphere, and exogenous hormones, as well as other treatments including ozone, edible coating, and ultraviolet radiation. The future prospects for strawberry volatile biosynthesis and metabolism are also presented. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene and calcium chloride treatments on quality maintenance of 'Lingwu Long' Jujube fruit.

'Lingwu Long' jujube (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Mill) fruits were harvested at mature-green stages and then treated with 1.0 µL L(-1) 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), 1.0% CaCl2 or their combination. All treatments were stored at room temperature (22 ± 1 °C) and 80-90% relative humidity (RH) up for 15 days. Results indicated that 1.0 µL L(-1) 1-MCP, 1.0% CaCl2 or their combination were effective in terms of senescence inhibition, and the storage life was extended by 6, 4 and 9 days, respectively. 1-MCP and CaCl2 treatment had a synergic effect on the inhibition of ethylene production and microbial population of 'Lingwu Long' jujube fruit. The combination of 1-MCP and CaCl2 significantly reduced polygalacturonase (PG) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities. It also maintained higher concentrations of titratable acid and ascorbic acid.

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and coating for improving preservation of whole and sliced Agaricus bisporus.

Freshness of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) was related to the internal atmosphere composition during modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) experiments using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wrap, polyethylene-1 (PE-1) and PE-2 films. The packaged mushrooms were stored at 12 °C for 7 days and lightness value, browning index, weight loss and maturity index were also measured. The results obtained showed that the whiteness of whole mushrooms varied significantly with the type of coating (chitosan and CaCl2), but not with the type of packaging films. It was evident that the extent of darkening in whole mushroom was greater than in sliced ones after coated. In addition, mushroom in PE-2 package exhibited the lowest weight loss due to the lower permeability of film. And the type of packaging films significantly affected the maturity index of mushroom, where PE-2 packaging most effectively lowered maturity index for both whole and sliced mushrooms. By considering the overall quality, it was obvious that PE-2 packaging combined with coating treatment was the most effective to improve the preservation of mushrooms stored at 12 °C up to 7 days and satisfy consumer acceptance.

Practical 1-Methylcyclopropene Technology for Increasing Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) Storability in the Aksu Region.

In recent years, Aksu apple has become popular with consumers because of its unique texture and taste. At present, maintaining quality during storage is the key problem with the apples in the Aksu region. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) can delay fruit senescence, so is widely used in fruit preservation. However, many factors affect the preservation effect of 1-MCP. The effects of 1-MCP concentration (0 µL·L-1, 1 µL·L-1, 3 µL·L-1, 5 µL·L-1, and 8 µL·L-1) and postharvest application time (0, 1 and 2 d after harvest) on the quality of stored apple were studied. It was found that 1 µL·L-1 1-MCP was more beneficial in improving the quality of stored apples, reduced the respiration intensity and decay rate, increased the fruit firmness and total soluble solid content, and reduced the relative content of ester volatile aroma components. In addition, 1-MCP treatment applied at different postharvest times also affected the sensory quality and flavor of apples. The effect of 1-MCP treatment immediately after harvest was better.

Green fabrication of biomass-derived carbon dots and bio-based coatings: Potential of enhancing postharvest quality on Chinese flowering cabbage.

The objective of this study was to develop a bio-nanocomposite coating (CQSC) by combining chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (CQAS) and sericin (SC) with biomass-derived carbon dots (CDs) to extend the shelf life of Chinese flowering cabbage (CFC). The effects of different concentrations of CDs (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL) on the physicochemical, structural, and functional activity of nanocomposite particles were evaluated. CQAS exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, the application of CQSC on CFC significantly reduced mass losses, slowed the increase in lignin content, maintained ascorbic acid and chlorophyll levels, inhibited the growth of microorganisms, and preserved the unique texture and aroma of CFC during storage at 10 °C compared with uncoated CFC. The results will contribute to the further development of CDs coatings to improve the postharvest preservation effect of fruits and vegetables.

Polyvinyl alcohol films incorporated with clove essential oil emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate-derived amyloid fibrils: Fabrication, characterization, and its application for active packaging.

