Co-inoculation of rhizobia and AMF improves growth, nutrient uptake, and cadmium resistance of black locust grown in sand culture.

Rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are symbiotic microorganisms important for plants grown in nutrient-deficient and heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, it remains unclear how plants respond to the coupled stress by heavy metal and nitrogen (N) deficiency under co-inoculation. Here, we investigated the synergistic effect of Mesorhizobium huakuii QD9 and Funneliformis mosseae on the response of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) grown in sand culture to cadmium (Cd) under N deficiency conditions. The results showed that single inoculation of AMF improved the growth and Cd resistance of black locust, co-inoculation improved the most. Compared to non-inoculated controls, co-inoculation mediated higher biomass and antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced oxidative stress, and promoted nodulation, mycorrhizal colonization, photosynthetic capacity, and N, P, Fe and Mg acquisition when exposed to Cd. This increase was significantly higher under N deficiency compared to N sufficiency. In addition, the uptake of Cd by co-inoculated black locust roots increased, but Cd translocation to the above-ground decreased under both N deficiency and sufficiency. Thus, in the tripartite symbiotic system, not merely metabolic processes but also Cd uptake increased under N deficiency. However, enhanced Cd detoxification in the roots and reduced allocation to the shoot likely prevent Cd toxicity and rather stimulated growth under these conditions.

Biogeochemical transformation of mercury driven by microbes involved in anaerobic digestion of municipal wastewater.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) with municipal wastewater contained heavy metal mercury (Hg) highly affects the utilization of activated sludge, and poses severe threat to the health of human beings. However, the biogeochemical transformation of Hg during AD remains unclear. Here, we investigated the biogeochemical transformation and environmental characteristics of Hg and the variations of dominant microbes during AD. The results showed that Hg(II) methylation is dominant in the early stage of AD, while methylmercury (MeHg) demethylation dominates in the later stage. Dissolved total Hg (DTHg) in the effluent sludge decreased with time, while THg levels enhanced to varying degrees at the final stage. Sulfate significant inhibits MeHg formation, reduces bioavailability of Hg(II) by microbes and thus inhibits Hg(II) methylation. Microbial community analysis reveals that strains in Methanosarcina and Aminobacterium from the class of Methanomicrobia, rather than Deltaproteobacteria, may be directly related to Hg(II) methylation and MeHg demethylation. Overall, this research provide insights into the biogeochemical transformation of Hg in the anaerobic digestion of municipal wastewater treatment. This work is beneficial for scientific treatment of municipal wastewater and effluent sludge, thus reducing the risk of MeHg to human beings.

Point-of-Care and Dual-Response Detection of Hydrazine/Hypochlorite-Based on a Smart Hydrogel Sensor and Applications in Information Security and Bioimaging.

A novel dual-response fluorescence probe (XBT-CN) was developed by using a fluorescence priming strategy for quantitative monitoring and visualization of hydrazine (N2H4) and hypochlorite (ClO-). With the addition of N2H4/ClO-, the cleavage reaction of C=C bond initiated by N2H4/ClO- was transformed into corresponding hydrazone and aldehyde derivatives, inducing the probe XBT-CN appeared a fluorescence "off-on" response, which was verified by DFT calculation. HRMS spectra were also conducted to confirm the sensitive mechanism of XBT-CN to N2H4 and ClO-. The probe XBT-CN had an obvious fluorescence response to N2H4 and ClO-, which caused a significant color change in unprotected eyes. In addition, the detection limits of XBT-CN for N2H4 and ClO- were 27 nM and 34 nM, respectively. Interference tests showed that other competitive analytes could hardly interfere with the detection of N2H4 and ClO- in a complex environment. In order to realize the point-of-care detection of N2H4 and ClO-, an XBT-CN@hydrogel test kit combined with a portable smartphone was developed. Furthermore, the portable test kit has been applied to the detection of N2H4 and ClO- in a real-world environment and food samples, and a series of good results have been achieved. Attractively, we demonstrated that XBT-CN@hydrogel was successfully applied as an encryption ink in the field of information security. Finally, the probe can also be used to monitor and distinguish N2H4 and ClO- in living cells, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity.

Exploring the Aroma Fingerprint of Various Chinese Pear Cultivars through Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME and GC×GC-TOFMS.

To comprehensively understand the volatile compounds and assess the aroma profiles of different types of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. Anli, Dongmili, Huagai, Jianbali, Jingbaili, Jinxiangshui, and Nanguoli were detected via headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). The aroma composition, total aroma content, proportion and number of different aroma types, and the relative quantities of each compound were analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that 174 volatile aroma compounds were detected in various cultivars, mainly including esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and alkenes: Jinxiangshui had the highest total aroma content at 2825.59 ng/g; and Nanguoli had the highest number of aroma species detected at 108. The aroma composition and content varied among pear varieties, and the pears could be divided into three groups based on principal component analysis. Twenty-four kinds of aroma scents were detected; among them, fruit and aliphatic were the main fragrance types. The proportions of aroma types also varied among different varieties, visually and quantitatively displaying changes of the whole aroma of the different varieties of pears brought by the changes in aroma composition. This study contributes to further research on volatile compound analysis, and provides useful data for the improvement of fruit sensory quality and breeding work.

Menin regulates lipid deposition in mouse hepatocytes via interacting with transcription factor FoxO1.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly being recognized as the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Men1, encoding protein of menin, is a key causative gene of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome including pancreatic tumor. It is known that insulin that secretes by endocrine tissue pancreatic islets plays a critical role in hepatic metabolism. Mouse model of hemizygous deletion of Men1 was shown to have severe hepatic metabolism disorders. However, the molecular function of menin on lipid deposition in hepatocytes needs to be further studied. Transcriptome sequencing does show that expression suppression of Men1 in mouse hepatocytes widely affect signaling pathways involved in hepatic metabolism, such as fatty acid metabolism, insulin response, glucose metabolism and inflammation. Further molecular studies indicates that menin overexpression inhibits expressions of the fat synthesis genes Srebp-1c, Fas, and Acc1, the fat differentiation genes Pparγ1 and Pparγ2, and the fat transport gene Cd36, thereby inhibiting the fat accumulation in hepatocytes. The biological process of menin regulating hepatic lipid metabolism was accomplished by interacting with the transcription factor FoxO1, which is also found to be critical for lipid metabolism. Moreover, menin responds to insulin in hepatocytes and mediates its regulatory effect on hepatic metabolism. Our findings suggest that menin is a crucial mediation factor in regulating the hepatic fat deposition, suggesting it could be a potential important therapeutic target for NAFLD.

[Clinical Observation of Recombinant Bovine Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor as an Adjuvant Therapy for Patients with Atrophic Acne Scar].

Objective To study the influence of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor as an adjuvant therapy on scar alleviation and inflammatory cytokines in patients with atrophic acne scar. Methods The random number table was employed to randomly assign 120 patients with atrophic acne scar into a test group and a control group.Both groups of patients were treated with CO2 lattice laser.After the operation,the control group was routinely smeared with erythromycin ointment and the test group was coated with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel.The clinical efficacy,clinical indicators,scar alleviation,and inflammatory cytokine levels before and after treatment were compared,and adverse reactions were counted. Results The test group had higher total effective rate(P=0.040) and lower total incidence of adverse reactions(P=0.028) than the control group.Compared with the control group,the test group showcased short erythema duration after treatment(P=0.025),early scab forming(P=0.002),and early edema regression(P<0.001).After treatment,the proportion of grade 1 scars graded by Goodman and Baron's acne scar grading system in the test group and control group increased(P=0.001,P=0.027),and the proportion of grade 4 scars decreased(P<0.001,P=0.034).Moreover,the proportion of grade 1 scars in the test group was higher than that in the control group(P=0.031) after treatment,and the proportion of grade 4 scars presented an opposite trend(P=0.031).After treatment,the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß) in both groups declined(all P<0.001),and the test group had lower TNF-α and IL-1ß levels than the control group(all P<0.001). Conclusion The recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel as an adjuvant therapy of CO2 lattice laser can effectively alleviate the atrophic acne scar,relieve local inflammatory reaction,and has good curative effect and less adverse reactions.