This study aimed to prepare a novel emulsion film with high stability, using soy protein-derived amyloid fibrils (SAFs) as an emulsifier incorporating clove essential oil (CEO) as the active component, and the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to stabilize the system. The results demonstrated that SAFs can successfully stabilize CEO. Emulsion prepared by SAFS and CEO (SAC) exhibited a small droplet size and better dispersibility compared with SPI and CEO (SC) emulsion. According to FT-IR results, PVA addition increased the hydrogen bond interactions among emulsion film components, thus further reinforcing the protein matrix, increasing the tensile strength (TS) (41.18 MPa) and elongation at break (E) (121.62 %) of the films. The uniform appearance of SAC-PVA (SACP) emulsion films was confirmed by SEM images. Furthermore, SACP emulsion films show distinctive barrier properties, optical properties, and outstanding antioxidant properties. Finally, emulsion films exhibited excellent preservation of strawberries, resulting in an effective decline of the decay rate.

Effect of Microfluidization on the Volatiles and Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Activities of Algerian Satureja hortensis L. Oil-Loaded Nanoemulsions: In Vitro and In Silico Study.

This study aimed to increase the stability and solubility of the Algerian Satureja hortensis L. (ASHO) essential oil through nanoencapsulation. Nanoemulsions of ASHO (MF-ASHEO) were developed to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, stability, and cytotoxicity using microfluidization at 150 MPa for five cycles. MF-ASHO showed 8 compounds (99.56%) vs ASHEO's 26 compounds (95.46%). Carvacrol increased to 94.51%, replacing γ-terpinene, which decreased to 0.43%. The MF-ASHEO nanoemulsion had a mean particle size of 41.72 nm, a monomodal size distribution pattern, a mean ζ-potential of -39.4 mV, and a polydispersity index (PDI) mean value of 0.291. Micrographs showed spherical nanoparticles with varying diameters in nm. ASHEO was more toxic than MF-ASHEO against HepG2, Vero, and WI-38, according to the MTT and WST-1 assays. ASHEO demonstrated antiradical and antibacterial activity and inhibited biofilm formation. It also had an enhanced antifungal effect and reduced mycotoxin production. The MF-ASHEO sample showed no activity except in reducing mycotoxin production, where it performed better than ASHEO. In silico and ADME results confirmed the inhibitory action of carvacrol on the key enzymes of the aflatoxin biosynthetic mechanism and the target proteins associated with bactericidal/bacteriostatic effects. The microfluidization process dramatically affects not only the oil's volatile content but also its biological activity.

Citrus limon Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Selected Biological Properties Focusing on the Antimicrobial (In Vitro, In Situ), Antibiofilm, Insecticidal Activity and Preservative Effect against Salmonella enterica Inoculated in Carrot.

New goals for industry and science have led to increased awareness of food safety and healthier living in the modern era. Here, one of the challenges in food quality assurance is the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. As planktonic cells can form biofilms and go into a sessile state, microorganisms are now more resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Due to their proven antibacterial properties, essential oils represent a potential option to prevent food spoilage in the search for effective natural preservatives. In this study, the chemical profile of Citrus limon essential oil (CLEO) was evaluated. GC-MS analysis revealed that limonene (60.7%), ß-pinene (12.6%), and γ-terpinene (10.3%) are common constituents of CLEO, which prompted further research on antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that CLEO generally exhibits acceptable antibacterial properties. In addition, in situ antimicrobial research revealed that vapour-phase CLEO can arrest the growth of Candida and Y. enterocolitica species on specific food models, indicating the potential of CLEO as a preservative. The antibiofilm properties of CLEO were evaluated by MIC assays, crystal violet assays, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis against S. enterica biofilm. The results of the MIC and crystal violet assays showed that CLEO has strong antibiofilm activity. In addition, the data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS investigation showed that CLEO altered the protein profiles of the bacteria studied on glass and stainless-steel surfaces. Our study also found a positive antimicrobial effect of CLEO against S. enterica. The anti-Salmonella activity of CLEO in vacuum-packed sous vide carrot samples was slightly stronger than in controls. These results highlight the advantages of the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of CLEO, suggesting potential applications in food preservation.

Enhancing Deer Sous Vide Meat Shelf Life and Safety with Eugenia caryophyllus Essential Oil against Salmonella enterica.