Restoration of early deficiency of axonal guidance signaling by guanxinning injection as a novel therapeutic option for acute ischemic stroke.

Despite of its high morbidity and mortality, there is still a lack of effective treatment for ischemic stroke in part due to our incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that SHH-PTCH1-GLI1-mediated axonal guidance signaling and its related neurogenesis, a central pathway for neuronal development, also plays a critical role in early stage of an acute stroke model. Specifically, in vivo, we evaluated the effect of GXNI on ischemic stroke mice via using the middle cerebral artery embolization model, and found that GXNI significantly alleviated cerebral ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury by reducing the volume of cerebral infarction, neurological deficit score and cerebral edema, reversing the BBB permeability and histopathological changes. A combined approach of RNA-seq and network pharmacology analysis was used to reveal the underlying mechanisms of GXNI followed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting validation. It was pointed out that axon guidance signaling pathway played the most prominent role in GXNI action with Shh, Ptch1, and Gli1 genes as the critical contributors in brain protection. In addition, GXNI markedly prevented primary cortical neuron cells from oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation damage in vitro, and promoted axon growth and synaptogenesis of damaged neurons, which further confirmed the results of in vivo experiments. Moreover, due to the inhibition of the SHH-PTCH1-GLI1 signaling pathway by cyclopropylamine, the effect of GXNI was significantly weakened. Hence, our study provides a novel option for the clinical treatment of acute ischemic stroke by GXNI via SHH-PTCH1-GLI1-mediated axonal guidance signaling, a neuronal development pathway previously considered for after-stroke recovery.

Migration characteristics and potential determinants of mercury in long-term decomposing litterfall of two subtropical forests.

It is of great importance to elucidate the mechanism of mercury (Hg) migration in the forest litterfall so as to clearly understand global Hg deposition. However, it is still unclear for the migration and transformation of Hg in different forest litters during long-term decomposition. Therefore, the dynamics of total Hg (THg), methylmercury (MeHg), carbon, nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the litterfall of the evergreen broadleaf (EB) and mixed broadleaf-conifer (MBC) forests, southwest China were investigated, aiming to understand the migration characteristics of Hg in the two-year decomposing litterfall. Results showed that carbon decreased, while nitrogen accumulated slightly in the process of litterfall decomposition. THg levels in the second year of the EB and MBC forests decreased by 16.9% and 11.3%, while MeHg levels reduced by 141.4% and 210.7% respectively comparing with those in the first year. The total percentage of hydrochloric acid-soluble mercury (Hg-h) and water-soluble mercury (Hg-w) had a significant impact on the migration of THg and MeHg in the two forest stands. The C/N ratio in the EB forest bore a positive correlation with THg and MeHg levels, whereas that in the MBC forest was adverse. Besides, microbial biomass C and N were positively related with THg and MeHg levels in both the EB and MBC forests. It is proposed that THg and MeHg accumulation in the second year drastically decreased probably due to finite nutritional conditions, which implies that Hg accumulation risks alleviate with degradation time.

[New effect of G-protein coupled receptors on blood pressure regulation].

Hypertension is a clinical syndrome characterized by elevated systemic arterial blood pressure, which may be accompanied by functional or organic damage of heart, brain, kidney and other organs. The pathogenesis and development of hypertension are affected by genetic, environmental, epigenetic, intestinal microbiota and other factors. They are the result of multiple factors that promote the change of blood pressure level and vascular resistance. G protein coupled receptors(GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse superfamily of transmembrane receptors that transmit signals across cell membranes and mediate a large number of cellular responses required by human physiology. A variety of GPCRs are involved in the control of blood pressure and the maintenance of normal function of cardiovascular system. Hypertension contributes to the damages of heart, brain, kidney, intestine and other organs. Many GPCRs are expressed in various organs to regulate blood pressure. Although many GPCRs have been used as therapeutic targets for hypertension, their efficacy has not been fully studied. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the role of GPCRs in blood pressure regulation and its distribution in target organs. The relationship between GPCRs related to intestinal microorganisms and blood pressure is emphasized. It is proposed that traditional Chinese medicine may be a new way to treat hypertension by regulating the related GPCRs via intestinal microbial metabolites.

Silencing miR-21 induces polarization of astrocytes to the A2 phenotype and improves the formation of synapses by targeting glypican 6 via the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 pathway after acute ischemic spinal cord injury.

Ischemic spinal cord injury (ISCI) results in the motor sensory dysfunction of the limbs below the injury site. In response to the injury, astrocytes develop into neuroprotective astrocytes [(neurotrophic reactive astrocytes (A2s)] to mitigate the damage. MicroRNA (miR)-21 can promote the development of neuroinflammation in previous studies. Our aim was to investigate the effect of miR-21 on its polarization. We used the abdominal aortic occlusion model in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the distribution of A2s in the spinal cord. We used an oxygen glucose deprivation method to model astrocytes ischemia in vitro and tested proliferation, migration, and excitability of A2s using an 5-ethynyl -2'-deoxyuridine kit, wound scratch assay, and calcium-ion probe. After adjustment, we detected the model and target genes of A2s using PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. We demonstrated in vivo that naive astrocytes were transformed into A2s by ischemia. And in vitro miR-21, which can regulate the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 pathway, can transform neurotoxic reactive astrocyte into A2. Moreover, we also verified the mechanism of A2s promoting synaptic formation and nerve growth. miR-21 is a switch to regulate the polarization of reactive astrocyte, and it promoted synapsis formation and nerites growth after acute ISCI.-Su, Y., Chen, Z., Du, H., Liu, R., Wang, W., Li, H., Ning, B. Silencing miR-21 induces polarization of astrocytes to the A2 phenotype and improves the formation of synapses by targeting glypican 6 via the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 pathway after acute ischemic spinal cord injury.

Bacterial and archaeal compositions and influencing factors in soils under different submergence time in a mercury-sensitive reservoir.

Soils in the water-level-fluctuating zone (WLFZ) of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) inundated by water for different periods of time are confirmed to have disparate characteristics to mercury (Hg), and thus it is of great significance to further investigate microbial compositions and influencing factors. The objective of this study was to compare bacterial and archaeal richness, α-diversities and compositions, as well as affecting variables, especially Hg concentrations, among soils under different submergence time-SI (inundated soil), SS (semi-inundated soil), SN(non-inundated soil) and SSe (sediment)-based on high throughput sequencing. Results showed that sediment had significantly higher bacterial and archaeal richness and α-diversities than the other soil types. Anaerolinea and Aeromonas, as well as Altiarchaeales, Nitrosoarchaeum, and Methanosarta were dominant in SSe, while sharply decreasing in the other soil types, with significant difference among groups. An unclassified genus in SCG critically predominating in SI, SS and SN, drastically reduced in SSe, with extremely significant difference among groups. Bathyarchaeota and Nitrososphaera, both dominating in SSe, decreased dramatically and almost vanished in SI and SN. All the variables except pH posed a significant positive effect on bacterial and archaeal compositions in SSe, while opposite effect in the other three soil types. MeHg and THg concentrations had relatively weaker effects on microbial compositions comparing to variables like NH4+, CEC, OM and SO42+.

The characteristics and algicidal mechanisms of cyanobactericidal bacteria, a review.