Modern lifestyles have increased the focus on food stability and human health due to evolving industrial goals and scientific advancements. Pathogenic microorganisms significantly challenge food quality, with Salmonella enterica and other planktonic cells capable of forming biofilms that make them more resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics. This research examined the chemical composition and antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of the essential oil from Eugenia caryophyllus (ECEO) derived from dried fruits. GC-MS analyses identified eugenol as the dominant component at 82.7%. Additionally, the study aimed to extend the shelf life of sous vide deer meat by applying a plant essential oil and inoculating it with S. enterica for seven days at 4 °C. The essential oil demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against S. enterica. The ECEO showed significant antibiofilm activity, as indicated by the MBIC crystal violet test results. Data from MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that the ECEO altered the protein profiles of bacteria on glass and stainless-steel surfaces. Furthermore, the ECEO was found to have a beneficial antibacterial effect on S. enterica. In vacuum-packed sous vide red deer meat samples, the anti-Salmonella activity of the ECEO was slightly higher than that of the control samples. These findings underscore the potential of the ECEO's antibacterial and antibiofilm properties in food preservation and extending the shelf life of meat.

Antibacterial Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Listeria innocua and E. coli in Different Media.

The antibacterial effect of pomegranate juice (PJ) at six concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) against Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli was investigated in distilled water (DW) and bacterial culture broth. L. innocua and E. coli at approximately 105 cfu mL-1 were inoculated in PJ samples and incubated at 4, 25, and 37 °C for 0, 6, 24, and 48 h. The bacterial population and pH of culture media were measured at each removal. Results indicated that the antibacterial effect of PJ was dependent upon bacteria species, juice concentration, incubation temperature, and growth medium. Higher juice concentration and incubation temperature resulted in increased antibacterial effects. Bacterial populations were decreased more significantly in DW systems than in the culture broth, while L. innocua was more sensitive to PJ than E. coli in the DW systems. Regardless of PJ concentrations in DW systems, L. innocua, initially inoculated at approximately 105 cfu mL-1, was reduced to undetectable levels at 25 and 37 °C within 24 h. The growth of L. innocua and E. coli was significantly inhibited in bacterial culture broth containing ≥ 20% PJ (p < 0.001). This study provides insight into the potential application of PJ in food and beverage products for food protection.

The Grade of Dried Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Junzao) Affects Its Quality Attributes, Antioxidant Activity, and Volatile Aroma Components.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Junzao) has attracted a large number of consumers because it is rich in nutrients, such as carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids. Dried jujube is more conducive to storage and transportation, and has a more intense flavor. Consumers are affected by subjective factors, and the most important factor is the appearance of the fruit, including size and color. In this study, fully matured jujubes were dried and divided into five grades according to their transverse diameter and jujube number per kilogram. In addition, the quality attributes, antioxidant activities, mineral elements, and volatile aroma components of dried jujube were further analyzed. As the dried jujube grade increased, the total flavonoid content increased, which was positively correlated with the antioxidant activity. The results showed that small dried jujube had a higher total acidity and lower sugar-acid ratio than large and medium dried jujube, thus, large and medium dried jujube had a better flavor than small dried jujube. However, the antioxidant activity and mineral elements of medium and small dried jujube were superior to large dried jujube. From the edible value analysis of dried jujube, medium and small dried jujube were better than large dried jujube. Potassium is the highest among the measured mineral elements, with contents ranging from 10,223.80 mg/kg to 16,620.82 mg/kg, followed by Ca and Mg. Twenty-nine volatile aroma components of dried jujube were identified by GC-MS analysis. The main volatile aroma components were acids including n-decanoic acid, benzoic acid, and dodecanoic acid. The fruit size affected the quality attributes, antioxidant activity, mineral elements, and volatile aroma components of dried jujube. This study provided a piece of reference information for further high-quality production of dried jujube fruit.

Partial compression increases acidity, but decreases phenolics in jujube fruit: Evidence from targeted metabolomics.

Jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is extremely susceptible to mechanical injury by extrusion and collision during storage, transportation and processing. In this study, we examined the morphology and endogenous metabolism of jujubes at three developmental stages after applying partial compression (PC) to mimic mechanical injury. Generally, PC did not affect the total soluble solids content, but increased the acidity and decreased the amount of phenolics in the jujube fruit. Targeted metabolomics analysis further confirmed that acid and phenolics content were differentially altered in response to PC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize metabolic variations in ready-to-eat fruit that occur in response to physical damage. The results will provide insight into the understanding the consequences of mechanical injury on fruit nutrition and health benefits.