Cyanobacterial blooms are a worldwide problem, especially in freshwaters. As one of the most abundant co-existing organisms of algae, bacteria play critical roles in cyanobacteria growth, particularly the cyanobactericidal bacteria which can efficiently kill cyanobacteria. Recent years, cyanobactericidal bacteria are highly recognized as a method that could potentially block cyanobacterial blooms. Many studies have been conducted to assess their effects on the termination of cyanobacteria blooms and explore their cyanobactericidal mechanisms, e.g., attacking by cell to cell or releasing specific compounds, the physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional disturbance on cyanobacteria. In this review, the present state of research on cyanobactericidal bacteria for the bloom-causing cyanobacteria species is summarized. The challenges in applying cyanobactericidal bacteria in the control of natural cyanobacterial blooms are discussed.

A cross-sectional observational study of missed nursing care in hospitals in China.

AIM: To identify the risk of missed nursing care (MNC), and contributing factors, in Chinese hospitals. BACKGROUND: National reporting of adverse incidents diminishes errors of commission. To further improve service quality and patient safety, MNC should be reduced. METHODS: An online survey comprising the MISSCARE Survey and the McCloskey/Mueller Satisfaction Scale was conducted with a convenience sample of nurses (n = 6,158) in 34 Chinese hospitals. RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 30.6 (SD = 7.014), and 2.5% were male. The most frequently missed nursing care items were basic care (12.7%-51.8%). The most frequently reported reasons were human resource issues (63.1%-88.2%). Being female, no child, better educated, a manager, permanently employed, no night shift, inadequate friend support and job dissatisfaction influenced the perception of MNC (odds ratio 1.00-4.848). CONCLUSIONS: MNC often occurred in basic care involving informal caregivers or in surge status due to a sudden increase in workload. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nurse managers should prioritize effective measures that target delegation competency and mobilization of nurses for flexible repositioning during need.

Effect of different rotation systems on mercury methylation in paddy fields.

Rice (Oryza sativa) paddy is the hotspot of mercury (Hg) methylation. Given distinct influences of rotation systems on the physicochemical properties of paddy soils, we hypothesized different rotation systems in rice paddies inducing a large difference in Hg methylation. Here, we investigated Hg species distribution, dissolved organic matter (DOM) features, and Hg methylation in five rotation systems (Other farmland newly reclaim into paddy field, i.e., NR-R; Drain the water in winter, i.e., DW-R; Flooding in winter, i.e., FW-R; Rape-Rice rotation, i.e., Ra-R; Wheat-Rice rotation, i.e., Wh-R) of paddy fields to identify such hypothesis. Results shown that FW-R had the strongest Hg methylation, followed by Ra-R and Wh-R, then DW-R, and finally NR-R. We further found that much higher soil organic matter (SOM) and organo-chelated Hg (Hg-o) from straw residues and root exudates were the main cause for the greater Hg methylation in FW-R, Ra-R and Wh-R. This was because the protein-like fraction of SOM facilitated the net production of methyl Hg (MeHg), meanwhile the humin-like fraction had a strong affinity to MeHg in paddy soils. Therefore, it can be concluded that paddy soil under DW-R was the optimum pattern in order to reduce the occurrence of Hg methylation. However, paddy soils under Ra-R and Wh-R were the recommendable patterns if the productivity of paddy fields was considered.

A New Perspective is Required to Understand the Role of Forest Ecosystems in Global Mercury Cycle: A Review.

Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metal pollutants, which can be easily transmitted and enriched through the food chain, posing severe threat to human beings. Forest ecosystems are one of the most active environments for biogeochemical cycles of Hg. It is essential to research on Hg cycling in the forest ecosystem, which contributes to a comprehensive understanding of global biogeochemical cycle of Hg. However, there is still a lack of consensus on whether the forest ecosystem is a "source" or "sink" of Hg in the global Hg cycle so far. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the current state of knowledge on Hg deposition, transformation and fate in the forest ecosystem, especially the existing puzzles or issues encountered by scientists worldwide. This review highlights the complexity and uncertainties of Hg cycling in forest ecosystems. It is proposed that a new perspective is required to further understand the role of forest ecosystems in global Hg cycle based on a sufficient understanding of Hg exchange fluxes at the interface of air-soil and air-plant, Hg deposition flux through litterfall, and accurate construction of Hg mass balance system.

Biotic and Abiotic Degradation of Methylmercury in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review.

Mercury (Hg) methylation and demethylation is supposed to simultaneously exist in the environment and form a cycle, which determines the net production of methylmercury (MeHg). Exploring the mechanisms of MeHg formation and degradation, and its final fate in the natural environment is essential to understanding the biogeochemical cycle of Hg. However, MeHg demethylation has been less studied in the past years comparing with Hg methylation, particularly in anaerobic microorganisms whose demethylation role has been under-evaluated. This review described the current state of knowledge on biotic (microorganisms) and abiotic demethylation (photodegradation, chemical degradation) of MeHg. The decomposition of MeHg performed by microorganisms has been identified as two different pathways, reductive demethylation (RD) and oxidative demethylation (OD). Anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms involved in the process of RD and OD, influencing factors as well as research background and histories are systematically described in this review. It is predicted that the photodegradation mechanism, as well as anaerobic microorganisms involved in MeHg formation and degradation cycle will be the focus of future research.

Determination and risk assessment of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic environmental pollutants posing a potential risk to human health. This study was constructed to investigate the presence of 16 PAHs in six commonly consumed vegetables collected from the markets in Shandong, China by a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS)-based extraction method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results showed that the vegetables were polluted with PAHs at an alarming level, of which celery contained the highest total concentration of PAHs (Σ16 PAH), whereas cucumbers contained the lowest Σ16 PAH. Besides, the dietary exposure of PAHs was assessed in these vegetables based on the maximum Σ16 PAH. The results showed that the populations in Shandong were exposed to 23-213 ng/d of PAHs through these six vegetables, suggesting that vegetables are the major sources of PAHs in the diet. Hence, it is necessary to monitor the PAH levels in vegetables. Our study provides guidance for future legislative actions regarding PAH levels in vegetables in China.

Residues and dissipation kinetics of carbendazim and diethofencarb in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and intake risk assessment.

Dissipation behaviors and residues of carbendazim and diethofencarb in combination in tomato were investigated. The half-lives were 2.1-3.4 days for carbendazim, and 1.8-3.2 days for diethofencarb at a dose of 1.5 times of the recommended dosage. The residues of carbendazim and diethofencarb were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China one day after application of the combination. The ultimate residues were significantly lower than the maximum permissible intake (MPI) in China at the recommended high dose for both child and adult. The values of the maximum dietary exposure for carbendazim and diethofencarb were 0.26 and 0.27 mg per person per day, respectively. The theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) values for carbendazim and diethofencarb were 1.5 and 0.5 mg/day, respectively. The dietary exposure was lower than the MPI, which indicates the harvested tomato samples under the experimental conditions (open field) are safe for human consumption at the recommended high dosage of the wettable powder.

Risk assessment of pesticide residues in dietary intake of celery in China.

OBJECTIVE: Residue risk assessment of pesticides in celery was conducted to provide a scientific basis for agricultural regulation policies and working procedures. METHODS: Three hundred samples from eight main growing regions in China were collected and pesticide residue analyses were performed using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS methods. Both chronic and acute intake risk of pesticides were assessed. Furthermore, intake risk of each detected pesticide was ranked according to a predefined ranking matrix. RESULTS: (1) Out of these 300 samples, 175 were revealed to contain one or more pesticide residues. Twenty-five pesticides were identified in total, out of which, carbofuran was found to exceed the maximum residue limit. (2) Chronic and acute intake risks were evaluated and lie in between 0 and 1.80 and between 0.05 and 28.0 for these twenty-five pesticides, respectively. (3) Intake risk of individual pesticide was ranked; five pesticides, including avermectin, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate oxygen, and carbofuran posed the highest risks. CONCLUSION: Pesticide residues were detected in more than 58% celery samples in our study. Most pesticides have a residue level lower than their maximum residue limit and pose low chronic and acute dietary intake risk. However, usage of some pesticides like carbofuran should be closely monitored and regulated in the future.