Ongoings in the apple watercore: First evidence from proteomic and metabolomic analysis.

The presence of watercored fruit with translucent mesocarp has attracted immense attention due to its unique morphology and taste, however, the metabolic reconstruction between watercored and non-watercored tissues remain elusive. Herein, the combined proteomic and metabolomic approach was carried out to characterize the protein abundance and metabolic profile in watercored apple. Results demonstrated that carbohydrate metabolism was prioritized enriched in watercored apple, including highly accumulated sucrose and sugar alcohols, and the increased level of transcription factor WHIRLY2 (WHY2), which is required in sugar reallocation. More than 50% overlap of differently abundant proteins involved in calcium ion binding, starch and sucrose metabolism implied the involvement of calcium signaling in watercore development. Moreover, significantly lower calcium content was detected in watercored apples. Sucrose synthase (SUSY) protein, which is involved both in calcium ion binding and sugar metabolism, was the potential basis of apple watercore development, which provided a likely candidate in regulation of apparent quality.

The journey of prochloraz pesticide in Citrus sinensis: Residual distribution, impact on transcriptomic profiling and reduction by plasma-activated water.

Prochloraz (PTIC) is a hazardous fungicide used worldwide on agricultural produce despite concerns about potential impacts on human health and environmental pollution. The residue of PTIC and its metabolite 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in fresh produce has largely not been clarified. Herein, we address this research gap by examining residues of PTIC and 2,4,6-TCP in fruit of Citrus sinensis through a typical storage period. PTIC residue in the exocarp and mesocarp peaked on days 7 and 14, respectively, while 2,4,6-TCP residue gradually increased throughout storage period. Based upon gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and RNA-sequencing analysis, we reported the potential impact of residual PTIC on endogenous terpene production, and identified 11 DEGs encoding enzymes involved in terpene biosynthesis in Citrus sinensis. Additionally, we investigated both the reduction efficacy (max: 58.93%) of plasma-activated water in citrus exocarp and the minimal impact on quality attributes of citrus mesocarp. The present study not only sheds light on the residual distribution of PTIC and its impact on endogenous metabolism in Citrus sinensis, but also further provides theoretical basis for potential approaches for efficiently reducing or eliminating pesticide residues.

Effects of Fruit Storage Temperature and Time on Cloud Stability of Not from Concentrated Apple Juice.

Apple juice that is designated 'Not from concentrated' (NFC) is now increasingly popular with consumers due to its unique taste and rich nutritional value. However, layered precipitation and instability have emerged as serious technical problems that restrict the viability of the NFC apple juice industry. This study researched the influence of water-cored 'Fuji' apple fruit storage under different temperatures (0, 20 °C) and times (0, 9, 18, 30, 60 days) on the turbidity stability of NFC apple juice. Changes in the physicochemical properties (juice yield, pH, total soluble solids and titratable acid), turbidity stability (turbidity and particle size) and precipitation sensitive substances (insoluble starch, total phenolics, soluble protein and pectin) of NFC apple juice were determined, combined with the respiratory rates and ethylene release of apples, in order to study post-harvest regulation and control of processed fruit. Results indicated that fruit storage temperature and time significantly guided the turbidity stability of NFC apple juice. As a typical respiratory climacteric fruit, apple fruit stored 45 days at 0 °C and 15 days at 20 °C gained the best juice stability, respectively. This is basically consistent with the respiratory peak of fruit when processing raw materials. During the post-ripening process, the insoluble starch in apple gradually hydrolyzed into fructose and glucose, while total phenolics diminished and water-soluble pectin content increased. On the other hand, the amounts of pectin, soluble protein and phenolics in fruit juice declined as the fruit aged in the late storage period (stored 75 days at 0 °C and 40 days at 20 °C). Meanwhile particle size became larger and the turbidity stability of cloudy juices also decreased. This study's results will provide a sound theoretical basis for improving the turbidity stability of NFC apple juice by regulating the physiological state of processed raw materials.